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Derivatives
 9 Months Ended
Sep. 30, 2020
Derivative Instruments and Hedging Activities Disclosure [Abstract]  
Derivatives
The Company offers fixed indexed annuity (FIA) products, which are deferred fixed annuities that guarantee the return of principal to the contractholder and credit interest based on a percentage of the gain in a specified market index. The Company also offers indexed universal life (IUL) products which credit interest based on a percentage of the gain in a specified market index. When deposits are received for FIA and IUL contracts, a portion is used to purchase derivatives consisting of call options on the applicable market indices to fund the index credits due to FIA and IUL policyholders. For the Company, substantially all such call options are one-year options purchased to match the funding requirements of the underlying contracts. The call options are carried at fair value with changes in fair value included in Net investment gains (losses) in the Consolidated Statements of Operations.
The change in fair value of derivatives includes the gains or losses recognized at the expiration of the option term or early termination and the changes in fair value for open positions. Call options are not purchased to fund the index liabilities which may arise after the next deposit anniversary date. On the respective anniversary dates of the indexed deposits, the index used to determine the annual index credit is reset and new one-year call options are purchased to fund the next annual index credit. The cost of these purchases is managed through the terms of the FIA and IUL contracts, which permit changes to index return caps, participation rates and/or asset fees, subject to guaranteed minimums on each contract's anniversary date. By adjusting the index return caps, participation rates or asset fees, crediting rates generally can be managed except in cases where the contractual features would prevent further modifications.
The future annual index credits on FIA are accounted for as a "series of embedded derivatives" over the expected life of the applicable contract with a corresponding reserve recorded. For IUL, the embedded derivative represents a single year liability for the index return.
The Company carries all derivatives at fair value in the Consolidated Balance Sheets. The Company elected to not use hedge accounting for derivative transactions related to the FIA and IUL products. As a result, the Company recognizes the purchased call options and the embedded derivatives related to the provision of a contingent return at fair value, with changes in the fair value recognized immediately as Net investment gains (losses) in the Consolidated Statements of Operations. The fair values of derivatives, including derivatives embedded in FIA and IUL contracts, are presented in the Consolidated Balance Sheets as follows:
($ in thousands)September 30, 2020December 31, 2019
Assets
Derivatives, included in Short-term and other investments$10,793 $13,239 
Liabilities
FIA - embedded derivatives, included in Other policyholder funds98,070 93,733 
IUL - embedded derivatives, included in
Investment contract and policy reserves		1,703 1,314 

In general, the change in the fair value of the embedded derivatives related to FIA will not correspond to the change in fair value of the purchased call options because the purchased call options are one-year options while the options valued in the embedded derivatives represent the rights of the policyholder to receive index credits over the entire period the FIA contracts are expected to be in force, which typically exceeds 10 years. The changes in fair value of derivatives for FIA and IUL included in the Consolidated Statements of Operations were as follows:
($ in thousands)Three Months Ended
September 30,		Nine Months Ended
September 30,
 2020201920202019
Change in fair value of derivatives: (1)
Net investment gains (losses)
$2,666 $(149)$(5,124)$5,280 
Change in fair value of embedded derivatives:
Net investment gains (losses)
(5,118)(3,691)(5,438)(8,952)
(1)Includes gains or losses recognized at the expiration of the option term or early termination and the changes in fair value for open options.
The Company's strategy attempts to mitigate potential risk of loss under these agreements through a regular monitoring process, which evaluates the program's effectiveness. The Company is exposed to risk of loss in the event of nonperformance by the counterparties and, accordingly, option contracts are purchased from multiple counterparties, which are evaluated for creditworthiness prior to purchase of the contracts. All of these options have been purchased from nationally recognized financial institutions with a Standard and Poor's Global Inc. (S&P)/Moody's Investors Service, Inc. (Moody's) long-term credit rating of "BBB+/A3" or higher at the time of purchase and the maximum credit exposure to any single counterparty is subject to concentration limits. The Company also obtains credit support agreements that allow it to request the counterparty to provide collateral when the fair value of the exposure to the counterparty exceeds specified amounts.
The notional amount and fair value of call options by counterparty and each counterparty's long-term credit ratings were as follows:
($ in thousands)September 30, 2020December 31, 2019
Credit RatingNotionalFairNotionalFair
CounterpartyS&PMoody'sAmountValueAmountValue
Bank of America, N.A.A+Aa2$198,100 $9,135 $174,900 $8,523 
Barclays Bank PLCAA198,900 1,658 115,300 3,347 
Citigroup Inc.BBB+A3— — — — 
Credit Suisse InternationalA+A1— — — — 
Societe GeneraleAA1— — 27,800 1,369 
Total
$297,000 $10,793 $318,000 $13,239 

As of September 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019, the Company held $9.9 million and $14.3 million, respectively, of cash and financial instruments received from counterparties for derivative collateral, which is included in Other liabilities on the Consolidated Balance Sheets. This derivative collateral limits the Company’s maximum amount of economic loss due to credit risk that would be incurred if parties to the call options failed completely to perform according to the terms of the contracts to $0.3 million per counterparty.