N-CSR 1 a_managedmuniinctrst.htm PUTNAM MANAGED MUNICIPAL INCOME TRUST a_managedmuniinctrst.htm


UNITED STATES
SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
Washington, D.C. 20549

FORM N-CSR

CERTIFIED SHAREHOLDER REPORT OF REGISTERED
MANAGEMENT INVESTMENT COMPANIES



Investment Company Act file number: (811–05740)
Exact name of registrant as specified in charter: Putnam Managed Municipal Income Trust
Address of principal executive offices: 100 Federal Street, Boston, Massachusetts 02110
Name and address of agent for service: Robert T Burns, Vice President
100 Federal Street
Boston, Massachusetts 02110
Copy to:         Bryan Chegwidden, Esq.
Ropes & Gray LLP
1211 Avenue of the Americas
New York, New York 10036
Registrant's telephone number, including area code: (617) 292–1000
Date of fiscal year end: October 31, 2019
Date of reporting period: November 1, 2018 — October 31, 2019



Item 1. Report to Stockholders:

The following is a copy of the report transmitted to stockholders pursuant to Rule 30e-1 under the Investment Company Act of 1940:



Putnam
Managed Municipal
Income Trust

Annual report
10 | 31 | 19

 

The fund has adopted a managed distribution policy (the “Distribution Policy”) with the goal of providing shareholders with a consistent, although not guaranteed, monthly distribution. In accordance with the Distribution Policy, the fund currently expects to make monthly distributions to common shareholders at a distribution rate per share of $0.0320. Distributions may include ordinary and/or tax-exempt income, net capital gains, and/or a return of capital of your investment in the fund. You should not draw any conclusions about the fund’s investment performance from the amount of this distribution or from the terms of the Distribution Policy. The Distribution Policy provides that the Board of Trustees may amend or terminate the Distribution Policy at any time without prior notice to fund shareholders.

IMPORTANT NOTICE: Delivery of paper fund reports

In accordance with regulations adopted by the Securities and Exchange Commission, beginning on January 1, 2021, reports like this one will no longer be sent by mail unless you specifically request it. Instead, they will be on Putnam’s website, and you will be notified by mail whenever a new one is available, and provided with a website link to access the report.

If you wish to stop receiving paper reports sooner, or if you wish to continue to receive paper reports free of charge after January 1, 2021, please see the back cover or insert for instructions. If you invest through a bank or broker, your choice will apply to all funds held in your account. If you invest directly with Putnam, your choice will apply to all Putnam funds in your account.

If you already receive these reports electronically, no action is required.


Message from the Trustees

December 19, 2019

Dear Fellow Shareholder:

We believe your mutual fund investment offers a number of advantages, such as investment diversification and daily liquidity. Putnam funds also include a commitment to active investing. Putnam’s portfolio managers and analysts take a research-intensive approach that incorporates risk management strategies designed to serve you through changing conditions.

To support your overall investment program, we believe that the counsel of a financial advisor is prudent. For over 80 years, Putnam has recognized the importance of professional investment advice. Your financial advisor can help in many ways, including defining and planning for goals, determining your appropriate level of risk, and reviewing your investments on a regular basis.

As always, your fund’s Board of Trustees remains committed to protecting the interests of Putnam shareholders like you. We thank you for investing with Putnam.




Putnam Managed Municipal Income Trust has the flexibility to invest in municipal bonds issued by any state in the country or U.S. territory. As a closed-end fund, it shares some common characteristics with open-end mutual funds, but there are some key differences that investors should understand as they consider their portfolio.


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Looking at a closed-end fund’s performance

You will usually see that the NAV and the market price differ. The market price can be influenced by several factors that cause it to vary from the NAV, including fund distributions, changes in supply and demand for the fund’s shares, changing market conditions, and investor perceptions of the fund or its investment manager.


A mix of credit qualities

In addition to its flexible geographical focus, Putnam Managed Municipal Income Trust combines bonds of differing credit quality. The fund invests in high-quality bonds, but also includes an allocation to lower-rated bonds, which may offer higher income in return for more risk.

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Data are historical. Past performance does not guarantee future results. More recent returns may be less or more than those shown. Investment return and net asset value will fluctuate, and you may have a gain or a loss when you sell your shares. Performance assumes reinvestment of distributions and does not account for taxes. Fund returns in the bar chart are at NAV. See below and pages 9–10 for additional performance information, including fund returns at market price.

Index and Lipper results should be compared with fund performance at NAV. Fund results reflect the use of leverage, while index results are unleveraged and Lipper results reflect varying use of, and methods for, leverage.


This comparison shows your fund’s performance in the context of broad market indexes for the 12 months ended 10/31/19. See above and pages 9–10 for additional fund performance information. Index descriptions can be found on page 12.

