Loans - Schedule of Composition of Loan Balances (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021	Dec. 31, 2020	Dec. 31, 2019
Accounts, Notes, Loans and Financing Receivable [Line Items]
Total loans	$ 10,549,845	$ 9,236,129
Allowance for losses	(15,089)	(14,041)
Total loans, net of allowance	10,208,307	9,248,678
Real Estate Loan
Accounts, Notes, Loans and Financing Receivable [Line Items]
Total loans	10,549,845	9,236,129
Unamortized premiums, discounts, fair value hedge basis adjustment, and other cost basis adjustments	(326,449)	26,590
Total	10,223,396	9,262,719
Allowance for losses	(15,089)	(14,041)
Total loans, net of allowance	10,208,307	9,248,678
Agricultural Finance
Accounts, Notes, Loans and Financing Receivable [Line Items]
Total loans	7,528,579	6,846,993
Allowance for losses	(6,775)	(3,442)	$ (3,745)	$ (10,454)
Agricultural Finance | Real Estate Loan
Accounts, Notes, Loans and Financing Receivable [Line Items]
Total loans	7,528,579	6,846,993
Farm & Ranch
Accounts, Notes, Loans and Financing Receivable [Line Items]
Total loans	6,362,326	5,723,693
Allowance for losses	(4,044)	(2,882)	(3,404)	(8,830)
Farm & Ranch | Real Estate Loan
Accounts, Notes, Loans and Financing Receivable [Line Items]
Total loans	6,362,326	5,723,693
Corporate AgFinance
Accounts, Notes, Loans and Financing Receivable [Line Items]
Total loans	1,166,253	1,123,300
Allowance for losses	(2,731)	(560)	(341)	(1,624)
Corporate AgFinance | Real Estate Loan
Accounts, Notes, Loans and Financing Receivable [Line Items]
Total loans	1,166,253	1,123,300
Rural Infrastructure Finance
Accounts, Notes, Loans and Financing Receivable [Line Items]
Total loans	3,021,266	2,389,136
Allowance for losses	(8,314)	(10,599)	$ (10,087)	$ 0
Rural Infrastructure Finance | Real Estate Loan
Accounts, Notes, Loans and Financing Receivable [Line Items]
Total loans	3,021,266	2,389,136
Unsecuritized
Accounts, Notes, Loans and Financing Receivable [Line Items]
Total loans	9,338,269	8,287,506
Unamortized premiums, discounts, fair value hedge basis adjustment, and other cost basis adjustments	(326,449)	26,590
Total	9,011,820	8,314,096
Allowance for losses	(14,629)	(13,477)
Total loans, net of allowance	8,997,191	8,300,619
Unsecuritized | Agricultural Finance
Accounts, Notes, Loans and Financing Receivable [Line Items]
Total loans	6,317,003	5,898,370
Unsecuritized | Farm & Ranch
Accounts, Notes, Loans and Financing Receivable [Line Items]
Total loans	5,150,750	4,775,070
Unsecuritized | Corporate AgFinance
Accounts, Notes, Loans and Financing Receivable [Line Items]
Total loans	1,166,253	1,123,300
Unsecuritized | Rural Infrastructure Finance
Accounts, Notes, Loans and Financing Receivable [Line Items]
Total loans	3,021,266	2,389,136
In Consolidated Trusts
Accounts, Notes, Loans and Financing Receivable [Line Items]
Total loans	1,211,576	948,623
Unamortized premiums, discounts, fair value hedge basis adjustment, and other cost basis adjustments	0	0
Total	1,211,576	948,623
Allowance for losses	(460)	(564)
Total loans, net of allowance	1,211,116	948,059
In Consolidated Trusts | Agricultural Finance
Accounts, Notes, Loans and Financing Receivable [Line Items]
Total loans	1,211,576	948,623
In Consolidated Trusts | Farm & Ranch
Accounts, Notes, Loans and Financing Receivable [Line Items]
Total loans	1,211,576	948,623
In Consolidated Trusts | Corporate AgFinance
Accounts, Notes, Loans and Financing Receivable [Line Items]
Total loans	0	0
In Consolidated Trusts | Rural Infrastructure Finance
Accounts, Notes, Loans and Financing Receivable [Line Items]
Total loans	$ 0	$ 0