Pilbara Operations Technical Report Summary – 31 December 2021 Page 1 of 169 Pilbara Operations Technical Report Summary In accordance with Subpart 1300 of Regulation S-K under the U.S. Securities Act of 1933 and Item 601(b)(96) thereunder 31 December 2021 Exhibit 96.1

Pilbara Operations Technical Report Summary – 31 December 2021 Page 2 of 169 Date and signature page Qualified Persons Signature Date Phil Savory /s/ Phil Savory 08-02-2022 Natalie Bajkovich /s/ Natalie Bajkovich 08-02-2022 Christopher Kyngdon /s/ Christopher Kyngdon 08-02-2022 Ryan Bleakley /s/ Ryan Bleakley 10-02-2022 Leonardo Vilela Couto /s/ Leonardo Vilela Couto 09-02-2022 Rohit Sarin /s/ Rohit Sarin 09-02-2022 Cody Gagne /s/ Cody Gagne 09-02-2022 Anil Menaria /s/ Anil Menaria 09-02-2022

Pilbara Operations Technical Report Summary – 31 December 2021 Page 3 of 169 Contents page 1. Executive summary 11 1.1 Property description and ownership 11 1.2 Geology and mineralisation 11 1.3 Exploration 11 1.4 Mineral Resource estimate 11 1.5 Mineral Reserve estimate 12 1.6 Capital and operating costs 13 1.7 Permitting requirements 14 1.8 Qualified Persons’ conclusions and recommendations 14 2. Introduction 15 2.1 Registrant information 15 2.2 Terms of reference and purpose 15 2.3 Sources of information 21 2.4 QPs and site visits 21 2.5 Previously filed technical report summaries 23 3. Property description 24 3.1 Property location 24 3.2 Mineral rights 26 3.3 Title details and rights 34 3.4 Encumbrances 34 3.5 Risks to access, title or right to perform work 34 3.6 Agreements and royalties 34 4. Accessibility, climate, local resources, infrastructure, and physiography 35 4.1 Topography, elevation, and vegetation 35 4.2 Access 36 4.3 Climate 36 4.4 Local resources and infrastructure 37 4.4.1 Power supply 37 4.4.2 Water supply 37 4.4.3 Personnel 38 4.4.4 Supplies 38 5. History 39 5.1 Exploration and ownership history 39 5.2 Development and production history 45

Pilbara Operations Technical Report Summary – 31 December 2021 Page 4 of 169 6. Geological setting, mineralisation, and deposit 48 6.1 Regional geology 48 6.2 Stratigraphy of the Hamersley Province 49 6.2.1 Marra Mamba Iron Formation 49 6.2.2 Brockman Iron Formation 50 6.2.3 Boolgeeda Iron Formation 50 6.3 Deposit types 51 6.3.1 Bedded Iron Deposits (BID) 51 6.3.2 Channel Iron Deposits (CID) 52 6.3.3 Tertiary Detrital Iron Deposits (DID) 53 6.3.4 Hydrated ore zone 55 7. Exploration 56 7.1 Exploration 56 7.2 Historical drilling techniques 56 7.2.1 1970s and 1980s programs: percussion and Diamond Drilling  56 7.2.2 1990s programs: percussion and Diamond Drilling  57 7.2.3 2000s programs: Reverse Circulation and Diamond Drilling  57 7.3 Recent drilling techniques 57 7.3.1 2010 to recent programs:  Reverse Circulation and Diamond Drilling  57 7.4 Hydrogeology data 58 7.5 Geotechnical data 62 7.6 Drill hole plans 63 8. Sample preparation, analyses, and security 81 8.1 Sample preparation methods 81 8.1.1 Historical sample preparation methods 81 8.1.2 Recent sample preparation methods (2000s to recent programs) 81 8.2 Sample analysis 81 8.2.1 Historical analytical methods 82 8.2.2 Recent analytical methods (2000s to recent programs) 82 8.3 Quality assurance measures 83 8.3.1 Historical field quality assurance measures 84 8.4 Sample security 84 9. Data verification 85 9.1 Exploration and Mineral Resource verification 85 9.2 Mining and Mineral Reserve verification 86 9.3 Geotechnical verification 87 9.4 Hydrology and hydrogeology verification 87 9.5 Metallurgical verification 88

Pilbara Operations Technical Report Summary – 31 December 2021 Page 5 of 169 10. Mineral processing and metallurgical testing 89 10.1 Collection of samples and types of testwork 89 10.2 Details of analytical or testing laboratories 91 10.3 Predictions and assumptions for mass recovery and grades 93 10.4 QP’s opinion on adequacy of the data collected 93 11. Mineral Resource estimates 94 11.1 Key assumptions, parameters, and methods 94 11.1.1 Resource database 94 11.1.2 Geological interpretation 94 11.1.3 Data preparation 94 11.1.4 Exploratory data analysis 94 11.1.5 Bulk density 95 11.1.6 Block models 95 11.1.7 Grade estimation 96 11.1.8 Grade interpolation parameters 96 11.1.9 Model validation 97 11.2 Mineral Resource classification 98 11.3 Mineral Resource estimate 99 11.4 Cut-off grade, price, and justification 102 11.5 Uncertainty in the estimates of Inferred, Indicated, and Measured Mineral Resources 103 11.6 QP's opinion on factors likely to influence the prospect of economic extraction 103 12. Mineral Reserve estimates 104 12.1 Key assumptions, parameters, and methods 104 12.1.1 Geological model 104 12.1.2 Moisture 104 12.1.3 Metallurgical and processing recoveries 104 12.1.4 Methodology 104 12.2 Modifying factors 105 12.3 Cut-off grade estimate 105 12.4 Mineral Reserve estimate 106 12.5 QP’s opinion on risk factors that may materially affect the Mineral Reserve estimates 109 13. Mining methods 110 13.1 Current mining operations 110 13.2 Parameters relative to the design and schedule 110 13.2.1 Geotechnical considerations 110 13.2.2 Hydrogeological considerations 112 13.2.3 Open pit and waste dump design 113 13.3 Production schedule 116

Pilbara Operations Technical Report Summary – 31 December 2021 Page 6 of 169 13.3.1 Scheduling process 116 13.3.2 Scheduling results 116 13.3.3 Mining Unit Dimensions 117 13.3.4 Mining dilution and recovery factors 117 13.4 Stripping and backfilling requirements 118 13.5 Mining fleet, machinery, and personnel requirements 118 14. Processing and recovery methods 118 14.1 Processing methodologies and flowsheets 118 14.2 Brockman ores 121 14.3 Marra Mamba ores 122 14.4 Channel Iron Deposits 123 14.5 Processing plant throughput and characteristics 123 15. Infrastructure 126 15.1 Tailings 126 15.2 Roads 129 15.3 Rail 131 15.4 Port facilities 131 15.5 Potable water and wastewater 133 15.6 Accommodation 136 15.7 Hydrocarbons fuel infrastructure 138 15.8 Power generation and transmission 140 15.9 Communications and infrastructure 142 16. Market studies 144 16.1 Nature and material terms of agency relationships 144 16.2 Results of relevant market studies 144 16.3 Commodity price projections 144 16.4 Mining and processing 145 16.5 Product transport and handling 145 16.6 Hedging arrangements 145 16.7 Forward sales contracts 145 16.8 Contracts with affiliated parties 145 17. Environmental studies, permitting, and plans, negotiations, or agreements with local individuals or groups 146 17.1 Environmental studies 146 17.2 Requirements and plans for waste and tailings disposal, site monitoring, and water management during operation and after mine closure 148 17.2.1 Waste management 148 17.2.2 Tailings disposal, site monitoring and water management 148

Pilbara Operations Technical Report Summary – 31 December 2021 Page 7 of 169 17.3 Permits 150 17.3.1 Environmental Protection Act (WA) 1986 (EP Act) 150 17.3.2 Biodiversity Conservation Act 2016 (BC Act) 150 17.3.3 Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999 (EPBC Act) 151 17.3.4 Mining Act 1978 151 17.3.5 Rights in Water and Irrigation Act 1914 152 17.3.6 The Aboriginal Heritage Act (WA) 152 17.3.7 Auditing and compliance 152 17.4 Plans, negotiations, or agreements with local individuals or groups 152 17.4.1 Communities and social performance planning framework 152 17.4.2 Agreements with Traditional Owners 153 17.4.3 Agreements with Pastoralists 153 17.4.4 Negotiations and agreements for new studies/projects 154 17.4.5 Complaints and incidents 154 17.4.6 Community Development Plan 154 17.5 Mine closure plans, remediation and reclamation plans, and associated costs 154 17.6 QP’s opinion 155 17.7 Commitment to local procurement and hiring 156 18. Capital and operating costs 157 18.1 Capital costs 158 18.2 Operating costs 158 19. Economic analysis 159 19.1 Summary 159 19.2 Methodology 160 19.2.1 Modelling approach 160 19.2.2 Sources of assumptions 160 19.3 Inputs and assumptions 160 19.3.1 Financial 160 19.3.2 Pricing and revenue 161 19.3.3 Government royalties and other costs 161 19.4 Capital costs 161 19.5 Operating costs 162 19.5.1 Closure costs 162 19.6 Cash flow 162 19.6.1 Cash flow analysis 162 19.6.2 Economic evaluation 163 19.7 Sensitivity analysis 163 20. Adjacent properties 164

Pilbara Operations Technical Report Summary – 31 December 2021 Page 8 of 169 21. Other relevant data and information 164 22. Interpretations and conclusions 165 22.1 Mineral Resources 165 22.1.1 Interpretations and conclusions 165 22.2 Mineral Reserve 165 22.2.1 Interpretations and conclusions 165 23. Recommendations 166 24. References 167 25. Reliance on information provided by the Registrant 169 TABLES Table 1:1: Reported Mineral Resources as at 31 December 2021....................................................... 12 Table 1:2: Reported Mineral Reserves as at 31 December 2021 (Rio Tinto share)............................. 13 Table 1:3: Estimated capital for the Property ........................................................................................ 13 Table 2:1: List of acronyms and abbreviations used in this TRS .......................................................... 16 Table 2:2: List of QPs ............................................................................................................................ 22 Table 3:1: Property mining areas .......................................................................................................... 26 Table 3:2: Rio Tinto tenure containing the Mineral Resources and Mineral Reserves ........................ 28 Table 5:1: Summary of exploration and ownership history ................................................................... 40 Table 5:2: Summary of development and production history ............................................................... 46 Table 7:1: Summary of exploration drilling across the Property ........................................................... 56 Table 7:2: Sampling parameters for baseline water quality .................................................................. 60 Table 10:1: Types of metallurgical and mineral processing test work used in characterisation of Rio Tinto iron ores ....................................................................................................................................... 90 Table 10:2: Details of analytical or testing laboratories ........................................................................ 91 Table 11:1: Reported Mineral Resources as at 31 December 2021 .................................................. 101 Table 12:1: Rio Tinto product COGs ................................................................................................... 106 Table 12:2: Reported Mineral Reserves as at 31 December 2021..................................................... 108 Table 13:1: Geotechnical factors of safety for slopes and dumps ...................................................... 111 Table 13:2: Range of SMU for the Property ........................................................................................ 117 Table 13:3: Property mining fleet and machinery (October 2021) ...................................................... 118 Table 14:1: List of current Rio Tinto Brockman ore processing plants ............................................... 121 Table 14:2: List of current Rio Tinto Marra Mamba ore processing plants ......................................... 122 Table 14:3: List of current Rio Tinto CID processing plants ............................................................... 123 Table 14:4: Throughput and equipment characteristics of processing plants within the Property ..... 123

Pilbara Operations Technical Report Summary – 31 December 2021 Page 9 of 169 Table 14:5: Typical energy, water and process materials for Rio Tinto iron ore processing operations within the Property .............................................................................................................................. 125 Table 15:1: Property TSFs .................................................................................................................. 127 Table 15.2: Property Groundwater Licenses and Allocation ............................................................... 133 Table 17:1: State Ministerial Statements for Rio Tinto’s managed mine sites ................................... 147 Table 17:2: Federal EPBC Decision Notices for Rio Tinto’s managed mine sites ............................. 151 Table 18:1: Estimated capital for the Property .................................................................................... 158 Table 19:1: Capital and operating cost estimation accuracy guidelines ............................................. 159 Table 19:2: Economic analysis assumptions used as the basis for financial evaluation .................... 160 Table 19:3: FX and inflation rates used in economic analysis ............................................................ 161 Table 19:4: Iron ore pricing used in economic analysis ...................................................................... 161 Table 19:5: Price, FX and cost sensitivity analysis ............................................................................. 163 Table 19:6: Discount rate sensitivity analysis ..................................................................................... 164 FIGURES Figure 3.1: Property location map ......................................................................................................... 25 Figure 3.2: Property tenement map ...................................................................................................... 33 Figure 4.1: Physiography and infrastructure ......................................................................................... 36 Figure 4.2: Climate statistics for the Pilbara Region, Western Australia .............................................. 37 Figure 6.1: Regional geology of the Hamersley Province ..................................................................... 48 Figure 6.2: Stratigraphy of the Hamersley Province ............................................................................. 49 Figure 6.3: BID geology cross-section, Brockman deposit ................................................................... 52 Figure 6.4: CID geology cross-section, gorge type deposit .................................................................. 53 Figure 6.5: CID geology cross-section, mesa type deposit .................................................................. 53 Figure 6.6: DID geology cross-section, Marra Mamba derived deposit ................................................ 55 Figure 7.1: Robe Valley drill hole location plan ..................................................................................... 64 Figure 7.2: Greater Brockman drill hole location plan ........................................................................... 65 Figure 7.3: Greater Tom Price drill hole location plan .......................................................................... 66 Figure 7.4: Greater Paraburdoo drill hole location plan ........................................................................ 67 Figure 7.5: West Pilbara – Area 1 drill hole location plan ..................................................................... 68 Figure 7.6: West Pilbara – Area 2 drill hole location map ..................................................................... 69 Figure 7.7: West Pilbara – Area 3 drill hole location plan ..................................................................... 70 Figure 7.8: Gudai-Darri drill hole location plan...................................................................................... 71 Figure 7.9: Yandicoogina drill hole location plan .................................................................................. 72 Figure 7.10: Greater West Angelas drill hole location plan ................................................................... 73 Figure 7.11: Greater Hope Downs drill hole location plan .................................................................... 74 Figure 7.12: East Pilbara – Area 1 drill hole location plan .................................................................... 75 Figure 7.13: East Pilbara – Area 2 drill hole location plan .................................................................... 76

Pilbara Operations Technical Report Summary – 31 December 2021 Page 10 of 169 Figure 7.14: East Pilbara – Area 3 drill hole location plan .................................................................... 77 Figure 7.15: East Pilbara – Area 4 drill hole location plan .................................................................... 78 Figure 7.16: East Pilbara – Area 5 drill hole location plan .................................................................... 79 Figure 7.17: East Pilbara – Area 6 drill hole location plan .................................................................... 80 Figure 13.1: Rio Tinto mining areas across the Property ................................................................... 115 Figure 13.2: Mineral Reserve schedule .............................................................................................. 117 Figure 14.1: Typical flowsheet for a dry crushing and screening iron ore plant ................................. 119 Figure 14.2: Typical flowsheet for a wet screening and de-sliming iron ore plant .............................. 120 Figure 14.3: Flowsheet for the existing Rio Tinto iron ore beneficiation plant at Mount Tom Price ... 121 Figure 15.1: TSFs across the Property ............................................................................................... 128 Figure 15.2: Privately owned and public roads across the Property .................................................. 130 Figure 15.3: Rail network and port facilities across the Property........................................................ 132 Figure 15.4: Major pipelines network and bore/pumping locations across the Property .................... 135 Figure 15.5: FIFO/residential accommodation across the Property ................................................... 137 Figure 15.6: Fuel hub locations across the Property .......................................................................... 139 Figure 15.7: Power transmission lines and facilities across the Property ........................................... 141 Figure 15.8: Communication layout across the Property .................................................................... 143 Figure 17.1: Environmental mitigation hierarchy ................................................................................ 146 Figure 19.1: Annual free cashflow and cumulative discounted cashflows .......................................... 163 Figure 20.1: Property location ............................................................................................................. 164

Pilbara Operations Technical Report Summary – 31 December 2021 Page 11 of 169 1. Executive summary 1.1 Property description and ownership In the Pilbara region of Western Australia, Rio Tinto plc and Rio Tinto Limited (herein referred to as Rio Tinto) operates and owns an integrated portfolio of iron ore assets comprising a network of 17 iron ore mines, four port terminals, a 1,890 kilometre (km) rail network and related infrastructure (Property). Mineral Resources and Mineral Reserves are dispersed across the Pilbara region over an area of approximately 70,000 square kilometres (km2). Mined product is transported by two dedicated rail lines to ports at Dampier or Cape Lambert. The Property is accessible by rail, road or by air, utilising Rio Tinto rail lines, major highways and rail access roads, and public and Rio Tinto owned airports. There are no limitations for year-round access and operations due to climate and precipitation at the Property, except for during some cyclone events when minor disruptions and access restrictions can occur. 1.2 Geology and mineralisation The Property is situated in the Hamersley Province of Western Australia, located on the southern margin of the Pilbara Craton, within the volcanic and sedimentary rock sequence of the Mount Bruce Supergroup. The Mount Bruce Supergroup contains the 2,500 metre (m) thick Hamersley Group, the main host to iron ore deposits, characterised by around 1,000 m of laterally extensive Banded Iron Formation (BIF). Mineralisation may be grouped into three by genesis. BIF Derived Iron Deposits (BIDs) (Boolgeeda, Brockman, and Marra Mamba), Channel Iron Deposits (CIDs), and Detrital Iron Deposits (DIDs). Five ore type categories are defined for reporting Mineral Resources: Boolgeeda, Brockman, Marra Mamba, CID, and DID. 1.3 Exploration Rio Tinto has an ongoing, active program of exploration over various parts of the Property. During 2021 767,000 m of drilling was completed on programs that are aimed at discovery and development of Rio Tinto’s iron ore deposits in the Pilbara. 1.4 Mineral Resource estimate The Mineral Resource estimate for the Property is presented by ore type in Table 1:1. The only potentially payable mineral is iron. Mineral Resources are estimated by Rio Tinto for operating mines and development projects. The effective date of the Mineral Resource estimate is 31 December 2021. The Mineral Resource estimate is based on the following assumptions: • Exclusive of Mineral Reserves – Mineral Resources are reported exclusive of Mineral Reserves. • Moisture – All Mineral Resource tonnages are estimated and reported on a dry basis. • Mineral Resources are provided as in situ estimates. • Mining Factors or Assumptions – It is assumed that standard open pit load and haul mining operations used by Rio Tinto Iron Ore will be applicable for the mining of Mineral Resources.

Pilbara Operations Technical Report Summary – 31 December 2021 Page 12 of 169 • Metallurgical Factors or Assumptions – It is assumed that crushing, screening and beneficiation processes used by Rio Tinto will be applicable for the processing of reported Mineral Resources. Predicted yield and upgrade are deposit specific and are based on metallurgical test work conducted on representative samples collected from those deposits or adjacent analogous deposits. • Environmental Factors or Assumptions – Extensive environmental surveys and studies will be completed during the project study phases to determine if the project requires formal State and Commonwealth environmental assessment and approval. Mapping of oxidised shales, black carbonaceous shales, lignite, and the location of the water table, is used to predict and manage potential environmental impacts. • Heritage Factors or Assumptions - Extensive cultural heritage studies, surveys and engagement with traditional owners will be completed during the project study phases to determine if the project requires additional assessment, monitoring, or exclusion areas to be maintained during mining, to manage potential impacts to sites and cultural values. Table 1:1: Reported Mineral Resources as at 31 December 2021 The Mineral Resources presented are not Mineral Reserves. The reported Inferred Mineral Resources are considered too geologically uncertain to apply economic assumptions and subsequently convert these to Mineral Reserves. There is no certainty that all or any part of the Inferred Mineral Resources will be converted into Measured or Indicated categories of Mineral Reserves (see section 11.5). Mineral Resources that are not Mineral Reserves do not meet the threshold for reserve modifying factors such as estimated economic viability that would allow for conversion to Mineral Reserves. All figures are rounded to reflect the relative accuracy of the estimates and totals may not add correctly. Based on the body of technical studies completed across the Property, it is the Qualified Persons (QPs) opinion that the Mineral Resources have reasonable prospects of economic extraction (see Section 11.6). 1.5 Mineral Reserve estimate The Mineral Reserve estimate for the Property is presented by ore type in Table 1:2. Mineral Reserves are estimated by Rio Tinto for operational mines and development projects that have reached or surpassed pre-feasibility stage. Mineral Reserves are converted from Mineral Resources through the application of modifying factors, including mining, processing, metallurgical, economic, marketing, legal, environmental, infrastructure, social, and governmental factors.

Pilbara Operations Technical Report Summary – 31 December 2021 Page 13 of 169 Mineral Reserves are stated as dry shipped saleable ore, excluding moisture content. The only payable mineral is iron. All figures are rounded to reflect the relative accuracy of the estimates and rounded subtotals may not add to the stated total. The effective date of the Mineral Reserve estimate is 31 December 2021. Table 1:2: Reported Mineral Reserves as at 31 December 2021 (Rio Tinto share) The economic viability of the reported Mineral Reserve is assessed by generating a mining schedule that fully consumes the Mineral Reserves and shows a positive NPV using specific economic assumptions for costs and revenues. The reported Mineral Reserves conform to estimation and classification requirements of Proven and Probable Mineral Reserves. 1.6 Capital and operating costs Capital costs are estimated based on internal studies undertaken by Rio Tinto, and historical performance. Capital is inclusive of all mine, rail, port, power and other infrastructure capital required to maintain RTIO’s physical assets. Capital costs reflect sustaining, replacement and growth capital, including heavy mobile equipment (HME) required to replace aging fleet. Capital costs are summarised in Table 1:3. Table 1:3: Estimated capital for the Property Capital Expenditure Total 2022-2026 2027-2031 2032-2036 2037+ Total Expenditure (US$ billions) 18.0 11.1 4.8 1.8 0.3 Operating costs include costs associated with mining, processing, rail, port, support, and other costs such as those associated with Native Title and internal Rio Tinto assumptions with regard to carbon pricing. Across the supply chain, operating costs include both internal and external contract labour, diesel and energy, materials, corporate costs and other expenditure required in day-to-day operations. Throughout the life of the Mineral Reserves only schedule, operating costs average $20/t SOP.

Pilbara Operations Technical Report Summary – 31 December 2021 Page 14 of 169 1.7 Permitting requirements Rio Tinto conducts various environmental studies as needed to support operations and for compliance with regulatory obligations. Baseline studies are undertaken to inform formal impact assessment processes in accordance with provisions under the Environmental Protection Act (WA) 1986 (EP Act), and where relevant the Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999 (EPBC Act). Mining related activities require additional approvals under the Mining Act 1978. A significant proportion of the Property’s Mineral Reserve estimate is located within existing permitted operating mining areas with two pending proposals covering deposits included in the estimate, Greater Paraburdoo (pending approval) and Brockman Syncline (Referred for assessment). Both projects are in advanced stages of study. 1.8 Qualified Persons’ conclusions and recommendations Based on the information presented in this TRS, the QPs conclude that the Mineral Reserve estimate is supported by appropriate technical data and assumptions, and no significant risks exist. • The economic sensitivity analysis shows the Mineral Reserve estimate for the Property is not highly sensitive to variation to capital and operating cost, or discount rate. Property valuation is most sensitive to product price; however, the Property remains highly economic in these scenarios. • The assumptions, methods and parameters used for generating the Mineral Reserve estimate are aligned with industry practices and suitable for the mineralisation of the Pilbara and selected mining methods. • A significant proportion of the Mineral Reserve estimate is located within existing, permitted operating mining areas, supported by established labour accommodation and transport facilities, processing, rail and port infrastructure, HME maintenance workshops, ground water abstraction and discharge networks, and surface mine haul roads and waste dumps. • Historical performance and reconciliation underpin the confidence in technical modifying factors such as ore loss and dilution, geotechnical parameters, and metallurgical and hydrogeological assumptions. Based on the results presented in this TRS and consistent with Rio Tinto’s long standing operating practices, ongoing technical work will be performed on the Property as part of studies to improve confidence, decrease risk and enable the conversion of Mineral Resources to Mineral Reserves. The following items are recommended to sustain Mineral Resources and Mineral Reserves: • Continue to engage with Traditional Owner groups through the existing Integrated Heritage Management Process and Communities and Social Performance teams. • Complete in progress technical work and obtain relevant permits for sections of the Property that are currently not approved under the EP Act. These recommendations reflect Rio Tinto’s ongoing operating practices and as such costs are incorporated into the Property’s operating and capital costs; therefore, the costs of these recommendations have not been separately disclosed in this TRS.

Pilbara Operations Technical Report Summary – 31 December 2021 Page 15 of 169 2. Introduction 2.1 Registrant information This Technical Report Summary (TRS) for Rio Tinto’s integrated mining operations (the Property), located in the Pilbara region of Western Australia, is prepared by Rio Tinto. The Rio Tinto Group consists of Rio Tinto plc (registered in England and Wales as company number 719885 under the UK Companies Act 2006 and listed on the London Stock Exchange), and Rio Tinto Limited (registered in Australia as ABN 96 004 458 404 under the Australian Corporations Act 2001 and listed on the Australian Securities Exchange). Rio Tinto plc and Rio Tinto Limited operate together and are referred to in this report as Rio Tinto, the Rio Tinto Group or the Group. As noted on the Date and Signature Page, several QPs were involved in the technical work summarised in this TRS. The Property consists of an integrated portfolio of iron ore assets comprising a network of 17 iron ore mines, four port terminals, a 1,890 km rail network and related infrastructure. Mineral Resources and Mineral Reserves are dispersed across the Pilbara region over an area of approximately 70,000 km2. Rio Tinto tested each of its properties to determine which are material to the Group based on the previous financial year reporting as follows: • A property contributing >10% earnings. • A property with >10% of the Group Mineral Reserves. • Any property considered material from a qualitative aspect. Based on these tests, the Pilbara Operations (>10% earnings and >10% Mineral Reserves) are considered material to the Group and hence require submission of a TRS. For SEC reporting purposes the Pilbara Operations are considered a production stage property. 2.2 Terms of reference and purpose The purpose of this TRS is to report Mineral Resources and Mineral Reserves for the Property effective as of 31 December 2021. The report utilises: • Australian English spelling. • Metric units of measure. • Grades are presented in weight percent (wt.%). • Coordinate system is presented in metric units using Map Grid of Australia 1994 (MGA94) Zone 50. • Real US Dollars. • Summary Mineral Resource and Mineral Reserve Table 11:1 and Table 12:2 are presented based of Rio Tinto equity ownership.

Pilbara Operations Technical Report Summary – 31 December 2021 Page 16 of 169 • All other information in the TRS is presented on a 100% basis for the Property.1 Key acronyms and definitions used in this TRS include those items listed in Table 2:1. Table 2:1: List of acronyms and abbreviations used in this TRS Acronym/Abbreviation Definition AAS Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy ACMA Australian Communications and Media Authority AEP Annual Exceedance Probability AHS Autonomous Haulage System ALS Australian Laboratory Services Limited AMD Acid Mine Drainage ANCOLD Australian National Committee on Large Dams APT Analytical Precision Testing BHJV Bao-HI Joint Venture BHP Broken Hill Proprietary Company Limited BHPIO BHP Billiton Iron Ore Pty Ltd BID Bedded Iron Deposit BIF Banded Iron Formation Block One minute latitude by one minute longitude Btpa Billion Tonnes Per Annum BWT Below Water Table CAT Chemical Analysis Testing CDP Community Development Plan CID Channel Iron Deposit Channar Mining Channar Mining Pty Ltd CIDPL Cliffs International Drilling Pty Ltd Cliffs Cliffs International Inc. CMJV Channar Mining Joint Venture COG Cut-Off Grade CRA CRA Pty Ltd CRAE CRA Exploration 1 In this TRS, 100 percent basis for the Property means the Property (including the volume of Mineral Reserves within the Property and all economic analysis related to the Mineral Reserves) is presented on the basis of 100% ownership of the Property as a whole, without regard for any joint venture or other ownership structures that may exist between Rio Tinto and third parties in respect of the Property. This approach differs from external guidance in other Rio Tinto reporting, which is presented on an equity basis. As such, certain figures presented in this TRS may deviate from figures published by Rio Tinto elsewhere.

Pilbara Operations Technical Report Summary – 31 December 2021 Page 17 of 169 Acronym/Abbreviation Definition CRAL CRA Limited CRRIA Cliffs Robe River Iron Associates CSP Communities and Social Performance CSR CSR Ltd. DAC Design Acceptance Criteria DD Diamond Drilling DID Detrital Iron Deposit DMIRS Department of Mines, Industry Regulation and Safety dmtu Dry Metric Tonne Unit DWER Department of Water and Environmental Regulation EDA Exploratory Data Analysis EMP Environmental Management Plan EoR Engineer of Record EP Environmental Protection EPA Environmental Protection Authority EPBC Environmental Protection and Biodiversity Conservation ERA Economic Regulation Authority FAusIMM Fellow of the Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy FCOG Fixed Cut-Off Grade FIFO Fly-In-Fly-Out FOB Free on Board FPIC Free, Prior and Informed Consent FWZ Foot Wall Zone g Gram/mes Ga Giga-annum (1 billion years) GIS Geographical Information System GSWA Geological Survey of Western Australia GTG Gas Turbine Generator GWL Groundwater Limit Hancock Hancock Prospecting Pty Ltd ha Hectare/s HAP Hamersley Agricultural Project HC Hematite Conglomerate

Pilbara Operations Technical Report Summary – 31 December 2021 Page 18 of 169 Acronym/Abbreviation Definition HD Hematite Detrital HDJV Hope Downs Joint Venture HEX Hamersley Exploration Pty Ltd HI Hamersley Iron HIY Yandicoogina Fines HME Heavy Mobile Equipment HPB High Phosphorus HRL Hamersley Resources Limited HSEQ Health, Safety, Environmental and Quality ICOLD International Committee on Large Dams ICSS Integrated Control Signalling System ICMM International Council on Mining and Metals IFC International Finance Corporation IFRS International Financial Reporting Standards ILUA Indigenous Land Use Agreement ITS Intertek Services ISO International Organization for Standardization kg Kilogramme/s km Kilometre/s km2 Square kilometre/s KNA Kriging Neighbourhood Analysis kV Kilovolt kWh/t Kilowatt Hours per tonne lb Pound LIC Local Implementation Committee LiDAR Light Detection and Ranging LIMS Laboratory Information Management System LOI Loss on Ignition LOM Life of Mine LoR Limits of Reporting LPB Low Phosphorus LPP Local Participation Plan LTE Long-Term Evolution

Pilbara Operations Technical Report Summary – 31 December 2021 Page 19 of 169 Acronym/Abbreviation Definition m Metre/s Ma Million Years MAC Mining Association of Canada MAusIMM Member of the Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy MBM Mount Bruce Mining Pty Ltd MCA Minerals Council of Australia MCP Mine Closure Plan MGA 94 Map Grid of Australia 1994 mm Millimetre/s MNES Matters of National Environmental Significance MPU Mobile Processing Unit Mtpa Million tonnes per annum MV Megavolt µm Micron/micrometre NATA National Association of Testing Authorities NBHC New Broken Hill Consolidated Limited NPP National Participation Program NPV Net Present Value NWIS Northwest Integrated System OBM Orebody Block Model OECD Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development OK Ordinary Kriging ONRSR Office of National Rail Safety and Regulation Pacminex Pacminex Pty Limited PBL Pilbara Blend Lump PPE Point Potential Evaporation QA/QC Quality Assurance/Quality Control QP Qualified Person RC Reverse Circulation RIC Regional Implementation Committee RIWI Rights in Water and Irrigation Rockwater Rockwater Pty Ltd Robe River Robe River Mining Co Pty Ltd.

Pilbara Operations Technical Report Summary – 31 December 2021 Page 20 of 169 Acronym/Abbreviation Definition ROD Red Ochre Detritals ROM Run Of Mine RQD Rock Quality Designation RRIA Robe River Iron Associates RRJV Rhodes Ridge Joint Venture RRM Rhodes Ridge Mining Co.Ltd. RRSA Rhodes Ridge State Agreement RTDB Rio Tinto acQuire™ Database RTIO Rio Tinto Iron Ore RTMTCS Rio Tinto Material Type Classification Scheme RTF Resource Task Force RTX Rio Tinto Exploration RVF Robe Valley Fines RVL Robe Valley Lump SD Siliceous Detrital SDN Sample Despatch Note SGS Société Générale de Surveillance SME Subject Matter Expert SMU Selective Mining Unit SOP Saleable Ore Product (wet tonnes) t Tonne/s Texasgulf Texasgulf Inc TMS Tenement Database TO Traditional Owners TRS Technical Report Summary TSF Tailings Storage Facility UCS Unconfined Compressive Strength USSC US Steel Corporation VCOG Variable Cut-Off Grade WA Western Australia Wright Wright Prospecting Pty Ltd WRS Waste Rock Storage wt.% Weight Percent

Pilbara Operations Technical Report Summary – 31 December 2021 Page 21 of 169 Acronym/Abbreviation Definition XRF X-Ray Fluorescence 2.3 Sources of information Sources of exploration and geological data supporting the modelling and Mineral Resource estimates presented in this TRS include data and observations collected by Rio Tinto during the various exploration campaigns completed across the Property, and the various Mineral Resource estimate reports prepared by Rio Tinto and dated 31 December 2021. General regional and local geological interpretation and information for the Property is sourced from various geological reports prepared by or on behalf of Rio Tinto tenement holders as well as from publicly available peer-reviewed geological papers; these geological reports and papers are referenced throughout this TRS where relied upon. This TRS also utilises relevant external technical reports and data available to Rio Tinto providing input to location, setting, geology, project history, exploration activities, methodology, quality assurance and interpretations. Sources of data and information supporting the Mineral Reserves estimates presented in this TRS are the various Mineral Reserve estimate reports prepared by Rio Tinto and dated 31 December 2021. Observations and interpretations of geostatistics, geology and mineralised trends, grade estimation, and Mineral Resources and Mineral Reserves estimates have been generated by Rio Tinto personnel. The following software was utilised: • acQuire™ for the drill hole database. • Leapfrog Geo™ for geological interpretation. • Vulcan™ for block model development. • Isatis™ for variography and statistical analysis. • GEOVIA Whittle™ for definition of economic pit limits. • Vulcan™ for pit design. • Minemax Scheduler™ for mine scheduling. • ArcGIS™ for multi-purpose 2D data visualisation, and map generation. A detailed list of references is provided in Section 25 of this TRS. 2.4 QPs and site visits Information in this TRS has been prepared under the supervision of the following QPs: • Phil Savory – Information in this TRS has been prepared under the supervision of Phil Savory, Fellow of the Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy (FAusIMM, Member Number 107730), Principal Advisor Resource Estimation. Phil is responsible for Pilbara Iron Ore Mineral Resources. Visits to selected sites occur each year. The last site visit was in June 2021.