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Paul, how did municipal bonds perform during the reporting period?

Municipal bonds continued their streak of solid performance, with the Bloomberg Barclays Municipal Bond Index rising 9.42% for the year. This performance came as market volatility increased with the U.S.–China trade dispute and slowing global growth, which contributed to recession fears. December 2018 and May and August 2019 were noteworthy for their sell-offs in risk assets.

After raising its benchmark interest rate in December 2018, the Federal Reserve became more dovish in its communications. Fed policy makers stated that they were not on a “pre-set” course and indicated a willingness to pause on future rate hikes. As recession fears grew during the second quarter of 2019, the pace of the Fed’s interest-rate hikes came into question, adding to market volatility. With investors expecting cuts from the Fed and other central banks, bonds rallied, and yields fell globally.

The Fed reduced its benchmark rate by a quarter percentage point on July 31, 2019. Chair Jerome Powell described the reduction as a “mid-cycle adjustment” to help get the economy moving again. He added that the

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Credit qualities are shown as a percentage of the fund’s net assets (common and preferred shares) as of 10/31/19.

A bond rated BBB or higher (SP-3 or higher, for short-term debt) is considered investment grade. This chart reflects the highest security rating provided by one or more of Standard & Poor’s, Moody’s, and Fitch. Ratings may vary over time.

Cash and net other assets, if any, represent the market value weights of cash, derivatives, and short-term securities in the portfolio. The fund itself has not been rated by an independent rating agency.


Top ten state allocations are shown as a percentage of the fund’s net assets (common and preferred shares) as of 10/31/19. Investments in Puerto Rico represented 0.2% of the fund’s net assets. Summary information may differ from the portfolio schedule included in the financial statements due to the differing treatment of interest accruals, the floating rate portion of tender option bonds, derivative securities, if any, the timing of matured security transactions, the use of different classifications of securities for presentation purposes, and rounding. Holdings and allocations may vary over time.

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adjustment didn’t represent the “beginning of a lengthy cutting cycle.” The Fed introduced a second rate cut in September to help keep the U.S. economy on solid footing. However, when the Fed announced a third rate cut just before the close of the period, it hinted that it could be nearing a pause. Policy makers indicated that they remain data dependent with regard to future rate moves rather than being predisposed to adjusting rates lower.

In addition to falling interest rates, strong technicals [supply/demand dynamics] were supportive of the asset class during the period. Fund flows, a measure of investor demand for municipal mutual funds, were historic, as investors sought their tax-free income, perceived lower volatility, and stable credit fundamentals.

How did the fund perform during the reporting period?

For the 12 months ended October 31, 2019, the fund outperformed the Bloomberg Barclays Municipal Bond Index [the benchmark] but underperformed the average return of its Lipper peer group, High Yield Municipal Debt Funds.

What was your investment approach?

Many of our broader investment themes remained in place. Duration positioning, or interest-rate sensitivity, was generally neutral relative to the fund’s Lipper peer group. The fund’s yield curve positioning focused on longer intermediate-term securities with maturities of 10 to 15 years. As part of this strategy, the fund held underweight exposures to long maturity holdings compared with the benchmark.

With regard to credit positioning, we favored higher-rated bonds over lower-rated, high-yield bonds due to the credit spread compression in the municipal bond market. Accordingly, the fund held an overweight exposure to higher-quality bonds rated A and BBB and an underweight exposure to non-rated bonds relative to the fund’s Lipper peer group. The fund’s overweight in bonds rated BBB was especially beneficial, as they outperformed the market when the Fed’s outlook became more dovish. From a sector positioning perspective, we favored state-backed, hospital, and essential-service revenue bonds relative to the fund’s Lipper peer group.


Within our state strategy, we believe the financial profile of the state of Illinois continues to stabilize. This was not completely reflected by market spreads, in our view. Thus, we believe these holdings look attractive from a fundamental and relative value standpoint. In August 2019, Fitch Ratings upgraded its outlook to stable for Illinois and affirmed the state’s BBB rating. This positive development came on the heels of a lawsuit that was filed in July 2019. It argued the state’s pension bond sale in 2003 and tax-exempt debt issued in 2017 were debt refinancings prohibited by the Illinois constitution. Illinois general obligation [GO] bonds sold off modestly following the announcement. However, on August 29, Sangamon County Circuit Court denied the petition on lack of merit. Illinois GOs rallied following the favorable ruling.

In late July, Puerto Rico Governor Ricardo Rossello resigned amid protests demanding his exit after leaked texts indicated possible wrongdoing in his political circle. He appointed Pedro Pierluisi as his successor, but Puerto Rico’s Supreme Court ruled in August that this move was unconstitutional due to a lack of legislative confirmation. Puerto Rico Justice Secretary Wanda Vazquez then became governor. We remain cautious about Puerto Rico due to its uncertain economic recovery and a perceived lack of institutional credibility across the Commonwealth’s government. As such, the fund remained underweight in its exposure to Puerto Rico’s municipal bonds during the period compared with its Lipper peer group.

