For the purpose of the balance sheet, cash and cash equivalents covers cash on hand, deposits held with banks, and short-term, highly liquid

investments (mainly money market funds and reverse repurchase agreements) that are readily convertible into known amounts of cash and which

are subject to insignificant risk of changes in value. Bank overdrafts are shown as current liabilities on the balance sheet. For the purposes of the

cash flow statement, cash and cash equivalents are shown net of overdrafts.


	Note	2023 US$m	2022 US$m
Cash at bank and in hand		1,843	1,889
Money market funds, reverse repurchase agreements and other cash equivalents		7,830	4,886
Total cash and cash equivalents per Group balance sheet		9,673	6,775
Bank overdrafts repayable on demand (unsecured)	20	(1)	(1)
Total cash and cash equivalents per Group cash flow statement		9,672	6,774

Cash and cash equivalents of US$422 million (2022: US$391 million) are held in countries where there are restrictions on remittances. Of this

balance, US$156 million (2022: US$268 million) could be used to repay subsidiaries’ third-party borrowings.

There are also restrictions on a further US$553 million (2022: US$576 million) of cash and cash equivalents, the majority of which is held by partially

owned subsidiaries and is not available for use in the wider Group due to legal and contractual restrictions currently in place. Of this balance

US$129 million (2022: US$336 million) could be used to repay these subsidiaries’ third-party borrowings.

Our Treasury team manages credit risk from our investing activities in accordance with a credit risk framework which sets the risk appetite. We make

investments of surplus funds only with approved investment grade (BBB+ and above) counterparties who have been assigned specific credit limits.

The limits are set to minimise the concentration of credit risk and therefore mitigate the potential for financial loss through counterparty failure.

At 31 December 2023, we held US$2,775 million (2022: US$850 million) of reverse repurchase agreements, measured at amortised cost and

reported within cash and cash equivalents as they are highly liquid products maturing within three months. We accepted collateral of investment

grade quality in respect of these reverse repurchase agreements, with a fair value of US$2,924 million as at 31 December 2023 (2022:

US$892 million). Collateral is not recognised on our balance sheet and if the counterparty were to default we would be able to sell it.