Pilbara Operations Technical Report Summary – 31 December 2021 Page 22 of 169 • Natalie Brajkovich – Information in this TRS has been prepared under the supervision of Natalie Brajkovich, Member of the Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy (MAusIMM, Member Number 332641), Specialist Geologist Resource Estimation. Natalie is responsible for Pilbara Iron Ore Mineral Resources. Visits to selected sites occur each year. The last site visit was in June 2021. • Christopher Kyngdon – Information in this TRS has been prepared under the supervision of Christopher Kyngdon, MAusIMM (Member Number 329678), Specialist Geologist Resource Estimation. Christopher is responsible for Pilbara Iron Mineral Resources. Visits to selected sites occur each year. The last site visit was in June 2021. • Ryan Bleakley – Information in this TRS has been prepared under the supervision of Ryan Bleakley, MAusIMM (Member Number 221200), Manager Mine Engineering. Ryan is responsible for Pilbara Iron Ore Mineral Reserves. Visits to selected sites occur each year. The last site visit was in October 2021. • Leonardo Vilela Couto – Information in this TRS has been prepared under the supervision of Leonardo Vilela Couto, MAusIMM (Member Number 308304), Principal Mining Engineer. Leonardo is responsible for Pilbara Iron Ore Mineral Reserves. Visits to selected sites occur each year. The last site visit was in December 2021. • Rohit Sarin – Information in this TRS has been prepared under the supervision of Rohit Sarin, MAusIMM (Member Number 230437), Principal Mining Engineer. Rohit is responsible for Pilbara Iron Ore Mineral Reserves. Visits to selected sites occur each year. The last site visit was in September 2021 • Cody Gagne – Information in this TRS has been prepared under the supervision of Insert Cody Gagne, MAusIMM (Member Number 3002096), Principal Mining Engineer. Cody is responsible for Pilbara Iron Ore Mineral Reserves. Visits to selected sites occur each year. The last site visit was in November 2021. • Anil Menaria – Information in this TRS has been prepared under the supervision of Anil Menaria, MAusIMM (Member Number 316533), Mine Planning Superintendent. Anil Menaria is responsible for Pilbara Iron Ore Mineral Reserves. Visits to selected sites occur each year. The last site visit was in October 2021. Table 2:2 presents a tabulation of the QPs and their areas of responsibility. Table 2:2: List of QPs QP Qualifications Site Visit Area of Responsibility1 Phil Savory BSc (Geology), BSc Hons (Geology), MSc (Mathematics and Planning), FAusIMM June 2021 Sections 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25 Natalie Brajkovich BSc (Geology), BSc Hons (Geology), Grad Cert Geostatistics, MAusIMM June 2021 Sections 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 11, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25 Christopher Kyngdon BSc (Geology), PGDipSci (Geology), Grad Cert Geostatistics., MAusIMM June 2021 Sections 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 11, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25

Pilbara Operations Technical Report Summary – 31 December 2021 Page 23 of 169 Ryan Bleakley BEng - Mining (Hons), MAusIMM Oct 2021 Sections 1, 2, 9, 10, 12, 13, 14, 15, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25 Leonardo Vilela Couto MSc (Mineral and Energy Economics), BSc (Mining), AusIMM Dec 2021 Sections 1, 2, 9, 10, 12, 13, 14, 15, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25 Rohit Sarin BEng - Mining, MAusIMM Sept 2021 Sections 1, 2, 9, 10, 12, 13, 14, 15, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25 Cody Gagne BSc Mining and Mineral Engineering, MAusIMM Nov 2021 Sections 1, 2, 9, 10, 12, 13, 14, 15, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25 Anil Menaria BEng - Mining, MAusIMM Oct 2021 Sections 1, 2, 9, 10, 12, 13, 14, 15, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25 1QPs have relied on information provided by the registrant for preparing findings and conclusions relating to aspects of modifying factors. This information and the portions of the TRS relating to its use can be seen in Section 25. 2.5 Previously filed technical report summaries This is the first TRS filed for the Property.

Pilbara Operations Technical Report Summary – 31 December 2021 Page 24 of 169 3. Property description 3.1 Property location In the Pilbara region of Western Australia, Rio Tinto operates an integrated portfolio of iron ore assets comprising a network of 17 iron ore mines, four port terminals, a 1,890 km rail network and related infrastructure. Mineral Resources and Mineral Reserves are dispersed across the Pilbara region over an area of approximately 70,000 km2. Mined product is transported by two dedicated rail lines to either Dampier or Cape Lambert port. Figure 3.1 presents the location of the key mining centres, rail lines, ports, and Mineral Resource locations that comprise the Property.

Pilbara Operations Technical Report Summary – 31 December 2021 Page 25 of 169

Pilbara Operations Technical Report Summary – 31 December 2021 Page 26 of 169 Throughout the TRS, reference has been made to Mining Areas. These Mining Areas comprise multiple individual mining operations and/or projects and have been used as a way to simplify the quantity of detail presented in the TRS (e.g., Figure 7.1 to Figure 7.17). Table 3:1 presents details of the Mining Areas which contain reported Mineral Reserves, included in the table is the respective ownership and Joint Venture as required. Table 3:1: Property mining areas Hubs/Mining Area Mine/Project Joint Venture Interest % owned by the Group Robe Valley Mesa A Robe River Iron Associates Joint Venture; Australia 53.0 Mesa J Robe River Iron Associates Joint Venture; Australia 53.0 Greater Brockman Brockman Syncline 2, Nammuldi 100.0 Brockman Syncline 4 100.0 Silvergrass 100.0 Greater Tom Price Marandoo 100.0 Mount Tom Price 100.0 Western Turner Syncline 100.0 Greater Paraburdoo Channar 100.0 Eastern Range Bao-HI Joint Venture; Australia 54.0 Paraburdoo 100.0 Gudai-Darri Gudai-Darri 100.0 Yandicoogina Yandicoogina 100.0 West Angelas West Angelas Robe River Iron Associates Joint Venture; Australia 53.0 Greater Hope Downs Hope Downs 1 Hope Downs Joint Venture; Australia 50.0 Hope Downs 4 Hope Downs Joint Venture; Australia 50.0 3.2 Mineral rights The Mineral Resources and Mineral Reserves are held under a combination of State Agreement Mining/Mineral Leases; Exploration Licences and Mining Leases under the Mining Act (WA) 1978; and Temporary Reserves held under the Mining Act (WA) 1904. State Agreement Mining/Mineral Leases and Mining Leases under the Mining Act are granted for a period of 21 years and are typically renewable for further periods of 21 years, some State Agreements have a finite term. Exploration Licences applied for prior to 10 February 2006 are initially for a five year term and are renewable for two periods of either one or two years and are then renewable for periods of one year.

Pilbara Operations Technical Report Summary – 31 December 2021 Page 27 of 169 Exploration Licences applied for after 10 February 2006 are initially for a five year term and are renewable for an additional five year term and then periods of two years. Renewal of Exploration Licences is subject to satisfying prescribed criteria. Temporary Reserves are renewed for a one year term. The renewal of all tenure is maintained by the Tenure and GIS team in State Agreements and Approvals. The tenement database (TMS), provides reminder notices of pending renewals and renewal procedures are adhered to in accordance with established guidelines. A list of the Rio Tinto tenure containing the Mineral Resources and Mineral Reserves is presented in Table 3:2. Note that tenements are renewed periodically, and as such, several tenements are listed with Expiry Dates ‘pending’. These tenements are currently in the process of renewal, with updated expiry dates yet to be confirmed by the Department of Mines, Industry Regulation and Safety (DMIRS).

Pilbara Operations Technical Report Summary – 31 December 2021 Page 28 of 169 Table 3:2: Rio Tinto tenure containing the Mineral Resources and Mineral Reserves Tenure Number Tenure Name Legislation Category Tenure Type Holder Group Tenure Status Grant Date Expiry Date Current Area Description First Reported Year Current Commitment 4192H PAMELIA State Agreement SA Temporary Reserve Rhodes Ridge JV Live 22/05/1967 31/12/2022 11620 Hectares 2009 4193H OPHTHALMIA State Agreement SA Temporary Reserve Rhodes Ridge JV Live 22/05/1967 31/12/2022 11235 Hectares 2009 4266H RHODES RIDGE State Agreement SA Temporary Reserve Rhodes Ridge JV Live 4/08/1967 31/12/2022 2597.5 Hectares 2009 4267H TEXAS State Agreement SA Temporary Reserve Rhodes Ridge JV Live 4/08/1967 31/12/2022 8376.5 Hectares 2009 4737H ARROWHEAD State Agreement SA Temporary Reserve Rhodes Ridge JV Live 17/10/1969 31/12/2022 6141 Hectares 2009 4882H BAKERS AREA State Agreement SA Temporary Reserve Rhodes Ridge JV Live 17/10/1969 31/12/2022 10890 Hectares 2009 4883H WONMUNNA FLATS State Agreement SA Temporary Reserve Rhodes Ridge JV Live 17/10/1969 31/12/2022 6648.5 Hectares 2009 4884H R&S HILL ETC State Agreement SA Temporary Reserve Rhodes Ridge JV Live 17/10/1969 31/12/2022 13395 Hectares 2009 E08/00788 DINNER CAMP BORE Mining Act Exploration Licence (Pre 2006) Robe JV Live 2/04/1996 1/04/2022 13 Blocks 2021 $70,000.00 E08/01148 MESA B Mining Act Exploration Licence (Pre 2006) Robe JV Live 23/04/2002 22/04/2022 3 Blocks 2008 $50,000.00 E08/01196 TOD BORE Mining Act Exploration Licence (Pre 2006) Robe JV Live 6/02/2001 5/02/2022 32 Blocks 2009 $96,000.00 E08/01771 CONGO BORE Mining Act Exploration Licence (Post 2006) Robe JV Live 18/01/2008 17/01/2022 24 Blocks 2021 $72,000.00 E08/01772 HUBERT WELL/MESA B Mining Act Exploration Licence (Post 2006) Robe JV Live 18/01/2008 17/01/2022 13 Blocks 2015 $70,000.00 E46/00580 POONDA Mining Act Exploration Licence (Pre 2006) Hamersley Iron Pty. Limited Live 16/06/2005 15/06/2022 70 Blocks 2008 $210,000.00 E46/00662 POONDA NORTH Mining Act Exploration Licence (Pre 2006) Hamersley Iron Pty. Limited Live 25/01/2006 24/01/2022 30 Blocks 2009 $90,000.00 E47/00030 PANHANDLE 01 Mining Act Exploration Licence (Non-Graticular) Hamersley Exploration Pty Ltd Live 18/12/1982 pending 31.66 Square Kilometres 1990 $100,000.00 E47/00031 BROCKMAN 03 Mining Act Exploration Licence (Non-Graticular) Hamersley Exploration Pty Ltd Live 18/12/1982 pending 57.7 Square Kilometres 1978 $100,000.00 E47/00045 SILVERGRASS 03 Mining Act Exploration Licence (Non-Graticular) Hamersley Exploration Pty Ltd Live 18/12/1982 pending 25.38 Square Kilometres 1993 $100,000.00 E47/00047 WALKALINA Mining Act Exploration Licence (Non-Graticular) Hamersley Exploration Pty Ltd Live 18/12/1982 pending 62.93 Square Kilometres 1974 $100,000.00 E47/00054 MT PYRTON 03 Mining Act Exploration Licence (Non-Graticular) Hamersley Exploration Pty Ltd Live 18/12/1982 pending 112.5 Square Kilometres 1977 $100,000.00 E47/00280 OPHTHALMIA SOUTH Mining Act Exploration Licence (Non-Graticular) Hamersley Exploration Pty Ltd Live 5/04/1987 4/04/2022 90.69 Square Kilometres 1991 $100,000.00 E47/00319 PAMELIA SOUTH Mining Act Exploration Licence (Non-Graticular) Hamersley Exploration Pty Ltd Live 10/09/1987 9/09/2022 31.1 Square Kilometres 1991 $100,000.00 E47/00328 KOODAIDERI 02 Mining Act Exploration Licence (Non-Graticular) Hamersley Exploration Pty Ltd Live 27/01/1988 26/01/2022 190 Square Kilometres 1992 $100,000.00 E47/00421 KOODAIDERI 03 Mining Act Exploration Licence (Non-Graticular) Hamersley Exploration Pty Ltd Live 6/02/1989 5/02/2022 160.3 Square Kilometres 1994 $100,000.00 E47/00468 MT FARQUHAR 01 Mining Act Exploration Licence (Non-Graticular) Hamersley Exploration Pty Ltd Live 22/08/1989 21/08/2022 21.99 Square Kilometres 1993 $100,000.00 E47/00469 MT FARQUHAR 02 Mining Act Exploration Licence (Non-Graticular) Hamersley Exploration Pty Ltd Live 22/08/1989 21/08/2022 11.52 Square Kilometres 1993 $100,000.00 E47/00470 MT FARQUHAR 03 Mining Act Exploration Licence (Non-Graticular) Hamersley Exploration Pty Ltd Live 22/08/1989 21/08/2022 38.33 Square Kilometres 1975 $100,000.00 E47/00472 MT WALL Mining Act Exploration Licence (Non-Graticular) Hamersley Exploration Pty Ltd Live 22/08/1989 21/08/2022 45.68 Square Kilometres 1991 $100,000.00 E47/00473 MT PYRTON 01 Mining Act Exploration Licence (Non-Graticular) Hamersley Exploration Pty Ltd Live 22/08/1989 21/08/2022 124.7 Square Kilometres 1994 $100,000.00 E47/00474 MT PYRTON 02 Mining Act Exploration Licence (Non-Graticular) Hamersley Exploration Pty Ltd Live 22/08/1989 21/08/2022 96.8 Square Kilometres 1994 $100,000.00 E47/00475 MT MARGARET Mining Act Exploration Licence (Non-Graticular) Hamersley Exploration Pty Ltd Live 22/08/1989 21/08/2022 118.9 Square Kilometres 1991 $100,000.00 E47/00487 KOODAIDERI 04 Mining Act Exploration Licence (Non-Graticular) Hamersley Exploration Pty Ltd Live 26/06/1990 25/06/2022 181.53 Square Kilometres 1994 $100,000.00

Pilbara Operations Technical Report Summary – 31 December 2021 Page 29 of 169 Tenure Number Tenure Name Legislation Category Tenure Type Holder Group Tenure Status Grant Date Expiry Date Current Area Description First Reported Year Current Commitment E47/00537 SOUTH FORTESCUE Mining Act Exploration Licence (Non-Graticular) HI/HR Live 16/10/1990 15/10/2022 126.25 Square Kilometres 1985 $100,000.00 E47/00538 MARANDOO WEST Mining Act Exploration Licence (Non-Graticular) HI/HR Live 16/10/1990 15/10/2022 66.34 Square Kilometres 1984 $100,000.00 E47/00539 GILES Mining Act Exploration Licence (Non-Graticular) Rhodes Ridge JV Live 16/10/1990 15/10/2022 107.25 Square Kilometres 1991 $100,000.00 E47/00540 WONMUNNA SOUTH Mining Act Exploration Licence (Non-Graticular) Rhodes Ridge JV Live 16/10/1990 15/10/2022 41.73 Square Kilometres 1995 $100,000.00 E47/00541 WONMUNNA NORTH Mining Act Exploration Licence (Non-Graticular) Rhodes Ridge JV Live 16/10/1990 15/10/2022 47.94 Square Kilometres 1992 $100,000.00 E47/00542 WONMUNNA CENTRAL Mining Act Exploration Licence (Non-Graticular) Rhodes Ridge JV Live 16/10/1990 15/10/2022 58.96 Square Kilometres 1994 $100,000.00 E47/00584 JUNA DOWNS Mining Act Exploration Licence (Pre 2006) Hamersley Exploration Pty Ltd Live 17/02/1992 16/02/2022 40 Blocks 1998 $120,000.00 E47/00585 MT MARGARET NORTH Mining Act Exploration Licence (Pre 2006) Hamersley Exploration Pty Ltd Live 26/06/1992 25/06/2022 14 Blocks 1993 $70,000.00 E47/00622 WONMUNNA EAST Mining Act Exploration Licence (Pre 2006) Hamersley Exploration Pty Ltd Live 1/04/1993 31/03/2022 15 Blocks 1983 $70,000.00 E47/00623 OPHTHALMIA NORTH Mining Act Exploration Licence (Pre 2006) Hamersley Exploration Pty Ltd Live 1/04/1993 31/03/2022 22 Blocks 1999 $70,000.00 E47/00624 GILES POINT Mining Act Exploration Licence (Pre 2006) Hamersley Exploration Pty Ltd Live 1/04/1993 31/03/2022 10 Blocks 1999 $70,000.00 E47/00631 JUNA DOWNS NORTH Mining Act Exploration Licence (Pre 2006) Hamersley Exploration Pty Ltd Live 7/04/1993 6/04/2022 8 Blocks 1998 $70,000.00 E47/00641 MT WINDELL NORTH Mining Act Exploration Licence (Pre 2006) Hamersley Exploration Pty Ltd Live 25/05/1993 24/05/2022 70 Blocks 1998 $210,000.00 E47/00661 MT SYLVIA Mining Act Exploration Licence (Pre 2006) Hamersley Exploration Pty Ltd Live 24/11/1993 pending 50 Blocks 1997 $150,000.00 E47/00662 METAWANDY Mining Act Exploration Licence (Pre 2006) Hamersley Exploration Pty Ltd Live 24/11/1993 pending 23 Blocks 1998 $70,000.00 E47/00709 WEST ANGELAS 1 Mining Act Exploration Licence (Pre 2006) Robe JV Live 25/08/1994 24/08/2022 22 Blocks 2000 $70,000.00 E47/00733 ROBE HEADWATERS 1 Mining Act Exploration Licence (Pre 2006) Robe JV Live 24/04/1996 23/04/2022 11 Blocks 2008 $70,000.00 E47/00754 ANGELO RIVER 1 Mining Act Exploration Licence (Pre 2006) Robe JV Live 27/09/1995 26/09/2022 48 Blocks 1999 $144,000.00 E47/00778 DUCK CREEK NORTH Mining Act Exploration Licence (Pre 2006) Hamersley Iron Pty. Limited Live 10/06/1996 9/06/2022 3 Blocks 2000 $50,000.00 E47/00780 VIVASH WEST Mining Act Exploration Licence (Pre 2006) Hamersley Iron Pty. Limited Live 26/03/1996 25/03/2022 9 Blocks 1997 $70,000.00 E47/00781 MT WALL WEST Mining Act Exploration Licence (Pre 2006) Hamersley Iron Pty. Limited Live 26/03/1996 25/03/2022 14 Blocks 2000 $70,000.00 E47/00783 VIVASH EAST Mining Act Exploration Licence (Pre 2006) Hamersley Iron Pty. Limited Live 26/03/1996 25/03/2022 4 Blocks 2001 $50,000.00 E47/00797 WEST ANGELAS 2 Mining Act Exploration Licence (Pre 2006) Robe JV Live 10/06/1996 9/06/2022 20 Blocks 2008 $70,000.00 E47/00798 WEST ANGELAS 3 Mining Act Exploration Licence (Pre 2006) Robe JV Live 10/06/1996 9/06/2022 46 Blocks 2008 $138,000.00 E47/00892 HOMESTEAD SOUTH Mining Act Exploration Licence (Pre 2006) Hamersley Iron Pty. Limited Live 13/07/1998 12/07/2022 9 Blocks 1980 $70,000.00 E47/00942 VIVASH SOUTH Mining Act Exploration Licence (Pre 2006) Hamersley Iron Pty. Limited Live 27/10/1999 26/10/2022 2 Blocks 2003 $50,000.00 E47/00986 WEST ANGELAS 4 Mining Act Exploration Licence (Pre 2006) Robe JV Live 17/10/2000 16/10/2022 12 Blocks 2008 $70,000.00 E47/01038 BROCKMAN 1 WEST Mining Act Exploration Licence (Pre 2006) Hamersley Iron Pty. Limited Live 2/01/2001 1/01/2023 4 Blocks 1978 $50,000.00 E47/01050 TUREE SOUTH ANGELO Mining Act Exploration Licence (Pre 2006) Robe JV Live 5/04/2002 4/04/2022 31 Blocks 2012 $93,000.00 E47/01054 NE SYNCLINE Mining Act Exploration Licence (Pre 2006) Hamersley Iron Pty. Limited Live 4/10/2001 3/10/2022 7 Blocks 2003 $70,000.00 E47/01218 DUCK CREEK Mining Act Exploration Licence (Pre 2006) Hamersley Iron Pty. Limited Live 13/05/2003 12/05/2022 16 Blocks 2010 $70,000.00 E47/01228 TEXAS EAST Mining Act Exploration Licence (Pre 2006) Hamersley Iron Pty. Limited Live 8/08/2003 7/08/2022 17 Blocks 2007 $70,000.00 E47/01243 MT WINDELL EAST Mining Act Exploration Licence (Pre 2006) Hamersley Iron Pty. Limited Live 22/01/2004 21/01/2022 11 Blocks 2009 $70,000.00

Pilbara Operations Technical Report Summary – 31 December 2021 Page 30 of 169 Tenure Number Tenure Name Legislation Category Tenure Type Holder Group Tenure Status Grant Date Expiry Date Current Area Description First Reported Year Current Commitment E47/01277 PINARRA Mining Act Exploration Licence (Pre 2006) Hamersley Iron Pty. Limited Live 31/03/2006 30/03/2022 62 Blocks 2010 $186,000.00 E47/01311 WEELAMURRA Mining Act Exploration Licence (Pre 2006) Robe JV Live 1/11/2012 31/10/2022 51 Blocks 2016 $153,000.00 E47/01322 CALIWINGINA Mining Act Exploration Licence (Pre 2006) Hamersley Iron Pty. Limited Live 19/04/2005 18/04/2022 23 Blocks 1997 $70,000.00 E47/01329 LEISKER Mining Act Exploration Licence (Pre 2006) Hamersley Iron Pty. Limited Live 1/07/2005 30/06/2022 64 Blocks 2009 $192,000.00 E47/01478 TUREE SOUTH Mining Act Exploration Licence (Pre 2006) Hamersley Iron Pty. Limited Live 31/03/2006 30/03/2022 31 Blocks 2002 $93,000.00 E47/01491 GIDYEA BORE Mining Act Exploration Licence (Pre 2006) Hamersley Iron Pty. Limited Live 18/01/2007 17/01/2022 69 Blocks 2009 $207,000.00 E47/01522 COONDINER WEST Mining Act Exploration Licence (Pre 2006) Hamersley Iron Pty. Limited Live 20/03/2006 19/03/2022 1 Blocks 2007 $20,000.00 E47/01539 KOODAIDERI SOUTH 1 Mining Act Exploration Licence (Pre 2006) Hamersley Iron Pty. Limited Live 9/07/2008 8/07/2022 70 Blocks 2010 $210,000.00 E47/01779 MT FARQUHAR EAST Mining Act Exploration Licence (Post 2006) Robe JV Live 18/01/2008 17/01/2022 10 Blocks 2016 $70,000.00 E47/01782 BROCKMAN WEST Mining Act Exploration Licence (Post 2006) Robe JV Live 18/01/2008 17/01/2022 32 Blocks 2018 $96,000.00 E47/01783 DUCK CREEK NORTH 1 Mining Act Exploration Licence (Post 2006) Hamersley Iron Pty. Limited Live 18/01/2008 17/01/2022 6 Blocks 2013 $70,000.00 E47/01784 DUCK CREEK NORTH 2 Mining Act Exploration Licence (Post 2006) Hamersley Iron Pty. Limited Live 18/01/2008 17/01/2022 10 Blocks 2013 $70,000.00 E47/01786 DUCK CREEK NORTH 4 Mining Act Exploration Licence (Post 2006) Hamersley Iron Pty. Limited Live 18/01/2008 17/01/2022 5 Blocks 2018 $41,667.00 E47/01788 VIVASH EAST GORGE Mining Act Exploration Licence (Post 2006) Hamersley Iron Pty. Limited Live 18/01/2008 17/01/2022 26 Blocks 2014 $78,000.00 E47/01795 WEST ANGELAS A Mining Act Exploration Licence (Post 2006) Robe JV Live 25/03/2008 24/03/2022 1 Blocks 2015 $0.00 E47/01922 COONDINER EAST Mining Act Exploration Licence (Post 2006) Hamersley Iron Pty. Limited Live 10/06/2009 9/06/2023 1 Blocks 2014 $0.00 E47/01943 JUNA DOWNS SOUTH Mining Act Exploration Licence (Post 2006) Hamersley Exploration Pty Ltd Live 30/07/2010 29/07/2022 6 Blocks 2014 $70,000.00 E47/02086 ANGELO NORTH E Mining Act Exploration Licence (Post 2006) Robe JV Live 9/02/2010 8/02/2022 3 Blocks 2020 $50,000.00 E47/02141 HOWARDS WELL 2 Mining Act Exploration Licence (Post 2006) Robe JV Live 25/03/2010 24/03/2022 37 Blocks 2017 $111,000.00 E47/02769 CALIWINGINA GAP 5 Mining Act Exploration Licence (Post 2006) Hamersley Iron Pty. Limited Live 23/06/2015 22/06/2025 4 Blocks 2016 $30,000.00 E47/02770 CALIWINGINA GAP 4 Mining Act Exploration Licence (Post 2006) Hamersley Iron Pty. Limited Live 18/06/2015 17/06/2025 9 Blocks 2016 $50,000.00 E47/02950 PINNACLE WELL Mining Act Exploration Licence (Post 2006) Hamersley Iron Pty. Limited Live 15/10/2013 14/10/2023 2 Blocks 2019 $4,167.00 E52/01459 INDABIDDY CREEK Mining Act Exploration Licence (Pre 2006) Robe JV Live 23/08/2000 22/08/2022 38 Blocks 2008 $114,000.00 E52/01617 PERRY CREEK Mining Act Exploration Licence (Pre 2006) Hamersley Iron Pty. Limited Live 24/03/2003 23/03/2022 9 Blocks 2004 $70,000.00 E52/01690 DEADMAN HILL Mining Act Exploration Licence (Pre 2006) Hamersley Iron Pty. Limited Live 28/11/2003 pending 29 Blocks 2011 $87,000.00 E52/01894 OPHTHALMIA DAM Mining Act Exploration Licence (Pre 2006) Hamersley Iron Pty. Limited Live 10/09/2006 9/09/2022 22 Blocks 2012 $70,000.00 M265SA CHANNAR JV AREA State Agreement SA Mining Lease (linked to SA) Channar JV Live 22/02/1988 22/02/2028 5956 Hectares Resource/Reserve M272SA MARANDOO State Agreement SA Mining Lease (linked to SA) Hamersley Iron Pty. Limited Live 23/11/1992 22/11/2034 14136 Hectares Resource/Reserve M274SA HAMERSLEY YANDI State Agreement SA Mining Lease (linked to MA) Hamersley Iron - Yandi Pty Limited Live 19/09/1997 18/09/2039 30550 Hectares Resource/Reserve M282SA HOPE DOWNS State Agreement SA Mining Lease (linked to MA) Hope Downs JV Live 31/03/2006 30/03/2027 57221.5 Hectares Resource/Reserve M46/00439 SHOVELANNA HILL 3 Mining Act Mining Lease Rhodes Ridge JV Live 30/06/2010 29/06/2031 802.5 Hectares 1997 $80,300.00 M46/00440 SHOVELANNA HILL 4 Mining Act Mining Lease Rhodes Ridge JV Live 30/06/2010 29/06/2031 784.9 Hectares 1997 $78,500.00 M47/00542 CABBAGE GUM BORE 1 Mining Act Mining Lease Robe JV Live 1/08/2017 31/07/2038 801.15 Hectares 2016 $80,200.00

Pilbara Operations Technical Report Summary – 31 December 2021 Page 31 of 169 Tenure Number Tenure Name Legislation Category Tenure Type Holder Group Tenure Status Grant Date Expiry Date Current Area Description First Reported Year Current Commitment M47/00543 CABBAGE GUM BORE 2 Mining Act Mining Lease Robe JV Live 1/08/2017 31/07/2038 923.95 Hectares 2016 $92,400.00 M47/00544 CABBAGE GUM BORE 3 Mining Act Mining Lease Robe JV Live 1/08/2017 31/07/2038 559.1 Hectares 2016 $56,000.00 M47/00545 CABBAGE GUM BORE 4 Mining Act Mining Lease Robe JV Live 1/08/2017 31/07/2038 905.1 Hectares 2016 $90,600.00 M47/00546 CABBAGE GUM BORE 5 Mining Act Mining Lease Robe JV Live 1/08/2017 31/07/2038 945.95 Hectares 2016 $94,600.00 M47/00547 CABBAGE GUM BORE 6 Mining Act Mining Lease Robe JV Live 1/08/2017 31/07/2038 638.3 Hectares 2016 $63,900.00 M47/00548 CABBAGE GUM BORE 7 Mining Act Mining Lease Robe JV Live 1/08/2017 31/07/2038 929.3 Hectares 2016 $93,000.00 M47/00549 CABBAGE GUM BORE 8 Mining Act Mining Lease Robe JV Live 1/08/2017 31/07/2038 886.95 Hectares 2016 $88,700.00 M47/00550 CABBAGE GUM BORE 9 Mining Act Mining Lease Robe JV Live 1/08/2017 31/07/2038 562.05 Hectares 2016 $56,300.00 ML246SA HAMERSLEY RANGE 02 State Agreement SA Mineral Lease Hamersley Iron Pty. Limited Live 3/06/1970 2/06/2033 12950.4 Hectares Resource/Reserve ML248SA ROBE RIVER ML State Agreement SA Mineral Lease Robe River Ltd Live 31/10/1970 30/10/2033 78599.87 Hectares Resource/Reserve ML252SA MOUNT BRUCE State Agreement SA Mineral Lease Mount Bruce Mining Pty Limited Live 7/06/1974 6/06/2037 47406.007 Hectares Resource/Reserve ML4SA HAMERSLEY RANGE 01 State Agreement SA Mineral Lease Hamersley Iron Pty. Limited Live 25/03/1965 24/03/2028 79329.37 Hectares Resource/Reserve P08/00615 DEEPDALE EAST GAP Mining Act Prospecting Licence Robe JV Live 19/01/2011 18/01/2023 2.42 Hectares 2016 $0.00 P47/01332 DUCK CREEK NORTH GAP 5 Mining Act Prospecting Licence Hamersley Iron Pty. Limited Live 18/12/2007 17/12/2023 19.506 Hectares 2013 $0.00 P47/01333 DUCK CREEK NORTH GAP 6 Mining Act Prospecting Licence Hamersley Iron Pty. Limited Live 18/12/2007 17/12/2023 66.83 Hectares 2013 $0.00 P47/01865 MT PYRTON GAP 3 Mining Act Prospecting Licence Hamersley Iron Pty. Limited Live 31/07/2018 30/07/2022 4.91 Hectares 2016 $2,000.00

Pilbara Operations Technical Report Summary – 31 December 2021 Page 32 of 169 The Property boundaries of the State Agreement Mining/Mineral Leases and Mining Act Mineral Leases are marked out according to the Mining Act (WA) 1978 and their relevant State Agreement if applicable. Newer exploration licences are defined by a graticular block of 1 minute of Latitude x 1 minute of Longitude with each block having a unique identifier. Some of the earlier exploration licences were marked according to the Mining Act (WA) 1978 prior to the creation of the graticular block system. Figure 3.2 presents a tenement map of the Property.

Pilbara Operations Technical Report Summary – 31 December 2021 Page 33 of 169 Figure 3.2: Property tenement map

Pilbara Operations Technical Report Summary – 31 December 2021 Page 34 of 169 3.3 Title details and rights In Western Australia, all minerals are the property of the Crown with few exceptions. A mining title must be obtained before any prospecting, exploration or mining activities can be carried out. The Mining Act 1978, Mining Act 1904, Mining Regulations 1981 and various State Agreements provide the framework of rights and obligations which govern most of Rio Tinto’s exploration and mining activities. Conditions on the grant of mining tenements include the requirements to meet specific reporting and expenditure commitments, and these conditions have been met by Rio Tinto as of the date of this TRS (31/12/2021). 3.4 Encumbrances There are no known significant encumbrances to the Mineral Resources or Mineral Reserves on the Property. 3.5 Risks to access, title or right to perform work The risks to access, title, and the right to perform work are associated with approvals that consider heritage; environment (including water); communities and other stakeholders; cumulative impacts; and state and federal legislation in relation to the deposits and surrounds. Work programs to understand and manage the risks for these aspects are completed before and during exploration and studies; and continued through to operation and closure. Mine and infrastructure designs are adjusted where areas of specific significance or risk are identified and need to be avoided or specially managed, which may be through monitoring and management plans or via the delineation of restricted areas or Mining Exclusion Zones. 3.6 Agreements and royalties State Agreement conditions are set by the Western Australian Government and broadly comprise environmental compliance and reporting obligations; closure and rehabilitation considerations; local procurement and community initiatives/investment requirements; and payment of taxes and government royalties. Private royalties (where applicable) paid on production from the Property have been included in the economic evaluation. The current business also operates under several Indigenous Land Use Agreements (ILUAs) and other agreements with Traditional Owner groups, which include matters such as, but not limited to, commitments for payments made to trust accounts; indigenous employment and business opportunities; and heritage and cultural protections.

Pilbara Operations Technical Report Summary – 31 December 2021 Page 35 of 169 4. Accessibility, climate, local resources, infrastructure, and physiography 4.1 Topography, elevation, and vegetation The Property sits predominantly within the Hamersley sub-region of the Pilbara, with the exception of minor areas located within the Fortescue and Ashburton sub-regions, and the Robe Valley mining areas and rail and port infrastructure which extend onto the lower Roebourne coastal plains sub- region. The Hamersley Ranges are classified as a low-relief mountainous desert. They consist of a series of east-west trending mountain ranges with broad drainage systems between them, rising above an extensive plateau. Vegetation is dominated by spinifex (Triodia genus) hummock grasses, with scattered trees and small shrubs chiefly Eucalyptus, Acacia and Cassia genera. Tall woodlands formations and overall higher species richness and diversity is observed along major ephemeral creek lines and persistent pools in the landscape (Etten and Fox, 2004). The Fortescue Valley river system drains the Hamersley Ranges, and contains the Fortescue Marsh, the largest seasonal wetland in the Pilbara. Fortescue Marsh is also recognised in Western Australia as a priority ecological community. The coastal plains of the Roebourne sub-region feature low relief headlands, deltas, barrier islands and lagoons with mangroves, samphire flats, tidal algal mats, sandy beaches and rocky shores. Extensive alluvial terraces and wash plains are associated with river frontages and pindan plains. Vegetation is mainly mixed tussock grass and Acacia shrublands with uplands dominated by Triodia genus hummock grasses (Government of Western Australia, 2021). Many endemic plant species, including threatened species such as the Paraburdoo heath (Aluta quadrata) are also present in both the Roebourne and Hamersley sub-regions. The location of the Property’s mining areas and infrastructure relative to physiography can be seen in Figure 4.1.

