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Stock-Based Compensation
 12 Months Ended
Sep. 30, 2020
Share-based Payment Arrangement [Abstract]  
STOCK-BASED COMPENSATION STOCK-BASED COMPENSATION
Stock-based awards were granted under the 2020 Omnibus Incentive Plan (the "2020 Plan") beginning January 29, 2020. Prior to that date such awards made in fiscal 2020 were granted under the 2019 Omnibus Incentive Plan (the "2019 Plan"). Upon stockholder approval of the 2020 Plan, we ceased granting awards under the 2019 Plan. Shares subject to awards under the 2019 Plan or any prior plans that are forfeited, canceled, returned to us for failure to satisfy vesting requirements, settled in cash or otherwise terminated without payment also will be available for grant under the 2020 Plan. The authority to grant options under the 2020 Plan and to set other terms and conditions rests with the Compensation Committee of the Board of Directors.
The 2020 Plan authorizes the issuance of up to 1,500,000 common shares in connection with awards of stock options, stock appreciation rights, restricted stock, restricted stock units, performance-based full value awards or other stock-based awards. Eligible participants include our employees, our affiliates, non-employee directors of our Company and any consultant or advisor who is a natural person and provides services to us or our affiliates. Options that have been granted under the 2020 Plan typically vest over a four-year period and will expire if unexercised after seven years from the date of grant. Restricted stock unit awards ("RSUs") that have been granted to directors typically vest in one year. RSUs that have been granted to executives and employees typically vest in January over a four-year period. The 2020 Plan is scheduled to expire on January 28, 2030. Options under the 2020 Plan can be granted as either incentive stock options or non-statutory stock options. The exercise price of options and the grant date price of RSUs is determined by our Compensation Committee but will not be less than the fair market value of our common stock based on the closing price as of the date of grant. Upon exercise of options or settlement of vested restricted stock units, we issue new shares of stock. As of September 30, 2020, there were approximately 1,209,150 shares available for future grants under the 2020 Plan.
14. STOCK-BASED COMPENSATION (CONTINUED)
The 2019 Plan, under which grants ceased upon approval of the 2020 Plan, authorized the issuance of up to 1,500,000 common shares in connection with awards of stock options, stock appreciation rights, restricted stock, restricted stock units, performance-based full value awards or other stock-based awards. Eligible participants included our employees, our affiliates, non-employee directors of our Company and any consultant or advisor who is a natural person and provided services to us or our affiliates. Options that have been granted under the 2019 Plan typically vested over a four-year period and expired if unexercised after seven years from the date of grant. RSUs that were granted to directors typically vested in one year. RSUs that were granted to executives and employees typically vested in December over a four-year period. Awards may no longer be granted under the 2019 Plan as grants ceased upon approval of the 2020 Plan effective January 29, 2020 at the Annual Meeting of Stockholders. The exercise price of options and the grant date price of restricted stock units was determined by our Compensation Committee but could be less than the fair market value of our common stock based on the closing price on the date of grant.
Our equity plans and corresponding forms of award agreements generally have provisions allowing employees to elect to satisfy tax withholding obligations through the delivery of shares, having us retain a portion of shares issuable under the award or paying cash to us for the withholding. During fiscal 2020, 2019 and 2018 our employees forfeited 103,492, 93,128 and 74,204 shares, respectively in order to satisfy $1.8 million, $1.1 million and $0.7 million, respectively, of withholding tax obligations related to stock-based compensation, pursuant to terms of awards under our board and shareholder-approved compensation plans.
We sponsor an Employee Stock Purchase Plan, as amended and restated as of December 10, 2019, October 29, 2013, December 4, 2009 and November 27, 2006 (the "Purchase Plan"), covering all domestic employees with at least 90 days of continuous service and who are customarily employed at least 20 hours per week. The Purchase Plan allows eligible participants the right to purchase common stock on a quarterly basis at the lower of 85% of the market price at the beginning or end of each three-month offering period. The most recent amendments to the Purchase Plan, ratified by our stockholders on January 29, 2020, increased the total number of shares to 3,425,000 that may be purchased under the plan. Employee contributions to the Purchase Plan were $1.1 million, $1.1 million and $1.1 million in fiscal 2020, 2019 and 2018, respectively. Pursuant to the Purchase Plan, 117,826, 111,036, and 125,446 shares of common stock were issued to employees during fiscal 2020, 2019 and 2018, respectively. Shares are issued under the Purchase Plan from treasury stock. As of September 30, 2020, 711,714 shares of common stock were available for future issuances under the Purchase Plan.
