The provisions for income taxes for the 2019 and 2018 thirty-nine-week periods were based on estimated annual effective income tax rates of 24.2% and 24.5%, respectively, adjusted for discrete events, such as benefits resulting from stock-based awards. The effective income tax rate for the 2019 thirty-nine-week period was 22.8%, which was higher than the statutory federal income tax rate of 21% primarily attributable to state taxes and the meals and entertainment exclusion, partially offset by excess tax benefits realized on stock based awards. The effective income tax rate for the 2018 thirty-nine-week period was 23.1%, which was higher than the statutory federal income tax rate of 21% primarily attributable to state taxes, the elimination of the performance-based compensation exception under Section 162(m) by the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act (the “Tax Reform Act”) and the meals and entertainment exclusion, partially offset by excess tax benefits realized on stock based awards and favorable adjustments recognized during the 2018 period relating to federal domestic production activities deductions and research and development credits

The provisions for income taxes for the 2019 and 2018 thirty-nine-week periods were favorably impacted by $

2,968,000

and $

2,046,000

, respectively, of excess tax benefits from stock-based award