Pilbara Operations Technical Report Summary – 31 December 2021 Page 36 of 169 Figure 4.1: Physiography and infrastructure 4.2 Access The Property is accessible by rail, road or by air, utilising Rio Tinto rail lines, major highways and rail access roads, and public and Rio Tinto owned airports. Mined product is railed via Rio Tinto owned and operated rail networks to the Dampier or Cape Lambert ports. 4.3 Climate The climate of the Pilbara is classified as arid and tropical. It is classified as hot desert in northern and inland areas, and as hot grasslands in the northwest. It experiences high temperatures and low irregular rainfall that follows summer cyclones. During the summer months, maximum temperatures exceed 32°C (90°F) most days, and temperatures higher than 45°C (113°F) are not uncommon. Winter temperatures rarely drop below 10°C (50°F) on the coast; however, inland temperatures as low as 0°C (32°F) are occasionally recorded. The mean annual rainfall in the region is between 200 and 350 mm (7.9 and 13.8 inches). Almost all of the Pilbara's rainfall occurs between December and May, usually with occasional heavy downpours in thunderstorms or tropical cyclones. The period from June to November is typically completely rainless, with warm to very hot and sunny conditions. Like most of the north coast of Australia, the coastal areas of the Pilbara experience occasional tropical cyclones. The frequency of cyclones crossing the Pilbara coast is about seven in every 10 years. Tropical cyclones cause the most extreme rainfall events and generate 25 to 34% of the total annual rainfall near the Pilbara coast, and as much as 21% up to 450 km inland. Tropical cyclones contribute from 0 to 86% of summer rainfall in the northwest.

Pilbara Operations Technical Report Summary – 31 December 2021 Page 37 of 169 Hot, dry and sunny conditions in the Pilbara lead to very high evaporative demand. Point potential evaporation (PPE) can exceed 3,000 mm per year over much of the Pilbara (PPE represents the evapotranspiration that would occur from small, well-irrigated fields surrounded by non-irrigated land). The higher areas of the Hamersley Ranges are cooler and subject to greater summer cloud cover and so have the lowest evaporative demand, averaging 10 to 14 mm per day in the summer months and 4 to 7 mm per day in the winter months. Figure 4.2 summarises key historical climate data for the Pilbara Region. There are no limitations for year-round access and operations due to climate and precipitation at the Property, except for during some cyclone events when minor disruptions and access restrictions can occur. Source: https://www.meteoblue.com/en/weather/historyclimate/climatemodelled/pilbara_australia_2063402 Figure 4.2: Climate statistics for the Pilbara Region, Western Australia 4.4 Local resources and infrastructure 4.4.1 Power supply Rio Tinto operates and maintains its power generation and transmission network within the Pilbara which is a key part of the Property’s integrated system. There are four power stations operating a gas turbine fleet of twelve Gas Turbine Generators (GTG) located at Karratha (five), Cape Lambert (two), Paraburdoo (three) and West Angelas (two). The Rio Tinto network is weakly interconnected to the North West Interconnected System (NWIS) via Horizon Power at Dampier and Cape Lambert. Power station details are presented in Section 15. 4.4.2 Water supply Water supply for towns, mines, rail, ports and camps is provided by Rio Tinto production and dewatering bores, and from the Water Corporation of Western Australia (Western Australian

Pilbara Operations Technical Report Summary – 31 December 2021 Page 38 of 169 Government Service). Water supply and wastewater systems are regulated by the Economic Regulation Authority (ERA), Department of Health, Department of Water and Environmental Regulation (DWER), and DMIRS. Water supply details are presented in Section 15. 4.4.3 Personnel Personnel are engaged on either a residential or Fly-In-Fly-Out (FIFO) basis, sourced from capital and regional centres in Western Australia. 4.4.4 Supplies Supplies are transported to sites by rail, road or by air, utilising major highways and rail access roads, public and Rio Tinto owned airports and the Rio Tinto owned railway.

Pilbara Operations Technical Report Summary – 31 December 2021 Page 39 of 169 5. History 5.1 Exploration and ownership history Rio Tinto commenced exploration in the Hamersley Ranges in 1962 through its then subsidiary CRA (then known as Conzinc Riotinto of Australia Limited), following the easing of the Australian Government’s iron ore export embargo in November 1960 and the subsequent issue of exploration permits, which laid the foundation for the development and growth of the iron ore industry in the Pilbara region. The Property has since been subject to comprehensive exploration activity as summarised in Table 5:1. CRA was established as the 90% owned subsidiary of the Rio Tinto-Zinc Corporation Limited which had been formed as the result of the 1962 merger between two British companies: The Rio Tinto Company Limited and The Consolidated Zinc Corporation Limited. The Rio Tinto-Zinc Corporation Limited, which subsequently changed its name to RTZ Corporation (RTZ), went on to develop mining and other activities across the world while CRA concentrated on Australasia. The companies were run independently by separate management teams until 1995, when the two companies merged under a dual listing structure. A proposal was approved by shareholders in 1997 to rename the dual listed entities Rio Tinto plc (the former RTZ Corporation plc) and Rio Tinto Limited (for the former CRA). (see “Rio Tinto: United for Growth”, https://www.riotinto.com/invest/corporate-governance) Hamersley Iron was formed in 1962 as the operating subsidiary of Hamersley Holdings, a joint venture between CRA and the USA-based Kaiser Corporation. CRA originally owned 60% of the partnership, which was diluted after public listing in 1967 (Lee, 2013). During the 1980s, CRA progressively rebought shares in Hamersley Holdings, including Kaiser’s remaining share in 1982, until Hamersley Holdings became a wholly owned subsidiary of CRA. CRA Exploration (CRAE) was a wholly-owned subsidiary of CRA, which primarily engaged in exploration for minerals within Australasia. Following the acquisition of North Limited, Rio Tinto progressively merged its interests within the Property under the wholly-owned Hamersley Holdings Ltd. Hamersley Exploration is a wholly-owned subsidiary of the Rio Tinto Group under its ownership of Hamersley Holdings.

Pilbara Operations Technical Report Summary – 31 December 2021 Page 40 of 169 Table 5:1: Summary of exploration and ownership history Exploration Area Deposit Current Holders Previous Holders/ Operators Work completed by Previous Holders/ Operators East Pilbara- Area 1 Gorge Bore Mt Lockyer Rio Tinto (100%) None Historical assessment of the Project Area has concentrated on delineating both detrital iron and bedrock resources within the Brockman Iron Formation. Previous iron ore exploration by Rio Tinto Exploration Pty Limited (RTX) within the Project Area has identified both detrital and bedded iron deposits. East Pilbara-Area 2 Enterprise Juna Downs Rio Tinto (100%) Pacminex Pty Limited 1970 – 1973 Reconnaissance mapping using aerial photography and geological mapping (1: 14,000) revealed no significant iron ore deposits although several small occurrences of Brockman Iron Formation were mapped. 1974 – 1976 Percussion drilling of the concealed Marra Mamba Iron Formation on the north limb of the anticline showed the prospective Mount Newman Member to be covered by at least 50m of superficial sediment. Further percussion drilling to test the down dip extension of the mineralisation intersected in 1975. The possibility of further iron enrichment within 50m of the surface on the tested gridlines was largely eliminated. East Pilbara-Area 3 Howards Well Robe River Iron Associates Joint Venture – comprising Rio Tinto (53%), Mitsui Iron Ore Development (33%) and Nippon Steel Corporation (14%). (Robe River JV) BHP Billiton Iron Ore Pty Ltd Early exploration drilling was conducted by BHP Billiton Iron Ore Pty Ltd during 1994-1996. The results from these programs have not been used for Mineral Resource work.

Pilbara Operations Technical Report Summary – 31 December 2021 Page 41 of 169 Exploration Area Deposit Current Holders Previous Holders/ Operators Work completed by Previous Holders/ Operators East Pilbara-Area 4 Poonda Caramulla Creek Rio Tinto (100%) None Pre-2006 drilling programs were conducted by CRA Pty Ltd targeting Boolgeeda deposits. Ophthalmia Dam Rio Tinto (100%) Pacminex Pty Limited The initial exploration drilling was conducted by Pacminex Pty Limited in 1973-1978, targeting low phosphorus deposit. In 1988, CRA continued exploration work by drilling 5 Reverse Circulation (RC) drill holes. East Pilbara-Area 5 Deadman Hill Rio Tinto (100%) Rosane Pty Ltd 1995-1996 Stream Sediment Sampling The task force identified the Deadman Hill area as an iron ore exploration target in mid 1990’s based on Brockman and Marra Mamba Formations located within southern edge of the Hamersley basin with favourable NE-trending structures which hosting mineralisation in other parts of the basin. Hamersley Iron carried out iron ore exploration between 1998 and 1999.

Pilbara Operations Technical Report Summary – 31 December 2021 Page 42 of 169 Exploration Area Deposit Current Holders Previous Holders/ Operators Work completed by Previous Holders/ Operators East Pilbara- Area 6 Rhodes Ridge Arrowhead Rio Tinto (50%), Wright Prospecting Pty Ltd (50%) (RRJV) Texasgulf Inc, Hancock Prospecting Pty Ltd, 1969 - 1981 exploration in the area work was conducted by Texasgulf Inc (Texasgulf) in a joint venture agreement with Wright Prospecting Pty Ltd (Wright), Hancock, and Rhodes Ridge Mining Co.Ltd. (RRM) . In 1981, Texasgulf sold its 50% equity and management rights in the Rhodes Ridge State Agreement (RRSA) and Rhodes Ridge Joint Venture (RRJV) to New Broken Hill Consolidated Limited (NBHC) (now Hamersley Resources Limited [HRL]), a wholly owned subsidiary of CRAL. HRL is wholly owned and is administered by Rio Tinto. Consequently, as the Joint Venture Manager, Rio Tinto is engaged by the participants acting as Joint Venturers to manage, supervise and conduct the operations of the RRJV on behalf of the participants and in accordance with the manager’s scope of authority under the Management Agreement. In 2015, following court proceedings Hancock relinquished its 25% stake in the project, leaving Wright Prospecting Pty Ltd and Hamersley Resources Limited as the remaining participants. Exploration work carried out after 1981 was completed by Hamersley Resources Limited on behalf of the joint venture.

Pilbara Operations Technical Report Summary – 31 December 2021 Page 43 of 169 Exploration Area Deposit Current Holders Previous Holders/ Operators Work completed by Previous Holders/ Operators West Pilbara-Area 1 Calliwingina Mt Pyrton Mt Margaret Rio Tinto (100%) None 1962 - 2000, exploration work was conducted by CRA Exploration (CRAE), Hamersley Exploration and Hamersley Iron. Referred to as the Mt Pyrton project and focused on detrital and canga mineralisation along the flanks of the creek system and in tributaries to Caliwingina Creek Channel. Various other work was conducted during the 1990s, including heli- borne reconnaissance sampling, airborne magnetics and radiometrics, data reviews, aerial photo and geophysical interpretation and target generation. 2002 - 2003, Rio Tinto Exploration (RTX) undertook further exploration including drilling for CID in the southern portion of the Main Channel. This is referred to as the ‘Caliwingina Creek’ project. 2005 - 2007, significant intersections of CID were discovered in the main Caliwingina Creek Channel, which led to further drilling including the northern part of the area, and assessment of the CID resources in 2006-2007. West Pilbara-Area 2 Mt Farquhar Duck Creek Rio Tinto (100%) BHP Billiton Iron Ore Pty Ltd 26 Holes was drilled by BHP Billiton Iron Ore Pty Ltd in 1973.

Pilbara Operations Technical Report Summary – 31 December 2021 Page 44 of 169 Exploration Area Deposit Current Holders Previous Holders/ Operators Work completed by Previous Holders/ Operators West Pilbara-Area 3 Metawandy Mt Wall Vivash East Rio Tinto (100%) None Exploration within the Metawandy area was originally undertaken in 1962 by Rio Tinto Southern Pty Limited as part of a basin wide reconnaissance mapping programme. In 1972 Hamersley Exploration Pty Limited (Hamex) conducted a geological mapping programme over the Metawandy area, which was followed by percussion drilling (1972-3). In 1993 Hamersley Iron Technical Services (HI)reviewed the drillhole data which revealed several good, low to moderate phosphorous, high grade intersections. 1993 - 1996 Hamersley Iron’s Resource Task Force (RTF) undertook exploration within the tenement. This work concentrated on the northern and central parts of Metawandy. Rio Tinto Exploration (RTX) drilled the Duck Creek area in 2001 and then followed up in 2008 and 2009. Rio Tinto Iron Ore re-started exploration in 2012, drilling mostly along the Marra Mamba portions and small section of the Northern Block. A summary of drilling completed across the Property is shown in Table 7:1.

Pilbara Operations Technical Report Summary – 31 December 2021 Page 45 of 169 5.2 Development and production history Rio Tinto’s initial first full calendar year of production commenced by Hamersley Iron in 1967, mining 6.2 Mt and shipping 3.6 Mt of iron ore, supported by a workforce of some 4,500 employees. By 2016, Rio Tinto Iron Ore (RTIO) had 13,000 employees and contractors operating a total of 15 mines. A summary of this development and production is provided in Table 5:2.

Pilbara Operations Technical Report Summary – 31 December 2021 Page 46 of 169 Table 5:2: Summary of development and production history Mining Area Deposit Current Holders Previous Holders/ Operators Work completed by Previous Holders/Operators Greater Brockman Brockman Syncline2; Brockman Syncline4; Nammuldi; Rio Tinto (100%) None No exploration or development work has been completed by other parties. Silvergrass Rio Tinto (100%), since 1992 Hancock Prospecting Proprietary Limited (Hancock) and Wright Prospecting Proprietary Limited (Wright) – During exploration programs between 1973 and 1975, 96 open percussion drill holes and 24 HQ diamond drill holes were drilled on 400 m (east-west) by 200 m (north-south) drill spacing. Between 1976 and 1978, 25 open percussion drill holes were completed, with associated gamma logging, geological interpretation and resource estimation work including drilling information up to the end of 1978. Greater Tom Price Mount Tom Price; Western Turner Syncline, Marandoo Rio Tinto (100%) None No exploration or development work has been completed by other parties. Greater Paraburdoo Channar Rio Tinto (100%) CMJV No exploration or development work has been completed by other parties The Channar Mining Joint Venture (CMJV), established in 1987, was the first large-scale mining joint venture between Chinese and Australian companies. It delivered sales of 290 Mt of iron ore to China. The CMJV came to a natural conclusion in quarter four 2020, at which time mining operations reverted to 100% Rio Tinto (Channar Mining Pty Ltd [Channar Mining]). Eastern Range Rio Tinto (54%), BaoSteel (46%) (Bao-HI JV) Rio Tinto The exploration and development drilling at the Eastern Range area commenced in 1977 and has progressively defined a large area of mineralisation. The initial drilling was on transects across areas of interest, followed by 120 x 120 m grid-based drilling with more recent drilling designed to reduce the drill spacing to 60 x 60 m and to close off mineralisation. The Bao-HI Joint Venture (BHJV) was established in 2002. Paraburdoo Rio Tinto (100%) None In 1968 and from 1979 to 1996, exploration drilling was conducted by Hamersley Exploration and CRAE. Yandicoogina Yandicoogina Rio Tinto (100%) CSR Ltd CSR Ltd. (CSR) drilled at Yandicoogina Oxbow in 1972 and 1978. This data has not been used for the estimate due to uncertainty regarding the sampling methodology. CSR’s Yandicoogina deposit was acquired by CRA in 1987. Mining Lease (ML) 274SA was granted to Hamersley Iron-Yandi Pty Limited (HIY) in October 1998. No exploration and development work has been completed by other parties at the other deposits. Gudai-Darri Gudai-Darri Rio Tinto (100%) Mt Bruce Mining Pty Ltd Initial exploration drilling at Gudai-Darri was undertaken by Mount Bruce Mining Pty Ltd (MBM) during the 1970s. This included a total of 112 percussion drill holes at 21W/38W deposits. Mount Bruce Mining Pty Ltd is now 100% owned by RT. Greater Hope Downs Hope Downs1, and Hope Downs 4 Rio Tinto (50%); Hope Downs Iron Ore Pty Ltd’ which is a subsidiary of Hancock Prospecting Pty Ltd (50%) (HDJV) Hancock Prospecting Pty Ltd Exploration and development work was completed by Hancock Prospecting Pty Ltd (Hancock) during various programs between 1971 and 2006. At Hope Downs 1 Bedded Hilltop deposit, 19 drill holes were completed by Hancock between 1996 and 1998. At Hope Downs 1 North deposit, 857 holes (percussion, RC and diamond) were drilled by Hancock between 1971 and 1999. At Hope Downs 1 South West deposit, one diamond and 92 percussion drill holes were drilled by Hancock between 1993 and 1999, targeting front of range detrital deposits. At Hope Downs 4, Hancock conducted exploration activities from 1972 up to and including the year 2005. Rio Tinto took control of management of field activities under the Hope Downs Joint Venture (HDJV) Agreement in 2006.

Pilbara Operations Technical Report Summary – 31 December 2021 Page 47 of 169 Mining Area Deposit Current Holders Previous Holders/ Operators Work completed by Previous Holders/Operators Robe Valley Mesa A and Mesa J. Robe River Iron Associates Joint Venture – comprising Rio Tinto (53%), Mitsui Iron Ore Development (33%) and Nippon Steel Corporation (14%). (Robe River JV) Robe River Mining Co Pty Ltd, North Mining Limited, Broken Hill Proprietary Limited (BHP) Ironstone was first noted by the Geological Survey of WA (GSWA) in 1909. Pisolitic iron occurrences were noted by Broken Hill Proprietary (BHP) during 1954-1955 regional manganese survey. Exploration commenced in the 1960s after the embargo on the export of iron ore was lifted in 1960. A photogeological interpretation of aerial photos in 1961 led to the discovery and recognition of the Deepdale pisolitic iron ore deposits. BHP was granted Rights of Occupancy (Temporary Reserves 2115 and 2300) in 1962. Extensive geological drilling programs have followed. US Steel Corporation (USSC) conducted several exploration drilling programs in the period 1968 to 1971. Exploration drilling by Robe River Iron Associates (RRIA) commenced in 1990. Since then, extensive drilling programs including RC and diamond drilling methods have followed. The work was continued by Rio Tinto. First shipment of ore from Robe Valley occurred in 1972. At Mesa J, BHP had undertaken exploration drill programs of percussion, vacuum and RC drilling from 1962 to 1980. Bulk sampling from a trial blast cut in 1964 were used in crushing and pelletizing testwork. In 1980, 3 winzes were used for additional metallurgical testwork. In 1976, the Temporary Reserves were converted to Mineral Lease 254SA. A Measured Resource for Mesa J was reported in 1980. Cliffs International Inc. (Cliffs), via agreement with Dampier Mining Co., had mining rights to Eastern Deepdale mesas in 1970. No actual drilling was undertaken by BHP, with the mesas belonging to Dampier Mining Co. In 1986, Cliffs Robe River Iron Associates (CRRIA) held similar negotiations with BHP. Initial exploration by CRRIA in 1970 was followed by bulk samples for determinations of free moisture content and in situ bulk densities of the ore and waste by 1984. Preliminary evaluation of the pisolite aquifer and scale of de-watering operations by Rockwater Pty Ltd (Rockwater) was undertaken. West Angelas West Angelas Robe River Iron Associates Joint Venture – comprising Rio Tinto (53%), Mitsui Iron Ore Development (33%) and Nippon Steel Corporation (14%). (Robe River JV) Cliffs International Drilling Pty Ltd and Robe River Mining Co.Pty.Ltd Exploration in the area between 1972 and 1978 was carried out by Cliffs International Drilling Pty Ltd (CIDPL) utilising percussion RC, dual rotary and diamond holes targeting Marra Mamba deposits. Robe River Mining Co Pty Ltd. (Robe River) continued exploration activity between 1992 and 1999, prior to the acquisition by Rio Tinto. First ore was shipped from West Angelas in 2002.

Pilbara Operations Technical Report Summary – 31 December 2021 Page 48 of 169 6. Geological setting, mineralisation, and deposit 6.1 Regional geology The Property is situated in the Hamersley Province (Figure 6.1) in Western Australia, located on the southern margin of the Pilbara Craton of Western Australia, within the 2.77 to near 2.35 Ga volcanic and sedimentary rock sequence of the Mount Bruce Supergroup. The Mount Bruce Supergroup commences with the lowermost Fortescue Group (clastic sediments and mafic volcanism, followed by extensive sandstones and conglomerates and thick mafic sills, unconformably overlain by volcanic and sedimentary rocks, more mafic sills and a thick, uppermost, organic and sulphide rich fine clastic sedimentary rock, associated mafic volcanic rocks and sills increasing southwards). The Fortescue Group is conformably overlain by the 2,500 m thick Hamersley Group, the main host to iron ore deposits, characterised by around 1,000 m of laterally extensive BIF, representing three major episodes. Figure 6.1: Regional geology of the Hamersley Province The main feature of BIF in the Hamersley Province is its regular banding. The banding is due to numerous rhythmic variations in composition. Banding occurs at three distinct scales: • Macrobands are the largest scale of banding, measured in the order of hundreds of millimetres to several metres. • Mesobands average approximately 10 mm thick and alternate in composition between iron oxides (mostly magnetite, with minor primary hematite) and gangue minerals (mostly carbonates, silicates and chert).

Pilbara Operations Technical Report Summary – 31 December 2021 Page 49 of 169 • Microbands are the smallest scale bands and are approximately 1 mm thick. They represent regular fine variations in mineral composition within mesobands. 6.2 Stratigraphy of the Hamersley Province The stratigraphy of the Hamersley Province is summarised in Figure 6.2 and comprises a number of formations, which are described in the following sections. Figure 6.2: Stratigraphy of the Hamersley Province 6.2.1 Marra Mamba Iron Formation The unmineralised Marra Mamba Iron Formation is approximately 230 m thick, with mineralised sections of the same strata comprising approximately 50 to 60% of this thickness. This thinning effect also applies to orebodies formed in the Brockman Iron Formation and can be explained by the changes to the BIF during the ore forming process. The Marra Mamba Iron Formation overlies the Jeerinah Formation. It is sub-divided into three members. The lowermost member is the Nammuldi Member that consists of cherty BIF, interbedded with thin shales. The intermediate MacLeod Member comprises BIF, chert and carbonate, along with interbedded shales. The uppermost Mt Newman Member consists of BIF with interbedded carbonate and shale. This unit is commonly the most iron enriched. Chert bands, especially within the Mt Newman Member, are thick and commonly podded. The shale macrobands in the three members have characteristic natural gamma log ’signatures’, due to their differing thicknesses and higher content of radioactive elements than the interbedded chert and iron oxide macrobands. The shale bands are laterally persistent throughout the entire Province and have been numbered by the Geological Survey of Western Australia from the base upwards in the Mt Newman Member as NS1 to NS8. A similar numbering scheme is applied to the MacLeod and

Pilbara Operations Technical Report Summary – 31 December 2021 Page 50 of 169 Nammuldi Members. They provide excellent marker horizons for geological interpretation and are used to define geological strands and zones. The Mt Newman Member is the host rock for all the major Marra Mamba deposits in the Province, including Marandoo, Nammuldi, Silvergrass, West Angelas and the Hope Downs 1 deposits. Minor lower grade mineralisation occurs in the Nammuldi and MacLeod Members. 6.2.2 Brockman Iron Formation The Brockman Iron Formation has an unmineralised thickness of approximately 620 m. It is divided from the base upward into four members: Dales Gorge, Whaleback Shale, Joffre and Yandicoogina Shale. The high grade iron deposits at Tom Price, Western Turner Syncline, Paraburdoo, Channar, Eastern Range, Brockman 2, Brockman 4, Hope Downs 4 and Gudai-Darri are hosted predominantly by the Dales Gorge and Joffre Members, with only very minor mineralisation in the Whaleback and Yandicoogina Shales. The Dales Gorge Member has a thickness of approximately 140 m and consists of an alternating sequence of 17 BIF and 16 shale macrobands. BIF macrobands are comprised of mesobands of chert and iron-rich material in a chert matrix (Trendall, 1983). Mesobands commonly consist of millimetre alternations of chert, shale and iron-rich bands, termed microbands. The Dales Gorge Member is stranded by Rio Tinto on the basis of the concentration of the thicker shale bands from the top to the bottom, into DG3, DG2 and DG1. When mineralised, the two strands with lesser shale bands (DG3 and DG1) are generally high grade and the strand with thick shale bands (DG2) is low grade aluminous. Also informally included is the Foot Wall Zone (FWZ), which is part of the Mt McRae Shale (the Colonial Chert Member). The Whaleback Shale Member overlies the Dales Gorge Member and is approximately 50 m thick. The member consists of thinly bedded shales with thicker chert or BIF bands. The member is sub- divided into two zones: a lower zone comprising four alternating macrobands of shale and BIF (WS1, WB1, WS2, and WB2) and an upper zone (WS3) consisting of mesobanded chert and shale (Harmsworth et al., 1990). The Joffre Member conformably overlies the Whaleback Shale and is characterised by its homogeneity. The member consists of approximately 335 m of BIF with irregularly interspersed shales. The Joffre Member is sub-divided by Rio Tinto geologists into six sub-units, from J1 to J6, on the basis of shale content. J2, J4 and J6 contain less shale than BIF, whereas J1, J3 and J5 are more shale-rich with less BIF content (Harmsworth et al., 1990). The Yandicoogina Shale is approximately 60 m thick and consists of interbedded chert and shale which have been intruded by a number of dolerite sills. 6.2.3 Boolgeeda Iron Formation The Boolgeeda Iron Formation is characterised by a green chert at its base, which coarsens to a fine- grained flaggy sandstone, which in turn transitions into a BIF. The Boolgeeda Iron Formation conformably overlies the Woongarra Rhyolite and is divided into three members. The lowermost B1 Member consists of a chertier base, sometimes jaspilitic and sandstone, with an upper shaley and more traditional BIF-like sequence. The middle B2 Member is divided into three parts, with a BIF- dominant centre, which is often well-mineralised and grades upward and downward into thick shales.

Pilbara Operations Technical Report Summary – 31 December 2021 Page 51 of 169 The most distinct marker horizon observed within the Boolgeeda Iron Formation is the large shale at the base of B2, which is overlain by several metres of BIF and then another very shaley zone that grades upward into the B2 BIF. Above this is the upper B2, a massive shale. The uppermost member is the B3 Member, with the lower part containing the third BIF horizon that has the potential to be mineralised. The Poonda Deposit is the first example of a declared Mineral Resource for a Boolgeeda Iron Formation deposit by Rio Tinto. 6.3 Deposit types 6.3.1 Bedded Iron Deposits (BID) The Bedded Iron Deposits (BIDs) of the Hamersley Province are typically classified as either martite microplaty hematite or martite-goethite and are hosted within BIF sequences of the Brockman, Marra Mamba and Boolgeeda Iron Formations of the Hamersley Group (Figure 6.3). Within these formations, Dales George, Joffre and Newman stratigraphy typically contain the most continuous high grade mineralisation with strike lengths up to 15 km and depths up to 200 m. There is a general consensus that the martite-goethite ores of the Hamersley province formed as a result of supergene enrichment of BIF. In the supergene model, high grade iron ore is interpreted to have been formed by ground water that replaced silicate and carbonate minerals in the BIF with goethite (Morris,1985). Despite stratigraphic thinning of up to 35% and multiple phases of post-ore leaching, all levels of the primary BIF layering are preserved (Morris, 1985). The major controls on the localization of the martite-goethite deposits are structure (e.g. faults and folds) and descending supergene fluids. The supergene martite-goethite deposits within the Marra Mamba Iron Formation are structurally controlled by thrust fault development related to deformation events. Where faults allowed supergene fluid flow into tightly to overturned synclines, the synclines tend to contain iron ore with higher iron grades than flat-lying or gently dipping strata. These supergene fluids oxidised the primary magnetite, leached silica from the rocks, and replaced other gangue minerals with goethite. As more and more silica was removed, the permeability increased and fluids penetrated further into the BIF (Dalstra and Roseire, 2008). The structural controls on the location of the martite-goethite deposits are also responsible for continued modification of the primary supergene martite-goethite ore. Synclinal structures focus greater volumes of ground water, resulting in the leaching of goethite from the martite-goethite orebody. Multiple phases of goethite precipitation and cementation can result in a less porous and denser ore of higher Fe grade. The interplay of faults, and folds has resulted in thrust stacks of ore forming horizons, and hence an increased volume of mineralised stratigraphy within the deposits (Thorne et al., 2008).

Pilbara Operations Technical Report Summary – 31 December 2021 Page 52 of 169 Figure 6.3: BID geology cross-section, Brockman deposit 6.3.2 Channel Iron Deposits (CID) Channel Iron Deposits (CIDs) are sub-divided into ‘mesa’ and ‘gorge’ type deposits. CIDs occurring in synclines and on mild dip slopes on the margin of paleochannels are ‘gorge’ deposits (Figure 6.4), and CIDs formed by relief inversion in the central zones of paleochannels are ‘mesa’ deposits (Figure 6.5). Such deposits are dominated by pisolitic goethite-hematite iron mineralisation. CID deposits of this type and quality are unique to Western Australia. CID ores are markedly different to BID ores in almost all respects, including geological setting, structure, shape, geological age of mineralisation, and the mineralogy, textures and chemistry of the ore. CIDs are comprised of pisoliths which generally range in diameter from 1.5 to 2 mm, typically having hematitic cores and goethitic rims. The cores are commonly composed of fossil wood i.e. small particles of wood replaced by hematite. The pisoliths are cemented by a goethitic matrix to form a hard, brittle rock. Unrimmed particles of goethitic fossil wood are common components of the matrix. Cores and rims are zoned in several layers. The Yandicoogina paleochannel was the ancient course of the Marillana, Yandicoogina and Weeli Wolli Creeks. It is cut into the centre of the Yandicoogina Syncline. The Robe Formation occurs as mesas formed by topographic inversion in the central zones of the paleochannels. The pisoliths for these CIDs were sourced from the wide soil profile that developed over the adjacent lateritised iron-rich BIF and dolerite basement rocks of the Weeli Wolli Formation at Yandicoogina or the Marra Mamba Iron formation at Pannawonica. Pisolith particles were transported to and deposited in this pre-existing meandering river channel by natural processes. Once deposited in the channel, the pisoliths were progressively cemented with a goethitic matrix derived by periodic drying out of the ferruginous channel waters. Irregularly shaped aluminous clay bands and pods were locally deposited. When the channel was filled with CID, weathering processes downgraded and altered the upper few metres of the deposit through introduction of clays and goethitic infillings into joints. The mineralised Rio Tinto section of the Marillana-Yandicoogina-Weeli Wolli paleochannel system is approximately 50 km long. It averages 500-600 m wide, locally reaching 800 m. The Main Ore zone is 40-50 m thick in the centre of the channel and thins towards the channel margins. Although the quality of the CID is relatively consistent, there are some significant quality trends: the centre of the channel has lower levels of SiO2 and Al2O3 than at the edges, and the chemistry is more homogeneous than at

Pilbara Operations Technical Report Summary – 31 December 2021 Page 53 of 169 the edges. The main ore zone is sub-divided on the basis of mineralogy and chemistry into Upper and Lower ore zones, with the Upper zone having slightly higher Fe grade and lower Loss on Ignition (LOI) compared to the Lower ore zone. Figure 6.4: CID geology cross-section, gorge type deposit Figure 6.5: CID geology cross-section, mesa type deposit 6.3.3 Tertiary Detrital Iron Deposits (DID) Detrital Iron Deposits (DIDs) occur as shallow blankets of outwash scree in structural depressions adjacent to iron ore escarpments. They are typically more heterogeneous and have less continuous mineralisation compared to BID or CID. The material is derived from the erosion of a surface hardcap that encrusted the escarpments. Cyclic fluids resulted in ferruginisation of the matrix and lowering of the phosphorous content. Cementation towards the base of the detrital pile formed a very hard hematite conglomerate known locally as canga.

Pilbara Operations Technical Report Summary – 31 December 2021 Page 54 of 169 DIDs vary significantly in their genetic type, size, shape, content of ore types, proportion of overburden and mineralisation above the water table. The deposits are usually lens-like in shape and were deposited in channels that acted as traps for the accumulating detritus. Detrital ores are characterised by clasts of natural rock particles (2 to 200 mm, averaging 5 mm) held in an uncemented or cemented matrix. The mineralogy, chemistry, size, shape, rims and degree of sizing of the clasts are variable. The matrix in which the clasts are loosely set or cemented also varies in composition, texture and hardness. Two detrital sub-groups in the Hamersley Province are relevant to the DIDs as follows: Marra Mamba-sourced detritals, also described as Ochre-Rich Detritals due to their distinctive red ochreous hematite and/or yellow ochreous goethite matrix. These typically occur in channels or gorges cut into the Wittenoom Formation or associated Tertiary sediments. Mineralisation within these deposits can be up to 150 m deep and several km in length. They are comprised of layers of colluvial material, calcrete, Red Ochre Detritals (ROD), lignite, siderite, and clay. The ROD have angular to sub rounded hematite/ goethite fragments and low to high Fe grades within an ochreous hematitic matrix. The composition of these detritals is highly variable, both in the ratio of clasts to matrix and the type of clasts and matrix. Figure 6.6 shows an example cross-section of a ROD detrital deposit overlying bedded mineralisation. The Brockman-sourced detritals whose main origin is the hard 1 to 2 m hardcap that forms on the surface of bedded iron ore outcrops. The ore particles migrated downhill, and soil-derived rims deposited on the particles during their transportation to pre-existing drainage channels. The ferruginous clay-rich matrix of the initial accumulations dehydrated and formed a naturally cemented hard rock - hematite conglomerate. More detritals accumulated, but the loose clay/soil matrix remained un-cemented forming a hematite detrital. Finally the BIF-rich siliceous detrital (waste overburden) was deposited. The Brockman Detritals contain significantly less phosphorus (~0.06% P) than their bedded source rocks (~0.12% P) as a result of goethite dehydration to hematite. This style of detritals typically form relatively discontinuous zones of mineralisation frequently less than 200 m in length and typically up to 50 m thick.

Pilbara Operations Technical Report Summary – 31 December 2021 Page 55 of 169 Figure 6.6: DID geology cross-section, Marra Mamba derived deposit 6.3.4 Hydrated ore zone The Hamersley Province accommodates a regolith (blanket of weathered rock) that occurs across a diverse range of rock types in a number of landform settings. A surficial component of this regolith is the Hydrated Zone. Named after the hydration process implicit in the conversion of hematite to goethite, this zone is differentiated from the underlying strata due to its characteristic high variability, weathering and lack of bedding. Consideration of a range of chemical variables, material type logging, and an overall appreciation of the regolith-landform relationships are used to define hydration surfaces. Conceptually, the hydration surface should be regarded as a weathering generated risk boundary. Material above the boundary, either waste or ore grade, carries greater inherent variability than the underlying strata. The hydration surface is therefore not only a grade boundary but also a risk boundary that must be accounted for during mine planning. Mineralisation within the hydrated zone is characterised by high variability in terms of tonnes and grade, with relatively small and discontinuous high-grade parcels. Hydrated ore is typically harder and coarser than non-hydrated ore.

