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Income Taxes
9 Months Ended
Sep. 30, 2017
Income Tax Disclosure [Abstract]  
Income Taxes
Income Taxes
Our effective income tax rate was 37.6% and 32.8% for the three months ended September 30, 2017 and 2016, respectively. The increase was primarily due to a change in valuation allowance associated with deferred tax assets that are capital in nature and changes in the pretax income mix across jurisdictions with disparate tax rates, partially offset by excess tax deductions on stock based compensation recognized in 2017.
Our effective income tax rate was 34.6% and 44.5% for the nine months ended September 30, 2017 and 2016, respectively. The decrease was primarily due to withholding taxes on off-shore cash movements and the change in our assertion that certain foreign earnings are permanently reinvested recorded in 2016, excess tax deductions on stock based compensation recognized in 2017 and a decrease in current year accruals of uncertain tax positions. This was partially offset by a decrease in reversal of reserves associated with uncertain tax positions, a change in valuation allowance associated with deferred tax assets that are capital in nature and changes in the pretax income mix across jurisdictions with disparate tax rates.
During the quarter, we established a valuation allowance of $1.9 million on a deferred tax asset associated with a capital investment because its realizability was determined to no longer meet the more likely than not threshold.
Historically, our intention was to permanently reinvest the majority of our foreign earnings indefinitely or to distribute them only when it was tax efficient to do so. As a result of certain internal restructuring transactions effectuated to more closely align our foreign subsidiaries from an operational, legal and geographic perspective and improve management of financial resources, with respect to offshore distributions, we modified our assertion of certain foreign subsidiary earnings considered permanently reinvested in 2016. In connection with this change, we recorded a deferred tax liability of $3.4 million associated with distribution-related foreign taxes on prior years’ undistributed earnings of certain of our Chinese subsidiaries in the second quarter of 2016. These taxes become due when distributed to other offshore subsidiaries. In addition, we incurred $5.5 million of withholding taxes related to distributions from China in the second quarter of 2016. With few exceptions, U.S. income taxes have not been provided on undistributed earnings of international subsidiaries.  We continue to intend to reinvest these earnings permanently outside the U.S. or to repatriate the earnings only when it is tax efficient to do so.
The total amount of unrecognized tax benefits as of September 30, 2017 was $6.8 million, of which $6.6 million would affect our effective tax rate if recognized. It is reasonably possible that approximately $1.6 million of our unrecognized tax benefits as of September 30, 2017 will reverse within the next twelve months.
We recognize interest and penalties related to unrecognized tax benefits through income tax expense. As of September 30, 2017, we had $0.7 million accrued for the payment of interest.
We are subject to taxation in the U.S. and various state and foreign jurisdictions. With few exceptions, we are no longer subject to examinations by tax authorities for years prior to 2012.
We adopted ASU 2016-09 on January 1, 2017. Upon adoption, we recognized excess tax benefits of approximately $12.7 million in deferred tax assets that were previously not recognized in a cumulative-effect adjustment to retained earnings. In addition, the new guidance requires that all of the tax effects related to share-based payments at settlement or expiration be recorded through the statement of operations which resulted in the recognition of $1.5 million and $3.2 million of income tax benefits during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2017, respectively. See Note 19 - “Recent Accounting Standards” for further information.