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Income Tax Provision
6 Months Ended
Jun. 30, 2020
Income Tax Disclosure [Abstract]  
Income Tax Provision Income Tax Provision
We had an effective income tax rate of negative 28.9% and negative 32.3% for the three and six months ended June 30, 2020, respectively compared to 12.1% and 17.0% for the three and six months ended June 30, 2019, respectively. The decrease in the effective tax rates for the three and six months ended June 30, 2020, as compared to the same periods in 2019, was principally driven by an increase in the excess tax benefits related to stock incentive awards.
The effective income tax rates for the periods presented were different from the statutory United States federal income tax rate of 21% due to excess tax benefits related to stock incentive awards, state income taxes, non-deductible business expenses, and the tax benefit of research tax credits. The excess tax benefits related to stock incentive awards realized was $23.4 million and $45.5 million for the three and six months ended June 30, 2020, respectively, compared to $5.4 million and $7.0 million for the three and six months ended June 30, 2019, respectively. Excluding the excess tax benefits, the effective tax rate was 27.2% and 27.1% for the three and six months ended June 30, 2020, respectively, compared to 26.9% and 26.8% for the three and six months ended June 30, 2019, respectively.
We made tax payments of $422,000 and $14.8 million in the six months ended June 30, 2020, and 2019, respectively.
The Coronavirus Aid, Relief and Economic Security ("CARES") Act, which was signed into law on March 27, 2020, provides an estimated $2.2 trillion to fight the COVID-19 pandemic and stimulate the U.S. economy. The assistance includes tax relief and government loans, and investments and grants for entities in affected industries (e.g., health care and airlines). The business tax provisions of the CARES Act include temporary changes to income and non-income based tax laws, including the ability to utilize net operating losses, interest expense deductions, alternative minimum tax credit refunds, charitable contributions, and depreciation of qualified improvement property. Measures not related to income-based taxes include (1) allowing an employer to pay its share of Social Security payroll taxes that would otherwise be due from the date of enactment through December 31, 2020, over the following two years and (2) allowing eligible employers subject to closure due to the COVID-19 pandemic to receive a 50% credit on qualified wages against their employment taxes each quarter, with any excess credits eligible for refunds. We evaluated the CARES Act provisions and the enactment resulted in no cumulative adjustments to income taxes. We also do not believe that the income tax implications will be significant to our overall income tax liabilities going forward.