Pilbara Operations Technical Report Summary – 31 December 2021 Page 56 of 169 7. Exploration 7.1 Exploration Drilling techniques used over the years include Percussion, Reverse Circulation (RC) and Diamond Drilling (DD). A summary of drilling completed across the Property is shown in Table 7:1. Percussion drilling techniques used a minimum hole diameter of 5.5 inches. Percussion drill samples comprising all the cuttings and dust fraction. RC drilling utilised a 140 mm diameter face sampling bit with sample shroud, attached to pneumatic piston hammer used to penetrate the ground and deliver sample up to 6 m drill rod inner tubes (4 m starter rod) to the cyclone static or rotary cone splitter with the aid of rig and auxiliary booster compressed air.DD is a combination of HQ (63.5 mm core diameter) and PQ (85.0 mm core diameter) core sizes using double and triple tube techniques. Surface exploration activities are undertaken as part of geological mapping programs over areas where there are no or limited mining activities. A small number of grab samples (1-3 kg) are collected when required. Table 7:1: Summary of exploration drilling across the Property Exploration / Mining Area Number of Drill Holes by drill type Total Drill Metres by drill type P/A/V RC DD U P/A/V RC DD U Greater Brockman 2,600 35,628 1,778 81 147,700 2,550,556 149,199 2,383 Greater Tom Price 8,267 10,179 1,237 61 493,017 796,386 113,718 2,958 Greater Paraburdoo 6,950 9,407 815 29 501,178 654,644 86,738 2,947 Robe Valley 1,457 20,934 8,039 3,467 34,517 743,969 405,415 91,953 West Pilbara 584 4,961 250 146 26,567 314,139 10,686 5,061 Greater West Angelas 615 25,117 1,611 3,291 20,647 1,908,997 139,410 221,291 Gudai-Darri 774 14,244 507 17 40,734 893,661 33,214 252 Greater Hope Downs 173 18,177 1,036 160 5,154 1,406,870 106,648 7,685 Yandicoogina 211 3,851 5,635 25 9,722 239,602 307,162 1,385 East Pilbara 1,816 7,312 275 26 136,305 707,246 31,316 2,360 Notes: P/A/V = Percussion, Aircore, Vacuum. U = Unknown. 7.2 Historical drilling techniques 7.2.1 1970s and 1980s programs: percussion and Diamond Drilling  During the 1970s, percussion drill sampling was conducted using splash trays around the drill collar or through use of a T-piece coupled to a sample hose and trailer-mounted hydrocyclone. Subsequently, percussion samples were taken at 1.5 m intervals and riffle split into two samples, each weighing approximately 1 kg, with one sample serving as a storage duplicate. Each sample interval was logged from the residue pile for basic lithology by a company geologist. 

Pilbara Operations Technical Report Summary – 31 December 2021 Page 57 of 169 Diamond holes samples varied in length and excluded thick zones of material logged as waste. The core was transported to the lab for splitting. One half of the core was stored, the other crushed and analysed. Sample run lengths were determined by geologists from lithological characteristics.  7.2.2 1990s programs: percussion and Diamond Drilling  Percussion samples were taken at 1.5 m intervals (1990-1993) and 2 m intervals (1995 onwards) and riffle split into two samples, one weighing approximately 0.5-1 kg which was kept onsite as a retention sample in a screw top plastic jar, and one weighing approximately 2.5-5 kg, which was placed in a calico bag and sent for analysis. Each sample interval was logged from the residue pile for magnetic susceptibility, hardness, colour, texture, streak and lithology by a company geologist.  Diamond core drilling used double and triple-tube techniques and samples were taken at 1 m intervals for density and geotechnical purposes.  7.2.3 2000s programs: Reverse Circulation and Diamond Drilling  RC holes were sampled at 2 m down hole depth intervals. Each rig used a 4-way Jones riffle splitter attached beneath the cyclone, with the final splits being: 87.5% reject: 6.25% laboratory sample and 6.25% retention sample. The laboratory sample was collected in a calico bag, and the retention sample was collected in a plastic ‘honey-pot’. The reject samples were placed in rows of 10, 15 or 20 samples in a sample farm near the drilling rig, for use as a reference and to provide logging material for the geologists. In 2006, RC holes were sampled at 2 m intervals and passed through a Metalcraft rotating cone splitter attached to the rig which produced approximate splits of 88% reject, 6% laboratory (‘A’ split) and 6% retention samples (‘B’ split). The B splits remained on site, while the A splits were sent to the laboratory. Each sample interval was logged from the residue pile for lithology, percentage occurrence, colour, weathering, texture and magnetism by a company geologist.  Diamond core drilling used double and triple-tube techniques and samples were taken at 1 m intervals for density, geotechnical and metallurgical purposes. Geotechnical samples were collected via diamond core drilling of HQ-3 (triple tube) core and density and metallurgical samples were collected via diamond core drilling of HQ-3 (triple tube) and PQ-3 (triple tube) core respectively.  7.3 Recent drilling techniques 7.3.1 2010 to recent programs:  Reverse Circulation and Diamond Drilling  RC holes are sampled in 2 m composites and collected in alpha-numerically numbered calico bags. Due to potential fibre mineral intersections, water injection is used throughout the programs from 2014. ‘A’ and ‘B’ splits are collected and always taken from the same respective chute of the splitter, keeping any possible biases constant. Regular cleaning of the splitter and cyclone is undertaken to avoid smearing and contamination across intervals. Respective splits are laid out in separate rows on the ground adjacent to bulk reject samples, avoiding mixing of bags and ensuring only ‘A’ sample splits are collected and sent to the laboratory. The particle size of RC chips is around 6 mm and the primary sample collected post splitting is between 5 and 8 kg, depending on the density of the material.

Pilbara Operations Technical Report Summary – 31 December 2021 Page 58 of 169 Each diamond hole is sampled in 1 m composites using a ‘crushing sheet’ created by a geologist and collected in alpha-numerically numbered calico bags (the ‘crushing sheet’ allocated bag numbers to each metre drilled and showed where check standards are to be inserted). Field check standards are inserted selectively by the rig/logging geologist at a rate of one in every 30 samples in mineralised zones and one in every 60 samples in waste with a minimum of one per drill hole. All check standards contained a trace of strontium carbonate that is added at the time of preparation. These standards are used to check sample preparation and analytical precision and accuracy at the laboratory. No direct recovery measurements of RC samples are performed. Sample weights are recorded at the laboratory upon receipt and are qualitatively estimated for loss per drilling interval at the rig. Diamond core recovery is maximised via the use of triple-tube sampling and additive drilling muds. Diamond core recovery is recorded using rock quality designation (RQD) measurements with all cavities and core loss recorded. Sample recovery in some friable mineralisation may be reduced however it is unlikely to have a material impact on the reported assays for these intervals.  There were no other factors that materially affected the accuracy or reliability of the results recorded. Geological logging is performed on 2 m intervals for all RC drilling, and either 1 m or 2 m intervals for diamond holes, depending on the level of detail required. Magnetic susceptibility readings are recorded for each interval.  All diamond drill core is photographed. Since 2001, all drill holes have been logged geophysically for gamma trace, calliper, gamma density, resistivity and magnetic susceptibility. Open-hole acoustic and optical televiewer image data is collected in specific RC and diamond holes throughout the deposit for structural analyses. Data collected from pre-2000 campaigns is recorded on paper logs, and mineral constituents resolved predominantly to 5%, with 1% resolutions also used (rarely) for minor or trace constituents. In the opinion of the QP, the processes outlined above are adequate for collecting quality samples and information for use in the interpretation and estimation of Mineral Resources. 7.4 Hydrogeology data Groundwater modelling is undertaken in accordance with Rio Tinto groundwater modelling framework which provides guidance for modellers, reviewers and managers on groundwater modelling in the context of iron ore mining support in the Pilbara. The framework draws on established modelling procedures, modern decision support concepts and Rio Tinto’s extensive experience of groundwater modelling in the Pilbara region. All models are underpinned by a conceptual understanding of the hydrological system. A conceptual model summarises what is known about the system and guides the selection of appropriate assumptions and simplifications. Conceptual models are qualitative and uncertain, due to limitations in representing or having knowledge of the full complexity of even a relatively simple hydrogeological system. In some cases, hydrologically important features, (such as a fault or dyke), may be poorly characterised by field data, or may be completely unknown. The Pilbara groundwater system can be categorised into three broad aquifer types:

Pilbara Operations Technical Report Summary – 31 December 2021 Page 59 of 169 • Local fractured rock aquifers: Typically associated with orebodies and most commonly found in the central and south-eastern Pilbara. • Regional consolidated sedimentary aquifers: Predominantly weathered or chemically altered dolomite, most often encountered beneath the east-west trending valley systems in the central and south-eastern Pilbara. • Alluvial aquifers that can be sub-divided into: o Unconsolidated sedimentary aquifers that commonly overlay the dolomitic aquifers, for example the Fortescue Marsh. o Near coastal plain aquifers of chemically deposited sediments such as dolocretes or altered channel iron deposits. The hydro-stratigraphy at each site is characterised in terms of its water quality. The locations of groundwater bores to be monitored for baseline studies are selected on the basis of the geology, and the site conceptual model where available. Isolated aquifer units are represented by at least one monitoring bore for baseline conditions. Additionally, all production and dewatering bores that are or will be covered by a 5C Groundwater Well Licence are sampled. Selection of surface water sampling locations considers any springs or pools in proximity to the site. If discharge of surplus dewatering water is proposed then potential discharge locations and extents are investigated for any permanent or ephemeral pools. Often similar work will be undertaken by the approvals group and similar sites can be adopted or sites determined in consultation. Table 7:2 provides a list of parameters and frequency of sampling typically considered at a site, including the limits of reporting (LoR) currently provided by most commercial laboratories. The parameters and frequencies listed in Table 7:2 are selected based on the known prevalence of trace elements across the Pilbara and should provide a template that suits most situations. For metals and trace elements, only dissolved forms are required unless otherwise specified. Sufficiently low LoR are used to allow for comparison with relevant guideline values. Two general methods with different LoR are offered by commercial laboratories for these parameters. The low level ICP-MS method is preferred over the routine ICP-OES for AMD bores and bores discharging to the environment because of their lower LoR. If low level ICP-MS LoR does not meet applicable guidelines (e.g. ANZECC guidelines for the protection of aquatic ecosystems) for certain parameters (e.g. silver, chromium, mercury), consultation with other stakeholders (i.e. approvals, environment, mineral waste, management and utilities) is undertaken to determine if specialised analysis are required for these parameters. Additional analyses (such as isotopes, metal speciation (e.g. FeII/FeIII, CrIII/CrIV or AsIII/AsIV), total metals among others) may be required in some situations to assist with site conceptualisation or to address a specific study or concern (e.g. health or environmental compliance, bore biofouling, colloid studies, etc). Once a project commences operation, licence commitments may mean additional parameters are required, e.g. TRH, MBAS, bacteria (e.g. iron precipitating bacteria and sulphate reducing bacteria).

Pilbara Operations Technical Report Summary – 31 December 2021 Page 60 of 169 Table 7:2: Sampling parameters for baseline water quality Parameter Frequency Borefields in Proximity to Mining Areas Borefields Located Outside Mining Areas Bores Associated with Potential ARDa Bores Associated with Surface Discharge Available LoR (ICP-OES / ICP- MS)b Surface Water Field & Lab pH Quarterly Biannually Quarterly Quarterly Biannuallyc 0.1 Field & Lab EC Quarterly Biannually Quarterly Quarterly Biannuallyc 2 Field temp Quarterly Biannually Quarterly Quarterly Biannuallyc 0.1 TDS Not Required Not Required Quarterly Quarterly Biannuallyc TSS Not Required Not Required Not Required Quarterly Biannuallyc 5 CO3 Not Required Not Required Not Required Not Required Not Required 5 HCO3 Annual Annual Quarterly Quarterly Biannuallyc 5 SO4 Annual Annual Quarterly Quarterly Biannuallyc 1 SiO2 Not Required Not Required Not Required Not Required Not Required 1 Si Annual Annual Quarterly Quarterly Biannuallyc 0.05 Cl Annual Annual Quarterly Quarterly Biannuallyc 1 F Annual Annual Quarterly Quarterly Biannuallyc 0.1 Br Annual Annual Quarterly Quarterly Biannuallyc Varies depending on lab Ca Annual Annual Quarterly Quarterly Biannuallyc 0.2 Na Annual Annual Quarterly Quarterly Biannuallyc 0.5 K Annual Annual Quarterly Quarterly Biannuallyc 0.1 Mg Annual Annual Quarterly Quarterly Biannuallyc 0.1 Al Annual Annual Quarterly Quarterly Biannuallyc 0.02/0.005 Ag Annual or Trienniald Annual or Trienniald Quarterly Annual or Trienniald Biannuallyc 0.005/0.001 As Annual Annual Quarterly Annual Biannuallyc 0.02/0.002 B Annual Annual or Trienniald Quarterly Annual Biannuallyc 0.05/0.005 Ba Annual Annual or Trienniald Quarterly Annual Biannuallyc 0.005/0.001 Cd Annual Annual or Trienniald Quarterly Annual Biannuallyc 0.0001 Co Annual Annual or Trienniald Quarterly Annual Biannuallyc 0.001 Fe Annual Annual Quarterly Quarterly Biannuallyc 0.02/0.005

Pilbara Operations Technical Report Summary – 31 December 2021 Page 61 of 169 Parameter Frequency Borefields in Proximity to Mining Areas Borefields Located Outside Mining Areas Bores Associated with Potential ARDa Bores Associated with Surface Discharge Available LoR (ICP-OES / ICP- MS)b Surface Water Cr Annual Annual or Trienniald Quarterly Annual Biannuallyc 0.005/0.001 Cr (VI)e Not required Not required Not required Not required Not required Cu Annual Annual Quarterly Annual Biannuallyc 0.005/0.001 Hg Annual or Trienniald Annual or Trienniald Quarterly Annual or Trienniald Biannuallyc 0.0001 Mn Annual Annual Quarterly Annual Biannuallyc 0.005/0.001 Mo Annual or Trienniald Annual or Trienniald Quarterly Annual Biannuallyc 0.01/0.001 Ni Annual Annual or Trienniald Quarterly Annual Biannuallyc 0.005/0.001 Pb Annual or Trienniald Annual or Trienniald Quarterly Annual Biannuallyc 0.02/0.001 Sb Annual or Trienniald Annual or Trienniald Quarterly Annual Biannuallyc 0.05/0.001 Se Annual Annual Quarterly Annual Biannuallyc 0.05/0.002 Sn Annual Annual Quarterly Annual Biannuallyc 0.05/0.001 Tl Annual or Trienniald Annual or Trienniald Annual or Trienniald Annual or Trienniald Annual or Trienniald 0.001 U Annual or Trienniald Annual or Trienniald Quarterly Annual or Trienniald Biannuallyc 0.001 V Annual or Trienniald Annual or Trienniald Annual or Trienniald Annual or Trienniald Annual or Trienniald 0.01/0.001 Zn Annual Annual Quarterly Annual Biannuallyc 0.01/0.005 Total P Annual Annual Quarterly Annual Biannuallyc 0.05 Total N Annual Annual Quarterly Annual Biannuallyc 0.05 NO2 Annual Annual Quarterly Annual Biannuallyc 0.05/0.01 NO3 Annual Annual Quarterly Annual Biannuallyc 0.05 NH4 Annual Annual Quarterly Annual Biannuallyc 0.05/0.01 δ18O VSMOW Not required Not required Not required Not required Biannuallyc 0.1 δ2H VSMOW Not required Not required Not required Not required Biannuallyc 0.01 Notes: a Relevant bores at Tom Price, Paraburdoo, Brockman 2, Hope Downs 1, Hope Downs 4, Nammuldi, Brockman 4 and Western Turner Syncline. b All units in mg/L except for pH (standards unit), EC (µS/cm) and temp (°C). c Must be sampled in both wet season and dry season.

Pilbara Operations Technical Report Summary – 31 December 2021 Page 62 of 169 d Annual can be switched to triennial if concentrations are consistently low and any permitting allows. e May be required at Marandoo for HSE requirements (consult with environment and utilities). The QP is satisfied that the hydrogeological information collected is sufficient and meets requirements for the intended use. 7.5 Geotechnical data Geotechnical diamond drilling is carried out to provide structural geological and geotechnical data. This enables the effective evaluation of material and rock mass properties for the economic and safe design of pit walls and underground excavations. Three types of data are collected using geotechnical core logging techniques. These include: • Interval data – Properties that describe the type and quality of the rock mass. • Structural data – Characteristics of specific discontinuities that intersect the core. • Sample data – Information on specific samples is gained through physical tests on the specimens under laboratory conditions to determine properties such as strength, mineralogy, slaking susceptibility etc. This data is then used to define the geomechanical characteristics of the materials. Geotechnical diamond drilling preferably uses triple tube drilling techniques to maintain the integrity of the core. Typical geotechnical drilling core sizes include NQ-3 (45 mm diameter), HQ-3 (61 mm) and PQ-3 (83 mm). PQ-3 is the preferred core size for holes that are planned to intersect weak material types such as clays and weak detritals. Geotechnical samples are collected at the rig for a variety of destructive and non-destructive laboratory tests. This is essential when sampling weak rock types such as clays that degrade quickly on exposure to the atmosphere. The logger is present when critical zones for sampling are intersected. Additional samples may also need to be collected for environmental (e.g. acid rock drainage), metallurgical, petrological, and assay testing. The following aspects are considered when selecting geotechnical samples: • Samples are selected from the split as soon as the core is marked up and initial interval logging (e.g., recovery, RQD length), is completed. • The following basic parameters are recorded; lithology, stratigraphy (if possible), weathering, discontinuity characteristics (if applicable) and field strength. • Photos of the samples are taken prior to wrapping, including both end-on and side-on views. • At least one sample per tray is wrapped as a matter of routine to provide a good selection of geotechnical samples to choose from. The sampling frequency increases when a specific zone of interest is intersected (e.g., a fault zone). • A core block is placed in the gap where the sample is taken, marked with the sample ID and start and end depths, test type, lithology, and estimated field strength. Commonly performed laboratory tests include unconfined compressive strength (UCS), triaxial strength, direct shear and Brazilian tests. Direct shear tests are conducted either on remoulded soil samples, existing defects, or intact rock where a surface is formed by making a saw cut in the core.

Pilbara Operations Technical Report Summary – 31 December 2021 Page 63 of 169 The QP is satisfied that the geotechnical information collected is sufficient and meets requirements for the intended use. 7.6 Drill hole plans Figure 7.1 to Figure 7.17 present the locations of all drill holes from the various exploration programs across the Property.

Pilbara Operations Technical Report Summary – 31 December 2021 Page 64 of 169 Figure 7.1: Robe Valley drill hole location plan

Pilbara Operations Technical Report Summary – 31 December 2021 Page 65 of 169 Figure 7.2: Greater Brockman drill hole location plan

Pilbara Operations Technical Report Summary – 31 December 2021 Page 66 of 169 Figure 7.3: Greater Tom Price drill hole location plan

Pilbara Operations Technical Report Summary – 31 December 2021 Page 67 of 169 Figure 7.4: Greater Paraburdoo drill hole location plan

Pilbara Operations Technical Report Summary – 31 December 2021 Page 68 of 169 Figure 7.5: West Pilbara – Area 1 drill hole location plan

Pilbara Operations Technical Report Summary – 31 December 2021 Page 69 of 169 Figure 7.6: West Pilbara – Area 2 drill hole location map

Pilbara Operations Technical Report Summary – 31 December 2021 Page 70 of 169 Figure 7.7: West Pilbara – Area 3 drill hole location plan

Pilbara Operations Technical Report Summary – 31 December 2021 Page 71 of 169 Figure 7.8: Gudai-Darri drill hole location plan

Pilbara Operations Technical Report Summary – 31 December 2021 Page 72 of 169 Figure 7.9: Yandicoogina drill hole location plan

Pilbara Operations Technical Report Summary – 31 December 2021 Page 73 of 169 Figure 7.10: Greater West Angelas drill hole location plan

Pilbara Operations Technical Report Summary – 31 December 2021 Page 74 of 169 Figure 7.11: Greater Hope Downs drill hole location plan

Pilbara Operations Technical Report Summary – 31 December 2021 Page 75 of 169 Figure 7.12: East Pilbara – Area 1 drill hole location plan

Pilbara Operations Technical Report Summary – 31 December 2021 Page 76 of 169 Figure 7.13: East Pilbara – Area 2 drill hole location plan

Pilbara Operations Technical Report Summary – 31 December 2021 Page 77 of 169 Figure 7.14: East Pilbara – Area 3 drill hole location plan

Pilbara Operations Technical Report Summary – 31 December 2021 Page 78 of 169 Figure 7.15: East Pilbara – Area 4 drill hole location plan

Pilbara Operations Technical Report Summary – 31 December 2021 Page 79 of 169 Figure 7.16: East Pilbara – Area 5 drill hole location plan

Pilbara Operations Technical Report Summary – 31 December 2021 Page 80 of 169 Figure 7.17: East Pilbara – Area 6 drill hole location plan

Pilbara Operations Technical Report Summary – 31 December 2021 Page 81 of 169 8. Sample preparation, analyses, and security 8.1 Sample preparation methods The laboratory sample preparation procedure requires samples received to be sorted according to the sample submission or sample dispatch note (SDN) and a reconciliation report issued for checking prior to sample preparation. Sample weight as received is recorded, prior to drying at 1,050°C for 24 hours or more, depending on the condition/moisture content of the samples. The dry weight is then recorded. Samples are then crushed utilising jaw and or Boyd crusher to pass 3 mm in fraction and split by rotary cone or linier divider before pulverising through a manual or robotic LM5 mill to achieve 150 µm of pulps. Equipment performance monitoring is conducted through use of et sieve tests at the rate of one sample per batch, used to verify that 95% passing 150 µm is consistently achieved. 8.1.1 Historical sample preparation methods 8.1.1.1 1970s and 1980s programs Samples were sent to HEX Wittenoom, Tom Price laboratory, Minex laboratory in Melbourne and Amdel in Adelaide for sample preparation and analysis. After splitting to approximate ¾ lbs, samples were dried for 1.5 hours at 1,100°C, then halved; one half was stored as the laboratory duplicate. The other half was pulverised to -80 mesh and dried for a further 1.5 hours at 1,100oC, then stored in a desiccator prior to analysis. 8.1.1.2 1990s PROGRAMS Samples were sent to Cape Lambert, Dampier, Paraburdoo and Tom Price laboratories for sample preparation and analysis. The 5 kg samples were crushed to <3 mm, split to 200 g using a rotary sample divider, dried at 1,050°C for eight hours and then ground in a ring mill (95% passing a 100- micron [µm] sieve) to form a subsample for X-Ray Fluorescence (XRF) analysis. In the late 1990s, some samples were also sent to external laboratories in Perth, (SGS and UltraTrace). The whole sample was dried at 1,050°C in gas-fired ovens. If required, the sample was crushed using a Jacques jaw crusher to approximately -5 mm. The entire sample was pulverised for samples of 3.5 kg or less. Samples over 3.5 kg were split in half, and one half was pulverised. Samples containing greater than 2.5% combined water were pulverised to 90% passing 150 µm. All other samples were pulverised to 95% passing 106 µm. 8.1.2 Recent sample preparation methods (2000s to recent programs) Samples were sent to Dampier and Tom Price; SGS, ALS, UltraTrace/Bureau Veritas and Intertek Genalysis laboratories. At the laboratory, the RC samples are weighed, dried at 1,050°C for at least 24 hours, crushed to 3 mm passing in a Boyd crusher, split utilising linier or rotary splitting dividers and then pulverised in a LM5 robotic or manual mill. The diamond core samples are crushed to -6 mm, utilising a jaw crusher before further reduction with a Boyd crusher. 8.2 Sample analysis Sample analysis is undertaken utilising XRF for 24 elements/oxides and Loss on Ignition is determined utilising a Thermogravimetric Analyser. A split of 100 g pulps is used for analytical process. 0.66 g pulps are mixed with flux to form a glass bead for the XRF analysis whilst 3-5 g pulps are used for LOI determination.

Pilbara Operations Technical Report Summary – 31 December 2021 Page 82 of 169 8.2.1 Historical analytical methods 8.2.1.1 1970s and 1980s programs Samples collected during drilling were routinely assayed for Fe, LOI, SiO2, Al2O3, P, CaO, MnO, TiO2 and occasionally MgO. Approximately every twentieth sample in the ore zone was analysed for the trace elements S, Cu, Ti, V, Cr, Ni, Zn, As, Sn, Pb and Bi. Fe was determined by a volumetric redox method against reference Iron ore standard B.C.S 172 (66.1% Fe) with accuracy limits of +/- 0.2 to 0.4% Fe. A recorded weight of sample is digested in concentrated hydrochloric acid at low heat. The dissolved ferric iron is reduced to the ferrous state with a slight excess of stannous chloride, which is removed using saturated mercuric chloride solution The solution is buffered by the addition of 5 ml of 85% orthophosphoric acid and 1 ml of 0.5% barium diphenylamine sulphonate indicator solution is added. It is then titrated against 0.1N potassium dichromate to the first permanent purple colour. The potassium dichromate is standardised daily against an iron ore sample of known iron content (B.C.S 172 standard). Atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS) was used for analysis of SiO2, Al2O3, MnO, CaO and all trace elements except S. A synthetic standard was accurately standardised for use as an Al2O3 reference. S was determined by induction furnace methods. P was determined by colorimetric techniques using the “Molybdenum Blue” photometric method. LOI was determined via a procedure carried out on dried samples. LOI represents weight loss on ignition due to water bonded to Fe2O3, Al2O3, carbonates and organic matter present in the sample. To determine LOI, a recorded weight (approx. 1.5 g) of sample is ignited in a muffle furnace in a pre- weighed porcelain crucible at 950°C for 30 minutes. The crucible is removed and after cooling, reweighed and the LOI calculated. 8.2.1.2 1990s programs Samples collected during drilling were routinely assayed for Fe, SiO2, Al2O3, P, S, CaO, TiO2, Mn and MgO. LOI was determined by heating a 1-2 g split of the pulp to 9,000°C in a LECO TGA 500 analyser until constant weight achieved. 8.2.2 Recent analytical methods (2000s to recent programs) XRF fusion discs are prepared by casting in a rocking furnace at 10,500°C, using 0.66 g of sample and 7.00 g of 12:22 flux (Li Tetra Borate: Li Meta Borate Mixture). Samples are analysed using a Philips PW2404 X-Ray Spectrometer using a 4KW end window Rh X- ray Tube. From each bar-coded sample two assay portions are removed, one for fusion (approximately 0.68 g) and one for LOI (approximately 3 to 5 g) and are placed into two glass vials. Vials for fusion beads are taken from the drying oven in batches of six and capped. The platinum crucible is weighted, and sample identity read from the vial barcode: the dried sample is then poured into the crucible and weight recorded into job file. A vial of flux is added to crucible and sample plus flux weight recorded into the job file. From these two weights, the Laboratory Information Management System (LIMS) calculated the catch weight sample, which is then used to correct the XRF results for weight on a moisture free basis. Repeat assays and standard samples are included in

Pilbara Operations Technical Report Summary – 31 December 2021 Page 83 of 169 the batch of samples and treated in the same manner. If repeat fusions are required, the samples are re-dried for 6hrs at 1,300°C in vials before re-assay. Samples collected during drilling are routinely assayed for Fe, SiO2, Al2O3, P, S, CaO, TiO2, Mn, MgO, K2O, Zn, Pb, Cu, Ba, V, Cr, Cl), Na, As, Ni, Co, Sn, Sr and Zr. LOI is measured as follows: • 2001 to 2006: LOI was measured at three different temperatures: 371°C, 538°C, 1,000°C and Total LOI. • 2007 to 2010: LOI was measured at three steps of temperatures: 110-425°C, 425-650°C, 650- 1,000°C and Total LOI. • 2011 to recent: LOI is measured at three steps of temperatures: 140-425°C, 425-650°C, 650- 1,000°C and Total LOI. 8.3 Quality assurance measures As part of the quality assurance and quality control measures, the following are undertaken: • Field duplicates from RC drilling are collected by sacrificing a ‘B’ split retention sample directly from the rig splitter. From 2019, regular ‘B’ splits are removed from the RC sampling process and only collected for field duplicates. Duplicate insertion occurred one in every 20 samples, ‘spiked’ with ~1/4 teaspoon of zinc to allow identification of Field Duplicate samples. Duplicates are collected to check the repeatability of the sample collected through the rig splitter. • Field check standards are inserted selectively by geologist at a rate of one in every 30 samples in mineralised zones and one in every 60 samples in waste, with a minimum of one standard per drill hole. All check standards contained a trace of strontium carbonate that is added at the time of preparation to allow identification of coarse reference material (geo standards). These standards are used to check sample preparation and analytical precision and accuracy at the laboratory. Reference material is prepared and certified by Rio Tinto following ISO 3082:2009 (Iron Ores – Sampling and sample preparation procedures) and ISO 9516-1:2003 (Iron Ores – Determination of various elements by X-ray fluorescence spectrometry – Part 1: Comprehensive procedure). Each batch of samples is sent with Sample Despatch Note (SDN) documentation, the details of which are recorded in Programme Tracker. As results for each SDN are returned, delivery details are tracked. Any missing samples are investigated, and if required, the retention samples (‘B’ split) are sent to the laboratory for re-assay pre-2019 or utilising coarse retained post-2019. At a frequency of one in 40, -3 mm splits and pulps are collected as laboratory splits and repeats respectively. These sub-samples are analysed at the same time as the original sample to identify grouping, segregation and delimination errors. Sample preparation tests for fineness are carried by the laboratory as part of Rio Tinto sample preparation procedures, using 1 wet sieve per batch to ensure the grind size of 95% passing 150 µm is maintained.

Pilbara Operations Technical Report Summary – 31 December 2021 Page 84 of 169 Chemical Analysis Testing (CAT) and Analytical Precision Testing (APT) samples are collected one per batch and submitted to third party (Geostats) as part of Rio Tinto quality assurance and quality control procedures to attain acceptable analytical precision and accuracy. Internal laboratory quality assurance and quality control measures involve the use of internal laboratory standards using certified reference material in the form of pulps, blanks and duplicates, and are inserted in each batch. Random re-submission of pulps at an external laboratory is performed following analysis. A total of 5% of Inter Laboratory Check assays are conducted on a quarterly basis. Analysis of the performance of certified standards and field duplicates has indicated an acceptable level of accuracy and precision with no significant bias. 8.3.1 Historical field quality assurance measures To measure sampling precision, a duplicate sample was collected from the mineralised zone, at a frequency of approximately one per hole. The duplicate sample replaced one of the retention samples and was allocated a laboratory sample number in sequence within the mineralised zone. At an approximate rate of one every hole, a pre-prepared standard sample of known analysis was introduced into the samples for the purpose of monitoring the accuracy of the laboratory. These check standards were allocated a laboratory sample number in sequence within the mineralised zone. The laboratory samples were then sent to the laboratory, and the retention samples were stored for future reference. 8.4 Sample security All assaying of samples used in Mineral Resource estimates have been performed by independent, National Association of Testing Authorities (NATA) certified laboratories. Assay data is returned electronically from the laboratory and uploaded into the Rio Tinto acQuire™ database (RTDB). The sample chain of custody is managed by Rio Tinto. Analytical samples (‘A’ splits) are collected by field assistants, placed onto steel sample racks and delivered to Perth by a recognised freight service and then to the assay laboratory by a Perth-based courier service. Whilst in storage the samples are kept in a locked yard. Retention samples (‘B’ splits) are collected and stored in drums at on-site facilities up to 2018. Since 2019, approximately 500 g of Coarse Retains (+/- 3 mm fractions) have been kept at laboratories for 24 months. 150 g of excess pulps from primary samples is retained indefinitely at laboratories and external storage facilities at CTI Logistics Ltd in Perth, Western Australia.

Pilbara Operations Technical Report Summary – 31 December 2021 Page 85 of 169 9. Data verification 9.1 Exploration and Mineral Resource verification Written procedures outline the processes of geological logging and data importing, quality assurance and quality control validation and assay importing. A robust, restricted-access database is in place to ensure that any requests to modify existing data go through appropriate channels and approvals, and that changes are tracked by date, time, and user. Field data is logged directly onto field Toughbook laptops using pre-formatted and validated logging templates, with details uploaded to the RTDB on a daily basis. Assay data are only accepted in the RTDB once the quality control process has been undertaken utilising the Batch Analysis tool. Batch Analysis is a module within acQuire™ that enables geologists to assess a batch of assay data received from a laboratory for its accuracy and precision, by way of performance of duplicates and standards inserted within the batch. All holes are surveyed by qualified surveyors. The drillholes are surveyed in Mine Grid of Australia 1994 (MGA94) Zone 50 and 51 coordinates using Differential Global Positioning System (DGPS) survey equipment, which is accurate to 10 cm in both horizontal and vertical directions. Surveyed drillhole coordinates are validated against the planned drillhole coordinates, and then uploaded to the drillhole database. The historical drillholes were re-surveyed using DGPS; however, not all holes could be located and therefore the survey method for these holes is unknown and presumed to be planned coordinates. This is taken into consideration in the resource classification. Drill hole collar reduced level (RL) data is compared to detailed topographic maps and show that the collar survey data is accurate. The topographic surface is based on 5 m grid sampling of the most recent Light Detecting and Ranging (LiDAR) survey, including spot heights from DGPS drilling collars and is considered robust. Down-hole surveys are conducted on every hole, with the exception of collapsed or otherwise hazardous holes. Significant, unexpected deviations are investigated and validated. Holes greater than 100 m depth are surveyed with an in-rod gyro tool. All the drill holes are geologically logged utilising standard Rio Tinto Iron Ore Material Type Classification Scheme logging codes. Geological logging is performed on 2 m intervals for all reverse circulation drilling. All drill holes are logged using downhole geophysical tools for gamma trace, calliper, gamma density, resistivity, and magnetic susceptibility. In most recent years, acoustic and optical televiewer data are collected at select drill hole locations for geological structural analyses. Drilling data is securely stored in an acQuire™ geoscientific information management system. The system is backed up nightly on servers located in Perth, Western Australia. The backup system is tested in June 2021, demonstrating that the system is effective.