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What is your near - term outlook?

We believe the U.S.–China trade war is creating headwinds for the U.S. economy. U.S. GDP growth declined from 3.1% in the first quarter of 2019 to 2.1% in the second quarter. The advanced estimate for the third quarter was 1.9%. Global growth is also showing the effects of the trade war, with Germany and the United Kingdom, as well as China, experiencing weaker growth. Given the growth-dampening effects of the trade conflict and mild inflation, we believe the Fed could remain on hold or reduce short-term interest rates one more time over the next 12 months. Our base case is for slower U.S. and global growth, but we don’t believe a U.S. recession is imminent.

We’ll continue to adjust the portfolio to reflect the team’s best ideas to enhance income as well as total return prospects in an evolving interest-rate environment.

Thank you, Paul, for your time and insights today.

The views expressed in this report are exclusively those of Putnam Management and are subject to change. They are not meant as investment advice.

Please note that the holdings discussed in this report may not have been held by the fund for the entire period. Portfolio composition is subject to review in accordance with the fund’s investment strategy and may vary in the future. Current and future portfolio holdings are subject to risk. Statements in the Q&A concerning the fund’s performance or portfolio composition relative to those of the fund’s Lipper peer group may reference information produced by Lipper Inc. or through a third party.

Of special interest

In November 2018, the Trustees of the Putnam Funds approved an amendment to the dividend policy for the Putnam closed-end funds to establish targeted distribution rates for common shares, effective with the December 2018 distribution. Under the policy, the fund currently expects to make monthly distributions to common shareholders at a distribution rate of $0.0320 per share, up from $0.0289 per share. Distributions may include ordinary and/or tax-exempt income, net capital gains, and/or a return of capital of your investment in the fund. You should not draw any conclusions about the fund’s investment performance from the amount of this distribution or from the terms of the Distribution Policy.


This chart shows how the fund’s top weightings have changed over the past six months. Allocations are shown as a percentage of the fund’s net assets (common and preferred shares). Current period summary information may differ from the information in the portfolio schedule notes included in the financial statements due to the inclusion of derivative securities, any interest accruals, the timing of matured security transactions, the use of different classifications of securities for presentation purposes, and rounding. Holdings and allocations may vary over time.

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Your fund’s performance

This section shows your fund’s performance, price, and distribution information for periods ended October 31, 2019, the end of its most recent fiscal year. In accordance with regulatory requirements for mutual funds, we also include performance information as of the most recent calendar quarter-end. Performance should always be considered in light of a fund’s investment strategy. Data represent past performance. Past performance does not guarantee future results. More recent returns may be less or more than those shown. Investment return, net asset value, and market price will fluctuate, and you may have a gain or a loss when you sell your shares.

Fund performance Total return and comparative index results for periods ended 10/31/19   
 
  Annual               
  average               
  Life of               
  fund (since    Annual    Annual    Annual   
  2/24/89)  10 years  average  5 years  average  3 years  average  1 year 
NAV  6.52%  102.61%  7.32%  32.31%  5.76%  16.44%  5.20%  11.91% 
Market price  6.31  121.37  8.27  45.89  7.85  24.51  7.58  24.89 
Bloomberg Barclays                 
Municipal Bond Index  5.83  53.88  4.40  19.08  3.55  11.24  3.62  9.42 
Lipper High Yield                 
Municipal Debt                 
Funds (closed-end)  5.86  108.22  7.57  30.35  5.43  15.27  4.84  12.36 
category average*                 

 

Performance assumes reinvestment of distributions and does not account for taxes.

Index and Lipper results should be compared with fund performance at net asset value. Fund results reflect the use of leverage, while index results are unleveraged and Lipper results reflect varying use of, and methods for, leverage.

* Over the 1-year, 3-year, 5-year, 10-year, and life-of-fund periods ended 10/31/19 , there were 12, 11, 11, 11, and 6 funds, respectively, in this Lipper category.

Performance includes the deduction of management fees and administrative expenses.

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Fund price and distribution information For the 12-month period ended 10/31/19 
Distributions     
Number  12 
Income1  $0.3099 
Capital gains2  0.0710 
Total  $0.3809 
  Series A  Series C 
Distributions — preferred shares  (240 shares)  (1,507 shares) 
Number     
Income1  $2,156.65  $1,066.58 
Capital gains2  468.33  235.38 
Total  $2,624.98  $1,301.96 
Share value  NAV  Market price 
10/31/18  $7.64  $6.71 
10/31/19  8.15  7.97 
Current dividend rate (end of period)  NAV  Market price 
Current dividend rate3  4.71%  4.82% 
Taxable equivalent4  7.96  8.14 

 

The classification of distributions, if any, is an estimate. Final distribution information will appear on your year-end tax forms.

