(5) Income Taxes

The provisions for income taxes consisted of the following (in thousands):


	Fiscal Years
	2017			2016		2015
Current:
Federal	$	72,025		$	68,548	$	74,289
State		8,312			6,668		9,550
Foreign		500			563		437

Total current	$	80,837		$	75,779	$	84,276

Deferred:
Federal	$	(17,110	)	$	6,104	$	6,524
State		79			224		268

Total deferred	$	(17,031	)	$	6,328	$	6,792

Income taxes	$	63,806		$	82,107	$	91,068

On December 22, 2017, the President of the United States signed into law the Tax Reform Act. The legislation significantly changed U.S. tax law by, among other things, lowering corporate income tax rates, implementing a territorial tax system and imposing a repatriation tax on deemed repatriated earnings of foreign subsidiaries. With respect to the change in corporate tax rates, the Tax Reform Act permanently reduced the U.S. corporate income tax rate from a maximum of 35% to a flat 21% rate, effective January 1, 2018. In connection with this reduction in the U.S. corporate income tax rate, the Company revalued its ending net deferred tax liabilities at December 30, 2017 resulting in a provisional $20,430,000 tax benefit in the Company’s consolidated statement of income for the year ended December 30, 2017. With respect to the repatriation tax on deemed repatriated earnings of foreign subsidiaries, the Tax Reform Act provided for a one-time deemed mandatory repatriation of post-1986 undistributed foreign subsidiary earnings and profits (“E&P”) through the year ended December 31, 2017. The Company had an estimated $17,981,000 of undistributed foreign E&P at the Company’s Canadian subsidiary, Landstar Canada, Inc. subject to the deemed mandatory repatriation and, accordingly, recognized a provisional $900,000 of income tax expense in the Company’s consolidated statement of income for the year ended December 30, 2017. After the utilization of existing tax credits, the Company expects to pay U.S. federal cash taxes of approximately $500,000 on the deemed mandatory repatriation, payable over eight years.

On December 22, 2017, the SEC staff issued Staff Accounting Bulletin No. 118 (“SAB 118”) to address the application of U.S. GAAP in situations when a registrant does not have the necessary information available, prepared, or analyzed (including computations) in reasonable detail to complete the accounting for certain income tax effects of the Tax Reform Act. The Company has recognized the provisional tax impacts related to deemed repatriated earnings and the revaluation of deferred tax assets and liabilities and included these amounts in its consolidated financial statements for the year ended December 30, 2017. The ultimate impact may differ from these provisional amounts, possibly materially, due to, among other things, additional analysis, changes in interpretations and assumptions the Company has made, additional regulatory guidance that may be issued, and actions the Company may take as a result of the Tax Reform Act. The accounting is expected to be complete when the 2017 U.S. corporate income tax return is filed in 2018.

Also during fiscal year 2017, the Company adopted ASU 2016-09, as further described in footnote 15. As required by ASU 2016-09, the Company recognized $1,299,000 of excess tax benefits on stock-based awards in its provision for income taxes in the 2017 fiscal year.

Temporary differences and carryforwards which gave rise to deferred tax assets and liabilities consisted of the following (in thousands):


	Dec. 30, 2017		Dec. 31, 2016
Deferred tax assets:
Receivable valuations	$	3,244	$	4,518
Share-based payments		2,182		1,185
Self-insured claims		4,688		6,270
Other		3,666		4,336

Total deferred tax assets	$	13,780	$	16,309

Deferred tax liabilities:
Operating property	$	43,105	$	59,720
Goodwill		3,773		5,883
Other		2,016		2,851

Total deferred tax liabilities	$	48,894	$	68,454

Net deferred tax liability	$	35,114	$	52,145

The following table summarizes the differences between income taxes calculated at the federal income tax rate of 35% on income before income taxes and the provisions for income taxes (in thousands):


	Fiscal Years
	2017			2016			2015
Income taxes at federal income tax rate	$	84,281		$	76,810		$	83,565
State income taxes, net of federal income tax benefit		5,417			4,505			7,201
Meals and entertainment exclusion		1,021			958			946
Share-based payments		(1,549	)		(239	)		(61	)
Section 199 deductions and R&D credits		(5,546	)		(250	)		—
Tax Reform Act		(19,530	)		—			—
Other, net		(288	)		323			(583	)

Income taxes	$	63,806		$	82,107		$	91,068

The Company files a consolidated U.S. federal income tax return. The Company or its subsidiaries file state tax returns in the majority of the U.S. state tax jurisdictions. With few exceptions, the Company and its subsidiaries are no longer subject to U.S. federal or state income tax examinations by tax authorities for 2013 and prior years. The Company’s wholly owned Canadian subsidiary, Landstar Canada, Inc., is subject to Canadian income and other taxes. The Company’s wholly owned Mexican subsidiary, Landstar Holdings, S. de R.L.C.V. and 70% owned subsidiaries, Landstar Metro, S.A.P.I. de C.V. and Landstar Metro Servicios S.A.P.I. de C.V. are subject to Mexican and U.S. income and other taxes.

As of December 30, 2017 and December 31, 2016, the Company had $3,670,000 and $1,829,000, respectively, of net unrecognized tax benefits representing the provision for the uncertainty of certain tax positions plus a component of interest and penalties. Estimated interest and penalties on the provision for the uncertainty of certain tax positions is included in income tax expense. At December 30, 2017 and December 31, 2016 there was $627,000 and $547,000, respectively, accrued for estimated interest and penalties related to the uncertainty of certain tax positions. The Company does not currently anticipate any significant increase or decrease to the unrecognized tax benefit during fiscal year 2018.

The following table summarizes the rollforward of the total amounts of gross unrecognized tax benefits for fiscal years 2017 and 2016 (in thousands):


	Fiscal Years
	2017			2016
Gross unrecognized tax benefits – beginning of the year	$	2,635		$	2,704
Gross increases related to current year tax positions		645			428
Gross increases related to prior year tax positions		2,189			596
Gross decreases related to prior year tax positions		(75	)		(399	)
Settlements		(100	)		(133	)
Lapse of statute of limitations		(482	)		(561	)

Gross unrecognized tax benefits – end of the year	$	4,812		$	2,635

Landstar paid income taxes of $86,607,000 in fiscal year 2017, $69,067,000 in fiscal year 2016 and $74,619,000 in fiscal year 2015.