Pilbara Operations Technical Report Summary – 31 December 2021 Page 86 of 169 The import/exporting process requires limited keyboard transcription and has multiple built in safeguards to ensure information is not overwritten or deleted. These include: • Data is imported and exported through automated interfaces, with limited manual input. • Inbuilt validation checks ensure errors are identified prior to import. • Once within the acQuire™ database, editing is limited, and warning messages ensure accidental changes are not made. • An audit trail records updates and deletions should an anomaly be identified. • An export interface ensures the correct tables, fields and format are selected. The drill hole database used for Mineral Resource estimation is validated. Methods include checking: • acQuire™ scripts for relational integrity, duplicates, total assay and missing/blank assay values. • Grade ranges in each domain. • Domain names and tags. • Survey data downhole consistency. • Null and negative grade values. • Missing or overlapping intervals. • Duplicate data. • Drill hole data is also validated visually by domain and compared to the geological model. Comparison of RC and twinned DD core assay data distributions show that both drilling methods have similar grade distributions, verifying the suitability of RC samples for use in the Mineral Resource estimate. The geological models and Mineral Resource estimates of deposits are created using established industry methods set out in Section 11. Verification of each geological model and Mineral Resource estimate occurs as noted in Section 11.1.7. In addition, a peer review is completed at each step of the modelling process, inclusive of a sign-off by a QP at the completion of major steps. A QP also prepares separate documentation to aid and support the Mineral Resource classification, including information about all factors that may affect the confidence in the final model of the deposit, including, but not limited to, geological complexity, data quality, data quantity, aspects of geological interpretation, grade and geological continuity, and Mineral Resource estimation. 9.2 Mining and Mineral Reserve verification Multiple verification steps and processes are in place to verify the Mineral Reserve estimate. Verification applies to the assumptions and inputs into the estimate, as well as the estimation process itself. Rio Tinto undertakes extensive comparison of actual ore produced to the orebody block model (OBM) that underpins the Mineral Reserve estimates on a quarterly and annual basis. This reconciliation continually demonstrates that Rio Tinto produces ore in the amount and of the quality as predicted by the OBMs and is in accordance with the Mineral Reserve estimate. Reconciliations are undertaken for

Pilbara Operations Technical Report Summary – 31 December 2021 Page 87 of 169 both in-situ (head) ore as well as saleable ore product. This allows verification of the in-situ ore estimate, as well as the metallurgical assumptions (upgrades, recovery etc.) of the Mineral Reserve estimate. Verification of the key modifying factors applied to the Mineral Resource is also undertaken as part of the production process during operations. Actual performance for operational mining areas provides a high level of confidence where similar performance can be expected from future mining areas. In addition to the verification of the modifying factors, the reported Mineral Reserve data itself undergoes several peer review and reconciliation steps prior to publication and release. One key component of the process is a comprehensive comparison between the current-year and prior-year Mineral Reserve estimates on a deposit-by-deposit basis. Any changes in the Mineral Reserve estimate are reconciled and verified against reported production (in cases of operating deposits), any changes to the underlying Mineral Resource estimate (e.g. tonnages, quality, confidence levels), changes to metallurgical assumptions, changes to pit designs and changes to the mine plan underpinning the Mineral Reserve estimate. The QP has only used data deemed to have been generated in line with approved industry standard procedures and that is suitable for use for the purposes of preparing the mine design, schedule and Mineral Reserve estimate. 9.3 Geotechnical verification Geotechnical data verification processes and safeguards are similar to those implemented for resource verification, except geotechnical drill holes are focused on geological units that will form the walls of the pits and any structures that may impact slope stability. The drillhole data is securely stored in an acQuire™ geoscientific information management system. The system is backed up nightly on servers located in Perth, Western Australia. The backup system is tested in June 2021 demonstrating that the system is effective. Drill hole logging is undertaken by appropriately qualified geotechnical engineers and a minimum of 10% of the core is relogged as part of a quality assurance/quality control (QA/QC) process. Data goes through two stages of validation before it can be utilised for design purposes. Geotechnical slope designs are signed off by suitably qualified and experienced professionals. The number of individuals authorised to sign off geotechnical aspects of designs is limited to ensure quality verification of design data. The qualified person ensures that there is adequate data of suitable quality to justify the reliance on the information in the final design. As pits are excavated, reconciliation mapping is undertaken in specifically identified areas to assess the reliability of the geotechnical model in predicting actual ground conditions. Based on the reliability of the models, additional data may need to be collected or modifications made to the design. In the opinion of the QP, the geotechnical data used to inform slope parameters is of adequate quality for the Property and its material types and for the purposes used in this TRS. 9.4 Hydrology and hydrogeology verification The collection of surface water flows, groundwater levels and water quality data is undertaken in line with internal work procedures and adhere to best practice guidelines and industry standards.

Pilbara Operations Technical Report Summary – 31 December 2021 Page 88 of 169 Hydrologists, hydrogeologists and scientific technicians ensure traceability during all stages of data collection to the point of analysis through use of data handling and verification protocols. Temporal data is uploaded directly by satellite networks or to Toughbooks and downloaded via scripts into the appropriate database. Verification of groundwater models involves comparing predictive outputs from the existing model with datasets collected after the development of the original model, with the aim of confirming the model is suitable for use as a predictive tool, and to ensure that the inverse problem and the issue of non- uniqueness are addressed. The model verification process occurs quarterly to annually, depending on operations and activity occurring in individual pits. If adjustments to parameters or boundary conditions are required to achieve verification, then the original model is re-run until a set of parameters and boundary conditions is identified that produces a good match of all data sets. In the opinion of the QP, the data used to inform the groundwater models is of adequate quality, supported by historical performance and regular reconciliation. Surface water models are built based on baseline flows and historical observations. In the opinion of the QP, this data is adequate for use in the mine design and production schedules and for the purposes used in this TRS 9.5 Metallurgical verification Metallurgical product predictions are verified numerous times through to their application for deposit estimates. Raw metallurgical laboratory results are peer reviewed and double checked through redundant analysis techniques. Following creation of product predictions, a second peer review process is conducted to verify the validity of the predictions across the geozones and grade ranges. The QP reviews the OBM product data and ensures predictions are accurately included in relevant fields. The OBM is also reviewed and endorsed by the relevant Metallurgical subject matter expert. Once mining and production data is available, reconciliations are carried out on a quarterly basis, comparing actual mass and grade data to the block model predictions. Reconciliation trends are monitored and where biases are observed over multiple quarters, reasons are investigated and product predictions updated as required. Reconciliations are used to verify that greenfield projects have the correct techniques used to develop predictions for existing process flowsheets and any adjustments can be applied. Where new flowsheets are employed, pilot scale test work is conducted on actual bulk samples to confirm the techniques and settings used to generate predictions. In the opinion of the QP, the Metallurgical data used to inform product predictions are adequate for the purposes used for this TRS.

Pilbara Operations Technical Report Summary – 31 December 2021 Page 89 of 169 10. Mineral processing and metallurgical testing 10.1 Collection of samples and types of testwork Samples for metallurgical and material characteristic testing are obtained from: • Drill core from holes selected to provide representative metallurgical characterisation across the deposit. Selection of location, number and depth of metallurgical drill holes is informed by comparison of key metallurgical parameters to the deposit geological model. • Quarterly composite samples of mine site products. • Bulk ore samples. • Laboratory or pilot plant product samples, used for material characteristic testing for transportation and ironmaking or sintering. The process of selecting metallurgical drill holes with reference to the geological models ensures that the samples collected for metallurgical characterisation are fully representative of both the general style of mineralisation and the specific deposit. Performance data from existing operations is used as a continuous improvement tool in selection and verification of samples. Compositing of bulk samples is completed with reference to both mine plans and the geological model: this ensures that samples representative of anticipated plant feeds during operations are available for use during plant and bulk handling design activities. Samples of drill core are subjected to a ‘plant mimic’ which seeks to simulate the comminution and resulting particle size distribution imparted by crushers and handling equipment at full scale. The plant mimic utilised is calibrated to full scale operations and is also regularly validated against actual results. The products of the plant mimic are typically lump (nominally -31.5 + 6.3 mm) and fines (nominally -6.3 mm). The lump and fines products are tested for metallurgical properties (Table 10:1) such as particle size distribution and grade per size fraction, bulk density, moisture and selected samples for densio-metric analysis, soil water characterisation, dust extinction moisture and materials handling test work. Separate samples of drill core are selected for crushability test work to assist in selection of crushing and handling equipment. Reserved samples are then composited together to represent the stratigraphic geo-domains and orebody initial mining area average. These samples are subjected to pilot test work and more detailed characterisation as required by the flowsheet selected. Tests at this stage may include thickening, filtration, rheology, tailings consolidation, X-ray particle sorting, lump physicals, and fines sintering test work.

Pilbara Operations Technical Report Summary – 31 December 2021 Page 90 of 169 Table 10:1: Types of metallurgical and mineral processing test work used in characterisation of Rio Tinto iron ores Ore Type Test Type Intended Use of Testwork Laboratories or Other Providers Brockman, Marra Mamba, CID Crushability Testwork - Unconfined Compressive Strength, Crushing Work Index, Bond Abrasion Index, Brazilian Tensile Strength, Gouging Index Design and selection of crushing equipment for comminution of ore from Run of Mine to Product sizing SGS ALS Global Bureau Veritas AMTC TAFE Brockman, Marra Mamba, CID Soil Water Characterisation Curve and Saturated Hydraulic Conductivity Prediction of Run of Mine and product moisture Soil Water Solutions Rio Tinto Iron Ore metallurgical laboratory, Dampier Brockman, Marra Mamba, CID Dust extinction moisture Prediction of propensity to generate dust during handling and transport The University of Newcastle Research Association (TUNRA) Bulk Solids Jenike and Johanson Brockman, Marra Mamba, CID Materials handling characteristics - Flow indexes, angle of repose, angle of surcharge, angle of drawdown, wall friction angle, chute angle, stable rathole diameter, bulk density Design of bins, transfer chutes, conveyors and stockyards. The University of Newcastle Research Association (TUNRA) Bulk Solids Jenike and Johanson Brockman, Marra Mamba, CID Process mimics (crushing and screening laboratory circuits) Development of grade predictions for products, particle size distributions for feed, product and tailings, bulk density of feed and products Rio Tinto Iron Ore metallurgical laboratory, Dampier ALS Global Bureau Veritas SGS Brockman, Marra Mamba, CID Lump Physicals and Sintering testwork Amenability of iron ore products to blast furnace and sintering or other ironmaking processes Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO) ALS Global Brockman, Marra Mamba, CID Mineralogical quantification of ore and plant samples (tailings and products) Grade partition curves, liberation analysis, tailings characterisation Rio Tinto Bundoora Research Centre Brockman, Marra Mamba Densiometric Analysis Lump- Heavy Media Separation/Individual Particle Pycnometry Propensity for lump beneficiation and resulting product predictions Rio Tinto Iron Ore metallurgical laboratory, Dampier MPIPP Laboratory Pty Ltd Pesco

Pilbara Operations Technical Report Summary – 31 December 2021 Page 91 of 169 Ore Type Test Type Intended Use of Testwork Laboratories or Other Providers Brockman, Marra Mamba Densiometric Analysis Fines -Heavy Liquid Separation Propensity for fines beneficiation and resulting product predictions Bureau Veritas Mineral Technologies Brockman, Marra Mamba Lump X-ray Particle Sorting Propensity for Lump concentration through X Ray particle sorting Tomra Brockman, Marra Mamba, CID Thickening and Filtration Ability to remove water from tailings and products Delkor Jord FLSmidth Outotec Brockman, Marra Mamba, CID Rheology Rheological properties of slurry to design pumping systems Slurry Systems Brockman, Marra Mamba, CID Consolidated bulk density of tailings and other strength/drainage characteristics Design of tailings storage facilities ATC Williams SRK 10.2 Details of analytical or testing laboratories Details of the internal and external laboratories or other testing facilities used by Rio Tinto to characterise iron ore within the Property is listed in Table 10:2. Table 10:2: Details of analytical or testing laboratories Laboratory Location Relationship to Rio Tinto Certification Certifying Organisation Rio Tinto Iron Ore Metallurgical Evaluation Facility Dampier, Western Australia Internal test facility None Not applicable Rio Tinto Bundoora Research Centre Melbourne, Victoria, Australia Internal test facility None Not applicable ALS - Perth Iron Ore Technical Centre Perth, Western Australia, Australia Independent facility ISO:9001 ISO:14001 ISO:45001 International Organization for Standardization (ISO) SGS Perth, Western Australia, Australia Independent facility ISO:9001 International Organization for Standardization (ISO) Bureau Veritas Perth, Western Australia, Australia Independent facility ISO:9001 ISO:14001 ISO:45001 International Organization for Standardization (ISO)

Pilbara Operations Technical Report Summary – 31 December 2021 Page 92 of 169 Laboratory Location Relationship to Rio Tinto Certification Certifying Organisation The University of Newcastle Research Associates (TUNRA) – Bulk Handling Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia Independent facility ISO:9001 ISO:14001 ISO 45001 International Organization for Standardization (ISO) Nagrom Perth, Western Australia, Australia Independent facility ISO:9001 International Organization for Standardization (ISO) Jenike and Johanson Perth, Western Australia, Australia Independent facility None Not applicable Bureau Veritas Adelaide, South Australia, Australia Independent facility ISO:9001 ISO:14001 ISO:45001 International Organization for Standardization (ISO) Mineral Technologies Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia Independent facility ISO:9001 ISO:14001 ISO:45001 International Organization for Standardization (ISO) AMTC TAFE Bentley, Western Australia, Australia Independent facility None Not applicable Metso/Outotec Perth, Western Australia, Australia Independent facility ISO:9001 ISO:14001 ISO:45001 ISO:50001 International Organization for Standardization (ISO) FLS Perth, Western Australia, Australia Independent facility ISO:9001 ISO:14001 ISO:45001 International Organization for Standardization (ISO) Delkor Perth, Western Australia, Australia Independent facility ISO:9001 International Organization for Standardization (ISO) Slurry Systems Engineering Perth, Western Australia, Australia Independent facility None Not applicable Pesco Pretoria, Townland, South Africa Independent facility None Not applicable Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO) Brisbane, Queensland, Australia Independent facility None Not applicable MPIPP Laboratory Pty Ltd Perth, Western Australia, Australia Independent facility None Not applicable

Pilbara Operations Technical Report Summary – 31 December 2021 Page 93 of 169 Laboratory Location Relationship to Rio Tinto Certification Certifying Organisation ATC Williams Melbourne, Victoria, Australia Independent facility ISO/IEC17025 NATA SRK Perth, Western Australia, Australia Independent facility ISO/IEC17025 NATA Jord Perth, Western Australia, Australia Independent facility ISO:9001 ISO:14001 ISO:45001 AS-NZS 4801 International Organization for Standardization (ISO) Soil Water Solutions Naracoorte, South Australia, Australia Independent facility None Not applicable Tomra Sydney, New South Wales, Australia Independent facility ISO:9001 ISO:14001ISO:45001 International Organization for Standardiaation (ISO) 10.3 Predictions and assumptions for mass recovery and grades Results from the testwork are used to generate: • Predictions for grade deportment between products and tailings. • Size distributions for feed, products and tailings. • Mass splits used in plant design. • Predicted mass recoveries in wet processing and beneficiation circuits. Grade predictions are applied to both iron and to the primary gangue minerals/elements. The latter includes SiO2, Al2O3, P and Mn. LOI is also predicted in products and tailings. Predictions for both grade and recovery are monitored through comparison with operational data or by comparison with similar deposits for future orebodies. Where further deposits will be fed to existing plants, current performance and characteristics of the existing plant are integrated with the results from the processing mimics. Mass recovery (yield) predictions are developed from the process plant mimic, incorporating lithological characteristics, predicted size distributions from ROM curves, process modelling of equipment to determine mass and size splits in unit operations and mineralogical quantification of process streams from sampling and modelling. Predictions for current operations are routinely compared with actual results for grades, product splits and mass recovery, with updates made where a statistically significant change has been made. Predictions for operating and future mines will also consider reconciliation performance. 10.4 QP’s opinion on adequacy of the data collected In the opinion of the QP, the data derived from the various sources detailed above is adequate for design of processing facilities and provides suitable product grade/recovery predictions for use in production schedules. Confidence is further increased by historical performance demonstrated through reconciliation.

Pilbara Operations Technical Report Summary – 31 December 2021 Page 94 of 169 11. Mineral Resource estimates 11.1 Key assumptions, parameters, and methods 11.1.1 Resource database All drilling data used in estimates of Mineral Resources is securely stored and validated as described in section 9.1. 11.1.2 Geological interpretation Overall, the QP’s confidence in the geological interpretation of the area is good, based on the quantity and quality of data available, and the continuity and nature of the mineralisation. Geological modelling is undertaken by Rio Tinto geologists. The method involved interpretation of downhole stratigraphy using surface geological mapping, lithological logging data, down-hole gamma data, and assay data. Implicit modelling in Leapfrog Geo™ software or cross-sectional interpretation in Vulcan of each stratigraphic unit is performed, followed by interpretation of mineralisation and hydration boundaries based on mapping, and drilling data. Three-dimensional wireframes of the sectional interpretations are created to produce the geological model. The geological model is subdivided into domains defined by stratigraphy and mineralisation and both the composites and model blocks are coded with these domains. Blocks in domains are estimated using composites from the same domain. The mineralisation reported as a Mineral Resource is continuous across at least two adjacent drill holes. The mineralisation continuity is affected by stratigraphy, structure and weathering. The drill hole spacing is sufficient to capture grade and geology changes at a large scale. Mineralisation continuity varies by deposit but typically extends for several kilometres along strike and from surface to a maximum depth of 200 m. 11.1.3 Data preparation The majority of the drill hole data is sampled on 2 m intervals which is used as the nominal composite interval for grade variables using either a “straight compositing” approach or a “run-length compositing” approach where considered more appropriate for all drill holes. Density is composited to the sample interval used for the grade variables, typically yielding a 2 m composite file containing both grade and density variables, used in subsequent data analysis and estimation processes. 11.1.4 Exploratory data analysis Exploratory Data Analysis (EDA) for density and grade variables is completed using Isatis™ software, typically comprising descriptive univariate statistics for both mineralised and un-mineralised strands (geozones). The EDA also included correlation coefficients between pairs of variables and various plots to convey the overall nature of the grade and density distributions and bivariate relationship between variables (including histograms, scatter plots and box plots), for all geozones.

Pilbara Operations Technical Report Summary – 31 December 2021 Page 95 of 169 Spatial analysis is undertaken using a conventional directional variography approach. Traditional or “absolute” semi-variograms (or “variograms”) are used, conveying the variance of each variable modelled. Appropriate lag spacings are used, reflecting the nominal drill hole spacing for horizontal directions (typically using a 50-60 m lag), and a 2 m lag for the downhole (vertical) direction, reflecting the nominal composite length. Variogram maps in the horizontal plane are used to assess anisotropy in the mineralised geozones. Where applicable, the direction of greatest continuity is modelled as the major axis based on the longest range and lowest variogram sill, with the orthogonal direction model as the semi-major direction. Zonal anisotropy where present is appropriately reflected by modelling an additional very long-range structure between the major/ semi-major and minor directions. The nugget values for all modelled directions are defined by modelling of the downhole variogram for each element and applying the nugget variance to the major and semi-major directions. Where appropriate, a “pseudo-isotropic” approach is applied, using the same variogram model for the major and semi-major directions and a separate shorter range variogram for the downhole orientation. Variogram models for the mineralised domains of the Pilbara deposits generally result in reasonable structures. Many bedded geozones yielded relatively low nugget effects, with relatively short-range first structures (typically <100 m) comprising a significant proportion of the total sill. 11.1.5 Bulk density Dry bulk density is derived from gamma-density data collected at 10 cm intervals from downhole geophysical sondes. Accepted gamma-density data is corrected for moisture using diamond drill core specifically drilled throughout the deposit. Dry core densities are generated via the following process: • The core volume is measured in the split and the mass of the core is measured and recorded. • Wet core densities are calculated by the split and by the tray. • Core recovery is recorded. • The core is then dried and dry core masses are measured and recorded. • Dry core densities are then calculated. • Accepted gamma-density values are estimated as per grade estimation procedures described below. 11.1.6 Block models The Property is divided into individual deposits for practical modelling purposes, each with its own block model. Each block model is created in MGA94 or the appropriate Local Mine grid. A parent block size is selected, based on the local nominal drill hole spacing. Typically the parent block size is half the drill hole spacing, at 25 m (X) x 25 m (Y) x 5 m (Z) with some variation depending on the local drilling grid and Selective Mining Unit for subsequent regularised models. The vertical block size varies from 4 to 10 m across the Property.

Pilbara Operations Technical Report Summary – 31 December 2021 Page 96 of 169 Sub-blocking is used to achieve acceptable resolution with geological boundaries, based on a block size as small as a fifth of the parent lateral and vertical block. Variable codes are added to the block model reflecting various attributes such as geology, strand, deposit type, mineralisation, geozone, water table and other risk-related attributes (mine danger, sulphide and fibre). The geological block models are validated by visual checks in section and plan view, for both strand and geozone, with numerical checks to identify and address incorrectly assigned variables. 11.1.7 Grade estimation Grade estimation is undertaken using linear estimation methods using Maptek™ Vulcan™ software. Twelve grade attributes (Fe, SiO2, Al2O3, P, Mn, LOI, LOI425, LOI650, S, TiO2, MgO, and CaO), and gamma-density are estimated into the block model. Mineralised domains are estimated by Ordinary Kriging (OK) where there is sufficient data available for variogram modelling or by inverse distance to the power of two (ID2) for domains with very low sample numbers. For certain deposits, non-linear estimation methods (Indicator Kriging and Local Uniform Conditioning) are also used where considered applicable. These methods are deemed appropriate by the QP for estimating the tonnes and grade of the reported Mineral Resources. A small number of blocks that are not populated by estimation runs (typically <5%) are assigned average geozone grades via scripting. Non-mineralised domains are estimated by inverse distance weighting to the first power (ID1) or assigned average geozone grades in minor domains via scripting where sufficient data is not available. Other aspects of the estimation process are as follows: • Estimates are completed into parent blocks. • Parent blocks are sub-celled to the geological boundaries to preserve volume. Sub-cells received the parent cell estimate. • High yield limits are placed on some minor variables (CaO, MgO, Mn) in some geozones to limit the influence of outlier sample data as deemed appropriate for the dataset. • Grades are typically extrapolated to a maximum distance of approximately 300 m from data points, with variability based on spatial continuity and data spacing. 11.1.8 Grade interpolation parameters Grade interpolation parameters are defined based on local drilling spacing and quantitative kriging neighbourhood analysis (KNA). The KNA is undertaken for selected variables (Fe and bulk density) for a representative selection of geozones. The KNA is an iterative process used to refine estimation search parameters including:

Pilbara Operations Technical Report Summary – 31 December 2021 Page 97 of 169 • Search distances (radii). • Minimum and maximum samples per estimate. • Maximum samples per drill hole. • Search approach (conventional vs unfolding approaches via tetra models). Other key aspects regarding the estimation parameters and implementation are as follows: • The same search parameters within a given geozone are applied to the 11 assay variables to maintain the relationships between variables and to maintain stoichiometric closure (total assay). • Application of high yield limits are initially selected based on a coefficient of variation greater than 2.0, with spatial assessment to check whether the high values are spatially isolated and not clustered with other high values. If also a spatial outlier, the high yield threshold is selected on the basis of inflection points in the cumulative probability plot. • Blocks not filled are assigned the domain average composite grades. The same approach is applied for the unfilled density values. • With the exception of select CID deposits, domains are estimated using hard boundaries, with samples from the respective domain only used for estimation of that domain. • Estimation of density followed the same process as that of grade estimation. Separate KNA assessments are conducted for density and used to develop independent estimation parameters. 11.1.9 Model validation The estimated model is validated using a combination of visual and statistical methods to check that the estimates had performed as expected and showed acceptable conformance to the input samples. The overall validation process typically included: • Visual validation, typically involving sectional review of the model with drill holes in cross section, long-section and plan for select variables. • Global comparison between the block model and composite statistics to assess for global average grade conformance by geozone. • Swath plot comparisons by geozone for cross-section, long-section and elevation slices. • Correlation coefficient comparisons for composites vs blocks between Fe and all other estimated assay variables. • Assessment of global smoothing effects, using a multivariate change of support model applied to the drill hole composites to confirm the block model conformed to the tonnages reported by the change of support model, (and hence represented an appropriate smoothing level), and that the scatter relationship between variables is appropriately reproduced. • Check of the total assay calculated from the estimated 11 assay values for conformance with the expected value of 100% and with an acceptable range tolerance (typically between 98 and 102%) • Where production data is available, reconciliation is carried out as part of the model validation process.

Pilbara Operations Technical Report Summary – 31 December 2021 Page 98 of 169 11.2 Mineral Resource classification According to Subpart 1300 of Regulation S-K, to reflect geological confidence, Mineral Resources are sub-divided into the following categories based on increased geological confidence: Inferred, Indicated, and Measured, which are defined under Subpart 1300 of Regulation S-K as: “Inferred Mineral Resource is that part of a mineral resource for which quantity and grade or quality are estimated on the basis of limited geological evidence and sampling. The level of geological uncertainty associated with an inferred mineral resource is too high to apply relevant technical and economic factors likely to influence the prospects of economic extraction in a manner useful for evaluation of economic viability. Because an inferred mineral resource has the lowest level of geological confidence of all mineral resources, which prevents the application of the modifying factors in a manner useful for evaluation of economic viability, an inferred mineral resource may not be considered when assessing the economic viability of a mining project, and may not be converted to a mineral reserve.” “Indicated Mineral Resource is that part of a mineral resource for which quantity and grade or quality are estimated on the basis of adequate geological evidence and sampling. The level of geological certainty associated with an indicated mineral resource is sufficient to allow a QP to apply modifying factors in sufficient detail to support mine planning and evaluation of the economic viability of the deposit. Because an indicated mineral resource has a lower level of confidence than the level of confidence of a measured mineral resource, an indicated mineral resource may only be converted to a probable mineral reserve.” “Measured Mineral Resource is that part of a mineral resource for which quantity and grade or quality are estimated on the basis of conclusive geological evidence and sampling. The level of geological certainty associated with a measured mineral resource is sufficient to allow a QP to apply modifying factors, as defined in this section, in sufficient detail to support detailed mine planning and final evaluation of the economic viability of the deposit. Because a measured mineral resource has a higher level of confidence than the level of confidence of either an indicated mineral resource or an inferred mineral resource, a measured mineral resource may be converted to a proven mineral reserve or to a probable mineral reserve.” Mineral Resources are classified by Rio Tinto in accordance with the above guidance and in consideration of other relevant factors including, but not limited to, geology, continuity of mineralisation, grade continuity, sample spacing, data quality, and reconciliation. For bedded mineralisation, Mineral Resource categories are based on the following indicative drill spacings: • Measured Resources – Maximum drill spacing of 60 m x 60 m. • Indicated Resources – Maximum drill spacing of 200 m x 100 m. • Inferred Resources – Maximum drill spacing of 400 m x 200 m. Hydrated and detrital mineralisation is typically assigned a lower confidence classification than the underlying bedded material, due to poor grade continuity and high variability observed in these units.

Pilbara Operations Technical Report Summary – 31 December 2021 Page 99 of 169 At the completion of the resource estimation process, the QP for Mineral Resources conducted a final review of the amount and quality of data, assays, structural complexity, continuity of mineralisation and grade, estimation technique and reconciliation performance as well as consideration of any other aspect of the deposit that may affect how it could be economically mined, such as social, environmental, approvals, government, licences, contaminants, depth of mineralisation etc. The purpose of the review is to identify the risks and opportunities within the deposit and assign the appropriate classification. 11.3 Mineral Resource estimate The basis of the Property’s Mineral Resource estimate and how it is generated are summarised below. The Mineral Resource estimate for the Property is reported here in accordance with the requirements detailed in Subpart 1300 of Regulation S-K. For estimating the Mineral Resource, the following definition as set forth in Subpart 1300 of Regulation S-K, are applied. Under Subpart 1300 of Regulation S-K, a Mineral Resource is defined as: “… a concentration or occurrence of material of economic interest in or on the Earth’s crust in such form, grade or quality, and quantity that there are reasonable prospects for economic extraction. A mineral resource is a reasonable estimate of mineralization, taking into account relevant factors such as cut-off grade, likely mining dimensions, location or continuity, that, with the assumed and justifiable technical and economic conditions, is likely to, in whole or in part, become economically extractable. It is not merely an inventory of all mineralization drilled or sampled.” The Mineral Resource estimate for the Property is presented by ore type in Table 11:1. Mineral Resources are estimated by Rio Tinto for operating mines and development projects within the Property. The effective date of the Mineral Resource estimate is 31 December 2021. The Mineral Resource estimate is based on the following assumptions: • Exclusive of Ore Reserves – Mineral Resources are reported exclusive of Ore Reserves. • Moisture – All Mineral Resource tonnages are estimated and reported on a dry basis. • Mineral Resources are provided as in situ estimates. • Mining Factors or Assumptions – It is assumed that standard open pit load and haul mining operations used by Rio Tinto Iron Ore will be applicable for the mining of Mineral Resource Ore. • Metallurgical Factors or Assumptions – It is assumed that crushing, screening and beneficiation processes used by Rio Tinto will be applicable for the processing of Mineral Resource ore. Predicted yield and upgrade are deposit specific and are based on metallurgical test work conducted on representative samples collected from those deposits or adjacent analogous deposits. • Environmental Factors or Assumptions – Extensive environmental studies and surveys will be completed during the project study phases to determine if the project requires formal State and Commonwealth environmental assessment and approval. Mapping of oxidised shales, black carbonaceous shales, lignite, and the location of the water table, is used to predict and manage potential environmental impacts.

Pilbara Operations Technical Report Summary – 31 December 2021 Page 100 of 169 • Heritage Factors or Assumptions - Extensive cultural heritage studies, surveys and engagement with traditional owners will be completed during the project study phases to determine if the project requires additional assessment, monitoring, or exclusion areas to be maintained during mining, to manage potential impacts to sites.

Pilbara Operations Technical Report Summary – 31 December 2021 Page 101 of 169 Table 11:1: Reported Mineral Resources as at 31 December 2021

Pilbara Operations Technical Report Summary – 31 December 2021 Page 102 of 169 The Mineral Resources presented are not Mineral Reserves and do not reflect demonstrated economic viability. The level of geological uncertainty associated with the reported Inferred Mineral Resources is considered too high to apply relevant economic and technical factors to have the economic considerations applied that would enable these to be categorised as Mineral Reserves. There is no certainty that all or any part of the Inferred Mineral Resources will be converted into Mineral Reserve. All figures are rounded to reflect the relative accuracy of the estimates and totals may not sum exactly as a consequence. Based on the body of technical studies completed across the Property, it is the QP’s opinion that the Mineral Resources have reasonable prospects of economic extraction. 11.4 Cut-off grade, price, and justification Cut-off grade (COG) criteria for Mineral Resources are derived from the customers’ requirement for high grade, consistent product for use as either blast furnace or sinter feed. COGs for deposits Mineral Resources which can be accommodated within a current product strategy are broadly aligned with Reserve COGs for these types of deposits (e.g. Brockman, Marra Mamba, Detrital) Currently, Rio Tinto reports Mineral Resources by deposit type (BID further sub-divided by geological formation, CID and DID). In addition to this, Rio Tinto sub-divides iron mineralisation for reporting Mineral Resources typically using the following criteria: • High-grade Brockman Ore using a Fe cut-off grade (≥ 60% Fe). • Brockman Process Ore is reported as ≥ 50% Fe <60% and ≥ 3% Al2O3 < 6% where geology is coded as Joffre Member, Dales Gorge Member or FWZ. • High-grade Marra Mamba Ore is reported ≥ 58% Fe where geology is coded as Newman Member, MacLeod Member, or Nammuldi Member. • Boolgeeda Ore is reported as High Grade ≥ 60% Fe and Blending Aluminous as ≥ 55% Fe < 60% and ≥ 3% Al2O3 < 6.5%. • Detrital ores are reported in relation to their Bedded Ore origins; ≥ 58% Fe for Marra Mamba detritals, ≥ 60% Fe for Brockman detritals or Boolgeeda detrital ores are reported as High Grade ≥ 60% Fe and Blending Aluminous as ≥ 55% Fe < 60% and ≥ 3% Al2O3 < 6.5%. • CIDs are reported primarily based on strand, but with some exceptions where a COG is applied based on metallurgical processing recovery assumptions. In addition, Mineral Resources are reported for major strands only. Mineral Resources are typically tested for economic viability from a combined Mineral Reserve and Mineral Resource schedule and using the same consensus price used for Mineral Reserves. Section 16.3 sets out commodity price projections used for Mineral Reserves, and the analysis on which the commodity price is based. As noted in section 12.3, the COG for the reported Mineral Reserve (and by extension, Mineral Resource) is not based on calculation of a break-even content of a payable mineral, or similar economic break-even analysis. Instead, whether a parcel of material has economic value is based on its potential contribution to a material blend, and the COG associated with that material reflects the requirements of the relevant product.

Pilbara Operations Technical Report Summary – 31 December 2021 Page 103 of 169 11.5 Uncertainty in the estimates of Inferred, Indicated, and Measured Mineral Resources The Qualified Persons are satisfied that the stated Mineral Resource classification reflects the appropriate level of confidence and takes into account relevant factors of the deposits. The application of resource categories appropriately considers the relevant factors used in the classification process. Some examples of specific factors that can influence the risk and uncertainty of the Mineral Resource estimates that are considered in the resource classification include: • Interpretation of the mineralisation boundary. Areas of complex or discontinuous mineralisation is typically assigned one category lower that the main mineralisation. • Geological/structural uncertainty including localised, tight folding or complex faulting. • Drill hole spacing and adequacy in defining geology, mineralisation, structure, and grade. • Quality of samples, assays and geological information. • Domains or regions within domains where grades are more variable are typically assigned lower levels of resource classification. • Reconciliation performance, in instances that the deposit or similar deposit/domains have been mined. • Density uncertainty, particularly below water table, where density is typically less sampled. The Mineral Resources have addressed reasonable prospects of economic extraction and have considered a range of mining, metallurgical and environmental factors. Mineral Resource confidence is also assessed via independent reviews and internal peer reviews conducted at key stages of the Mineral Resource estimation process with no material issues identified. Rio Tinto operates multiple mines in the Pilbara region of Western Australia. The Mineral Resource data collection and estimation techniques used for all Pilbara deposits are consistent with those applied at other deposits where mining has commenced. Reconciliation of actual production with the Mineral Resource estimates for individual deposits is generally accurate to within 10% for tonnes on an annual basis. This result is indicative of a robust process and provide a high level of confidence in the Mineral Resource estimate used as the basis of Mineral Reserves for the operations. 11.6 QP's opinion on factors likely to influence the prospect of economic extraction The main factors likely to influence the prospect of economic extraction include: • Size and location of the deposit and its proximity to infrastructure. • Grade of mineralisation in relation to market requirements/preferences. • Mineralogy in relation to amenability to processing, upgrade, and yield. • Areas which should be excluded for environmental, heritage, water or infrastructure reasons. • Mineralisation which has limited prospects of being recovered due to being remnant areas of existing mines or backfill areas. In the QP’s opinion, all these factors are adequately considered for the Mineral Resources reported.