1 For some investors, investment income may be subject to the federal alternative minimum tax. Income from federally exempt funds may be subject to state and local taxes.

2 Capital gains, if any, are taxable for federal and, in most cases, state purposes.

3 Most recent distribution, including any return of capital and excluding capital gains, annualized and divided by NAV or market price at end of period.

4 Assumes maximum 40.80% federal tax rate for 2019. Results for investors subject to lower tax rates would not be as advantageous.

Fund performance as of most recent calendar quarter Total return for periods ended 9/30/19 
 
  Annual               
  average               
  Life of               
  fund (since    Annual    Annual    Annual   
  2/24/89)  10 years  average  5 years  average  3 years  average  1 year 
NAV  6.54%  98.97%  7.12%  33.89%  6.01%  14.80%  4.71%  10.57% 
Market price  6.25  110.26  7.71  45.30  7.76  14.89  4.74  19.01 

 

See the discussion following the fund performance table on page 9 for information about the calculation of fund performance.

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Consider these risks before investing

Lower-rated bonds may offer higher yields in return for more risk. Bond investments are subject to interest-rate risk (the risk of bond prices falling if interest rates rise) and credit risk (the risk of an issuer defaulting on interest or principal payments). Interest-rate risk is generally greater for longer-term bonds, and credit risk is generally greater for below-investment-grade bonds. Unlike bonds, funds that invest in bonds have fees and expenses. The value of investments in the fund’s portfolio may fall or fail to rise over extended periods of time for a variety of reasons, including general economic, political, or financial market conditions; investor sentiment and market perceptions; government actions; geopolitical events or changes; and factors related to a specific issuer, geography, industry, or sector. These and other factors may lead to increased volatility and reduced liquidity in the fund’s portfolio holdings. You can lose money by investing in the fund. The fund’s shares trade on a stock exchange at market prices, which may be lower than the fund’s net asset value.

Important notice regarding Putnam’s privacy policy

In order to conduct business with our shareholders, we must obtain certain personal information such as account holders’ names, addresses, Social Security numbers, and dates of birth. Using this information, we are able to maintain accurate records of accounts and transactions.

It is our policy to protect the confidentiality of our shareholder information, whether or not a shareholder currently owns shares of our funds. In particular, it is our policy not to sell information about you or your accounts to outside marketing firms. We have safeguards in place designed to prevent unauthorized access to our computer systems and procedures to protect personal information from unauthorized use.

Under certain circumstances, we must share account information with outside vendors who provide services to us, such as mailings and proxy solicitations. In these cases, the service providers enter into confidentiality agreements with us, and we provide only the information necessary to process transactions and perform other services related to your account. Finally, it is our policy to share account information with your financial representative, if you’ve listed one on your Putnam account.

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Terms and definitions

Important terms

Total return shows how the value of the fund’s shares changed over time, assuming you held the shares through the entire period and reinvested all distributions in the fund.

Net asset value (NAV) is the value of all your fund’s assets, minus any liabilities, divided by the number of outstanding shares.

Market price is the current trading price of one share of the fund. Market prices are set by transactions between buyers and sellers on exchanges such as the New York Stock Exchange.

Fixed-income terms

Current rate is the annual rate of return earned from dividends or interest of an investment. Current rate is expressed as a percentage of the price of a security, fund share, or principal investment.

Yield curve is a graph that plots the yields of bonds with equal credit quality against their differing maturity dates, ranging from shortest to longest. It is used as a benchmark for other debt, such as mortgage or bank lending rates.

Comparative indexes

Bloomberg Barclays Municipal Bond Index is an unmanaged index of long-term fixed-rate investment-grade tax-exempt bonds.

Bloomberg Barclays U.S. Aggregate Bond Index is an unmanaged index of U.S. investment-grade fixed-income securities.

ICE BofAML (Intercontinental Exchange Bank of America Merrill Lynch) U.S. 3-Month Treasury Bill Index is an unmanaged index that seeks to measure the performance of U.S. Treasury bills available in the marketplace.

S&P 500 Index is an unmanaged index of common stock performance.

Indexes assume reinvestment of all distributions and do not account for fees. Securities and performance of a fund and an index will differ. You cannot invest directly in an index.

ICE Data Indices, LLC (“ICE BofAML”), used with permission. ICE BofAML permits use of the ICE BofAML indices and related data on an “as is” basis; makes no warranties regarding same; does not guarantee the suitability, quality, accuracy, timeliness, and/or completeness of the ICE BofAML indices or any data included in, related to, or derived therefrom; assumes no liability in connection with the use of the foregoing; and does not sponsor, endorse, or recommend Putnam Investments, or any of its products or services.

