Note 2 - Significant Accounting Policies

12 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2024

Notes to Financial Statements

Significant Accounting Policies [Text Block]

NOTE 2 - SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES

PRINCIPLES OF CONSOLIDATION

The consolidated financial statements include the accounts of ADM Tronics Unlimited, Inc. and its wholly owned subsidiary Sonotron Medical Systems, Inc. (the “Company”). All significant intercompany balances and transactions have been eliminated in consolidation.

USE OF ESTIMATES

These consolidated financial statements have been prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (“GAAP”) and, accordingly, require management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets, liabilities, revenues and expenses, and related disclosures of contingent assets and liabilities. Significant estimates made by management include expected economic life and value of our deferred tax assets and related valuation allowance, write down of inventory, impairment of long-lived assets, allowance for doubtful accounts, and warranty reserves. Actual amounts could differ from those estimates.

FAIR VALUE OF FINANCIAL INSTRUMENTS

The authoritative guidance for fair value measurements defines fair value as the exchange price that would be received for an asset or paid to transfer a liability (an exit price) in the principal or the most advantageous market for the asset or liability in an orderly transaction between market participants on the measurement date. Market participants are buyers and sellers in the principal market that are (i) independent, (ii) knowledgeable, (iii) able to transact, and (iv) willing to transact. The guidance describes a fair value hierarchy based on the levels of inputs, of which the first two are considered observable and the last unobservable, that may be used to measure fair value, which are the following:

Level 1:	Quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities.
Level 2:	Inputs other than Level 1 that are observable, either directly or indirectly, such as quoted prices for similar assets or liabilities; quoted prices in markets that are not active; or other inputs that are observable or corroborated by observable market data for substantially the full term of the assets or liabilities.
Level 3:	Unobservable inputs that are supported by little or no market activity and that are significant to the value of the assets or liabilities.

Our financial instruments include cash and cash equivalents, accounts receivable, accounts payable and accrued expenses. All these items were determined to be Level 1 fair value measurements.

The carrying amounts of cash and cash equivalents, accounts receivable, accounts payable and accrued expenses approximated fair value because of the short maturity of these instruments.

CASH AND CASH EQUIVALENTS

Cash equivalents are comprised of certain highly liquid investments with original maturities of three months or less when purchased. We maintain our cash in bank deposit accounts, which at times, may exceed federally insured limits. We have not experienced any losses to date as a result of this policy. Cash and cash equivalents held in these accounts are currently insured by the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (“FDIC”) up to a maximum of $250,000 per institution. At March 31, 2024, approximately $287,000 exceeded the FDIC limit.

ACCOUNTS RECEIVABLE AND ALLOWANCE FOR CREDIT LOSSES

Accounts receivable are stated at the amount management expects to collect from outstanding balances. The carrying amounts of accounts receivable is reduced by a valuation allowance that reflects management's best estimate of the amounts that will not be collected. Management individually reviews all accounts receivable balances that exceed the due date and estimates the portion, if any, of the balance that will not be collected. Management provides for probable uncollectible amounts through a charge to expenses and a credit to a valuation allowance, based on its assessment of the current status of individual accounts. Balances that are still outstanding after management has used reasonable collection efforts are written off through a charge to the valuation allowance and a credit to accounts receivable. Allowance for credit loss, including allowance of Loan Receivable balances, as of March 31, 2024 and March 31, 2023 was $1,216,562 and $944,871, respectively.

REVENUE RECOGNITION

ELECTRONICS:

We recognize revenue from the sale of our electronic products when they are shipped to the purchaser. We offer a limited 90-day warranty on our electronics products and contract manufacturing and a limited 5-year warranty on our electronic controllers for spas and hot tubs. Historically, the amount of warranty included in sales of our electronic products have been de minimis. We have no other post shipment obligations. Based on prior experience, no amounts have been accrued for potential warranty costs and actual costs were less than $2,000, for each of the fiscal years ended March 31, 2024 and 2023. For contract manufacturing, revenues are recognized after shipment of the completed products.

Amounts received from customers in advance of our satisfaction of applicable performance obligations are recorded as customer deposits. Such amounts are recognized as revenues when the related performance obligations are satisfied. Customer deposits of approximately $237,000 as of March 31, 2023 were recognized as revenues during the year ended March 31, 2024. Customer deposits of approximately $179,000 as of March 31, 2022 were recognized as revenues during the year ended March 31, 2023.

