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Stock-Based Compensation
 6 Months Ended
Mar. 31, 2023
Share-Based Payment Arrangement [Abstract]  
STOCK-BASED COMPENSATION STOCK-BASED COMPENSATIONStock-based awards granted in the first fiscal quarter of 2023 were granted under the amended and restated 2021 Omnibus Incentive Plan (the "2021 Plan"). Such awards made in the first quarter of fiscal 2022 were granted under the 2021 Plan before it was amended and restated at our annual meeting in January, 2022. Shares subject to awards under the 2021 Plan or any prior plans that are forfeited, canceled, returned to us for failure to satisfy vesting requirements, settled in cash or otherwise terminated without payment also will be available for grant under the 2021 Plan. The authority to grant options under the 2021 Plan and set other terms and conditions rests with the Compensation Committee of the Board of Directors.
14. STOCK-BASED COMPENSATION (CONTINUED)
As of March 31, 2023, there were approximately 2,340,956 shares available for future grants under the 2021 Plan.
Cash received from the exercise of stock options was $1.7 million and $5.6 million for the six months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively.
Our equity plans and corresponding forms of award agreements generally have provisions allowing employees to elect to satisfy tax withholding obligations through the delivery of shares. When employees make this election, we retain a portion of shares issuable under the award. Tax withholding obligations are otherwise fulfilled by the employee paying cash to us for the withholding. During the six months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022, our employees forfeited 90,985 shares and 630,181 shares, respectively, in order to satisfy respective withholding tax obligations of $3.7 million and $6.4 million, respectively.
We sponsor an Employee Stock Purchase Plan as amended and restated as of December 10, 2019, October 29, 2013, December 4, 2009 and November 27, 2006 (the "ESPP"), covering all domestic employees with at least 90 days of continuous service and who are customarily employed at least 20 hours per week. The ESPP allows eligible participants the right to purchase common stock on a quarterly basis at the lower of 85% of the market price at the beginning or end of each three-month offering period. The most recent amendments to the ESPP, ratified by our stockholders on January 29, 2020, increased the total number of shares that may be purchased under the ESPP to 3,425,000. ESPP contributions by employees were $1.2 million and $0.7 million for the six months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. Pursuant to the ESPP, 39,979 and 36,987 common shares were issued to employees during the six months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. Shares are issued under the ESPP from treasury stock. As of March 31, 2023, 512,869 common shares were available for future issuances under the ESPP.
The following table shows stock-based compensation expense that is included in the consolidated results of operations (in thousands):
Three months ended March 31,Six months ended March 31,
2023202220232022
Cost of sales$161 $131 $303 $217 
Sales and marketing1,072 678 1,923 1,168 
Research and development469 317 917 639 
General and administrative1,763 1,116 3,190 2,235 
Stock-based compensation before income taxes3,465 2,242 6,333 4,259 
Income tax benefit(737)(470)(1,336)(900)
Stock-based compensation after income taxes$2,728 $1,772 $4,997 $3,359 
Stock Options
The following table summarizes our stock option activity (in thousands, except per common share amounts):
Options OutstandingWeighted Average Exercise PriceWeighted Average Contractual Term (in years)Aggregate Intrinsic Value (1)
Balance on September 30, 20221,790 $17.29
Granted66 40.67
Exercised(114)15.24
Forfeited / Canceled(34)20.69
Balance on March 31, 20231,708 $18.234.5$15,189 
Exercisable on March 31, 20231,012 $15.603.6$11,090 
(1) The aggregate intrinsic value represents the total pre-tax intrinsic value, based on our closing stock price of $33.68 as of March 31, 2023, which would have been received by the option holders had all option holders exercised their options as of that date.
14. STOCK-BASED COMPENSATION (CONTINUED)
The intrinsic value of an option is the amount by which the fair value of the underlying stock exceeds its exercise price. The total intrinsic value of all options exercised during the six months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022 was $2.6 million and $13.9 million, respectively.
The following table shows the weighted average fair value, which was determined based upon the fair value of each option on the grant date utilizing the Black-Scholes option-pricing model and the related assumptions:
Six months ended March 31,
20232022
Weighted average per option grant date fair value$19.92$10.23
Assumptions used for option grants:
Risk free interest rate minimum
3.77% - 3.98%
1.25% - 1.82%
Expected term6.00 years6.00 years
Expected volatility minimum46%
45% - 46%
Weighted average volatility46%46%
Expected dividend yield——
The fair value of each option award granted during the periods presented was estimated using the Black-Scholes option valuation model that uses the assumptions noted in the above table. Expected volatilities are based on the historical volatility of our stock. We use historical data to estimate option exercise and employee termination information within the valuation model. The expected term of options granted is derived from the vesting period and historical information and represents the period of time that options granted are expected to be outstanding. The risk-free rate used is the zero-coupon U.S. Treasury bond rate in effect at the time of the grant whose maturity equals the expected term of the option.
As of March 31, 2023, the total unrecognized compensation cost related to non-vested stock options was $6.5 million and the related weighted average period over which it is expected to be recognized is approximately 1.9 years.
Non-vested Stock Units
The following table presents a summary of our non-vested restricted stock units and performance stock units as of March 31, 2023 and changes during the six months then ended (in thousands, except per common share amounts):
RSUsPSUs
Number of AwardsWeighted Average Grant Date Fair ValueNumber of AwardsWeighted Average Grant Date Fair Value
Nonvested on September 30, 2022742 $19.14 27 $22.69 
Granted440 40.41 113 40.66 
Vested(258)17.42 (5)22.93 
Canceled(32)26.51 — — 
Nonvested on March 31, 2023892 $29.86 135 $37.72 
As of March 31, 2023, the total unrecognized compensation cost related to non-vested stock units was $27.9 million. The related weighted average period over which this cost is expected to be recognized is approximately 2.3 years.