Lipper is a third-party industry-ranking entity that ranks mutual funds. Its rankings do not reflect sales charges. Lipper rankings are based on total return at net asset value relative to other funds that have similar current investment styles or objectives as determined by Lipper. Lipper may change a fund’s category assignment at its discretion. Lipper category averages reflect performance trends for funds within a category.

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Other information for shareholders

Important notice regarding share repurchase program

In September 2019, the Trustees of your fund approved the renewal of a share repurchase program that had been in effect since 2005. This renewal allows your fund to repurchase, in the 356 days beginning October 10, 2019, up to 10% of the fund’s common shares outstanding as of October 9, 2019.

Important notice regarding delivery of shareholder documents

In accordance with Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) regulations, Putnam sends a single copy of annual and semiannual shareholder reports, prospectuses, and proxy statements to Putnam shareholders who share the same address, unless a shareholder requests otherwise. If you prefer to receive your own copy of these documents, please call Putnam at 1-800-225-1581, and Putnam will begin sending individual copies within 30 days.

Proxy voting

Putnam is committed to managing our mutual funds in the best interests of our shareholders. The Putnam funds’ proxy voting guidelines and procedures, as well as information regarding how your fund voted proxies relating to portfolio securities during the 12-month period ended June 30, 2019, are available in the Individual Investors section of putnam.com and on the SEC’s website, www.sec.gov. If you have questions about finding forms on the SEC’s website, you may call the SEC at 1-800-SEC-0330. You may also obtain the Putnam funds’ proxy voting guidelines and procedures at no charge by calling Putnam’s Shareholder Services at 1-800-225-1581.

Fund portfolio holdings

The fund will file a complete schedule of its portfolio holdings with the SEC for the first and third quarters of each fiscal year on Form N-PORT within 60 days of the end of such fiscal quarter. Shareholders may obtain the fund’s Form N-PORT on the SEC’s website at www.sec.gov.

Prior to its use of Form N-PORT, the fund filed its complete schedule of its portfolio holdings with the SEC on Form N-Q, which is available online at www.sec.gov.

Trustee and employee fund ownership

Putnam employees and members of the Board of Trustees place their faith, confidence, and, most importantly, investment dollars in Putnam mutual funds. As of October 31, 2019, Putnam employees had approximately $472,000,000 and the Trustees had approximately $74,000,000 invested in Putnam mutual funds. These amounts include investments by the Trustees’ and employees’ immediate family members as well as investments through retirement and deferred compensation plans.

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Summary of Putnam Closed-End Funds’ Amended and Restated Dividend Reinvestment Plans

Putnam Managed Municipal Income Trust, Putnam Master Intermediate Income Trust, Putnam Municipal Opportunities Trust and Putnam Premier Income Trust (each, a “Fund” and collectively, the “Funds”) each offer a dividend reinvestment plan (each, a “Plan” and collectively, the “Plans”). If you participate in a Plan, all income dividends and capital gain distributions are automatically reinvested in Fund shares by the Fund’s agent, Putnam Investor Services, Inc. (the “Agent”). If you are not participating in a Plan, every month you will receive all dividends and other distributions in cash, paid by check and mailed directly to you.

Upon a purchase (or, where applicable, upon registration of transfer on the shareholder records of a Fund) of shares of a Fund by a registered shareholder, each such shareholder will be deemed to have elected to participate in that Fund’s Plan. Each such shareholder will have all distributions by a Fund automatically reinvested in additional shares, unless such shareholder elects to terminate participation in a Plan by instructing the Agent to pay future distributions in cash. Shareholders who were not participants in a Plan as of January 31, 2010, will continue to receive distributions in cash but may enroll in a Plan at any time by contacting the Agent.

If you participate in a Fund’s Plan, the Agent will automatically reinvest subsequent distributions, and the Agent will send you a confirmation in the mail telling you how many additional shares were issued to your account.

To change your enrollment status or to request additional information about the Plans, you may contact the Agent either in writing, at P.O. Box 8383, Boston, MA 02266-8383, or by telephone at 1-800-225-1581 during normal East Coast business hours.

How you acquire additional shares through a Plan If the market price per share for your Fund’s shares (plus estimated brokerage commissions) is greater than or equal to their net asset value per share on the payment date for a distribution, you will be issued shares of the Fund at a value equal to the higher of the net asset value per share on that date or 95% of the market price per share on that date.

