ASSETS AND LIABILITIES MEASURED AT FAIR VALUE

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2012

ASSETS AND LIABILITIES MEASURED AT FAIR VALUE

NOTE 9 — ASSETS AND LIABILITIES MEASURED AT FAIR VALUE

Accounting Standards Codification 820, Fair Value Measurements and Disclosures (“ASC 820”) emphasizes fair value is a market-based measurement, not an entity-specific measurement. Therefore, a fair value measurement should be determined based on the assumptions market participants would use in pricing the asset or liability. As a basis for considering market participant assumptions in fair value measurements, ASC 820 utilizes a fair value hierarchy that distinguishes between market participant assumptions based on market data obtained from sources independent of the reporting entity (observable inputs classified within Levels 1 and 2 of the hierarchy) and the reporting entity’s own assumptions about market participant assumptions (unobservable inputs classified within Level 3 of the hierarchy).

Level 1 inputs utilize quoted prices (unadjusted) in active markets for identical assets or liabilities. Level 2 inputs are inputs other than quoted prices included in Level 1 that are observable for the asset or liability, either directly or indirectly. Level 2 inputs may include quoted prices for similar assets and liabilities in active markets, as well as inputs observable for the asset or liability (other than quoted prices), such as interest rates, foreign exchange rates, and yield curves observable at commonly quoted intervals. Level 3 inputs are unobservable inputs for the asset or liability, which are typically based on an entity’s own assumptions, as there is little, if any, related market activity. In instances where the determination of the fair value measurement is based on inputs from different levels of the fair value hierarchy, the level in the fair value hierarchy within which the entire fair value measurement falls is based on the lowest level input significant to the fair value measurement in its entirety. Our assessment of the significance of a particular input to the fair value measurement in its entirety requires judgment, and considers factors specific to the asset or liability.

Cash Traded Investments

Our cash traded investments are generally classified within Level 1 or Level 2 of the fair value hierarchy because they are valued using quoted market prices, broker or dealer quotations, or alternative pricing sources with reasonable levels of price transparency. Certain types of cash traded instruments are classified within Level 3 of the fair value hierarchy because they trade infrequently and therefore have little or no price transparency. Such instruments include auction rate securities (“ARS”) and limited partnership investments. The transaction price is initially used as the best estimate of fair value.

Our wholly-owned insurance subsidiaries had investments in tax-exempt ARS, which are backed by student loans substantially guaranteed by the federal government, of $68 million ($74 million par value) at December 31, 2012. We do not currently intend to attempt to sell the ARS as the liquidity needs of our insurance subsidiaries are expected to be met by other investments in their investment portfolios. During 2012 and 2011, certain issuers and their broker/dealers redeemed or repurchased $65 million and $112 million, respectively, of our ARS at par value. The valuation of these securities involved management’s judgment, after consideration of market factors and the absence of market transparency, market liquidity and observable inputs. Our valuation models derived a fair market value compared to tax-equivalent yields of other student loan backed variable rate securities of similar credit worthiness and similar effective maturities.

Derivative Financial Instruments

We have entered into interest rate and cross currency swap agreements to manage our exposure to fluctuations in interest rates and foreign currency risks. The valuation of these instruments is determined using widely accepted valuation techniques, including discounted cash flow analysis on the expected cash flows of each derivative. This analysis reflects the contractual terms of the derivatives, including the period to maturity, and uses observable market-based inputs, including interest rate curves, foreign exchange rates and implied volatilities. To comply with the provisions of ASC 820, we incorporate credit valuation adjustments to reflect both our own nonperformance risk and the respective counterparty’s nonperformance risk in the fair value measurements.

Although we determined the majority of the inputs used to value our derivatives fall within Level 2 of the fair value hierarchy, the credit valuation adjustments associated with our derivatives utilize Level 3 inputs, such as estimates of current credit spreads to evaluate the likelihood of default by us and our counterparties. We assessed the significance of the impact of the credit valuation adjustments on the overall valuation of our derivative positions, and at December 31, 2012 and 2011, we determined the credit valuation adjustments were not significant to the overall valuation of our derivatives.

The following table summarizes our assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis as of December 31, 2012 and 2011, aggregated by the level in the fair value hierarchy within which those measurements fall (dollars in millions):

	December 31, 2012
	Fair Value			Fair Value Measurements Using
				Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets and Liabilities (Level 1)			Significant Other Observable Inputs (Level 2)		Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3)
Assets:
Investments of insurance subsidiaries:
Debt securities:
States and municipalities	$	418		$	—		$	418	$	—
Auction rate securities		68			—			—		68
Asset-backed securities		14			—			14		—
Money market funds		67			67			—		—
		567			67			432		68
Equity securities		3			1			—		2
Investments of insurance subsidiaries		570			68			432		70
Less amounts classified as current assets		(55	)		(55	)		—		—
	$	515		$	13		$	432	$	70
Liabilities:
Cross currency swap (Income taxes and other liabilities)	$	13		$	—		$	13	$	—
Interest rate swaps (Income taxes and other liabilities)		429			—			429		—

Derivative Financial Instruments (continued)

	December 31, 2011
				Fair Value Measurements Using
	Fair Value			Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets and Liabilities (Level 1)			Significant Other Observable Inputs (Level 2)			Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3)
Assets:
Investments of insurance subsidiaries:
Debt securities:
States and municipalities	$	417		$	—		$	417		$	—
Auction rate securities		131			—			—			131
Asset-backed securities		20			—			20			—
Money market funds		53			53			—			—
		621			53			437			131
Equity securities		7			1			5			1
Investments of insurance subsidiaries		628			54			442			132
Less amounts classified as current assets		(80	)		(54	)		(26	)		—
	$	548		$	—		$	416		$	132
Liabilities:
Cross currency swap (Income taxes and other liabilities)	$	16		$	—		$	16		$	—
Interest rate swaps (Income taxes and other liabilities)		399			—			399			—

The following table summarizes the activity related to the auction rate and equity securities investments of our insurance subsidiaries which have fair value measurements based on significant unobservable inputs (Level 3) during the year ended December 31, 2012 (dollars in millions):

Asset balances at December 31, 2011	$	132
Unrealized gains included in other comprehensive income		3
Settlements		(65	)
Asset balances at December 31, 2012	$	70

The estimated fair value of our long-term debt was $30.781 billion and $27.199 billion at December 31, 2012 and 2011, respectively, compared to carrying amounts aggregating $28.930 billion and $27.052 billion, respectively. The estimates of fair value are generally based upon the quoted market prices or quoted market prices for similar issues of long-term debt with the same maturities.