FAIR VALUE MEASUREMENTS

The Company’s estimates of fair value for financial assets and financial liabilities are based on the framework established in the fair value accounting guidance. The framework is based on the inputs used in valuation, gives the highest priority to quoted prices in active markets and requires that observable inputs be used in the valuations when available. The disclosure of fair value estimates in the fair value accounting guidance hierarchy is based on whether the significant inputs into the valuation are observable. In determining the level of the hierarchy in which the estimate is disclosed, the highest priority is given to unadjusted quoted prices in active markets and the lowest priority to unobservable inputs that reflect the Company’s significant market assumptions. The level in the fair value hierarchy within which the fair value measurement is reported is based on the lowest level input that is significant to the measurement in its entirety. The three levels of the hierarchy are as follows:


•	Level 1 - Unadjusted quoted market prices for identical assets or liabilities in active markets that the Company has the ability to access.


•	Level 2 - Quoted prices for similar assets or liabilities in active markets; quoted prices for identical or similar assets or liabilities in inactive markets; or valuations based on models where the significant inputs are observable (e.g., interest rates, yield curves, prepayment speeds, default rates, loss severities, etc.) or can be corroborated by observable market data.


•	Level 3 - Valuations based on models where significant inputs are not observable. The unobservable inputs reflect the Company’s own assumptions about the inputs that market participants would use.

Valuation of Investments Reported at Fair Value in Financial Statements

The Company utilized a pricing service to estimate fair value measurements for approximately 99% of its fixed maturities at both March 31, 2019 and December 31, 2018.

While the vast majority of the Company’s fixed maturities are included in Level 2, the Company holds a number of municipal bonds and corporate bonds which are not valued by the pricing service and also estimates the fair value of these bonds using another internal pricing matrix that includes some unobservable inputs that are significant to the valuation. Due to the limited amount of observable market information, the Company includes the fair value estimates for these particular bonds in Level 3. The fair value of the fixed maturities for which the Company used this internal pricing matrix was $96 million and $82 million at March 31, 2019 and December 31, 2018, respectively. Additionally, the Company holds a small amount of other fixed maturity investments that have characteristics that make them unsuitable for matrix pricing. For these fixed maturities, the Company obtains a quote from a broker (primarily the market maker). The fair value of the fixed maturities for which the Company received a broker quote was $19 million and $104 million at March 31, 2019 and December 31, 2018, respectively. Due to the disclaimers on the quotes that indicate that the price is indicative only, the Company includes these fair value estimates in Level 3.

For more information regarding the valuation of the Company’s fixed maturities, equity securities and other investments, see note 4 of notes to the consolidated financial statements in the Company’s 2018 Annual Report.

Other Liabilities

The Company has a put/call option that was entered into in connection with a business acquisition that allows the Company to acquire the remaining shares of the acquired company at a future date. The fair value of the put/call at both March 31, 2019 and December 31, 2018 was $10 million and was determined using an internal model and is based on the acquired company's financial performance, adjusted for a risk margin and discounted to present value. The Company includes the fair value estimate of the put/call in Level 3.

Fair Value Hierarchy

The following tables present the level within the fair value hierarchy at which the Company’s financial assets and financial liabilities are measured on a recurring basis.



(at March 31, 2019, in millions)	Total		Level 1		Level 2		Level 3

Invested assets:
Fixed maturities
U.S. Treasury securities and obligations of U.S. government and government agencies and authorities	$	2,030	$	2,030	$	—	$	—
Obligations of states, municipalities and political subdivisions	29,347		—		29,335		12
Debt securities issued by foreign governments	1,194		—		1,194		—
Mortgage-backed securities, collateralized mortgage obligations and pass-through securities	2,649		—		2,649		—
All other corporate bonds	30,199		4		30,092		103
Redeemable preferred stock	81		3		78		—
Total fixed maturities	65,500		2,037		63,348		115
Equity securities
Public common stock	357		356		1		—
Non-redeemable preferred stock	43		14		29		—
Total equity securities	400		370		30		—
Other investments	58		16		—		42
Total	$	65,958	$	2,423	$	63,378	$	157

Other liabilities	$	10	$	—	$	—	$	10



(at December 31, 2018, in millions)	Total		Level 1		Level 2		Level 3

Invested assets:
Fixed maturities
U.S. Treasury securities and obligations of U.S. government and government agencies and authorities	$	2,064	$	2,064	$	—	$	—
Obligations of states, municipalities and political subdivisions	28,611		—		28,599		12
Debt securities issued by foreign governments	1,257		—		1,257		—
Mortgage-backed securities, collateralized mortgage obligations and pass-through securities	2,573		—		2,554		19
All other corporate bonds	28,880		—		28,725		155
Redeemable preferred stock	79		3		76		—
Total fixed maturities	63,464		2,067		61,211		186
Equity securities
Public common stock	316		316		—		—
Non-redeemable preferred stock	52		30		22		—
Total equity securities	368		346		22		—
Other investments	52		16		—		36
Total	$	63,884	$	2,429	$	61,233	$	222

Other liabilities	$	10	$	—	$	—	$	10

There was no significant activity in Level 3 of the hierarchy during the three months ended March 31, 2019 or the year ended December 31, 2018.

Financial Instruments Disclosed, But Not Carried, At Fair Value

The following tables present the carrying value and fair value of the Company’s financial assets and financial liabilities disclosed, but not carried, at fair value, and the level within the fair value hierarchy at which such assets and liabilities are categorized.



(at March 31, 2019, in millions)	Carrying Value		Fair Value		Level 1		Level 2		Level 3
Financial assets
Short-term securities	$	4,094	$	4,094	$	483	$	3,567	$	44
Financial liabilities
Debt	$	6,957	$	7,984	$	—	$	7,984	$	—
Commercial paper	$	100	$	100	$	—	$	100	$	—



(at December 31, 2018, in millions)	Carrying Value		Fair Value		Level 1		Level 2		Level 3
Financial assets
Short-term securities	$	3,985	$	3,985	$	632	$	3,316	$	37
Financial liabilities
Debt	$	6,464	$	7,128	$	—	$	7,128	$	—
Commercial paper	$	100	$	100	$	—	$	100	$	—

The Company had no material assets or liabilities that were measured at fair value on a non-recurring basis during the three months ended March 31, 2019 or year ended December 31, 2018.