If the market price per share for your Fund’s shares (plus estimated brokerage commissions) is less than their net asset value per share on the payment date for a distribution, the Agent will buy Fund shares for participating accounts in the open market. The Agent will aggregate open-market purchases on behalf of all participants, and the average price (including brokerage commissions) of all shares purchased by the Agent will be the price per share allocable to each participant. The Agent will generally complete these open-market purchases within five business days following the payment date. If, before the Agent has completed open-market purchases, the market price per share (plus estimated brokerage commissions) rises to exceed the net asset value per share on the payment date, then the purchase price may exceed the net asset value per share, potentially resulting in the acquisition of fewer shares than if the distribution had been paid in newly issued shares.

How to withdraw from a Plan Participants may withdraw from a Fund’s Plan at any time by notifying the Agent, either in writing or by telephone. Such withdrawal will be effective immediately if notice is received by the Agent with sufficient time prior to any distribution record date; otherwise, such withdrawal will be effective with respect to any subsequent distribution following notice of withdrawal. There is no penalty for withdrawing from or not participating in a Plan.

Plan administration The Agent will credit all shares acquired for a participant under a Plan to the account in which the participant’s common shares are held. Each participant will

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be sent reasonably promptly a confirmation by the Agent of each acquisition made for his or her account.

About brokerage fees Each participant pays a proportionate share of any brokerage commissions incurred if the Agent purchases additional shares on the open market, in accordance with the Plans. There are no brokerage charges applied to shares issued directly by the Funds under the Plans.

About taxes and Plan amendments

Reinvesting dividend and capital gain distributions in shares of the Funds does not relieve you of tax obligations, which are the same as if you had received cash distributions. The Agent supplies tax information to you and to the IRS annually. Each Fund reserves the right to amend or terminate its Plan upon 30 days’ written notice. However, the Agent may assign its rights, and delegate its duties, to a successor agent with the prior consent of a Fund and without prior notice to Plan participants.

If your shares are held in a broker or nominee name If your shares are held in the name of a broker or nominee offering a dividend reinvestment service, consult your broker or nominee to ensure that an appropriate election is made on your behalf. If the broker or nominee holding your shares does not provide a reinvestment service, you may need to register your shares in your own name in order to participate in a Plan.

In the case of record shareholders such as banks, brokers or nominees that hold shares for others who are the beneficial owners of such shares, the Agent will administer the Plan on the basis of the number of shares certified by the record shareholder as representing the total amount registered in such shareholder’s name and held for the account of beneficial owners who are to participate in the Plan.

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Trustee approval of management contract

General conclusions

The Board of Trustees of The Putnam Funds oversees the management of each fund and, as required by law, determines annually whether to approve the continuance of your fund’s management contract with Putnam Investment Management, LLC (“Putnam Management”) and the sub-management contract with respect to your fund between Putnam Management and its affiliate, Putnam Investments Limited (“PIL”). The Board, with the assistance of its Contract Committee, requests and evaluates all information it deems reasonably necessary under the circumstances in connection with its annual contract review. The Contract Committee consists solely of Trustees who are not “interested persons” (as this term is defined in the Investment Company Act of 1940, as amended (the “1940 Act”)) of The Putnam Funds (“Independent Trustees”).

At the outset of the review process, members of the Board’s independent staff and independent legal counsel discussed with representatives of Putnam Management the annual contract review materials furnished to the Contract Committee during the course of the previous year’s review, identifying possible changes in these materials that might be necessary or desirable for the coming year. Following these discussions and in consultation with the Contract Committee, the Independent Trustees’ independent legal counsel requested that Putnam Management and its affiliates furnish specified information, together with any additional information that Putnam Management considered relevant, to the Contract Committee. Over the course of several months ending in June 2019, the Contract Committee met on a number of occasions with representatives of Putnam Management, and separately in executive session, to consider the information that Putnam Management provided. Throughout this process, the Contract Committee was assisted by the members of the Board’s independent staff and by independent legal counsel for The Putnam Funds and the Independent Trustees.

In May 2019, the Contract Committee met in executive session to discuss and consider its recommendations with respect to the continuance of the contracts. At the Trustees’ June 2019 meeting, the Contract Committee met in executive session with the other Independent Trustees to review a summary of the key financial, performance and other data that the Contract Committee considered in the course of its review. The Contract Committee then presented its written report, which summarized the key factors that the Committee had considered and set forth its recommendations. The Contract Committee recommended, and the Independent Trustees approved, the continuance of your fund’s management and sub-management contracts, effective July 1, 2019. (Because PIL is an affiliate of Putnam Management and Putnam Management remains fully responsible for all services provided by PIL, the Trustees have not attempted to evaluate PIL as a separate entity, and all subsequent references to Putnam Management below should be deemed to include reference to PIL as necessary or appropriate in the context.)

