11. Restructuring and Other

During the three and nine months ended September 30, 2017 and 2016, cost reduction actions were taken to lower our operating expense run rate as we analyze and re-align our cost structure following our business acquisitions. These charges primarily relate to integrating recently acquired businesses, consolidating facilities, and lowering our operating expense run rate. Restructuring and other consists primarily of restructuring, severance, retention, facility downsizing and relocation, and acquisition integration expenses. Our restructuring and other plans are accounted for in accordance with ASC 420, Exit or Disposal Cost Obligations, ASC 712, Compensation – Non-Retirement Postemployment Benefits, and ASC 820.

Restructuring and other costs were $0.8 and $5.4 million during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2017, respectively, and $1.3 and $5.7 million during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2016, respectively. Restructuring and other costs include severance charges of $0.3 and $3.8 million related to reductions in head count of 15 and 128 during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2017, respectively, and $0.6 and $3.7 million related to reduction in head count of 16 and 114 during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2016, respectively. Severance costs include severance payments, related employee benefits, outplacement fees, and employee relocation costs.

Facilities relocation and downsizing expenses were $0.4 and $0.6 million during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2017, respectively, and $0.1 and $0.6 million during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2016, primarily related to the relocation of certain administrative locations due to reduced space requirements. Integration expenses of $0.2 and $1.0 million during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2017, respectively, and $0.6 and $1.5 million during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2016, respectively, were required to integrate our business acquisitions.

Restructuring and other reserve activities during the nine months ended September 30, 2017 and 2016 are summarized as follows (in thousands):


	2017			2016
Reserve balance at January 1,	$	1,824		$	3,019
Restructuring charges		4,101			2,878
Other charges		1,321			2,856
Non-cash restructuring and other		(182	)		(403	)
Cash payments		(4,720	)		(6,174	)

Reserve balance at September 30,	$	2,344		$	2,176