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Rationalization Charges
 12 Months Ended
Dec. 31, 2016
Restructuring and Related Activities [Abstract]  
Rationalization Charges
RATIONALIZATION CHARGES
We continually evaluate cost reduction opportunities across each of our businesses, including rationalizations of our existing facilities through plant closings and downsizings. We use a disciplined approach to identify opportunities that generate attractive cash returns. Rationalization charges by business segment for each of the years ended December 31 were as follows:
 
2016
 
2015
 
2014
 
(Dollars in thousands)
Metal containers
$
12,056

 
$
41

 
$
(440
)
Closures
568

 
1,684

 
12,256

Plastic containers
6,437

 
12,682

 
2,665

 
$
19,061

 
$
14,407

 
$
14,481


Rationalization charges in 2016 for the metal container business segment were primarily related to the shutdown of the LaPorte, Indiana manufacturing facility. Rationalization charges in 2016 and 2015 for the plastic container business segment were primarily related to the shutdown of the Woodstock, Illinois and Cape Girardeau, Missouri manufacturing facilities. Rationalization charges in 2014 for the closures business segment were primarily related to the shutdown of the manufacturing facility in Venezuela and headcount reductions in Europe.
 
Activity in reserves for our rationalization plans was as follows:
 
Employee
Severance
and Benefits
 
Non-Cash Retirement Benefits
 
Plant
Exit
Costs
 
Non-Cash
Asset
Write-Down
 
Total
 
(Dollars in thousands)
Balance as of January 1, 2014
$
4,116

 
$
—

 
$
1,418

 
$
—

 
$
5,534

Charged to expense
11,111

 
—

 
1,572

 
1,798

 
14,481

Utilized and currency translation
(9,175
)
 
—

 
(2,674
)
 
(1,798
)
 
(13,647
)
Balance at December 31, 2014
6,052

 
—

 
316

 
—

 
6,368

Charged to expense
3,199

 
(522
)
 
287

 
11,443

 
14,407

Utilized and currency translation
(6,225
)
 
522

 
(335
)
 
(11,443
)
 
(17,481
)
Balance at December 31, 2015
3,026

 
—

 
268

 
—

 
3,294

Charged to expense
5,103

 
2,197

 
5,012

 
6,749

 
19,061

Utilized and currency translation
(7,184
)
 
(2,197
)
 
(2,854
)
 
(6,749
)
 
(18,984
)
Balance at December 31, 2016
$
945

 
$
—

 
$
2,426

 
$
—

 
$
3,371



Non-cash retirement benefits consisted of special termination benefits of $2.8 million and net curtailment gains of $0.6 million recognized in connection with the shutdown of the LaPorte, Indiana manufacturing facility. See Note 11 for further information. Non-cash asset write-downs were the result of comparing the carrying value of certain production related equipment to their fair value using estimated future discounted cash flows, a Level 3 fair value measurement (as defined in Note 9).

Rationalization reserves as of December 31, 2016 and 2015 were recorded in our Consolidated Balance Sheets as accrued liabilities of $1.9 million and $3.3 million, respectively, and as other liabilities of $1.5 million as of December 31, 2016. Remaining expenses for our rationalization plans of $2.3 million are expected in 2017 and thereafter. Remaining cash expenditures for our rationalization plans of $5.7 million are expected through 2023.