The Independent Trustees’ approval was based on the following conclusions:

• That the fee schedule in effect for your fund represented reasonable compensation in light of the nature and quality of the services being provided to the fund, the fees paid by competitive funds, and the costs incurred by Putnam Management in providing services to the fund; and

• That the fee schedule in effect for your fund represented an appropriate sharing between fund shareholders and Putnam Management of such economies of scale as may exist in the management of the fund at current asset levels.

These conclusions were based on a comprehensive consideration of all information provided to the Trustees and were not the result of any single factor. Some of the factors that figured particularly in the Trustees’ deliberations and how the Trustees considered these factors are described below, although individual Trustees may have evaluated the information presented differently, giving different weights to various factors. It is also important to recognize that the management arrangements for your fund and the other Putnam funds are the result of many years of review and discussion between the Independent Trustees and Putnam Management, that some aspects of the arrangements may receive greater scrutiny in some years than others, and that the Trustees’ conclusions may be based, in part, on their consideration of fee arrangements in previous years.

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Management fee schedules and total expenses

The Trustees reviewed the management fee schedules in effect for all Putnam funds, including fee levels and breakpoints. The Trustees also reviewed the total expenses of each Putnam fund, recognizing that in most cases management fees represented the major, but not the sole, determinant of total costs to fund shareholders. (Two funds have implemented so-called “all-in” management fees covering substantially all routine fund operating costs.)

In reviewing fees and expenses, the Trustees generally focus their attention on material changes in circumstances — for example, changes in assets under management, changes in a fund’s investment strategy, changes in Putnam Management’s operating costs or profitability, or changes in competitive practices in the mutual fund industry — that suggest that consideration of fee changes might be warranted. The Trustees concluded that the circumstances did not indicate that changes to the management fee structure for your fund would be appropriate at this time.

Under its management contract, your fund has the benefit of breakpoints in its management fee schedule that provide shareholders with economies of scale in the form of reduced fee rates as the fund’s assets under management increase. The Trustees noted, however, that because your fund is a closed-end management investment company, it has relatively stable levels of assets under management and is not expected to be affected significantly by breakpoints in its management fee schedule. The Trustees concluded that the fee schedule in effect for your fund represented an appropriate sharing of economies of scale between fund shareholders and Putnam Management.

The Trustees reviewed comparative fee and expense information for a custom group of competitive funds selected by Broadridge Financial Solutions, Inc. (“Broadridge”). This comparative information included your fund’s percentile ranking for effective management fees and total expenses, which provides a general indication of your fund’s relative standing. In the custom peer group, your fund ranked in the first quintile in effective management fees (determined for your fund and the other funds in the custom peer group based on fund asset size and the applicable contractual management fee schedule) and in the second quintile in total expenses as of December 31, 2018. The first quintile represents the least expensive funds and the fifth quintile the most expensive funds. The fee and expense data reported by Broadridge as of December 31, 2018 reflected the most recent fiscal year-end data available in Broadridge’s database at that time.

In connection with their review of fund management fees and total expenses, the Trustees also reviewed the costs of the services provided and the profits realized by Putnam Management and its affiliates from their contractual relationships with the funds. This information included trends in revenues, expenses and profitability of Putnam Management and its affiliates relating to the investment management, investor servicing and distribution services provided to the funds. In this regard, the Trustees also reviewed an analysis of Putnam Management’s revenues, expenses and profitability, allocated on a fund-by-fund basis, with respect to the funds’ management, distribution, and investor servicing contracts. For each fund, the analysis presented information about revenues, expenses and profitability for each of the agreements separately and for the agreements taken together on a combined basis. The Trustees concluded that, at current asset levels, the fee schedules in place represented reasonable compensation for the services being provided and represented an appropriate sharing between fund shareholders and Putnam Management of such economies of scale as may exist in the management of the Putnam funds at that time.

The information examined by the Trustees in connection with their annual contract review for the Putnam funds included information regarding fees charged by Putnam Management and its affiliates to institutional clients, including defined benefit pension and profit-sharing plans and sub-advised mutual funds. This information included, in cases where an institutional product’s investment strategy corresponds with a fund’s strategy, comparisons of those fees with fees charged to the Putnam funds, as well as an assessment of the differences in the services provided to these different types of clients as compared to the services provided to the Putnam funds. The Trustees observed that the differences in fee rates between these clients and the Putnam funds are by no means uniform when examined by individual asset sectors, suggesting that differences in the pricing of investment management services to these types of clients may reflect, among other things, historical competitive forces operating in separate markets. The Trustees considered the

Managed Municipal Income Trust 17 

 


fact that in many cases fee rates across different asset classes are higher on average for mutual funds than for institutional clients, and the Trustees also considered the differences between the services that Putnam Management provides to the Putnam funds and those that it provides to its other clients. The Trustees did not rely on these comparisons to any significant extent in concluding that the management fees paid by your fund are reasonable.