CHEMICAL PRODUCTS:

Revenues are recognized when products are shipped to end users. Shipments to distributors are recognized as revenue when no right of return exists.

ENGINEERING SERVICES

We provide certain engineering services, including research, development, quality control and quality assurance services along with regulatory compliance services. We recognize revenue from engineering services on a monthly basis over time as the applicable performance obligations are satisfied.

All revenue is recognized net of discounts.

	Twelve Months Ended March 31,
	2024		2023
Net Revenue in the US
Chemical	$	788,310	$	909,221
Electronics		1,512,692		1,883,251
Engineering		351,698		534,644
		2,652,700		3,327,116
Net Revenue outside the US
Chemical		312,706		349,669
Electronics		-		-
Engineering		-		-
		312,706		349,669
Total Revenues	$	2,965,406	$	3,676,785

WARRANTY LIABILITIES

The Company’s provision for estimated future warranty costs is based upon historical relationship of warranty claims to sales. Based upon historical experience, the Company has concluded that no warranty liability is required as of the consolidated balance sheet dates. However, the Company periodically reviews the adequacy of its product warranties and will record an accrued warranty reserve if necessary.

INVENTORIES

Inventories are stated at the lower of cost (first-in, first-out method) and net realizable value. Inventories that are expected to be sold within one operating cycle (1 year) are classified as a current asset. Inventories that are not expected to be sold within 1 year, based on historical trends, are classified as Inventories - long term portion. Obsolete inventory is written off annually based on prior and expected future usage.

PROPERTY AND EQUIPMENT

We record our property and equipment at historical cost. We expense maintenance and repairs as incurred. Depreciation is provided for by the straight-line method over five to seven years, the estimated useful lives of the property and equipment.

INTANGIBLE ASSETS

Intangible assets are reviewed for impairment annually whenever changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount may not be recoverable. In reviewing for impairment, the Company compares the carrying value of the relevant asset to the estimated undiscounted future cash flows expected from the use of the assets and their eventual disposition. When the estimated undiscounted future cash flows are less than their carrying amount, an impairment loss is recognized equal to the difference between the assets’ fair value and its carrying value. During the fiscal years ended March 31, 2024 and 2023, there were no impairments.

ADVERTISING COSTS

Advertising costs are expensed as incurred and amounted to $22,932 and $28,254 for the fiscal years ended March 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively.

SHIPPING AND HANDLING COSTS

Shipping and handling costs incurred for the years ended March 31, 2024 and 2023 were $0 and $4,631, respectively. Such costs are included in selling, general, and administrative expenses in the accompanying consolidated statements of operations.

INCOME TAXES

We report the results of our operations as part of a consolidated Federal tax return with our subsidiary. Deferred income taxes result primarily from temporary differences between financial and tax reporting. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are determined based on the difference between the financial statement basis and tax basis of assets and liabilities using enacted tax rates. A valuation allowance is recorded to reduce a deferred tax asset to that portion that is expected to more likely than not be realized.

The Company has adopted the authoritative accounting guidance with respect to accounting for uncertainty in income taxes, which clarified the accounting and disclosures for uncertain tax positions related to income taxes recognized in the consolidated financial statements and addresses the determination of whether tax benefits claimed or expected to be claimed on a tax return should be recorded in the consolidated financial statements. The Company recognizes the financial statement benefit of a tax position only after determining that the relevant tax authority would more likely than not sustain the position following an audit. For tax positions meeting the more-likely-than-not threshold, the amount recognized in the consolidated financial statements is the largest benefit that has a greater than 50 percent likelihood of being realized upon ultimate settlement with the relevant tax authority.

The Company files income tax returns in several jurisdictions. The Company’s tax returns remain subject to examination, by major jurisdiction, for the years ended March 31, as follows:

Jurisdiction	Fiscal Year
Federal	2020 and beyond
New Jersey	2019 and beyond

There are currently no tax years under examination by any major tax jurisdictions.

The Company will recognize interest and penalties accrued on any unrecognized tax benefits as a component of income tax expense. As of March 31, 2024, and 2023, the Company has no accrued interest or penalties related to uncertain tax positions.

