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Intangible assets, net
12 Months Ended
Dec. 31, 2023
Intangible Assets, Net (Excluding Goodwill) [Abstract]  
Intangible assets, net
8. Intangible assets, net
Intangible assets, net at December 31 were:
20232022
in $ millionsMarketing-relatedCustomer-related (i)Contract-basedTotalMarketing-related (ii)Customer-related (i) & (ii)Contract-based (ii)Total
At December 31
Gross amount3101,2601011,6712861,202921,580
Accumulated amortization(94)(482)(54)(630)(78)(369)(45)(492)
Total intangible assets, net216778471,041208833471,088

(i)     The customer-related intangible assets relate predominantly to non-contractual customer relationships.
(ii) Marketing-related, customer-related and contract-based intangible assets of $174 million, $594 million and $41 million respectively arose on the acquisition of Barrette in July 2022. These primarily related to brand names, patents and non-contractual customer relationships.

Amortization of intangibles included in Selling, general and administrative expenses in the Consolidated Statements of Income for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021 amounted to $139 million, $103 million and $46 million, respectively.

The estimated amortization for intangible assets for the five years subsequent to December 31, 2023 and thereafter is as follows:

in $ millions202420252026202720282029 and thereafter
Amortization127112746152615