Pilbara Operations Technical Report Summary – 31 December 2021 Page 104 of 169 12. Mineral Reserve estimates 12.1 Key assumptions, parameters, and methods 12.1.1 Geological model OBMs developed for the Mineral Resource reporting within each mining area form the basis of the Mineral Reserves estimates. OBMs are derived from the geology model (outlined in Section 11) and are extended by: • Undergoing regularisation to a selective mining unit, with dilution and recovery from the regularisation taken into consideration. • Addition of approved pit designs and cutbacks. • Integration of actual and planned mined surfaces. • Addition of non-recoverable zones. • Binning of chemistry grades. • Application of grade binning to support scheduling. • Assigning of moistures to in-situ material. • Product predictions for possible processing streams are applied. 12.1.2 Moisture Geology models contain tonnage estimates on a dry in situ basis. During generation of the OBMs, the estimated water content (moisture) for each block model block is added. The moisture estimate includes consideration of material physical properties and hydrogeology. By including both dry tonnes and water content in the block models, estimates for dry and wet tonnages can be determined from the bock models as required for planning, reporting or any other purpose. Metallurgical regressions are applied to dry material. From this, expected water content is predicted for each product, allowing reporting of wet product tonnes by combining the dry tonnes and moisture content. 12.1.3 Metallurgical and processing recoveries Metallurgical and processing recovery estimates are applied to crusher feed tonnages based on the processing plant type (refer Section 14.1). Dry crushing and screening plants achieve a recovery of 100%. Wet plants achieve typical recoveries of 85 to 92% (dry basis) for Marra Mamba and Brockman ores. Processing of pisolite ores results in recoveries ranging from 50 to 90% due to the relatively higher and more variable clay content. Beneficiation plant yield is approximately 60 to 70%. 12.1.4 Methodology A mining schedule that fully consumes the scheduling inventory for the Property is developed from the prepared OBMs. To demonstrate economic viability of the Property’s Mineral Reserves, economic modelling is completed. Material is only reported as Mineral Reserve if the level of geological certainty is sufficient to allow a QP to apply the modifying factors in sufficient detail to support detailed mine planning and economic viability of the deposit.

Pilbara Operations Technical Report Summary – 31 December 2021 Page 105 of 169 12.2 Modifying factors Modifying factors are applied to mineralised material within the Measured and Indicated Resource classifications in the Mineral Resource to establish the economic viability of Mineral Reserves. QPs consider mining, processing, metallurgical, economic, marketing, legal, environmental, infrastructure, social, and governmental factors that are applicable to each mining area within the Property. Key modifying factors considered when converting Mineral Resources to Mineral Reserves include: • Geotechnical Parameters: Geotechnical models are prepared for each deposit based on drilling, mapping, and other data. These models form the basis for slope stability analysis and development of pit design parameters to ensure pit walls meet an acceptable factor of safety. • Surface Water (Hydrology) Assessments: Hydrological modelling techniques are used to assess the potential impact of ephemeral water courses and flooding due to surface water runoff post rain events. Pit designs are either modified, or appropriate surface water control measures are included in the pit design. • Groundwater (Hydrogeology) Assessments: In case of orebodies extending below the water table, groundwater models are developed, accounting for geological assessments, drill holes, test pumping and monitoring bores. Groundwater models form the basis for assessing the technical feasibility of pit dewatering and are necessary for design of an adequate dewatering strategy, inclusive of location, number and capacity of dewatering bores, discharge requirements and projected drawdown of the groundwater table. Projected drawdowns are used to constrain mine plans as appropriate. • Pit designs are developed based on the geotechnical, hydrological and hydrogeological assessment, incorporating access and any other technical requirements. Only material contained inside a designed pit is converted to a Mineral Reserve. • Metallurgical tests on appropriate samples form the basis for selection of the processing method, prediction of throughput rates, as well as metallurgical recoveries and product qualities. These metallurgical predictions are incorporated into the OBM that underpin mine plans and schedules. Plans and schedules are developed to meet target product specifications; expected saleable product tonnes and grades are the basis for estimation of the Mineral Reserve. • Part of a Mineral Resource is only converted to a Mineral Reserve if it is within the footprint of an existing mining area or processing hub, or if a pre-feasibility study has been completed establishing the technical and economic feasibility of establishing a mining operation. Studies consider processing and rail infrastructure for transportation to ports, requirements for workshops and offices, workforce accommodation, access to water and power, and other required facilities. • Only parts of deposits where all statutory and regulatory requirements for mining have been satisfied, or where previous experience shows there is a reasonable expectation of obtaining all required permits and authorisations prior to scheduled mining, are converted to Mineral Reserves. 12.3 Cut-off grade estimate The key determinant for the classification of material into ore and waste is the target product specification of the various iron ore products. Whether a particular parcel of material has economic value or not does not depend on the characteristics of the parcel itself, but on its potential contribution to a material blend. Target product specifications determine the quantity of saleable ore that can be economically extracted from the orebodies, and thus the reported Mineral Reserve. The COG for the

Pilbara Operations Technical Report Summary – 31 December 2021 Page 106 of 169 reported Mineral Reserve is not based on calculation of a break-even content of a payable mineral, or similar economic break-even analysis. Pilbara Blend Lump and Fines are the core product of Rio Tinto and are produced by combining ore from the Channar, Eastern Range, Paraburdoo, Tom Price, Western Turner Syncline, West Angelas, Hope Downs 1, Hope Downs 4, Brockman 2, Nammuldi, Silvergrass, Brockman 4, Gudai-Darri (under construction) and Marandoo mining areas. Ore produced from the Yandicoogina mine and the Robe Valley mines are sold as standalone products (Yandicoogina Fines, and Robe Valley Lump and Fines respectively). The primary parameter for determining if material is ore or waste is iron content. Deleterious elements such as phosphorous or alumina can also influence the ore-waste determination. For example, material high in iron may be excluded from product due to its phosphorous content. COGs are shown in Table 12:1. Table 12:1: Rio Tinto product COGs Ore Type COG Range (Fe%) Yandicoogina Pisolite 55% Robe Valley Pisolite 53-55% Pilbara Blend Brockman 57-60% Pilbara Blend Marra Mamba 56-58% COGs for sites contributing to the Yandicoogina and the Robe Valley products tend to be constant over time. COGs for JV mines contributing to blended products are governed by commercial arrangements between the JV participants. In respect of 100% Rio Tinto owned mines that contribute to blended products, COGs are varied over time. Across the system, ore from each contributing mine is blended to ensure the product specifications are met. The economic viability of the reported Mineral Reserve is assessed by generating a production schedule that fully consumes the Mineral Reserves with all other material treated as non-revenue generating. Ensuring that a positive NPV is achieved using specific economic assumptions for costs and revenues. Further details on price, costs, and time disclosure are provided in Section 19. 12.4 Mineral Reserve estimate The Mineral Reserve for the Property is presented by ore type in Table 12:2. Mineral Reserves are estimated by Rio Tinto for operating mines and development projects within the Property that have reached or surpassed pre-feasibility stage. The effective date of the Mineral Reserve estimate is 31 December 2021. Mineral Reserves are reported as the economically mineable portion of a Measured and/or Indicated Resource after consideration of modifying factors. Measured Resources are reported as Proved Reserves, and Indicated Resources are reported as Probable Reserves in order to reflect the level of confidence in the Resource estimate in the Reserve estimate. All stockpile Mineral Reserves are classified as Probable Reserves due to the inherent variability of stockpiled material.

Pilbara Operations Technical Report Summary – 31 December 2021 Page 107 of 169 Mineral Reserves are stated as dry shipped saleable ore, excluding moisture content. The only payable mineral is iron. All figures are rounded to reflect the relative accuracy of the estimates and rounded subtotals may not add to the stated total. • During 2021, Rio Tinto carried out a periodic review of its Mineral Resource and Mineral Reserve reporting including a review of the materiality of various deleterious elements and the level of breakdown provided for each operation or project. As a result of this review, the following changes have been implemented for 2021 annual reporting: • Silica, alumina, phosphorous and loss on ignition (LOI) are now reported for the Pilbara operations. Previously, deleterious elements were not considered material for Pilbara Operations due to the integrated nature and blending practices. As such, providing these details at the deposit level had the potential to mislead as ore from individual deposits is blended to create a saleable product. With the changing market conditions, Rio Tinto considers that these deleterious elements are becoming more relevant to pricing outcomes and is implementing this revised reporting to provide additional transparency. As the information may still be misleading at a deposit level due to the integration and blending practices, Rio Tinto has moved to reporting the Pilbara as a single integrated property, with breakdown by material type, inclusive of deleterious elements at the material type level. Iron Ore Australia Reserves decreased by approximately 12%, with the majority of this reduction due to mining depletion. Approximately 6% of the decrease is associated with reclassification of Mineral Resources to Inferred and cultural heritage exclusions. In 2021, 46 Million dry tonnes have been removed from Ore Reserves as a result of protection of Heritage sites.

Pilbara Operations Technical Report Summary – 31 December 2021 Page 108 of 169 Table 12:2: Reported Mineral Reserves as at 31 December 2021

Pilbara Operations Technical Report Summary – 31 December 2021 Page 109 of 169 12.5 QP’s opinion on risk factors that may materially affect the Mineral Reserve estimates Mineral Reserve estimates are reviewed annually or when new information becomes available that may impact the respective modifying factors. The QPs are not aware of any risk factors that may materially affect the Mineral Reserve estimates. The primary risk with potential to alter modifying factors used in converting Mineral Resources to Mineral Reserves is associated with areas of significant cultural heritage value, identified through ongoing proactive consultation with Traditional Owner groups. In the view of the QPs, Rio Tinto’s Integrated Heritage Management Process provides reasonable grounds to assess whether the necessary heritage approvals will eventuate within the time required by the relevant mine plan. Noting that, Rio Tinto’s approach to cultural heritage management generally will continue to evolve in response to changes in agreements with Traditional Owners, further engagement with Traditional Owners and changing heritage legislation.

Pilbara Operations Technical Report Summary – 31 December 2021 Page 110 of 169 13. Mining methods 13.1 Current mining operations Mining areas within the Property currently operate using conventional open pit mining methods. Haulage is done both manually and autonomously using haul trucks ranging from 180 to 310 t capacity. Hydraulic excavators and front-end loaders are used to mine ore in benches. Bench heights of 8 to 12 m are generally employed, although in some areas reduced height benches of 4 or 5m are implemented to optimise ore body recovery and minimise dilution and ore loss. Drilling is segregated between production and contour areas. Production areas consist of flat laying ground, with typical blast hole diameters greater than 200 mm. Contour drilling is completed by smaller support drills on contour areas of natural ground or to enable impact controls around culturally or environmentally sensitive areas. Contour drilling is done at a diameter less than 200 mm. Bulk explosive products such as ammonium nitrate and fuel or emulsion are used to load drill holes. The products are mixed on bench through Mobile Processing Units (MPU). Holes encountered on the Property that are in areas with a high amount of water or high-water table are loaded with pumped emulsion blends. Where the blend allows, ore is hauled directly to crushers from the open pit. Otherwise, ore is stored on stockpiles. Stockpiles comprise of Run-of-Mine (ROM) stockpiles located near crushers or long- term stockpiles spread throughout the mining area. Waste is hauled from the open pit to adjacent waste rock storage (WRS) areas, used as fill material for development projects or used to back-fill pits to meet closure obligations under Part IV of the Environmental Protection Act (EP Act). Most operations within the Property are existing projects, hence the schedule used to support the estimation of Mineral Reserves assumes that existing mining method will continue for both existing and new projects under consideration. This is deemed adequate for the Mineral Reserves due to strong historical performances, in-grained efficiencies from long term operation and the presence of large, near-surface orebodies targeted for mining. 13.2 Parameters relative to the design and schedule 13.2.1 Geotechnical considerations The Property covers a geographically large area with varying ground conditions. The development of a realistic ground model with an understood degree of confidence plays a critical role in the design of optimised and stable pit slopes. Ground models used for designs and schedules incorporate: • Structural Geology – Orientation of weak shale bands associated with folding and fault orientation. • Rockmass Conditions – RQD, joint spacing, orientation, conditions, and intact rock strength. • Porewater pressure during the life of the operation. Data is collected and analysed to create the ground model. This includes: • Surface mapping. • Orientated diamond drill holes.

Pilbara Operations Technical Report Summary – 31 December 2021 Page 111 of 169 • Downhole televiewer. • Geology model. • Groundwater model. Validation of the ground model is conducted through the operating life of each mine. Geotechnical monitoring and reconciliation of mapping allows for continuous improvement and adaption of the ground control models. A degree of contingency is mandated in designs through a design acceptance criteria (DAC). DAC is applied based on the risk profile of the design sector or area. If slope instability in a particular sector impacts critical infrastructure, it will be assigned a higher DAC than if that same instability were to impact non-critical infrastructure, which in turn is assigned a higher DAC than if there were only a minor impact on production. An outline of DAC for mine slopes and waste dumps is shown in Table 13:1. Due to the varying nature of pits amongst the Property, several analytical tools are deployed to analyse slope stability: • 2D and 3D Limited equilibrium slope stability analysis (Slide 2 and Slide 3). • 2D and 3D Finite element modelling (RS2, RS3 and FLAC). • Rocfall and RocTopple for natural slopes and rock toppling mechanisms. Table 13:1: Geotechnical factors of safety for slopes and dumps Criteria Factor of Safety Probability of Failure (%) Risk Category Risk Category Scale Infrastructure High Mod-Low High Mod-Low Slopes Single Batter N/A 1.2 1.1 25 30 Double Batter N/A 1.2 1.1 10 15 Inter-ramp None 1.2 1.2 10 15 Inter-ramp Long term ramp 1.3 1.3 10 10 Overall Slope None 1.3 1.2 5 5 Overall Slope Long term ramp 1.3 1.3 5 5 Overall/ Inter-ramp slope Fixed Infrastructure > 1.5 1.5 3-1 5-3 Dumps Dump Point/ Single Lift None 1.1 1.1 20 30 Overall dump/deep seated and foundation instability None 1.3 1.2 5 10 Overall Dump /Closure Fixed Infrastructure > 1.5 1.5 3-1 5-3

Pilbara Operations Technical Report Summary – 31 December 2021 Page 112 of 169 Slope angles implemented are controlled by the DAC, geometrical limitations (including access and berm configurations) and ground conditions. Typical overall slope angles in different geology are: • 48-54° in detritals. • 35-50° in bedding-controlled slopes. • 50-60° in rockmass controlled slopes. Monitoring of slopes is conducted to improve understanding and increase safety and efficiencies of designs. High risk slopes are monitored through continuous monitoring systems measuring slope movement. Moderated and low risk slopes utilise prism monitoring. Action and response plans are created and updated depending on risk profiles for slopes. Porewater pressure immediately behind the slope is measured by vibrating wire piezometers in areas where the pits are below water table. 13.2.2 Hydrogeological considerations Mathematical (numerical and analytical) modelling, of both surface water and groundwater provides essential information for decision making in support of existing and proposed mining operations in the Property. Models are designed to inform risk during all stages of pit development, spanning from operational mine dewatering to closure obligations. Approximately 40% of the pits Rio Tinto currently mines on the Property are below the water table. BWT mining from the Property is planned to continue at a rate of approximately 30 – 45% over the next 10 years . Groundwater modelling is completed using industry standard software. Uncertainty analysis is assessed through robust, industry standard algorithms. Models are constructed according to internal framework and standards and build on the hydrogeological conceptual model. Structural controls and hydro stratigraphical layers are sourced from the geological block models and surrounding geological outcrops, augmented by hydrogeological investigations including drilling and pumping testing. Models are historically matched to temporal stress events including changes in groundwater level, rainfall, pumping or changes to outflow conditions. Non-uniqueness and associated statistical parameter uncertainty are assessed by adopting an ensemble modelling approach and supporting Monte Carlo techniques under the umbrella and principles of Bayesian decision analysis. The models are then used predictively to assess the likelihood and consequences of impacts of pumping on groundwater levels and to devise and optimise appropriate pit dewatering strategies. In operational mining, groundwater models are used to support scheduling for each mining area and inform bench progressions on a pit-by-pit basis. The mine and dewatering plan are synchronised for increased efficiency. This is achieved via an iterative process undertaken between the mine planner and the hydrogeologist to confirm mine rates are commensurate with the ability to dewater the surrounding groundwater systems and to ensure dry and safe mining conditions in a pit is achieved. Groundwater models are also used to: • Devise dewatering strategies (number of bores, pump specification, expected yields, schedule of implementation and volumes) to meet the mine plan. • Estimate site water balances over the life of a pit; including water management to accommodate periods of excess or deficit.

Pilbara Operations Technical Report Summary – 31 December 2021 Page 113 of 169 • Assess impact to environmentally sensitive receptors pre and post mining. The following documents form the basis with which to feed the groundwater model: • Bore completion reports providing lithologies, water bearing intersections, water quality, bore yields and initial standing waters. • Hydrogeological assessments detailing groundwater occurrence, aquifer characteristics, hydraulic gradients, dewatering or water supply. • Groundwater modelling reports explaining algorithms applied to represent natural processes within a groundwater flow system and how the model is calibrated to temporal stress events. • Annual aquifer reviews contrasting groundwater pumping against licensed allocation. • Groundwater operating strategy detailing parameters to be monitored over the operational life of bore fields and used to assess impacts against the allocation license. Flood estimation techniques and hydraulic modelling are used to simulate flood events and define floodplain extent and design flows for new and existing mines. The approach follows industry guidelines for application of direct rainfall, Monte Carlo simulations and ensemble modelling techniques. Development flooding is evaluated for design storm events between 1:2 and 1:200 Annual Exceedance Probabilities (AEPs). Hydrological and hydraulic modelling inform assessment of development on hydrology regime by considering differences in peak flow rates and flood volumes for pre- and post-development scenarios. Closure surface water and landform stability risks are evaluated using regional modelling of rare to extreme flooding, including the 1:1000 and 1:10,000 AEP design flood events. The following surface water information forms the basis of the hydrological models: • Surface water management plans providing overviews of rainfall and catchment characteristics, storm runoff, drainage, environmental impacts, and closure requirements. • Flood risk assessments, describing inherent flood risks associated with operational activities. • Design reviews, summarising surface water management impacts and surface water risks of pits, dumps, and stockpiles. • Flood plain assessments, outlining the impact of developments on flood flows and hydrological regimes. • Baseline hydrology assessments describing natural hydrological conditions. 13.2.3 Open pit and waste dump design Pit optimisation software is used to generate optimised pit shells. The input factors used in the pit optimisation process include: • Overall pit slope angles based on geotechnical recommendations for specific materials. • Hydrogeological and surface water constraints. • Surface constraints including environmentally sensitive and culturally significant areas.

Pilbara Operations Technical Report Summary – 31 December 2021 Page 114 of 169 • Mining costs including variation by mining bench and by pit stage. • Mining dilution and mining recovery parameters. • Ore handling and ore processing costs (including rail and port costs). • Processing recoveries. • Product price. • Selling and transportation costs. • Royalties. Chosen revenue factors for optimised pit shells vary between 0.4 and 0.8, mainly due to the nature of ore presentation. Product price has the most impact when conducting sensitivity analysis. Detailed pit designs are produced from optimised shells. The designs are split into stages, based on the development strategy or ore presentation. The designs are completed in accordance with internal Mine Road Design Guidance. The design criteria provides the geometric design of safe and productive roadways within the active mining areas that are used by Light and Heavy Mining Equipment or defined in the Pit Permit Rules. Operations that have Autonomous Haulage Systems (AHS) have further internal guidelines due to specific exceptions and additional requirements that need to be considered when completing designs. Dimension and depth of pits vary significantly, driven by orebody characteristics such as width and length. All pit designs are subjected to multiple stakeholder reviews to ensure compliance to the inputs provided and factors of safety. Waste Rock Storage (WRS) areas are initially designed in accordance with internal criteria and guidance. WRS lift heights vary between 5 and 20 m with berms on the waste dumps varying between 10 to 50 m. Final design parameters are set by closure and rehabilitation obligations under the EP Act. Figure 13.1 shows the outline of the Property. Due to the geographic spread of the Property, Yandicoogina is used as an example to provide further details.

Pilbara Operations Technical Report Summary – 31 December 2021 Page 115 of 169 Figure 13.1: Rio Tinto mining areas across the Property

Pilbara Operations Technical Report Summary – 31 December 2021 Page 116 of 169 13.3 Production schedule 13.3.1 Scheduling process At the time of reporting, the Property comprises total Mineral Reserves of 2.7Bt, and total Mineral Resources of 24.9Bt, on a 100% basis. The conversion of material from a Mineral Resource to Mineral Reserve category occurs on a progressive basis. The timing of the conversion is dependent on completion of technical studies to a minimum of Pre-Feasibility level including application of Modifying Factors. To estimate the Mineral Reserves inventory, Life-of-mine schedules are created for each mining area to achieve the relevant product(s) specifications. The individual schedules form the basis of the Property’s Mineral Reserve inventory and provide guidance on development sequence, scale of operation, remaining mine life and the contribution of each mining area to meet business and customer requirements for product quantity and quality. The main constraints for the schedules are: • Product quality specifications. • Processing plant throughput capacity. • Permitting dates for future deposits. • Vertical bench advance rate, due to dewatering constraints and mining contour areas. To demonstrate economic viability of the Property’s Mineral Reserves at the time of reporting, a Mineral Reserve production schedule is created. This schedule utilises only material classified as Mineral Reserve as revenue generating, removing revenue generated from Mineral Resources and therefor providing a standalone economic assessment. The amount of Proven and Probable Mineral Reserves used in this schedule does not necessarily represent the amount of material utilised for extraction and production within the Property’s mining operations, in practice. In light of Rio Tinto’s extensive mining operations across the Pilbara spanning more than 50 years, where marketing and operating conditions allow, actual production across the Property utilises both Mineral Reserve and Mineral Resources. As a result of this approach, the production rates scheduled may not align with production guidance, previously demonstrated production rates and system capacity. 13.3.2 Scheduling results Figure 13.2 shows the production schedule consumes the entire Mineral Reserves inventory and covers a 20-year period with an average production rate of 300 – 320 Mtpa wet product achieved over the initial 5 years. Production is via multiple product streams, including PBF, PBL, HIY, RVF and RVL. In the Mineral Reserve production schedule, a secondary blended product is also included to ensure all Mineral Reserve inventory is consumed, this is to account for periods when insufficient Marra Mamba Mineral Reserves are available to create the relevant products, PBL and PBF. As a result, in the Mineral Reserves schedule, this secondary product is materially scheduled from year 5. However, the current study program contains sufficient development projects to support sustaining the Property with its core products through the progressive conversion of Mineral Resource to Mineral Reserve.

Pilbara Operations Technical Report Summary – 31 December 2021 Page 117 of 169 The production profile does not include inferred Mineral Resources which are mined concurrently from Mineral Reserve pits, or production from the SP10 product stream. RTIO plans to continue to produce SP10 product in the near term, forecasting between 6% - 9% of the product mix. Figure 13.2: Mineral Reserve schedule 13.3.3 Mining Unit Dimensions The appropriate Selective Mining Unit (SMU) varies significantly for each deposit within the Property. To determine an appropriate SMU, factors such as mining equipment size, data support and orebody characteristics are considered. The process of regularisation from a sub-block model to a regularised block model, simulates the expected dilution and ore recovery losses due to the physical characteristics of the mining equipment planned for use during extraction of the ore. This process effectively models a level of dilution and ore loss depending on the block size chosen. Due to the large bulk mining equipment used for most operations (350 to 500 t), a large, regularised block size is more representative. Where the contact zones are well defined and can be spotted on ground, dozers are used to minimise dilution and ore losses. Table 13:2 shows the block size range for the Property. Table 13:2: Range of SMU for the Property X Dimension (m) Y Dimension (m) Z Dimension (m) 6.5-25 6.5-25 4-10 13.3.4 Mining dilution and recovery factors Dilution and ore loss factors are encountered through the process of transforming a sub-block model to a regularised model. Recovery of ore between the sub-block and regularised model varies between 70-90% for deposits in the Property. Lower recovery is experienced in the Pisolite or hydrated areas. Quarterly and annual reconciliation of Mineral Reserve to Plant Feed and Product are completed by Rio Tinto. These comparisons provide an indication of how well the Mineral Reserve estimate has performed for the reporting period. The process of reviewing each site’s reconciliation with the life-of- mine stakeholders ensures an ongoing performance feedback loop, building confidence in the model. 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 20 22 20 23 20 24 20 25 20 26 20 27 20 28 20 29 20 30 20 31 20 32 20 33 20 34 20 35 20 36 20 37 20 38 20 39 20 40 20 41 20 42 M t W et

Pilbara Operations Technical Report Summary – 31 December 2021 Page 118 of 169 13.4 Stripping and backfilling requirements Pre stripping of deposits within the Property are considered as part of the planning process, with sustaining deposits added progressively to meet production requirements. Due to the nature of the ore bodies, the lead time and cost associated with these development activities does not have a substantial impact on the mining sequence and project economics. Backfilling of pit voids is completed to meet permitting conditions where applicable. 13.5 Mining fleet, machinery, and personnel requirements Equipment fleet and machinery currently in use is outlined in Table 13:3. The Property currently operates a total of approximately 980 units and 4,500 employees are required to operate the mines. Capital allocation for any additional fleet requirements is considered for the production schedules. Table 13:3: Property mining fleet and machinery (October 2021) Machine Class Machine Type Quantity Excavator 150t - 200t 11 200t - 300t 8 300t - 400t 42 400t - 600t 23 +600t 8 Front End Loader 1200KW - 1500KW 34 + 1500KW 13 Haul Trucks 90t - 150t 8 150t - 218t 244 218t - 255t 72 255t - 363t 130 Drills Support 40 Production 58 Dozers 375KW - 500KW 64 500KW -700KW 74 Graders 175KW - 250KW 48 250KW - 335KW 3 335KW - 410KW 25 Water Trucks 90t - 150t 51 150t - 218t 20 14. Processing and recovery methods 14.1 Processing methodologies and flowsheets The mineral processing plants used in the Pilbara may be classified into three principal categories:

Pilbara Operations Technical Report Summary – 31 December 2021 Page 119 of 169 • Dry crushing and screening, with retention of all feed to product. A typical flowsheet for a dry crushing and screening iron ore plant is depicted in Figure 14.1. • Wet processing of crushed ore using wet screening and removal of ultrafine particles to reject gangue minerals or to reduce adverse material handling properties. The process of removal of ultrafine particles is commonly referred to as de-sliming. A typical flowsheet for a wet screening and de-sliming iron ore plant is depicted in Figure 14.2. • Beneficiation of coarse and fine fractions of lower grade ores, using gravity or dense media separation techniques to improve product grade qualities. The flowsheet for the existing Rio Tinto iron ore beneficiation plant at Mount Tom Price is depicted in Figure 14.3. Figure 14.1: Typical flowsheet for a dry crushing and screening iron ore plant

Pilbara Operations Technical Report Summary – 31 December 2021 Page 120 of 169 Figure 14.2: Typical flowsheet for a wet screening and de-sliming iron ore plant

Pilbara Operations Technical Report Summary – 31 December 2021 Page 121 of 169 Figure 14.3: Flowsheet for the existing Rio Tinto iron ore beneficiation plant at Mount Tom Price Rio Tinto’s current and future planned operations will use one of the three basic plant descriptions outlined above. Existing plant performance is used in conjunction with metallurgical test work from new deposits to assess suitability of the current plants for new orebodies or in developing flow sheets for new satellite crushing plants or full plants. Many of Rio Tinto’s planned orebodies will extend the operating life of existing sites. Existing crushers and processing plants will be used where possible in preference to developing new additional facilities. 14.2 Brockman ores All three categories of processing flowsheets are used in the processing of Brockman ores in both current and planned operations. Table 14:1 lists Rio Tinto’s current operating plants processing Brockman ore within the Property, inclusive of a brief description of the processing methodology in use at each plant. Table 14:1: List of current Rio Tinto Brockman ore processing plants Existing Mines/Production Facilities Processing Operations Brockman 2 Dry crushing and screening to lump and fines iron ore products. Ore from Brockman 2 may also be fed to the Nammuldi processing plants.

Pilbara Operations Technical Report Summary – 31 December 2021 Page 122 of 169 Existing Mines/Production Facilities Processing Operations Brockman 4 Dry crushing and screening to lump and fines iron ore products. Channar Dry crushing prior to transportation on a conveyor shared with the Eastern Range mine to a central screening and tertiary crushing plant, which is a common facility with the Paraburdoo mine. The blended ore is dry screened to produce a lump iron ore product. The fines are subjected to further wet processing, using hydrocyclones to produce a de-slimed fines product. Eastern Range Dry crushing prior to transportation on a conveyor shared with the Channar mine to a central screening and tertiary crushing plant, which is a common facility with the Paraburdoo mine. The blended ore is dry screened to produce a lump iron ore product The fines are subjected to further wet processing, using hydrocyclones to produce a de-slimed fines product. Gudai-Darri Dry crushing and screening to lump and fines iron ore products. Hope Downs 4 Crushing and wet screening of ore to lump and fines iron ore products. Hydrocyclones are used to de-slime the fines product. Mount Tom Price Dry crushing and screening to lump and fines iron ore products for high grade ore. Low grade ore is beneficiated through a separate processing plant; iron ore fines are beneficiated using heavy media cyclones and gravity separation (spirals); iron ore lump is beneficiated using heavy media drums. Paraburdoo Ore from the existing Channar, Eastern Range and Paraburdoo mines is crushed and conveyed to a central processing plant. Dry screening produces a lump iron ore product, and the fines iron ore product is de-slimed using wet screening and hydrocyclones. Western Turner Syncline High and low grade ore from the Western Turner Syncline mines is crushed and conveyed to the nearby processing plants at Mount Tom Price. 14.3 Marra Mamba ores Existing and planned Marra Mamba processing facilities utilise either dry crushing and screening or wet screening and de-sliming of fines products. Table 14:2 lists Rio Tinto’s current operating plants processing Marra Mamba ore within the Property, inclusive of a brief description of the processing methodology in use at each plant. Table 14:2: List of current Rio Tinto Marra Mamba ore processing plants Existing Mines/Production Facilities Processing Operations Hope Downs 1 Dry crushing and screening to lump and fines iron ore products. Marandoo Dry crushing, wet screening to lump and fines iron ore products, with de- sliming of fines through use of hydrocyclones. Nammuldi Dry crushing and screening of some material from Nammuldi mine. The remaining ore from the Nammuldi pit and ore from the Silvergrass or B2 mines is crushed ahead of wet screening to lump and fines products, with de-sliming of fines products through use of hydrocyclones. Silvergrass Ore from the Silvergrass mine is crushed and then conveyed to the shared Nammuldi/Silvergrass below water table plant.

Pilbara Operations Technical Report Summary – 31 December 2021 Page 123 of 169 Existing Mines/Production Facilities Processing Operations West Angelas Dry crushing and screening to lump and fines iron ore products. 14.4 Channel Iron Deposits Existing and planned CID processing facilities use a combination of dry crushing and screening and wet screening and de-sliming of fines products. Table 14:3 lists Rio Tinto’s current operating plants processing CID ore within the Property, inclusive of a brief description of the processing methodology in use at each plant. Table 14:3: List of current Rio Tinto CID processing plants Existing Mines/Production Facilities Processing Operations Mesa A Dry crushing and wet screening to remove fines. Crushed iron ore is railed to the combined Robe Valley plant at the Cape Lambert port for crushing and screening to lump and fines iron ore products. Mesa J Dry crushing followed by wet screening and de-sliming using hydrocyclones. Crushed and de-slimed ore is railed to the combined Robe Valley plant at the Cape Lambert port for further crushing and screening to lump and fines iron ore products. Yandicoogina The processing facilities at Yandicoogina use a mixture of dry crushing and screening circuits and wet processing circuits using either screens or upflow classifiers to de-slime ore. All products at Yandicoogina are crushed to fines. 14.5 Processing plant throughput and characteristics The processing plants in use within the Property have been developed over the history of Rio Tinto’s operations and span several decades of operation. The throughput and specific equipment in use at each plant varies as a consequence of the specific mine and ore characteristics. Table 14:4 summarises the types of equipment in use across the Property and the current range of throughputs on both an annual and an hourly basis. As feed rates have varied over the years due to plant expansions and variations in site mine plans, a range of operating rates across the plants within the Property has been supplied rather than by individual plant. Table 14:4: Throughput and equipment characteristics of processing plants within the Property Throughput Range Equipment Characteristics Specifications 1,000-6,500 tonnes per hour (tph) Jaw crushers, gyratory crushers or sizers are used for primary crushing. Design and equipment specifications used by Rio Tinto include:

Pilbara Operations Technical Report Summary – 31 December 2021 Page 124 of 169 Throughput Range Equipment Characteristics Specifications 9-45 Mtpa Cone crushers and sizers are used for secondary and tertiary crushing stages. Scrubbers are used to slurry ore ahead of wet screening and de-sliming. Screens are used in both wet and dry applications to separate material by size fraction. Hydrocyclones, screens and upflow classifiers are used for de-sliming. Heavy media drums are used to beneficiate low grade lump. Dense medium cyclones are used to beneficiate - 6.3 + 0.5 mm low grade fines. Mineral Spiral Separators are used to beneficiate - 0.65 mm low grade fines Horizontal belt filters and pan filters are used in some wet processing plants for dewatering of finer fractions prior to stacking to final products. Conventional thickeners are used to thicken fine tailings prior to pumping to tailings storage facilities. Stackers and reclaimers are generally used to facilitate product transfer between plant, stockyard and rail loading points. • Australian Standards • International Standards (ISO) • Rio Tinto Major Project Standards • Rio Tinto internal HSES and Major Hazards standards Rio Tinto Iron Ore Engineering Standards The power, water and process materials requirements are more directly linked to the type and size of the plant rather than ore type, Table 14:5 relates consumption rates to the type of processing plant in preference to listing by Brockman, Marra Mamba or CID. As many of the plants use common water and power supply networks, and feed moisture also varies across time at all sites, consumptions have been supplied by plant type as the ranges are representative of all plants within the three categories.

