Stock-based Compensation

In August 2008, the Company’s stockholders approved the 2008 Long-Term Incentive Plan, as amended (the "Incentive Plan"), which replaced the 1992 Stock Option Plan, as amended, and the 1992 Director Stock Option Plan, as amended. As of September 30, 2018, the Incentive Plan is authorized to issue stock options, restricted stock units and performance shares, among other types of awards, for up to 6,676,734 shares of common stock, par value $0.001 per share (the "common stock").

The Company recognized stock-based compensation expense of $522 and $981 for the three-months ended September 30, 2018 and 2017, respectively, and $1,446 and $3,108 for the six-months ended September 30, 2018 and 2017, respectively. The Company recognized total income tax benefit for stock-based compensation arrangements of $131 and $365 for the three-months ended September 30, 2018 and 2017, respectively, and $361 and $1,156 for the six-months ended September 30, 2018 and 2017, respectively. Stock-based compensation expense is recorded in Selling, general & administrative expenses within the Company’s Consolidated Statements of Operations.

Stock options

Stock option awards are granted with an exercise price equal to the closing market price of the common stock on the date of grant; such stock options generally become exercisable in equal amounts over a three-year period and have a contractual life of ten years from the grant date. The fair value of stock options is estimated on the grant date using the Black-Scholes option pricing model, which includes the following weighted-average assumptions.



	Six-months ended
	September 30
	2018		2017
Expected life (in years)	5.0		6.1
Risk-free interest rate	2.9	%	2.1	%
Annual forfeiture rate	6.3	%	2.7	%
Expected volatility	59.8	%	45.3	%
Dividend yield	—	%	3.9	%

The following table summarizes the Company’s stock option activity:



	Shares (in 000’s)		Weighted-Average Exercise Price		Weighted-Average Remaining Contractual Life (Years)	Intrinsic Value (000’s)
March 31, 2018	1,110		$	19.30
Granted	1,960		2.80
Exercised	—		—
Forfeited or cancelled	(357	)	17.78
September 30, 2018	2,713		$	7.58	8.0	$	—
Exercisable	663		$	20.66	3.3	$	—

The weighted-average grant-date fair value of options granted during the six-months ended September 30, 2018 and 2017 was $1.44 and $2.51, respectively. The intrinsic value of options exercised during the six-months ended September 30, 2018 and 2017 was $0 and $0, respectively. The aggregate intrinsic value in the preceding table is based on the closing stock price of the common stock on September 28, 2018, which was $1.03.

The following table summarizes certain information regarding the Company’s non-vested stock options:



	Shares (in 000’s)		Weighted-Average Grant-Date Fair Value
March 31, 2018	402		$	2.89
Granted	1,960		1.44
Vested	(148	)	3.34
Forfeited	(162	)	1.74
September 30, 2018	2,052		$	1.56

As of September 30, 2018, there was $2,397 of total unrecognized pre-tax stock-based compensation expense related to non-vested stock options, which is expected to be recognized over a weighted-average period of 2.3 years.

Restricted stock units

Restricted stock unit awards are subject to a service condition and typically vest in equal amounts over a three-year period from the grant date. The fair value of restricted stock units is determined based on the number of restricted stock units granted and the closing market price of the common stock on the date of grant.

The following table summarizes the Company’s restricted stock unit activity:



	Shares (in 000’s)		Weighted-Average Grant-Date Fair Value
March 31, 2018	360		$	9.70
Granted	15		0.95
Vested	(146	)	11.06
Forfeited	(47	)	9.62
September 30, 2018	182		$	7.92

The total fair value of shares that vested during the six-months ended September 30, 2018 and 2017 was $338 and $1,894, respectively.

As of September 30, 2018, there was $953 of total unrecognized pre-tax stock-based compensation expense related to non-vested restricted stock units, which is expected to be recognized over a weighted-average period of 1.4 years.

Performance share awards

Performance share awards are subject to one of the performance goals - the Company's Relative Total Shareholder Return ("TSR") Ranking or cumulative Adjusted EBITDA - each over a three-year period. The Company’s Relative TSR Ranking metric is based on the three-year cumulative return to stockholders from the change in stock price and dividends paid between the starting and ending dates. The fair value of performance share awards (subject to cumulative Adjusted EBITDA) is determined based on the number of performance shares granted and the closing market price of the common stock on the date of grant. The fair value of performance share awards (subject to the Company’s Relative TSR Ranking) is estimated on the grant date using the Monte-Carlo simulation valuation method.

There have been no performance share awards granted in Fiscal 2019. The following table summarizes the Company’s performance share award activity:



	Shares (in 000’s)		Weighted-Average Grant-Date Fair Value
March 31, 2018	327		$	11.14
Granted	—		—
Vested	(46	)	19.56
Forfeited	(37	)	9.58
September 30, 2018	244		$	9.77

The total fair value of shares that vested during the six-months ended September 30, 2018 and 2017 was $0 and $0, respectively, as there were no payouts because certain performance obligations were not met.

As of September 30, 2018, there was $380 of total unrecognized pre-tax stock-based compensation expense related to non-vested performance share awards, which is expected to be recognized over a weighted-average period of 1.4 years.