NET EARNINGS (LOSS) PER SHARE

We compute basic earnings per share by dividing net income/loss by the weighted average number of common shares outstanding. Diluted earnings per share is computed similar to basic earnings per share, except that the denominator is increased to include the number of additional common shares that would have been outstanding if the potential shares had been issued and if the additional shares were dilutive. Common equivalent shares are excluded from the computation of net earnings per share if their effect is anti-dilutive.

Per share basic and diluted earnings (loss) amounted to ($0.01) and ($0.00) for the fiscal years ended March 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively.

LEASE ACCOUNTING

In February 2016, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) issued authoritative guidance which changes financial reporting as it relates to leasing transactions. Under the new guidance, lessees are required to recognize a lease liability, measured on a discounted basis; and a right-of-use asset, for the lease term. The Company adopted this guidance as of April 1, 2019, using the modified retrospective approach which allowed it to initially apply the guidance as of the adoption date. The Company elected the package of practical expedients available under the new standard, which allowed the Company to forgo a reassessment of (1) whether any expired or existing contracts are or contain leases, (2) the lease classification for any expired or existing leases, and (3) the initial direct costs for any existing leases.

The Company made a policy election to recognize short-term lease payments as an expense on a straight-line basis over the lease term. The Company defines a short-term lease as a lease that, at the commencement date, has a lease term of twelve months or less and does not contain an option to purchase the underlying asset that the lease is reasonably certain to exercise. Related variable lease payments are recognized in the period in which the obligation is incurred.

The Company's lease agreement contains related non-lease components (e.g. taxes, etc.). The Company separates lease components and non-lease components for all underlying asset classes.

PAYCHECK PROTECTION PROGRAM LOAN

As disclosed in Note 8, the Company has chosen to account for the loans under FASB ASC 470, Debt. Repayment amounts due within one year are recorded as current liabilities, and the remaining amounts due in more than one year, if any, as long-term liabilities. In accordance with ASC 835, Interest, no imputed interest is recorded as the below market interest rate applied to this loan is governmentally prescribed. As the Company was successful in receiving forgiveness for those portions of the loan used for qualifying expenses, those amounts were recorded as a gain upon extinguishment as noted in ASC 405, Liabilities.

During the fiscal year ended March 31, 2022, the Company reported $693,817 of Forgiveness of Paycheck Protection Program under Other Income on the consolidated statement of operations.

As of March 31, 2024 and March 31, 2023, the balance due was $6,276 and $11,656, respectively.

NEW ACCOUNTING STANDARDS

In June 2016, the FASB issued ASU2016-13 “Financial Instruments – Credit Losses”. This guidance affects organizations that hold financial assets and net investments in leases that are not accounted for at fair value with changes in fair value reported in net income. The guidance requires organizations to measure all expected credit losses for financial instruments at the reporting date based on historical experience, current conditions and reasonable and supportable forecasts. It is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2022, including interim periods with those fiscal years. The Company is evaluating the potential impact on the Company’s consolidated financial statements. The Company adopted this policy effective April 1, 2023 and it did not have a material impact.

GOING CONCERN

The accompanying financial statements have been prepared assuming the Company will continue as a going concern. The Company has experienced losses from operations and negative cash flows from operating activities, management has initiated several strategic plans to improve the Company's financial position. As of March 31, 2024, the Company had an accumulated deficit of $32,945,047 and cash used from operating activities of  $709,889. Management's plans to address these conditions include leveraging existing resources and focusing on revenue growth and orders in the pipeline, which are expected to push the Company to profitability within the next fiscal year. 

There is substantial doubt that the funding plans will be successful and therefore the conditions discussed above have not been alleviated. As a result, there is substantial doubt about the Company’s ability to continue as a going concern for one year from July 15, 2024, the date the Consolidated Financial Statements were available to be issued.

Our future capital requirements will depend upon many factors, including progress with developing, manufacturing and marketing our technologies, the time and costs involved in preparing, filing, prosecuting, maintaining and enforcing patent claims and other proprietary rights, our ability to establish collaborative arrangements, marketing activities and competing technological and market developments, including regulatory changes and overall economic conditions in our target markets. Our ability to generate revenue and achieve profitability requires us to successfully market and secure purchase orders for our products from customers currently identified in our sales pipeline as well as new customers. We also will be required to efficiently manufacture and deliver equipment on those purchase orders. These activities, including our planned research and development efforts, will require significant uses of working capital. There can be no assurances that we will generate revenue and cash flow as expected in our current business plan.