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Stock-Based Compensation
 6 Months Ended
Mar. 31, 2022
Share-based Payment Arrangement [Abstract]  
STOCK-BASED COMPENSATION STOCK-BASED COMPENSATION
Stock-based awards were granted under the 2021 Omnibus Incentive Plan (as amended and restated, the "2021 Plan") beginning January 29, 2021. Prior to that date, such awards made in fiscal 2021 were granted under the 2020 Omnibus Incentive Plan (the "2020 Plan"). Upon stockholder approval of the 2021 Plan on January 29, 2021, we ceased granting awards under the 2020 Plan. On January 28, 2022, the stockholders approved the amendment and restatement of the 2021 Plan. Shares subject to awards under the 2020 Plan or any prior plans that are forfeited, canceled, returned to us for failure to satisfy vesting requirements, settled in cash or otherwise terminated without payment also will be available for grant under the 2021 Plan. The authority to grant options under the 2021 Plan and set other terms and conditions rests with the Compensation Committee of the Board of Directors.
The 2021 Plan authorizes the issuance of up to 2,400,000 common shares in connection with awards of stock options, stock appreciation rights, restricted stock, restricted stock units, performance-based full value awards or other stock-based awards. Eligible participants include our employees, our affiliates, non-employee directors of our Company and any consultant or advisor who is a natural person and provides services to us or our affiliates. Options that have been granted under the 2021 Plan typically vest over a four-year period and will expire if unexercised after seven years from the date of grant. Restricted stock unit awards ("RSUs") that have been granted to directors typically vest in one year. RSUs that have been granted to executives and employees typically vest in January over a four-year period. Performance stock unit awards ("PSUs") that have been granted to an executive will vest based on achievement of a cumulative adjusted earnings per share metric measured over a three-year period. Share-based compensation expenses recorded for this performance award is reevaluated at each reporting period based on the probability of achievement of the goal. The 2021 Plan is scheduled to expire on January 28, 2032. Options under the 2021 Plan can be granted as either incentive stock options or non-statutory stock options. The exercise price of options and the grant date price of RSUs and PSUs is determined by our Compensation Committee but will not be less than the fair market value of our common stock based on the closing price as of the date of grant. Upon exercise of options or settlement of vested restricted stock units or performance stock units, we issue new shares of stock. As of March 31, 2022, there were approximately 1,781,574 shares available for future grants under the 2021 Plan.
Cash received from the exercise of stock options was $5.6 million and $6.6 million for the six months ended March 31, 2022 and March 31, 2021, respectively.
Our equity plans and corresponding forms of award agreements generally have provisions allowing employees to elect to satisfy tax withholding obligations through the delivery of shares. When employees make this election, we retain a portion of shares issuable under the award. Tax with withholding obligations otherwise occur by the employee paying cash to us for the withholding. During the six months ended March 31, 2022 and 2021, our employees forfeited 630,181 shares and 83,928 shares, respectively, in order to satisfy respective withholding tax obligations of $6.4 million and $1.9 million, respectively.
We sponsor an Employee Stock Purchase Plan as amended and restated as of December 10, 2019, October 29, 2013, December 4, 2009 and November 27, 2006 (the "ESPP"), covering all domestic employees with at least 90 days of continuous service and who are customarily employed at least 20 hours per week. The ESPP allows eligible participants the right to purchase common stock on a quarterly basis at the lower of 85% of the market price at the beginning or end of each three-month offering period. The most recent amendments to the ESPP, ratified by our stockholders on January 29, 2020, increased the total number of shares to 3,425,000 that may be purchased under the plan. ESPP contributions by employees were $0.7 million and $0.6 million for the six months ended March 31, 2022 and March 31, 2021, respectively. Pursuant to the ESPP, 36,987 and 25,246 common shares were issued to employees during the six months ended March 31, 2022 and March 31, 2021, respectively. Shares are issued under the ESPP from treasury stock. As of March 31, 2022, 596,083 common shares were available for future issuances under the ESPP.
14. STOCK-BASED COMPENSATION (CONTINUED)
The following table shows stock-based compensation expense that is included in the consolidated results of operations (in thousands):
Three months ended March 31,Six months ended March 31,
2022202120222021
Cost of sales$131 $89 $217 $171 
Sales and marketing678 623 1,168 1,148 
Research and development317 293 639 503 
General and administrative1,116 1,472 2,235 2,400 
Stock-based compensation before income taxes2,242 2,477 4,259 4,222 
Income tax benefit(470)(541)(900)(906)
Stock-based compensation after income taxes$1,772 $1,936 $3,359 $3,316 
Stock Options
The following table summarizes our stock option activity (in thousands, except per common share amounts):
Options OutstandingWeighted Average Exercise PriceWeighted Average Contractual Term (in years)Aggregate Intrinsic Value (1)
Balance at September 30, 20212,952 $13.20
Granted502 22.47
Exercised(1,162)11.43
Forfeited / Canceled(119)16.85
Balance on March 31, 20222,173 $16.354.69$11,887 
Exercisable at March 31, 20221,035 $13.323.46$8,519 
(1) The aggregate intrinsic value represents the total pre-tax intrinsic value, based on our closing stock price of $21.52 as of March 31, 2022, which would have been received by the option holders had all option holders exercised their options as of that date. The intrinsic value of an option is the amount by which the fair value of the underlying stock exceeds its exercise price.
The total intrinsic value of all options exercised during the six months ended March 31, 2022 was $13.9 million and during the six months ended March 31, 2021 was $5.1 million.
The following table shows the weighted average fair value, which was determined based upon the fair value of each option on the grant date utilizing the Black-Scholes option-pricing model and the related assumptions:
Six months ended March 31,
20222021
Weighted average per option grant date fair value$10.23$7.42
Assumptions used for option grants:
Risk free interest rate1.25% - 1.82%0.51% - 0.66%
Expected term6.00 years6.00 years
Expected volatility45% - 46%44% - 45%
Weighted average volatility46%44%
Expected dividend yield——
14. STOCK-BASED COMPENSATION (CONTINUED)
The fair value of each option award granted during the periods presented was estimated using the Black-Scholes option valuation model that uses the assumptions noted in the above table. Expected volatilities are based on the historical volatility of our stock. We use historical data to estimate option exercise and employee termination information within the valuation model. The expected term of options granted is derived from the vesting period and historical information and represents the period of time that options granted are expected to be outstanding. The risk-free rate used is the zero-coupon U.S. Treasury bond rate in effect at the time of the grant whose maturity equals the expected term of the option.
As of March 31, 2022, the total unrecognized compensation cost related to non-vested stock options was $8.7 million and the related weighted average period over which it is expected to be recognized is approximately 1.8 years.
Non-vested Stock Units
The following table presents a summary of our non-vested restricted stock and performance stock units as of March 31, 2022 and changes during the six months then ended (in thousands, except per common share amounts):
RSUsPSUs
Number of AwardsWeighted Average Grant Date Fair ValueNumber of AwardsWeighted Average Grant Date Fair Value
Nonvested at September 30, 2021812 $15.72 18 $25.15 
Granted334 22.52 — — 
Vested(280)15.60 (3)25.15 
Canceled(84)16.15 — — 
Nonvested at March 31, 2022782 $18.62 15 $25.15 
As of March 31, 2022, the total unrecognized compensation cost related to non-vested stock units was $12.8 million. The related weighted average period over which this cost is expected to be recognized is approximately 1.7 years.