Stock-based compensation expense is included in the consolidated results of operations as (in thousands):
Fiscal year ended September 30,
202020192018
Cost of sales$291 $174 $195 
Sales and marketing2,318 1,708 1,492 
Research and development1,197 996 516 
General and administrative3,431 2,777 2,651 
Stock-based compensation before income taxes7,237 5,655 4,854 
Income tax benefit(1,523)(1,174)(1,017)
Stock-based compensation after income taxes$5,714 $4,481 $3,837 
14. STOCK-BASED COMPENSATION (CONTINUED)
Stock Options
Below is a summary of our stock options as of September 30, 2020 and changes during the twelve months then ended (in thousands, except per common share amounts):
Options OutstandingWeighted Average Exercised PriceWeighted Average Contractual Term (in years)Aggregate Intrinsic Value (1)
Balance at September 30, 20193,348 $10.85
Granted796 16.56
Exercised(583)10.12
Forfeited / Canceled(168)13.16
Balance at September 30, 20203,393 $12.203.9$12,790 
Exercisable at September 30, 20202,115 $10.802.9$10,207 
(1) The aggregate intrinsic value represents the total pre-tax intrinsic value, based on our closing stock price of $15.63 as of September 30, 2020, which would have been received by the option holders had all option holders exercised their options as of that date.
The intrinsic value of an option is the amount by which the fair value of the underlying stock exceeds its exercise price. The total intrinsic value of all options exercised during each of the twelve months ended September 30, 2020, 2019 and 2018 was $3.7 million, $2.1 million and $1.2 million, respectively.
The table below shows the weighted average fair value, which was determined based upon the fair value of each option on the grant date utilizing the Black-Scholes option-pricing model and the related assumptions:
Fiscal year ended September 30,
202020192018
Weighted average per option grant date fair value$6.17 $4.48 $3.98 
Assumptions used for option grants:
Risk free interest rate0.37% - 1.73%1.60% - 2.93%2.12% - 2.89%
Expected term6.00 years6.00 years6.00 years
Expected volatility36% - 44%33% - 35%33% - 34%
Weighted average volatility36%34%33%
Expected dividend yield0%0%0%
The fair value of each option award granted during the periods presented was estimated using the Black-Scholes option valuation model that uses the assumptions noted in the above table. Expected volatilities are based on the historical volatility of our stock. We use historical data to estimate option exercise and employee termination information within the valuation model. The expected term of options granted is derived from the vesting period and historical information and represents the period of time that options granted are expected to be outstanding. The risk-free rate used is the zero-coupon U.S. Treasury bond rate in effect at the time of the grant whose maturity equals the expected term of the option.
As of September 30, 2020, the total unrecognized compensation cost related to non-vested stock-based compensation arrangements, net of expected forfeitures, was $6.0 million. The related weighted average period over which this cost is expected to be recognized was approximately 2.8 years.
14. STOCK-BASED COMPENSATION (CONTINUED)
As of September 30, 2020, the weighted average exercise price and remaining life of the stock options were (in thousands, except remaining life and exercise price):
Options OutstandingOptions Exercisable
Range of Exercise PricesOptions OutstandingWeighted Average Remaining Contractual Life (In Years)Weighted Average Exercise PriceNumber of Shares VestedWeighted Average Exercise Price
$7.40 - $9.03485 2.33$8.22 485 $8.22 
$9.04 - $10.33542 3.61$10.04 427 $9.98 
$10.35 - $11.23602 3.42$10.94 405 $10.86 
$11.24 - $12.63620 3.79$12.08 448 $12.17 
$12.64 - $13.92573 4.48$13.65 339 $13.53 
$13.93 - $17.94536 6.05$17.62 11 $14.75 
$17.95 - $18.2035 6.14$18.20 — $— 
$7.40 - $18.203,393 3.98$12.20 2,115 $10.80 
The total grant date fair value of shares vested was $3.7 million, $3.5 million and $3.3 million in each of fiscal 2020, 2019 and 2018, respectively.
Non-vested Restricted Stock Units
Below is a summary of our non-vested restricted stock units as of September 30, 2020 and changes during the twelve months then ended (in thousands, except per common share amounts):
Number of AwardsWeighted Average Grant Date Fair Value
Nonvested at September 30, 2019888 $11.65 
Granted516 $14.86 
Vested(322)$11.78 
Canceled(110)$12.53 
Nonvested at September 30, 2020972 $13.20 
As of September 30, 2020, the total unrecognized compensation cost related to non-vested restricted stock units was $9.6 million. The related weighted average period over which this cost is expected to be recognized was approximately 1.4 years.