Pilbara Operations Technical Report Summary – 31 December 2021 Page 125 of 169 Table 14:5: Typical energy, water and process materials for Rio Tinto iron ore processing operations within the Property Plant Type Process Energy Requirement per Tonne of Ore Processed Process Water Requirement per Tonne of Ore Processed Process Materials Dry crushing and screening 2-3 kWh/t ~50 litres No addition of reagents Wet screening and desliming 3 kWh/t 150-200 litres 20-50 g flocculant/tonne of dry tailings Beneficiation (heavy media) 10 kWh/t 200-300 litres Ferrosilicon use 500-700 g/tonne feed Energy consumption rates are supplied as a range as overland transport of crushed ore by conveyors increases unit consumption for some plants relative to others where crushing and screening are co- located. The process water requirement is defined as the amount of water that is consumed per tonne of ore processed. A total of 717 employees are directly assigned to the processing plants within the Property. The processing methods, plant designs and other parameters used by Rio Tinto for current and future Brockman, Marra Mamba and CIDs are in use commercially both within the Property and more generally within the iron ore industry. Measurement and reconciliation of predicted processing properties including mass recovery (yield) is routinely completed and used to inform existing predictions and those for future plants.

Pilbara Operations Technical Report Summary – 31 December 2021 Page 126 of 169 15. Infrastructure 15.1 Tailings The Property has 20 tailings storage facilities (TSFs), with nine operational on 31 December 2021. The locations of the facilities within the Property are shown in Figure 15.1. Fine tailings are generated due to de-sliming iron ore fines products during processing. 13 of these TSFs are located within previously mined pits, of which five incorporate a constructed impounding structure. Of the seven TSFs located outside mined-out areas, there is a mix of cross-valley and paddock-style impoundments. Key dam safety surveillance activities include daily inspection, automated monitoring on most facilities and regular review of data by internal engineers and the Engineer of Record (EoR). Governance of tailings management has a 3-tiered approach with key activities including quarterly independent internal engineer review, quarterly EoR inspection and review, annual independent third- party review, annual review by independent technical review boards and two levels of independent internal managerial and technical review completed every 2-3 years. Also there is an active expit Hamersley Agricultural Project (HAP) dam in Marandoo mining area in the Property (ANCOLD consequence category low). Table 15:1 presents a list of the Property TSFs. Additional details for Rio Tinto’s tailings storage facilities, Rio Tinto’s approach to management of tailings and the Rio Tinto standard for management of tailings and water storage facilities are publicly available on the Rio Tinto website (www.riotinto.com/sustainability/environment/tailings). Additional details for waste dumps and Tailings disposal are covered under section 13.2 and 17.2 respectively.

Pilbara Operations Technical Report Summary – 31 December 2021 Page 127 of 169 Table 15:1: Property TSFs Mining Area Facility In-pit/Ex-pit ANCOLD Consequence Category Status Mesa J TSF1 In-pit Significant Inactive TSF 2.5 In-Pit Very Low Inactive TSF3 In-pit High C Active TSF4 In-pit with embankments High C Inactive TSF5 St 3 In-pit with embankments High C Inactive Mesa A TSF1 In-pit Very Low Active Nammuldi WFSF Ex-pit Significant Active Tom Price TSF1 Ex-pit Very Low Inactive TSF2A Ex-pit High B Active Marandoo WFSF Ex-pit High C Inactive SWFSF Ex-pit High B Active Paraburdoo TSF Ex-pit High C Active Yandicoogina WFC1 In-pit Very Low Inactive WFC3 In-pit with embankments High C Inactive WFC3A In-pit with embankments High C Active WFC4 In-pit with embankments High C Inactive WFC5 In-pit Low Active Hope Downs 4 WFSF Ex-pit Significant Inactive DSP WFSF In-pit Very Low Inactive Area 3 WFSF In-pit Significant Active

Pilbara Operations Technical Report Summary – 31 December 2021 Page 128 of 169 Figure 15.1: TSFs across the Property

Pilbara Operations Technical Report Summary – 31 December 2021 Page 129 of 169 15.2 Roads Rio Tinto operates and maintains 9,365 km of roads and tracks within the Property (Figure 15.2). 358 km are sealed roads located within mine sites or between mine sites and public roads. The remaining 9,007 km are unsealed with 7,489 km classed as tracks and 1,518 km classed as roads. Unsealed roads typically provide routine access to sites or infrastructure, whereas tracks are used for short periods of time and provide access to locations that are infrequently accessed. Maintenance is completed by the various departments that utilise the roads and tracks with ad-hoc engagement of internal and external specialists as required. Inspectors have been appointed for some key unsealed access roads, where they ensure maintenance of both a safe road environment and serviceability of the road surface.

Pilbara Operations Technical Report Summary – 31 December 2021 Page 130 of 169 Figure 15.2: Privately owned and public roads across the Property

Pilbara Operations Technical Report Summary – 31 December 2021 Page 131 of 169 15.3 Rail Rio Tinto’s railway is the largest privately owned, operated, and maintained railway in the world. Approximately 1,890 km of track infrastructure connects 17 mine sites to two ports, which includes an integrated control signalling system (ICSS), further supported by Pilbara communication, train control and AutoHaul® systems. A map of the combined rail network and port facilities is shown in Figure 15.3. The Rio Tinto railway operates and complies under the requirements set by the Office of the National Rail Safety Regulator (ONRSR). The rail network is made up of 54 Rail bridges, 1,188 cuttings and embankments, 3 road bridges, 53 active level crossings, 5,400 culverts, 644 turnouts along with over 2,000 km of sealed and unsealed access roads. A track maintenance machine fleet includes 4 mainline grinders, 3 switch grinders, 8 tampers, 6 regulators, 7 mobile flash butt welders, a RM900 ballast cleaner and several earth-moving assets. Rolling stock assets include 233 locomotives, 14,000 individual ore car wagons, 22 compressor brake cars, 32 instrumented ore cars and a fleet of services cars, rail trains, ballast train, flat cars, and fuel tanker cars. Rolling stock maintenance is performed at two locations, the 7 Mile facility in Dampier which includes an automated wheel farm capable of refurbishing up to 3,000 wheelsets per month, and the Cape Lambert rail facility where additional locomotive and ore car wagon maintenance is performed. The 8 Mile flash butt welding facility is also located at Dampier and produces up to eighteen 400 m rail “strings” per week, supporting rail renewal activities. The Railways division also operates the 10 KP facility near Cape Lambert where refuelling, trip servicing & inspections of rolling stock is carried out. 15.4 Port facilities Port facilities across Dampier and Cape Lambert locations in North-Western Australia facilitate mining assets in the Property. The locations of these facilities are included in Figure 15.3. The facilities include car dumping, conveying, stacking, reclaiming, screening and ship loading assets. One facility includes crushing and assets to handle crushed and deslimed ore from Robe Valley operations. Stockyards allow for product management and blending to obtain requisite specification requirement. There are 7 operational wharf facilities with a total of 14 marine berths protected by berthing dolphins. Cape Lambert marine berths are capable of berthing vessels up to 280,000 DWT. Rio Tinto owns 11 tugs for the management of vessels during arrival and departure from the wharfs.

Pilbara Operations Technical Report Summary – 31 December 2021 Page 132 of 169 Figure 15.3: Rail network and port facilities across the Property

Pilbara Operations Technical Report Summary – 31 December 2021 Page 133 of 169 15.5 Potable water and wastewater Water supply for towns, mines, rail, ports, and camps is provided by production and dewatering bores on the Property, and from the Water Corporation of Western Australia (Western Australian Government Service) (Figure 15.4). Water supply systems on the Property incorporate drinking water source protection plans, bores, pipelines, pumps and storage tanks, and water treatment and disinfection assets. Wastewater from towns, mines, rail, ports and camps is collected by Rio Tinto managed sewerage systems and treated by onsite wastewater treatment facilities. Water supply and wastewater systems are regulated by the ERA, DWER and DMIRS. Groundwater use (the licence to extract water) within Western Australia is licensed under the Rights in Water and Irrigation Act, 1914. Under section 5C of the Act, DWER grants licences to extract groundwater. Rio Tinto operates and manages numerous 5C licences. The 5C licences prescribe annual water entitlements and conditions and provide for the requirement of annual submission of groundwater monitoring data and aquifer impact assessment prepared in accordance with Operational Policy No. 5.12 Hydrogeological Reporting associated with a groundwater well licence. Table 15.2 lists the groundwater licences current as of 2020, along with expiry dates and allowable maximum annual extraction in kilolitres (equivalent to cubic metres). Table 15.2: Property Groundwater Licenses and Allocation Borefield GWL Expiry Date Allocation (kL/a) Brockman 2 Nammuldi and Silvergrass 107421(22) 17-Aug-26 55,000,000 Brockman 4 164398(9) 27-Mar-28 6,900,000 Bungaroo 201931(1) 12-Sep-28 10,000,000 Channar 107414(13) 16-Aug-27 1,500,000 Hope Downs 1 Potable 161143(6) 26-Nov-22 500,000 Hope Downs 1 Mine 161141(7) 5-May-24 40,150,000 Hope Downs 4 Village 173443(3) 29-Sep-24 473,000 Hope Downs 4 Mine 172872(7) 29-Sep-24 20,000,000 Gudai-Darri 177962(5) 29-Aug-29 2,300,000 Gudai-Darri Rail 202549(1) 11-Mar-29 1,500,000 202550(1) 11-Mar-29 1,500,000 Marandoo 107420(15) 21-Jul-27 36,500,000 Mesa A & Warramboo 162500(8) 30-May-27 3,000,000 Mesa J 107678(12) 6-Nov-24 30,000,000 Pannawonica 107677(8) 27-Nov-27 700,000 Paraburdoo 109318(14) 15-Jun-26 9,000,000 Tom Price 107481(17) 12-Jul-27 11,000,000 Turee B 103136(9) 9-Apr-25 3,102,500 Turee Creek 107413(9) 15-Jun-26 3,230,000 West Angelas Operations 98740(11) 13-Jul-27 5,380,000 98740(12) 21-Oct-29 14,000,000

Pilbara Operations Technical Report Summary – 31 December 2021 Page 134 of 169 Western Turner Syncline 167297(6) 21-May-27 11,000,000 Yandicoogina 166205(7) 31-Aug-27 83,000,000 Rail Network 177274(1) 23-Jun-23 220,000

Pilbara Operations Technical Report Summary – 31 December 2021 Page 135 of 169 Figure 15.4: Major pipelines network and bore/pumping locations across the Property

Pilbara Operations Technical Report Summary – 31 December 2021 Page 136 of 169 15.6 Accommodation Rio Tinto operates and maintains assets within remote Fly-In-Fly-Out (FIFO) Villages and residential Towns in the Pilbara. A map of FIFO and residential accommodation facilities within the Property is shown in Figure 15.5. There are ~3,000 residential and ~300 commercial properties located across Tom Price, Paraburdoo, Pannawonica, Wickham, Dampier, and Karratha. There are ~18,000 rooms located within 32 FIFO Villages across the Pilbara along with assorted central facilities to support each Village such as dining rooms, taverns, and recreational facilities. Critical infrastructure that supports the FIFO Villages includes potable and waste water plants, potable water networks, and back-up power generation. Rio Tinto also owns and operates aerodromes at Gudai-Darri, Paraburdoo, West Angelas, and Greater Brockman. Facilities Maintenance and asset management services are provided through an external service provider under a multi-year integrated services contract.

Pilbara Operations Technical Report Summary – 31 December 2021 Page 137 of 169 Figure 15.5: FIFO/residential accommodation across the Property

Pilbara Operations Technical Report Summary – 31 December 2021 Page 138 of 169 15.7 Hydrocarbons fuel infrastructure Rio Tinto operates a network of diesel fuel facilities. Parker Point is the main import and supply point. Fuel is distributed into and from Parker Point to the West Angelas, Brockman and Paraburdoo diesel fuel hubs via rail. Distribution occurs from the inland hubs to site storage facilities is via road tankers. A map of Hydrocarbons Fuel Infrastructure within the Property is shown in Figure 15.6. Rio Tinto owns and maintains all fuel, oil, and lubricant facilities. Hydrocarbons facilities are built and maintained to Australian Standards and American Petroleum Industry standards and are regulated by the DMIRS.

Pilbara Operations Technical Report Summary – 31 December 2021 Page 139 of 169 Figure 15.6: Fuel hub locations across the Property

Pilbara Operations Technical Report Summary – 31 December 2021 Page 140 of 169 15.8 Power generation and transmission Rio Tinto operates and maintains its power generation and transmission network within the Property. There are four power stations operating twelve gas turbine generators (GTGs) located at Karratha (5), Cape Lambert (2), Paraburdoo (3) and West Angelas (2). The network load varies seasonally between 200-300MW with gas provided by the Dampier to Bunbury Nature Gas Pipeline and the Goldfields Gas Pipeline. The transmission network is predominantly 220kV with 790 km of overhead transmission line and a 132kV transmission line between Cape Lambert and Pannawonica totalling 175 km. There are three 220kV switching stations and twelve bulk terminal substations located near the port and mine operations where the transmission voltage is stepped down to 33kV for distribution within the facilities. Rio Tinto is also the network operator for the Pilbara Towns of Tom Price, Paraburdoo, Wickham, Dampier, and Pannawonica. A map of Power transmission lines and facilities is shown in Figure 15.7. The Rio Tinto network is also weakly inter-connected to the Northwest Interconnected System (NWIS) at the transmission level, via 33kV connections to Horizon Power located at Dampier and Cape Lambert.

Pilbara Operations Technical Report Summary – 31 December 2021 Page 141 of 169 Figure 15.7: Power transmission lines and facilities across the Property

Pilbara Operations Technical Report Summary – 31 December 2021 Page 142 of 169 15.9 Communications and infrastructure The communications network consists of 1,700 km of optic fibre cable extending along the rail network feeding the mines and ports. There is another 50 km of reticulated fibre at each of the mine and port locations. 170 microwave radio links (greater than 1 Gigahertz) are deployed across the mine and port sites to interconnect the server rooms, radio base station, communications cabinets, and equipment where it is not practical to deploy fibre. Across the Property, there are approximately 250 server rooms, radio base stations and, communications cabinets that house the voice mobile radio networks and the autonomous data radio networks for rail and mine Long-Term Evolution (LTE) wireless broadband. The autonomous LTE network at the mines is used for autonomous haulage and drilling, which is additionally supported by a further 200 communications trailers extending coverage to all operational areas of the mines. A map of Communication layout is shown in Figure 15.8. The voice mobile radio system enables radio communications across and within the Property mine, port and rail sites utilising approximately 200 communications towers ranging between 20-100 m in height with around 15,000 mobile radio assets on the network. All voice and data radio systems are compliant with the Australian Communications and Media Authority (ACMA) and covered by the 2,840 licenses held by Rio Tinto.

Pilbara Operations Technical Report Summary – 31 December 2021 Page 143 of 169 Figure 15.8: Communication layout across the Property

Pilbara Operations Technical Report Summary – 31 December 2021 Page 144 of 169 16. Market studies 16.1 Nature and material terms of agency relationships Rio Tinto has various intragroup arrangements relating to the sales and marketing of its products. There are no material third party agency relationships. 16.2 Results of relevant market studies Globally, the majority of iron ore (more than 70% or approximately 1.5 billion tonnes per annum [Btpa]) trades in the seaborne market, with relatively small volumes being produced and consumed by vertically integrated mine and steelworks operations. Asia as a whole represents approximately 90% of total seaborne imports, providing Rio Tinto an advantage given the proximity of the Property to market, with reduced freight costs and shorter voyage times. China accounts for just over 75% of Rio Tinto’s sales, with East Asia (Japan, Korea and Taiwan) forming Rio Tinto’s second largest market. Small volumes are also shipped to South East Asia, with minor intermittent volumes into Europe. China’s growth has been commodity intensive, following the government’s rapid response and stimulus that accelerated infrastructure projects and encouraged construction. China’s continued recovery is expected to transition to a more broad-based upswing in consumption and private sector investment. In the longer term, the trend of income growth in emerging markets, including those in ASEAN countries and India, will continue to drive global commodity demand. In China, strong commodity demand will be increasingly driven by the government’s urban agglomeration and decarbonisation targets, as well as a drive for self-sufficiency that will continue to grow the manufacturing sector. 16.3 Commodity price projections Based on a consensus view the long run 62% Fines Fe price (FOB) is projected to be 97.9 US c/dmtu. This consensus price represents the average of forecasts from nine brokers/banks and two analysts in the long run. The brokers/banks are Bank of America Merrill Lynch, Citigroup, Credit Suisse, Deutsche Bank, Goldman Sachs, JP Morgan, Macquarie, Morgan Stanley and UBS. The analysts are CRU and Wood Mackenzie. Adjustment to this consensus price is undertaken to reflect the prices for the various products produced by Rio Tinto in the Pilbara Product Valuation and Product Specification Requirements Rio Tinto produces both natural lump, which can be directly charged into a blast furnace, and fines, which require agglomeration via sintering or pelletising processes prior to charging into a blast furnace. These products are shipped to customers from four port terminals located in the Pilbara. Rio Tinto currently produces five core products. Pilbara Blend is the world’s most recognised iron ore brand, accounting for approximately 70% of Rio Tinto’s iron ore product portfolio. Pilbara Blend Fines (PBF) is the most traded physical iron ore product, forming the base load sinter blend in Chinese blast furnaces. It also forms the reference product for the 62% indices. Pilbara Blend Lump (PBL) is aligned to the 62% fines index with a lump premium and is the most widely available lump product. Pilbara Blend is formed by blending iron ore from multiple Brockman and Marra Mamba mines in order to achieve the blend iron requirement, whilst reducing both the average values, and variability, of the key gangue components of SiO2, Al2O3, and P. Yandicoogina Fines (HIY) is a pisolite product produced from the Yandicoogina deposit. It is a 58% Fe product but calcines to a high iron sinter, and it is relatively low in phosphorus and alumina. It is

Pilbara Operations Technical Report Summary – 31 December 2021 Page 145 of 169 used by customers in East Asia and Southern China as the base load in their sinter blend. Robe Valley is a pisolite product produced from the Robe Valley deposits. The Robe Valley Lump (RVL) and Robe Valley Fines (RVF) products have a lower iron content and a low phosphorus content, which is valued by specialty steel producers with more niche applications. In addition to the core products, Rio Tinto has also introduced SP10 as a low-grade product in order to protect Pilbara Blend quality and consistency. The supply and demand situation for iron ore is affected by a wide range of factors. As iron and steel consumption changes with economic development and circumstances, Rio Tinto delivers products aligned with its Mineral Resources and Mineral Reserves. These products have changed over time and have successfully competed with iron ore products supplied by other companies. 16.4 Mining and processing Rio Tinto utilises mining and processing contracts at some of its mine operations. These contracts are considered not material to the Property due to the scale and duration utilised. 16.5 Product transport and handling Rio Tinto Shipping Asia Pte Ltd (Rio Tinto Shipping Asia) procures the required freight services to deliver product from the Property to market. Rio Tinto also has established portside trading operations to sell iron ore directly from Chinese ports. These ports handle product from the Property and from Rio Tinto’s operations in Canada, in addition to third party products, and provide blending, screening and bonded warehouse capabilities. 16.6 Hedging arrangements Rio Tinto does not generally consider that using derivatives to fix commodity prices would provide a long-term benefit to our shareholders. However, for certain physical commodity transactions for which the price was fixed at the contract date, Rio Tinto enters into derivatives to achieve the prevailing market prices at the point of revenue recognition. 16.7 Forward sales contracts Rio Tinto places its products in a number of contract channels to maintain a diversified book. Contracts may be long term contracts, established for a period greater than one year (up to 7 years), or term contracts, established for a period less than one year. Rio Tinto will also place products onto the spot market to assist with price formation and discovery. 16.8 Contracts with affiliated parties All international related party transactions are conducted on the basis of arm’s length terms and conditions and pricing, in accordance with the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) transfer pricing guidelines and the relevant regulations prevailing in specific jurisdictions.

Pilbara Operations Technical Report Summary – 31 December 2021 Page 146 of 169 17. Environmental studies, permitting, and plans, negotiations, or agreements with local individuals or groups 17.1 Environmental studies Rio Tinto conducts various environmental studies as needed to support operations and for compliance with regulatory obligations. Baseline biological surveys are undertaken by qualified practitioners in accordance with Sate and Commonwealth regulatory requirements, including published guidelines and policies, they inform formal impact assessment processes in accordance with the provisions of the EP Act and where relevant the Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999 (EPBC Act). Where significant environmental values are identified the proponent applies the mitigation hierarchy as illustrated in Figure 17.1 to identify opportunities to avoid, minimise or rehabilitate impacts to these values. This includes the redesign of proposals or the development of Environmental Management Plans (EMPs) to manage potential impacts to identified values. EMPs are commonly included within approval conditions under Ministerial Statements issued in accordance with the EP Act following assessment and approval by environmental regulators. Outcomes of monitoring and management via EMPs are required to be reported on an annual basis. Mining Exclusion Zones may be applied to highly significant values which prevent extractive mining to ensure preservation of environmental values. These may also be expressly included within the conditions of environmental approvals. The mine design for the Mineral Reserve estimate within the Property incorporates these requirements and therefore the outcomes of these studies is not considered material to the estimate. Figure 17.1: Environmental mitigation hierarchy

Pilbara Operations Technical Report Summary – 31 December 2021 Page 147 of 169 Proponents are required to demonstrate through the environmental impact assessment process how the environmental regulator’s objectives for key environmental values (including consideration of cultural heritage values where they relate to ‘Social Surroundings’ as defined under the EP Act) are proposed to be achieved. An environmental impact assessment document is required to be prepared to summarise all the baseline environmental studies and stakeholder engagement undertaken and proposed environmental management. Where significant residual impacts to identified environmental values remain, environmental offsets are required. The environmental impact assessment documents and supporting baseline environmental studies are made publicly available through the State or Commonwealth regulators’ environmental websites, which are linked to the publicly available Ministerial Statements as listed in Table 17:1 (https://www.epa.wa.gov.au/all-ministerial-statements). Table 17:1: State Ministerial Statements for Rio Tinto’s managed mine sites Ministerial Statement # Site 0016 Channar 0131 Brockman 2 0584 Hope Downs 1 (incl. 0893 and Baby Hope 1025 amendment) 0644 Dampier Dredging 0731 Dampier Dredging 0741 Cape Lambert Port (Terrestrial) (incl. 1050 ) 0743 Cape Lambert Dredging 0770 Dampier Port (Terrestrial) (supersedes 0638, 0702 and 0734) 0776 Mesa K Remnant Mining 0840 Cape Lambert Port B (incl. 0876 and 1049) 0854 Hope Downs 4 (incl. 0932) 0867 Brockman 2 Mine Extension 0918 Cape Lambert to Emu Siding Rail line (supersedes 0880, includes 1074) 0925 Nammuldi Silvergrass (supersedes 0558) 0999 Koodaideri (Gudai-Darri) 1000 Brockman 4 (supersedes 0717) 1020 Marandoo (supersedes 0286, 0598 and 0833) 1031 Western Turner Syncline Iron Ore Project (supersedes 0946 and 0807) 1038 Yandicoogina (supersedes 0417, 0523, 0695 and 0914) 1068 Hamersley Agriculture Project (supersedes 0883) 1074 Cape Lambert to Emu Siding Rail line (incl. 0918, supersedes 0880) 1112 Mesa A Hub (supersedes 0756) 1113 West Angelas (supersedes 0514, 0970 & 1015)

Pilbara Operations Technical Report Summary – 31 December 2021 Page 148 of 169 Ministerial Statement # Site 1141 Mesa H Proposal (Revision to the Mesa J Iron Ore Development) (supersedes 0208) 1142 Turee Syncline (incl. 0947) Pending Approval Greater Paraburdoo Referred for Assessment Hope Downs 2 Referred for Assessment Brockman Syncline Referred for Assessment West Angelas Beyond 2020 17.2 Requirements and plans for waste and tailings disposal, site monitoring, and water management during operation and after mine closure 17.2.1 Waste management The DWER regulates industrial emissions and discharges to the environment (activities with the potential to cause emissions and discharges which may impact upon public health or the environment) through a works approval and licensing process, under Part V of the EP Act. Industrial premises with potential to cause emissions and discharges to air, land or water are known as prescribed premises and trigger regulation under the EP Act. Prescribed premise categories are outlined in Schedule 1 of the Environmental Protection Regulations 1987. The EP Act requires a works approval to be obtained before undertaking a prescribed activity and makes it an offence to cause an emission or discharge unless a licence or registration is held for the premises on which the activity is undertaken. A works approval authorises the construction of a prescribed premises and may also authorise emissions and discharges that occur during construction and commissioning. Licences are then required for ongoing operation of a prescribed premises. This includes licenced landfill and disposal facilities which are classified in accordance with the Landfill Waste Classification and Waste Definitions 1996 (as amended 2019). Hazardous chemicals and dangerous goods within the Property are managed in accordance with separate legislation administered by the Resources Safety Division of the DMIRS which regulates the use, storage, handling, transport and disposal of explosives and other dangerous goods. Each site is required to comply with all relevant Government Acts and Regulations, licences and environmental approvals. The design must also comply with the company’s environmental requirements and standards. Where the company requirements are more exacting than the minimum requirements of the Statutory Regulations and Australian Standards, the more stringent requirement is applied (refer to Section 17.3.4). Rio Tinto manages its operations in accordance with its Health, Safety, Environment and Quality (HSEQ) Management System which includes a register of legal/legislative requirements (including compliance requirements and external reporting), environmental standards and environmental design criteria. Regular monitoring and compliance reporting is undertaken in line with regulatory licence requirements and subject to regulatory audits. 17.2.2 Tailings disposal, site monitoring and water management The primary requirements for tailings storage facilities are taken from relevant legislation, works approval and licence conditions and supporting documents published by regulators, primarily DWER

Pilbara Operations Technical Report Summary – 31 December 2021 Page 149 of 169 (EP Act) and DMIRS (Mining Act 1978). Internal requirements are contained in the Rio Tinto D5 Management of Tailings and Water Storage Facilities standard and supporting documents, along with other relevant standards covering water, mineral waste, closure and risk management. Rio Tinto is in the process of achieving compliance with the Global Industry Standard on Tailings Management and supporting guidelines published by the International Council on Mining and Metals (ICMM). Further guidance is taken from widely applied industry guidance published by organisations such as the Australian National Committee on Large Dams (ANCOLD), the International Committee on Large Dams (ICOLD) and the Mining Association of Canada (MAC). The DMIRS, through administering the Mining Act 1978, Mining Act Regulations 1981, Mines Safety and Inspection Act 1994 and Mine Safety and Inspection Regulations 1995, governs safety and environmental aspects of tailings disposal in Western Australia. All tailings storage facility proposals need to be documented and the facility constructed as per the DMIRS Code of Practice (2013) and Guidance (2015). The tailings facilities are generally assessed by DMIRS or included with the environmental approval applications and undergo formal assessment under Part IV of the EP Act. The facilities also require a works approval (to construct) and a Licence (to operate) under Part V of the EP Act. Appropriate environmental conditions are attached to works approvals and licences which also set out monitoring and regulatory reporting/compliance requirements which the company must adhere to. The tailings storage facilities are also designed to ensure achievement and adherence to overarching environmental conditions of approval and management outcomes as set out in Ministerial approvals or environmental management plans. All sites on the Property have documented plans for the provision of life of mine tailings storage, including definition of the requirements for financial investment and external approvals. Long-term planning is linked with day-to-day operations by detailed deposition and water management plans, detailed within the Operations Maintenance and Surveillance manual. Each site has: • An appointed nominated manager (accountable for all aspects of tailings management). • Responsible dams engineer (responsible for technical and planning aspects of tailings management). • A qualified site representative (responsible for day-to-day operations and surveillance of tailings facilities). Technical leadership is provided by an EoR and support team sourced from third-party suppliers for each facility. Inspections are carried out in accordance with the Operations Maintenance and Surveillance manual and pre-prepared checklists by trained personnel at least daily for operational facilities and on a risk- basis for dormant facilities. Monitoring instrumentation such as piezometers, ground survey and groundwater monitoring bores are installed on all facilities, with remote telemetry installed for instruments where possible for the respective instrument type. Quarterly Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR) survey is also undertaken to track tailings beach development and storage capacity. Each site undergoes annual independent technical and stewardship review, conducted by qualified third- party suppliers. All recommendations arising from any review or audit are entered into the company’s action-management system, tracked and reported to senior management periodically.

Pilbara Operations Technical Report Summary – 31 December 2021 Page 150 of 169 Treatment of water entrained within tailings is managed in accordance with Rio Tinto Standards, environmental licences and environmental approvals. Additives are either not utilised or are selected to avoid potential contamination. In addition, the iron ore tailings materials are benign. In some cases, surface drainage is employed to limit inflows to a facility to promote dam safety, but there are no instances where inflows must be avoided to prevent mixing and contamination. The monitoring and management focusses on avoiding or minimising potential associated environmental impacts, particularly to ground water quality and associated groundwater dependant environmental values. The design of such systems are informed by key environmental values identified during the design phase and controls are introduced to ensure that potential risks can be managed to ensure no unacceptable environmental impacts. 17.3 Permits 17.3.1 Environmental Protection Act (WA) 1986 (EP Act) Projects within the Property require compliance with the EP Act. Licenses and approvals granted under this Act can be found at: https://www.der.wa.gov.au/our-work/licences-and-works- approvals/current-licences. Clearing within the Property complies with the EP Act and Environmental Protection (Clearing of Native Vegetation) Regulations 2004 which generally requires a Native Vegetation Clearing Permit under Part V the EP Act to undertake material new clearing. Rio Tinto projects that have the potential to significantly impact the environment are formally referred and assessed under Part IV of the EP Act. The EPA undertakes the assessment and issues a report which makes a recommendation to the Minister for the Environment as to whether a project should be approved and if so, conditions of approval. This report is also made publicly available and is open for a public appeal period. The Minister for Environment then considers the EPA’s report and any public appeals before determining, in consultation with other Ministers, whether the proposal or scheme should be allowed to proceed and, if so, under what conditions. Formal environmental approval is granted by the State Minister for the Environment with conditions of approval required to be met set out within a Ministerial Statement. This includes environmental requirements to be met through approved EMP’s (as described in Section 17.1) to demonstrate that the company is managing the project to meet the conditions of approval, in addition to the requirement to demonstrate compliance via compliance reporting requirements. A list of Rio Tinto‘s Ministerial Statements which contain the conditions of approval are provided in Table 17:1 and their full contents accessible at https://www.epa.wa.gov.au/all-ministerial-statements. Mineral Reserves in the Property which have open applications in progress with the department include deposits within, Greater Paraburdoo (pending approval) and Greater Brockman (Brockman Syncline) (referred for assessment). Operations which pre-dated the EP Act (Tom Price, Paraburdoo), and do not have a Ministerial Statement were originally managed under relevant legislation at the time and are now currently managed under the provisions of the EP Act (Part V licencing and EP Act Regulations 1987). 17.3.2 Biodiversity Conservation Act 2016 (BC Act) The BC Act provides for the listing of threatened native plants (flora), threatened native animals (fauna), and threatened ecological communities that need protection as critically endangered,

Pilbara Operations Technical Report Summary – 31 December 2021 Page 151 of 169 endangered, or vulnerable species or ecological communities because they are under identifiable threat of extinction (species) or collapse (ecological communities). A licence is required to be granted for the taking or disturbance of threatened species and communities listed under this Act (in addition to approvals granted under the EP Act and EPBC Act). The licences contain conditions and reporting requirements which Rio Tinto must meet. 17.3.3 Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999 (EPBC Act) The EPBC Act is the Australian Government’s central piece of environmental legislation. It provides a legal framework to protect and manage nationally and internationally important flora, fauna, ecological communities and heritage places, referred to as Matters of National Environmental Significance (MNES). Where MNES are present and have the potential to be significantly impacted, the project is required to be formally referred and assessed under the EPBC Act. If assessed under the EPBC Act as a ‘Controlled Action’ the project requires formal approval by the Federal Environment Minister outlining conditions of approval (EPBC Act Decision Notice). This includes environmental requirements to be met (which may include significant species management plans) to demonstrate that the company is managing the project to meet the conditions of approval, in addition to the requirement to demonstrate compliance via compliance reporting. A list of Rio Tinto‘s EPBC Act Decision Notices are provided in Table 17:2 and can be found on the Department of Agriculture, Water and the Environment’s website (http://epbcnotices.environment.gov.au/referralslist). Table 17:2: Federal EPBC Decision Notices for Rio Tinto’s managed mine sites EPBC Decision # Site 2008/4032 Cape Lambert Port B 2012/5815 Yandicoogina JSW & Oxbow 2012/6391 Turee Syncline 2012/6422 Koodaideri (Gudai-Darri) 2016/7843 Mesa A Hub 2017/8017 Mesa H 2018/8299 West Angelas C, D, G Pending Approval Greater Paraburdoo Referred for Assessment Hope Downs 2 Referred for Assessment Brockman Syncline Referred for Assessment West Angelas Beyond 2020 17.3.4 Mining Act 1978 Mining related activities require additional approvals under the Mining Act 1978. Mineral exploration- type activities on non-State Agreement tenure require an approved Program of Works from DMIRS. A Mining Proposal is required for construction and operation of mining related activities on Mining Act

Pilbara Operations Technical Report Summary – 31 December 2021 Page 152 of 169 tenure. A Mining Proposal details the activity, environmental management, compliance with other legislation and rehabilitation requirements and includes the provision of a Mine Closure Plan (refer to Section 17.5). 17.3.5 Rights in Water and Irrigation Act 1914 Approvals are required under the Rights in Water and Irrigation Act 1914 (WA) (RiWI Act) to take ground or surface water, or to interfere with the bed and banks of a watercourse. The 3 main approval types required to support Rio Tinto's operations are: • 26D Licence - a licence to construct or alter a production bore. • 5C Licence - a licence to take water from a watercourse, wetland or underground source. For large volumes (i.e. above 500,000 kL/a), significant hydrogeological / hydrological information and a groundwater operating strategy is required to support the application. • S17 Bed and Banks Permit - a permit may be required for works impacting on the bed or banks of a significant creek / drainage line. 17.3.6 The Aboriginal Heritage Act (WA) The Aboriginal Heritage Act 1972 (WA) as amended by the Aboriginal Cultural Heritage Act 2021 (WA) (AH Act) provides for the recognition, protection, conservation and preservation of Aboriginal cultural heritage and sets out a framework for the management of activities that may impact or harm heritage. Therefore, heritage surveys, assessments and consultation with Traditional Owners is required over all areas of proposed developments to ensure heritage values are identified and to support the integration of heritage considerations into mine planning and development studies. Where impact or harm to cultural heritage has been demonstrated to not practically be able to be avoided, Rio Tinto’s Integrated Heritage Management Process provides grounds to assess whether the necessary heritage approvals required under relevant legislation and Rio Tinto’s Communities and Social Performance Standard have been obtained and remain current or are likely to be obtained within the time required by the relevant mine plan. 17.3.7 Auditing and compliance Rio Tinto manages its operations in accordance with its HSEQ Management System which includes a register of legal/legislative requirements (including compliance requirements and external reporting), environmental standards and environmental design criteria. Regular monitoring and compliance reporting is undertaken in line with regulatory licence requirements. Regular audits are conducted within Rio Tinto to demonstrate compliance to internal guidelines and standards, and to ensure Government regulations and laws are adhered to through the Rio Tinto HSEQ management system. In addition, areas within the Property are subjected to regular and random environmental compliance audits from State and Commonwealth environmental regulators to maintain required permits. 17.4 Plans, negotiations, or agreements with local individuals or groups 17.4.1 Communities and social performance planning framework Rio Tinto’s activities are directed by a suite of governance documents including standards, policies, procedures, and guidance notes. In the area of Communities and Social Performance (CSP), application of the CSP Standard is mandatory for all Rio Tinto sites globally.

