GOODWILL AND OTHER INTANGIBLE ASSETS

Goodwill

The following table presents the carrying amount of the Company’s goodwill by segment. Each reportable segment includes goodwill associated with the Company’s international business which is subject to the impact of changes in foreign currency exchange rates.



(at December 31, in millions)	2018		2017
Business Insurance ⁽¹⁾	$	2,585	$	2,585
Bond & Specialty Insurance	550		550
Personal Insurance	776		790
Other	26		26
Total	$	3,937	$	3,951

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(1) Goodwill at December 31, 2018 included $26 million associated with a business acquisition in 2018, none of which will be deductible for tax purposes.

Other Intangible Assets

The following tables present a summary of the Company’s other intangible assets by major asset class:



(at December 31, 2018, in millions)	Gross Carrying Amount		Accumulated Amortization		Net
Subject to amortization
Customer-related	$	98	$	12	$	86
Contract-based ⁽¹⁾	208		175		33
Total subject to amortization	306		187		119
Not subject to amortization	226		—		226
Total	$	532	$	187	$	345



(at December 31, 2017, in millions)	Gross Carrying Amount		Accumulated Amortization		Net
Subject to amortization
Customer-related	$	77	$	4	$	73
Contract-based ⁽¹⁾	209		167		42
Total subject to amortization	286		171		115
Not subject to amortization	227		—		227
Total	$	513	$	171	$	342

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(1)

Contract-based intangible assets subject to amortization are comprised of fair value adjustments on claims and claim adjustment expense reserves, reinsurance recoverables and other contract-related intangible assets. Fair value adjustments recorded in connection with insurance acquisitions were based on management’s estimate of nominal claims and claim adjustment expense reserves and reinsurance recoverables. The method used calculated a risk adjustment to a risk-free discounted reserve that would, if reserves ran off as expected, produce results that yielded the assumed cost-of-capital on the capital supporting the loss reserves. The fair value adjustments are reported as other intangible assets on the consolidated balance sheet, and the amounts measured in accordance with the acquirer’s accounting policies for insurance contracts have been reported as part of the claims and claim adjustment expense reserves and reinsurance recoverables. The intangible assets are being recognized into income over the expected payment pattern. Because the time value of money and the risk adjustment (cost of capital) components of the intangible assets run off at different rates, the amount recognized in income may be a net benefit in some periods and a net expense in other periods.

Amortization expense of intangible assets was $17 million, $13 million and $11 million for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016, respectively. Amortization expense for all intangible assets subject to amortization is estimated to be $16 million in 2019, $15 million in 2020, $14 million in 2021, $13 million in 2022 and $12 million in 2023.