Stock-Based Compensation

Under our stock-based employee compensation plan, referred to as the Fuel Tech, Inc.

2014

Long-Term Incentive Plan (Incentive Plan), awards

may

be granted to participants in the form of Non-Qualified Stock Options, Incentive Stock Options, Stock Appreciation Rights, Restricted Stock, Restricted Stock Units (“RSUs”), Performance Awards, Bonuses or other forms of share-based or non-share-based awards or combinations thereof. Participants in the Incentive Plan

may

be our directors, officers, employees, consultants or advisors (except consultants or advisors in capital-raising transactions) as the directors determine are key to the success of our business. There are a maximum of

5,600,676

shares that

may

be issued or reserved for awards to participants under the Incentive Plan. As of

September

30,

2020,

Fuel Tech had

2,359,333

shares available for share-based awards under the

2014

Plan.

We did

not

record any excess tax benefits within income tax expense for the

three

and

nine

months ended

September

30,

2020.

Given the Company has a full valuation allowance on its deferred tax assets, there were

excess tax benefits to record for the

three

and

nine

months ended

September

30,

2020.

In addition, we account for forfeitures of awards based on an estimate of the number of awards expected to be forfeited and adjusting the estimate when it is

longer probable that the employee will fulfill the service condition.

Stock-based compensation is included in selling, general, and administrative costs in our Consolidated Statements of Operations. The components of stock-based compensation for the

three

and

nine

months ended

September

30,

2020

and

2019

were as follows:

	Three Months Ended September 30,				Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2020		2019		2020		2019
Stock options and restricted stock units, net of forfeited	$	57	$	138	$	207	$	357
Tax benefit of stock-based compensation expense		—		—		—		—
After-tax effect of stock-based compensation	$	57	$	138	$	207	$	357

Stock Options

Stock options granted to employees under the Incentive Plans have a

-year life and they vest as follows:

50%

after the

second

anniversary of the award date,

25%

after the

third

anniversary, and the final

25%

after the

fourth

anniversary of the award date. Fuel Tech calculates stock compensation expense for employee option awards based on the grant date fair value of the award, less expected annual forfeitures, and recognizes expense on a straight-line basis over the

four

-year service period of the award. Stock options granted to members of our board of directors vest immediately. Stock compensation for these awards is based on the grant date fair value of the award and is recognized in expense immediately.

Fuel Tech uses the Black-Scholes option pricing model to estimate the grant date fair value of employee stock options. The principal variable assumptions utilized in valuing options and the methodology for estimating such model inputs include: (

) risk-free interest rate – an estimate based on the yield of zero–coupon treasury securities with a maturity equal to the expected life of the option; (

) expected volatility – an estimate based on the historical volatility of Fuel Tech's Common Stock for a period equal to the expected life of the option; and (

) expected life of the option – an estimate based on historical experience including the effect of employee terminations.

Stock option activity for Fuel Tech's Incentive Plans for the

nine

months ended

September

30,

2020

was as follows:

	Number of Options			Weighted- Average Exercise Price		Weighted- Average Remaining Contractual Term		Aggregate Intrinsic Value
Outstanding on January 1, 2020		747,500		$	3.33
Granted		—			—
Exercised		—			—
Expired or forfeited		(80,000	)		5.79
Outstanding on September 30, 2020		667,500		$	3.04		4.48	$	—
Exercisable on September 30, 2020		667,500		$	3.04		4.48	$	—

As of

September

30,

2020,

there was

unrecognized compensation cost related to non-vested stock options granted under the Incentive Plans.

Restricted Stock Units

Restricted stock units (RSUs) granted to employees vest over time based on continued service (typically vesting over a period between

two

and

four

years). Such time-vested RSUs are valued at the date of grant using the intrinsic value method based on the closing price of the Common Shares on the grant date. Compensation cost, adjusted for estimated forfeitures, is amortized on a straight-line basis over the requisite service period.

In addition to the time vested RSUs, the Company entered into a

2020

Executive Performance RSU Award Agreement (the

“2020

Agreement”) with certain officers, including its President and Chief Executive Officer pursuant to which each

2020

Participating Executive will have the opportunity to earn a specified amount of restricted stock units (RSUs). The amount of RSUs awarded, if any, will be based on the Company's achievement of varying levels of operating income before the impact of incentive pay (but including adjustments to reflect the payment of sales commissions) in fiscal

2020

(“Operating Income”), as determined by the Company, in its sole discretion. Nevertheless,

Participating Executive will be entitled to any such RSUs unless the Company achieves a minimum of

million in Operating Income in

2020.

If awarded, such RSUs will vest in equal amounts (

i.e.,

1/3,

1/3

and

1/3

) over

three

years commencing

one

year after the grant date based on continued service. Such RSUs are valued at the date of grant using the intrinsic value method based on the closing price of the Company's common stock on the grant date.

September

30,

2020,

there is

$151

of unrecognized compensation cost related to all non-vested share-based compensation arrangements granted under the Incentive Plan. That cost is expected to be recognized over the remaining requisite service period of

1.22

years.

A summary of restricted stock unit activity for the

nine

months ended

September

30,

2020

is as follows:

	Shares			Weighted Average Grant Date Fair Value
Unvested restricted stock units at January 1, 2020		775,635		$	1.47
Granted		—			—
Forfeited		(60,000	)		0.97
Vested		(120,630	)		1.57
Unvested restricted stock units at September 30, 2020		595,005		$	1.50

The fair value of restricted stock that vested during the

nine

month period ending

September

30,

2020

was

$190.

Deferred Directors Fees

In addition to the Incentive Plans, Fuel Tech has a Deferred Compensation Plan for Directors (Deferred Plan). Under the terms of the Deferred Plan, Directors can elect to defer Directors' fees for shares of Fuel Tech Common Stock that are issuable at a future date as defined in the agreement. In accordance with ASC

718,

Fuel Tech accounts for these awards as equity awards as opposed to liability awards. During the

nine

month periods ended

September

30,

2020

and

2019,

Fuel Tech recorded

stock-based compensation expense under the Deferred Plan.