Pilbara Operations Technical Report Summary – 31 December 2021 Page 153 of 169 Broadly, the CSP Standard requires that assets maintain mutually beneficial relationships with host communities, and that business planning and decision making be informed by a robust socio- economic knowledge base and impact assessment. The Standard also requires that engagement must be transparent, inclusive, culturally appropriate, and publicly defensible, and there are also measures to afford protection of human rights. Rio Tinto businesses are also required to proactively seek opportunities to reach legally binding community agreements and pay compensation to communities for specified losses. Rio Tinto has multiple guidance notes on CSP subjects such as agreement-making, complaints resolution, engagement, land access, resettlement, social impact assessment, human rights and community investment. Rio Tinto’s CSP Standard is publicly available on the Rio Tinto website (https://www.riotinto.com/-/media/Content/Documents/Sustainability/Corporate-policies/RT- Communities-social-performance-standard). These documents have been written based on international good practice set by agencies such as the International Finance Corporation (IFC), ICMM and Minerals Council of Australia (MCA). 17.4.2 Agreements with Traditional Owners In the Pilbara region of Western Australia, Rio Tinto have agreements covering the traditional Country of the Banjima, Eastern Guruma, Ngarlawangga, Ngarluma, Nyiyaparli, Puutu Kunti Kurrama and Pinikura, Robe River Kuruma, Yindjibarndi and Yinhawangka Traditional Owner groups. Agreements often include protocols for managing cultural heritage, engagement protocols for implementation of agreement approaches, and benefit payments for access to land. The agreements are implemented through formal processes, such as Local Implementation Committee (LIC) and Regional Implementation Committee (RIC) meetings, as well as informal engagement as part of ongoing, long-standing relationships. These agreements with Traditional Owners are jointly being reviewed to ensure they are aligned to the parties’ expectations, Rio Tinto’s internal standards and the changing external landscape, including in relation to the protection of Aboriginal cultural heritage in Western Australia. Where impacts to Aboriginal cultural heritage cannot be avoided, approval for impacts is required under the Aboriginal Heritage Act 1972 (WA) as amended by the Aboriginal Cultural Heritage Act 2021 (WA) (AH Act). 17.4.3 Agreements with Pastoralists Rio Tinto owns six pastoral leases across the Pilbara region in Western Australia. Each station is operated as a pastoral lease with three stations sub-leased to third party operators and the remaining managed by Rio Tinto personnel. Stations owned by Rio Tinto include: • Hamersley, Rocklea, Juna Downs (Rio Tinto-operated). • Yalleen, Yarraloola and Karratha (third party-operated). Rio Tinto has agreements in place with several pastoralists that commit Rio Tinto to pay compensation where pastoral activities are impacted. Additionally, the access agreements clearly state the activities permitted on pastoral leases as well as the behaviours expected when Rio Tinto accesses a cattle station.

Pilbara Operations Technical Report Summary – 31 December 2021 Page 154 of 169 17.4.4 Negotiations and agreements for new studies/projects For each new project, negotiations may be undertaken with individuals or groups including Traditional Owners, other land holders and relevant shires or communities. In some instances, this is done with the aim of reaching agreement on development aspects such as benefit payments, land access, etc. Where development is undertaken on Native Title land, Rio Tinto also strives to achieve free, prior and informed consent (FPIC) with Indigenous Peoples, through a process of iterative engagement. 17.4.5 Complaints and incidents All Rio Tinto employees and contractors are responsible for following the Rio Tinto CSP Standard and the Community Complaints, Disputes & Grievances Guidance Note. These documents provide guidance to Rio Tinto personnel on how to manage community complaints, disputes and grievances. The CSP Standard included targets to reduce repeat and significant complaints. The Rio Tinto CSP team capture and track all Sentiments (Complaints, Comments, Compliments and Incidents). These are then linked to the appropriate stakeholders and prioritised accordingly where further action is required. Risk assessments are used to prioritise complaints and incidents, and where appropriate followed by an incident investigation and root cause analysis. 17.4.6 Community Development Plan Under the various State Agreements pursuant to which Rio Tinto conducts certain of its mining activities, Rio Tinto is required to produce and adhere to a Community Development Plan (CDP). The CDP requires the detail of its strategies for achieving community and social benefits in connection with its activities under the State Agreements. Under the State Agreements, community and social benefits are defined to include: • Assistance with skill, development, and training opportunities to promote work readiness and employment of persons living in the Pilbara region. • Regional development activities in the Pilbara region, including partnerships and sponsorships. • Contribution to any community projects, town services or facilities. • A regionally based workforce. Each year, Rio Tinto reports on its implementation of the CDP to the Minister for State Development and seeks confirmation that the report is in full satisfaction of all Rio Tinto’s State Agreement obligations. 17.5 Mine closure plans, remediation and reclamation plans, and associated costs Planning for closure of a site is a critical business process that demonstrates Rio Tinto’s commitment to sustainable development. Mine Closure Plans (MCPs) are prepared for all mines on the Property. These are submitted to regulatory agencies for assessment against requirements. They are also shared with non-regulatory stakeholders, such as Traditional Owners, to support engagement on closure planning.

Pilbara Operations Technical Report Summary – 31 December 2021 Page 155 of 169 MCPs follow the form and content requirements prescribed in the DMIRS Statutory Guidelines for Mine Closure Plans (2020a) and Mine Closure Plan Guidance - How to prepare in accordance with Part 1 of the Statutory Guidelines for Mine Closure Plans (2020b). The MCPs are developed to: • Assist Rio Tinto in the planning for and management of the mine rehabilitation and closure requirements by informing life of mine planning, operational activities and the development of closure provisions. • Meet the internal requirements of the Rio Tinto Closure Standard mandated for all Rio Tinto assets. • Inform key stakeholders on how Rio Tinto plans to meet its mine rehabilitation and closure requirements. • Reflect the current knowledge and requirements for closure of the mine, identify the knowledge gaps and inform the closure task register to continue to reduce risk and progress towards a planned and managed closure of the site. • Meet the requirements in the DMIRS Statutory Guidelines for Mine Closure Plans (2020a). A closure cost estimate is developed for each asset based on closure plans and updated annually at a minimum. The closure cost estimates include contingency and have an accuracy margin of error between -30% and +50%. The pre-tax NPC5.5 of all closure costs assumed within Rio Tinto’s Mineral Reserves only economic evaluation is $7.7 billion. These costs are factored into the economic analysis and can be seen in section 19.5.1. Closure strategies and designs for waste facilities are refined throughout mine life and detailed in the asset Mine Closure Plan. Significant technical work has been done to characterise the physical and geochemical properties of waste rock and tailings across the Rio Tinto Pilbara Iron ore operations. This information describes closure designs for each waste landform to ensure environmental risks are effectively managed. Post-closure monitoring requirements for vegetation establishment, erosion of waste landforms, surface/groundwater and other environmental parameters are also detailed in Mine Closure Plans. The closure monitoring plans become progressively more detailed throughout the operating life of the asset. 17.6 QP’s opinion It is the opinion of the QPs that Rio Tinto’s current actions and plans are appropriate to address issues related to environmental compliance and permitting, relationship with local individuals or groups, and tailings water management. A significant proportion of the Mineral Reserve estimate is located within existing permitted operating mining areas, supported by regular monitoring and compliance reporting undertaken in line with regulatory licence requirements. Parts of the Property’s Mineral Reserves estimate which have permits pending are in advanced stages of study. These include; o Brockman 4 Marra Mamba (BWT) – Referred for assessment with EPA under Brockman Syncline Proposal.

Pilbara Operations Technical Report Summary – 31 December 2021 Page 156 of 169 o Western Range – Pending approval with EPA under the Greater Paraburdoo Iron Ore Hub Proposal These projects will be subject to secondary approvals after Part IV, EP Act approval. 17.7 Commitment to local procurement and hiring The various State Agreements under which Rio Tinto conducts certain of its mining activities require Rio Tinto to produce and adhere to a Local Participation Plan (LPP). The LPP requires Rio Tinto to acknowledge the need for, and maximise the use of, WA labour (including training), services and procurement and ensures that WA suppliers, manufacturers and contractors are given fair and reasonable opportunity to tender or quote when preparing specifications for tenders and letting contracts for work, materials, plant, equipment and supplies. Rio Tinto must also use reasonable endeavours to ensure that every contract entered with a third party contains appropriate provisions requiring the third party to undertake procurement activities in accordance with the LPP. In addition to the LPP, Rio Tinto also has other obligations under the State Agreements, such as the requirement to use WA labour, services, materials, plant equipment, and supplies where reasonably and economically practicable. When submitting State Agreement proposals for significant works, Rio Tinto is also required to submit to the State the details of any services, works, materials, plant or supplies that it plans to obtain from outside of Australia, and to consult with the Minister about such details if required. Further to this, as part of the commitment to sourcing labour, services and materials from the local, regional and broader WA community, Rio Tinto submits two types of local content reports. These reports are submitted on an annual and quarterly basis, and confirmation is sought from the Minister for State Development that each report is in full satisfaction of all Rio Tinto’s State Agreement obligations. Rio Tinto is currently implementing a revised National Procurement Procedure (NPP) across all its Australian operating sites. The NPP is specifically aimed at increasing the participation of local and Indigenous businesses across Rio Tinto’s Australian supply chain. Further to this, the policy will generate a consistent approach across Rio Tinto asset groups nationally with respect to the identification and classification of Local and Indigenous businesses, their mandated participation and preference in the award of contracts. By adopting this consistent national approach, it will generate easier entry points to engaging with Rio Tinto and provide a greater ability for existing Indigenous businesses to expand.

Pilbara Operations Technical Report Summary – 31 December 2021 Page 157 of 169 18. Capital and operating costs Capital and operating costs are reflective of the modelled Mineral Reserves only schedule, presented at a Property level on a 100 percent basis2 and in real 2022 US$ dollars (with no allowance for inflation). Because asset values are presented in this TRS at a Property level on a 100 percent basis, capital and operating costs are modelled and presented on the same basis. External guidance in other Rio Tinto reporting is presented on an equity basis and in nominal terms. As such, the costs presented in this TRS are likely to deviate from costs published by Rio Tinto elsewhere. As noted in Section 13.3, the volume of material classified as Mineral Reserve for the purpose of this TRS does not fully represent the amount of material available and utilised for extraction and production within the Property’s mining operations. Where marketing and operating conditions allow, actual production across the Property utilises both Mineral Reserve and Mineral Resources, and as a result the production rates scheduled in this TRS may not fully align with production guidance given elsewhere, previously demonstrated production rates and system capacity. As such, capital estimates used in this TRS do not necessarily represent the capital forecasts released by Rio Tinto regarding projects within the Property, as these forecasts have regard to material that may not be included as Mineral Reserve at the time of reporting. At the time of reporting, the Property comprises total Mineral Reserves of 2.7 billion tonnes and total Mineral Resources of 24.9 billion tonnes. The conversion of material from a Mineral Resource to a Mineral Reserve occurs on a progressive basis. All deposits classified as Mineral Reserves at the time of reporting within the Property have been the subject of detailed study to at least a Pre-feasibility level. Studies are specific to an individual deposit or in some cases several deposits which sit within the same geographic ‘hub’. These study processes require Pre-feasibility level capital and operating expenditure estimates for the deposits which reflect the likely development sequence of those deposits. For the purpose of this TRS, to reflect the Mineral Reserves only schedule on an aggregated basis for the Property, capital costs that do not relate to Reserves have been excluded and the likely development sequence of deposits has been adjusted to reflect Mineral Reserves only. Capital estimates for some long-dated projects within the Mineral Reserves only schedule are sourced from generic assumptions informed by historical performance, however, these represent only a small proportion of total required capital expenditure. The remainder of the capital estimate is based on studies at pre-feasibility study level or higher. In this TRS, capital costs average $2.2 billion annually between 2022 and 2026 and total $18.0 billion over the duration of the Property’s Mineral Reserves only schedule (2022 – 2042). Capital estimates are based on the annual plan capital submission for the first five years, adjusted to reflect this Mineral Reserves only schedule. During the annual plan process, development capital estimates are based on detailed study assumptions whilst the mine sites and business functions provide sustaining capital estimates using a bottom-up project by project approach. Sustaining capital cost estimates after 2026 are based on historical capital performance and are driven by the physicals in the Mineral Reserves only schedule. The unit rate for sustaining capital is 2 For the purposes of this section, 100 percent basis means without regard for any apportionment of the expenses as between Rio Tinto and other equity holders, such as joint venture participants.

Pilbara Operations Technical Report Summary – 31 December 2021 Page 158 of 169 determined based on a review of historical spend and calculated using actual Total Material Movement and Saleable Ore Product. For the purposes of this Mineral Reserves only schedule, operating costs have been modelled at $20/t SOP consistent with current operating performance adjusted and applied to the reserve schedule. Operating costs include costs associated with mining, processing, rail, port, support and other costs such as Native Title and internal Rio Tinto assumptions with regard to carbon pricing. Annual cost projections are driven by physicals contained within the Mineral Reserves only schedule. Rio Tinto considers all cost estimates in this TRS relating to this schedule to be reasonable. 18.1 Capital costs Capital costs are estimated based on internal studies undertaken by Rio Tinto, and historical performance. Capital is inclusive of all mine, rail, port, power and other infrastructure capital required to maintain RTIO’s physical assets. Capital costs reflect sustaining, replacement and growth capital, including heavy mobile equipment (HME) required to replace aging fleet. Capital costs are summarised in Table 18:1. Table 18:1: Estimated capital for the Property Capital Expenditure Real, 100% basis Total 2022-2026 2027-2031 2032-2036 2037+ Total Expenditure (US$ million) 18.0 11.1 4.8 1.8 0.3 18.2 Operating costs Operating costs include costs associated with mining, processing, rail, port, support, and other costs such as those associated with Native Title and internal Rio Tinto assumptions with regard to carbon pricing. Across the supply chain, operating costs include both internal and external contract labour, diesel and energy, materials, corporate costs and other expenditure required in day-to-day operations. Throughout the life of the Mineral Reserves only schedule, operating costs average $20/t SOP.

Pilbara Operations Technical Report Summary – 31 December 2021 Page 159 of 169 19. Economic analysis The accuracy of capital and operating cost estimates must comply with the following guidelines (Table 19:1): Table 19:1: Capital and operating cost estimation accuracy guidelines Factors1 Initial Assessment Preliminary Feasibility Study Feasibility Study Capital Costs Optional.2 If included: Accuracy: ±50%. Contingency: ≤25%. Accuracy: ±25% Contingency: ≤15%. Accuracy: ±15%. Contingency: ≤10%. Operating Costs Optional.2 If included: Accuracy: ±50%. Contingency: ≤25%. Accuracy: ±25% Contingency: ≤15%. Accuracy: ±15%. Contingency: ≤10%. 1. When applied in an initial assessment, these factors pertain to the relevant technical and economic factors likely to influence the prospect of economic extraction. When applied in a preliminary or final feasibility study, these factors 2. Initial assessment, as defined in this subpart, does not require a cash flow analysis or operating and capital cost estimates. The qualified person may include a cash flow analysis at his or her discretion. 19.1 Summary Rio Tinto has produced an economic evaluation of the Property’s Mineral Reserves. Analysis excludes Mineral Resources and other lower confidence inventory. All cashflows are presented at a Property level on a 100 percent basis, in real 2022 US$ dollars with no allowance for inflation. The economic evaluation presented in this chapter may differ from other external guidance published by Rio Tinto. The amount of Mineral Reserves in the schedule does not necessarily represent the amount of material available and utilised for extraction and production within the Property’s mining operations from time to time (as explained in previous sections of this TRS). In light of Rio Tinto’s extensive mining operations across the Pilbara spanning more than 50 years, where marketing and operating conditions allow, actual production across the Property utilises both Mineral Reserves and Mineral Resources. As a result of this approach, the capital estimates, operating costs and production rates may not align with other published production guidance, previously demonstrated production rates and system capacity. RTIO’s Pilbara assets (the Property) comprise 17 iron ore mines and an integrated rail and port infrastructure network. An integrated system schedule was completed based on existing Reserves only to provide guidance on development sequence, scale of operation, mine life and the contribution of each mining area toward RTIO’s Pilbara product suite based on current product strategy. Economic analysis confirmed the strong economic viability of the Property’s Mineral Reserves, which deliver a post-tax Net Present Value (NPV) of $36.0 billion based on a real discount rate of 5.5 percent. This valuation is robust against sensitivities to changes in major variables.

Pilbara Operations Technical Report Summary – 31 December 2021 Page 160 of 169 19.2 Methodology 19.2.1 Modelling approach An economic evaluation of the Property’s Mineral Reserves is completed. Valuations are conducted in a standalone valuation model that forecast cash flows relating to Rio Tinto’s Pilbara mine, rail and port operations. Mine economics have been evaluated using the discounted cash flow method, mid-year discounting and taking into account annual iron ore production and sales. Sensitivities to price, operating costs, capital costs, foreign exchange and discount rate are evaluated. 19.2.2 Sources of assumptions A combination of internal and external sources is used as the basis for the financial evaluation. Key assumptions used in this economic analysis are outlined in Table 19:2. Table 19:2: Economic analysis assumptions used as the basis for financial evaluation Category of Assumption Source of Assumption Pricing and Revenue Consensus of Iron Ore Analysts’ estimates Physicals RTIO Technical Services Department Operating Costs RTIO actual costs flexed for physical drivers Capital Costs Rio Tinto Projects & Sustaining Capital estimates Taxation Australian Taxation Office Rio Tinto Tax Department Royalties and Native Title Western Australian Government Rio Tinto Communities Department 19.3 Inputs and assumptions 19.3.1 Financial Financial inputs and assumptions include: • Valuation date: 1st January, 2022; • Model based in US$ and in real 2022 terms; • Valuation undertaken on a 100 percent basis, without regard for any apportionment of the expenses as between Rio Tinto and other equity holders, such as joint venture participants; • Discount rate of 5.5 percent3, real after tax; and • Australian company tax rate of 30 percent. 3 Discount rate is the average real Rio Tinto Group Weighted Average Cost of Capital (WACC) based on consensus view using the average nominal forecasts from Bank of America Merrill Lynch, Citigroup, Credit Suisse, Deutsche Bank, Goldman Sachs, JP Morgan, Morgan Stanley, UBS, Royal Bank of Canada, Bank of Montreal, Exane BNP Paribas, Société Générale, ODDO BHF, CLSA, Bernstein, Barclays and SGB Securities. The average nominal WACC is adjusted for 2.5 percent inflation.

Pilbara Operations Technical Report Summary – 31 December 2021 Page 161 of 169 Table 19:3 outlines FX and Inflation rates used in the economic analysis. Table 19:3: FX and inflation rates used in economic analysis FX and Inflation Rates 2022+ Foreign Exchange Rate (US$:A$ Real) 0.78 Inflation (Australia) % 2.5% Inflation (USA) % 2.0% The Australian inflation forecast of 2.5 percent represents the mid-point of the Reserve Bank of Australia’s inflation rate guidance of 2.0 – 3.0 percent, on average, over time. The US inflation forecast of 2.0 percent is consistent with the Federal Reserve’s long term inflation target. 19.3.2 Pricing and revenue The long run 62% Fines Fe price is projected to be 97.9 US c/dmtu (FOB) based on a consensus4 view of future pricing. Table 19:4 outlines iron ore pricing used in the economic analysis. Table 19:4: Iron ore pricing used in economic analysis Iron Ore Reference Price US Cents per Dry Metric Tonne unit (c/dmtu) - FOB 2022+ Iron Ore Fines 97.9 The actual price received for each Pilbara product is adjusted against this benchmark price to account for the value in use premium / discount associated with each product, driven by chemistry and physical characteristics. 19.3.3 Government royalties and other costs • The Western Australian Government payment of 7.5 percent of FOB lump and fines revenue for crushed or screened product, and 5.0 percent of FOB lump and fines revenue for concentrated product; • Private royalties; • Lease rentals; • Native Title. 19.4 Capital costs Capital costs are summarised in Section 18.1. Capital expenditure is inclusive of sustaining, replacement and growth capital across the Property’s supply chain. 4 Consensus view represents the average of forecasts from Bank of America Merrill Lynch, Citigroup, Credit Suisse, Deutsche Bank, Goldman Sachs, JP Morgan, Macquarie, Morgan Stanley, UBS, CRU and Wood Mackenzie.

Pilbara Operations Technical Report Summary – 31 December 2021 Page 162 of 169 19.5 Operating costs Operating costs are summarised in Section 18.2. Unit operating costs reflect the ‘all in’ cost associated with producing each tonne of iron ore, on average, over time. Operating costs presented in Section 18.2 exclude closure and rehabilitation costs. 19.5.1 Closure costs Economic analysis includes allowances for rehabilitation and closure costs for each site based on current and future projected land disturbance. Closure costs include activities such as demolition and disposal of infrastructure, earthworks and civil works, water management, remediation of contaminated sites and revegetation. Closure costs included in this economic evaluation represent the Total Projected Cost of Closure (TPC) based on the property’s current and future disturbance footprint. Closure costs are incurred when each asset within the Property has reached its mine life and production ceases. Closure costs are also included for rail, port and utilities infrastructure, assumed to be incurred at the conclusion of the Mineral Reserves only schedule. Actual closure timing is likely to differ upon the inclusion of Resources and other currently excluded lower confidence Mineral Inventory. The pre-tax NPC5.5 of all closure costs assumed within Rio Tinto’s Mineral Reserves only economic evaluation is $7.7 billion. Rio Tinto is progressing opportunities to materially reduce closure costs by challenging key assumptions and methodologies that underpin closure, including improving estimation processes which will better inform costs, resourcing, and timing estimations. As noted in Section 18, all deposits within this Mineral Reserves only schedule have been the subject of detailed study to at least a Pre-feasibility level. Studies are specific to an individual deposit or in some cases several deposits which sit within the same geographic ‘hub’. These study processes consider closure costs which reflect the likely development sequence and disturbance footprint of those deposits. As pre-feasibility studies include both Mineral Reserves and Mineral Resources, and due to the difficulty in differentiating closure costs that relate to Mineral Reserves or Mineral Resources, the closure costs used within this TRS have been held consistent with recent studies and therefore may be overstated when contemplating the disturbance footprint and costs associated with this Mineral Reserves only schedule. This is a conservative approach and as a result Rio Tinto considers all closure cost estimates relating to this schedule to be reasonable. Additionally, Rio Tinto completes detailed closure studies for deposits as they approach end of mine life. Given the Property comprises 17 iron ore mines and an integrated rail and port infrastructure network, the timing of detailed closure studies will differ for each asset comprising the Property, resulting in differing levels of accuracy for closure cost estimates across these assets. 19.6 Cash flow 19.6.1 Cash flow analysis Rio Tinto reviewed the Mineral Reserve production schedule, after-tax cash flows to confirm the economics of the mine plan contemplated by this Mineral Reserve schedule. The Property’s Mineral Reserves are value accretive, delivering $44.4 billion in post-tax free cashflow.

Pilbara Operations Technical Report Summary – 31 December 2021 Page 163 of 169 19.6.2 Economic evaluation Economic analysis and discounted cash flow modelling confirmed the economic viability of the Property’s Mineral Reserves which deliver a post-tax NPV5.5 of $36.0 billion. Negative cashflows occur sporadically from 2035 due to closure costs. A summary of Property cashflow and cumulative NPV is presented in Figure 19.1. Figure 19.1: Annual free cashflow and cumulative discounted cashflows 19.7 Sensitivity analysis Sensitivity analysis confirmed the Property’s Mineral Reserves are robust against changes to major variables including price, capital expenditure, foreign exchange, operating expenditure and discount rate. Sensitivity analysis outlined in Table 19:5 demonstrates the changes to the valuation due to ±10% and ±20% changes in price, capital, foreign exchange and operating expenditure. Table 19:5: Price, FX and cost sensitivity analysis Key Sensitivities NPV5.5, $ million (-20%) (-10%) Base +10% +20% Iron Ore Price 20.2 28.1 36.0 43.9 51.8 Capital Expenditure 37.4 36.7 36.0 35.3 34.5 Foreign Exchange 42.4 39.2 36.0 32.8 29.6 Operating Expenditure 41.4 38.7 36.0 33.3 30.5 Sensitivity analysis outlined in Table 19:6 demonstrates changes to the Property valuation due to ±1% changes to the modelled discount rate. 5.9 5.1 5.5 6.2 5.4 3.4 1.9 2.9 2.8 2.5 2.3 1.8 1.7 0.1 0.0 0.7 0.4 0.1 -0.7 -0.8 0.1 -3.0 0.1 36.0 (10.0) (5.0) - 5.0 10.0 15.0 20.0 25.0 30.0 35.0 40.0 (4.0) (2.0) - 2.0 4.0 6.0 8.0 20 22 20 23 20 24 20 25 20 26 20 27 20 28 20 29 20 30 20 31 20 32 20 33 20 34 20 35 20 36 20 37 20 38 20 39 20 40 20 41 20 42 20 43 20 44 Cumulative NPVFree Cashflow Free Cashflow, US$ billion (Real) Cumulative NPV, US$ billion

Pilbara Operations Technical Report Summary – 31 December 2021 Page 164 of 169 Table 19:6: Discount rate sensitivity analysis Discount Rate Sensitivities NPV, $ million 3.5% Discount Rate 38.8 4.5% Discount Rate 37.4 5.5% Discount Rate (Base) 36.0 6.5% Discount Rate 34.7 7.5% Discount Rate 33.5 20. Adjacent properties The QPs have not included any relevant information concerning adjacent properties in this TRS as data from adjacent properties would not materially change the estimates presented. In addition, Rio Tinto has a history of mining similar orebodies and has a well-defined process for defining ore body knowledge from its tenure. A map of the Property location is provided in Figure 20.1. Figure 20.1: Property location 21. Other relevant data and information The QPs believe that all material information has been stated in the above sections of the TRS.

Pilbara Operations Technical Report Summary – 31 December 2021 Page 165 of 169 22. Interpretations and conclusions 22.1 Mineral Resources 22.1.1 Interpretations and conclusions Based on the information presented in this TRS, the QPs key conclusions are as follows: • The data collected during exploration drilling and sampling programs is collected using appropriate industry standard practices relating to drilling, surveying, logging, sampling, analyses, and QA/QC. • Base data is reviewed and validated by Subject Matter Experts (SMEs), working under supervision by the QPs, and has been deemed appropriate for use in developing geological models and estimating Mineral Resources for the Property. • The geological models and resource estimates of deposits are created using established industry methods set out in Section 11. Verification of each geological model and Mineral Resource estimate occurs as noted in Section 11.1.7. In addition, a peer review is completed at each step of the modelling process, inclusive of a sign-off by a QP at the completion of major steps. A QP also prepares separate documentation to aid and support the Mineral Resource classification. • Mining, processing, and market modifying factors studies assumptions and parameters are used to establish the reasonable prospects of economic extraction necessary for estimating Mineral Resources. No significant risks exist that could impact the reliability and/or confidence of Mineral Resources estimates. 22.2 Mineral Reserve 22.2.1 Interpretations and conclusions Based on the information presented in this TRS, the QPs conclude that the Mineral Reserve estimate is supported by appropriate technical data and assumptions, and no significant risks exist that could impact the reliability and/or confidence of the Mineral Reserve estimates. • As shown in the economic sensitivity analysis in Section 19.7, the Mineral Reserve estimate for the Property is not highly sensitive to variation to capital and operating cost, or discount rate. Property valuation is most sensitive to product price, however as demonstrated the Property remains highly economic in these scenarios. • The assumptions, methods and parameters used for generating the Mineral Reserve estimate are aligned with industry practices and suitable for the mineralisation of the Pilbara and selected mining methods. • A significant proportion of the Mineral Reserve estimate is located within existing permitted operating mining areas, supported by established labour accommodation and transport facilities, processing, rail and port infrastructure, HME maintenance workshops, ground water abstraction and discharge networks, and surface mine haul roads and waste dumps. • Historical performance and reconciliation underpin the confidence in technical modifying factors such as ore loss and dilution, geotechnical parameters, and metallurgical and hydrogeological assumptions.

Pilbara Operations Technical Report Summary – 31 December 2021 Page 166 of 169 23. Recommendations Based on the results presented in this TRS and consistent with Rio Tinto’s long standing operating practices, ongoing technical work will be performed on the Property as part of studies to improve confidence, decrease risk and enable the conversion of Mineral Resources to Mineral Reserves. The following items are recommended to sustain Mineral Resources and Mineral Reserves: • Continue to engage with the TO groups through the existing Integrated Heritage Management Process and CSP teams. These engagements should focus on identifying cultural values and agreeing on controls where protection is required. • Complete in progress technical work and obtain relevant permits for sections of the Property that are currently not approved under the EP Act including: o Brockman 4 Marra Mamba (BWT) – Referred for assessment with Brockman Syncline Proposal. o Western Range – Pending approval with the Greater Paraburdoo Iron Ore Hub Proposal These recommendations reflect Rio Tinto’s ongoing operating practices and as such costs are incorporated into the Property’s operating and capital costs; therefore, the costs of these recommendations have not been separately disclosed in this TRS.

Pilbara Operations Technical Report Summary – 31 December 2021 Page 167 of 169 24. References Corporate Policies. (2021). Retrieved 11 November 2021, from https://www.riotinto.com/- /media/Content/Documents/Sustainability/Corporate-policies/. Corporate structure of Rio Tinto, from https://www.riotinto.com/invest/corporate-governance Dalstra, H and Flis, M. High Grade Iron Ore Exploration in an Increasingly Steel-Hungry World: The Past, Current, and Future Role of Exploration Models and Technological Advances. Reviews in Economic Geology; Society of Economic Geologists, Volume 15. pp. 393-409. Department of Agriculture, Water and the Environment. Environmental Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act (1999). Australia. Department of Mines, Industry Regulation and Safety. Mining Act (1978). Western Australia. Department of Mines, Industry Regulation and Safety. Mines Safety and Inspection Act (1994). Western Australia. Department of Mines, Industry Regulation and Safety. (2020a). Statutory Guidelines for Mine Closure Plans. Western Australia. Department of Mines, Industry Regulation and Safety. (2020b). Mine Closure Plan Guidance. Western Australia. Department of Mines and Petroleum. (2013). Tailings Storage Facilities in Western Australia. Resources Safety and Environment Divisions. Department of Mines and Petroleum. (2015). Guide to Departmental requirements for the management and closure of tailings storage facilities (TSFs) in Western Australia. Resources Safety and Environment Divisions. Department of Water and Environmental Regulation. Environmental Protection Act (1986). Western Australia. Harmsworth R.A, Kneeshaw M, Morris R.C, Robinson C.J, Shrivastava P.K, 1990. BIF Derived Iron Ores of the Hamersley Province: in Hughes FE (Ed.), 1990 Geology of the Mineral Deposits of Australia & Papua New Guinea The Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy: Melbourne, pp 617-642 ISO 3082:2009 (Iron Ores – Sampling and sample preparation procedures) ISO 9516-1: (2003) Iron Ores – Determination of various elements by X-ray fluorescence spectrometry – Part 1: Comprehensive procedure Lee, D, 2013, The Establishment of Iron Ore Giants: Hamersley Iron and the Mount Newman Mining Company, 1961-1969. In Journal of Australasian Mining History, volume 11, October 2013.

Pilbara Operations Technical Report Summary – 31 December 2021 Page 168 of 169 Morris, R.C, 1985. Genesis of Iron Ore in Banded Iron-Formation by Supergene and Supergene- metamorphic Processes - a Conceptual Model. In Handbook of Strata-Bound and Stratiform Ore Deposits, Vol 13 (Ed. K.H Wolf), pp. 73-235 (Elsevier: Amsterdam). Thorne, W; Hagemann, S; Webb, A; Clout, J, 2008. Banded Iron Formation Related Iron Ore deposits of the Hamersley province, Western Australia. Reviews in Economic Geology, Society of Economic Geologists, Volume 15. pp. 197-221 Trendall, A.F, 1983. Introduction, in Iron-Formation: Facts and Problems. Elsevier, Amsterdam, 1-12. Government of Western Australia, 2021. Pilbara Conservation Strategy. Government of Western Australia, Perth. https://www.dpaw.wa.gov.au/images/documents/conservation- management/pilbara/pilbara_conservation_strategy.pdf van Etten, E.J.B; Fox, J.E D, 2004. Vegetation classification and ordination of the central Hamersley Ranges, Western Australia, Journal of the Royal Society of Western Australia, 87:63–79.

Pilbara Operations Technical Report Summary – 31 December 2021 Page 169 of 169 25. Reliance on information provided by the Registrant The QPs have relied upon the Registrant for the following: • Current and continuing legal entitlement to access and extract the iron ore deposits at the Property (Section 3). • All necessary statutory approvals, licenses and permits to operate the Property currently being in place and maintained, including the ongoing ability and commitment to comply with and satisfy all approvals, license and permit conditions. This includes mining and processing, mineral waste disposal inclusive of tailings, disposal of abstracted groundwater, and operation of associated rail and port infrastructure (Sections 3, 13, 15, and 17. • Marketability of the iron ore at the product specifications underpinning the Mineral Resource and Mineral Reserve estimates in quantities sufficient to operate at a scale required for economic viability (Sections 16, 18, and 19). • Accuracy of economic and cost assumptions used in economic testing of the Mineral Reserve, such as assumption for revenue, capital costs, operating costs, closure-related costs, taxes, royalties and similar payments to various parties, interest rates, cost of capital and discount rates (Sections 18, and 19). • The Registrant's ability and willingness to provide the required operating capital and funding for ongoing capital investment to mine, process, rail, and ship the iron ore at the Property (Section 18, and 19). • The Registrant's ability and willingness to adequately manage all stakeholder relationships so as to not adversely affect the prospect of ongoing operations at the Property (Section 17). • Ability to secure supply of electricity, water, fuel, explosives and any other supplies required at the Property (Sections 15, 18, and 19). • Supply and accommodation of a sufficiently skilled workforce to carry out mining at rates to ensure economic viability (Sections 15, 18, and 19). The QPs consider it reasonable to rely upon the Registrant for the above information based on the QPs’ past and ongoing interactions with the subject-matter experts in these areas employed or engaged by the Registrant, as well as the Registrant’s considerable experience in iron ore mining, which includes more than 50 years of successful and profitable iron ore mining operations in the Pilbara region of Western Australia. Further, the QPs have taken all appropriate steps, in their professional opinion, to ensure that the above information provided by the Registrant is accurate in all material respects and have no reason to believe that any material facts have been withheld or misstated.