Investment performance

The quality of the investment process provided by Putnam Management represented a major factor in the Trustees’ evaluation of the quality of services provided by Putnam Management under your fund’s management contract. The Trustees were assisted in their review of the Putnam funds’ investment process and performance by the work of the investment oversight committees of the Trustees and the full Board of Trustees, which meet on a regular basis with the funds’ portfolio teams and with the Chief Investment Officers and other senior members of Putnam Management’s Investment Division throughout the year. The Trustees concluded that Putnam Management generally provides a high-quality investment process — based on the experience and skills of the individuals assigned to the management of fund portfolios, the resources made available to them, and in general Putnam Management’s ability to attract and retain high-quality personnel — but also recognized that this does not guarantee favorable investment results for every fund in every time period.

The Trustees considered that, after a strong start to the year, 2018 was a mixed year for The Putnam Funds, with the Putnam open-end Funds’ performance, on an asset-weighted basis, ranking in the 54th percentile of their Lipper Inc. (“Lipper”) peers (excluding those Putnam funds that are evaluated based on their total returns versus selected investment benchmarks). The Trustees also noted that The Putnam Funds were ranked by the Barron’s/Lipper Fund Families survey as the 41st-best performing mutual fund complex out of 57 complexes for the one-year period ended December 31, 2018 and the 29th-best performing mutual fund complex out of 55 complexes for the five-year period ended December 31, 2018. The Trustees observed that The Putnam Funds’ performance over the longer-term continued to be strong, ranking 6th out of 49 mutual fund complexes in the survey over the ten-year period ended 2018. In addition, the Trustees noted that 22 of the funds were four- or five-star rated by Morningstar Inc. at the end of 2018. They also noted, however, the disappointing investment performance of some funds for periods ended December 31, 2018 and considered information provided by Putnam Management regarding the factors contributing to the underperformance and actions being taken to improve the performance of these particular funds. The Trustees indicated their intention to continue to monitor closely the performance of those funds, including the effectiveness of any efforts Putnam Management has undertaken to address underperformance and whether additional actions to address areas of underperformance are warranted.

For purposes of the Trustees’ evaluation of the Putnam Funds’ investment performance, the Trustees generally focus on a competitive industry ranking of each fund’s total net return over a one-year, three-year and five-year period. For a number of Putnam funds with relatively unique investment mandates for which Putnam Management informed the Trustees that meaningful competitive performance rankings are not considered to be available, the Trustees evaluated performance based on their total gross and net returns and comparisons of those returns with the returns of selected investment benchmarks. In the case of your fund, the Trustees considered that its common share cumulative total return performance at net asset value was in the following quartiles of its Lipper peer group (Lipper High Yield Municipal Debt Funds (closed-end)) for the one-year, three-year and five-year periods ended December 31, 2018 (the first quartile representing the best-performing funds and the fourth quartile the worst-performing funds):

One-year period  2nd 
Three-year period  2nd 
Five-year period  3rd 

 

Over each of the one-year, three-year and five-year periods ended December 31, 2018, there were 11 funds in your fund’s Lipper peer group. (When considering performance information, shareholders should be mindful that past performance is not a guarantee of future results.)

The Trustees considered Putnam Management’s continued efforts to support fund performance through initiatives including structuring compensation for portfolio managers and research analysts to enhance accountability for fund performance, emphasizing accountability in the

18 Managed Municipal Income Trust 

 


portfolio management process, and affirming its commitment to a fundamental-driven approach to investing. The Trustees noted further that Putnam Management had made selective hires in 2018 to strengthen its investment team.

Brokerage and soft-dollar allocations; investor servicing

The Trustees considered various potential benefits that Putnam Management may receive in connection with the services it provides under the management contract with your fund. These include benefits related to brokerage allocation and the use of soft dollars, whereby a portion of the commissions paid by a fund for brokerage may be used to acquire research services that are expected to be useful to Putnam Management in managing the assets of the fund and of other clients. Subject to policies established by the Trustees, soft dollars generated by these means are used predominantly to acquire brokerage and research services (including third-party research and market data) that enhance Putnam Management’s investment capabilities and supplement Putnam Management’s internal research efforts. However, the Trustees noted that a portion of available soft dollars continues to be used to pay fund expenses. The Trustees indicated their continued intent to monitor regulatory and industry developments in this area with the assistance of their Brokerage Committee. The Trustees also indicated their continued intent to monitor the allocation of the Putnam funds’ brokerage in order to ensure that the principle of seeking best price and execution remains paramount in the portfolio trading process.

Putnam Management may also receive benefits from payments that the funds make to Putnam Management’s affiliates for investor services. In conjunction with the annual review of your fund’s management and sub-management contracts, the Trustees reviewed your fund’s investor servicing agreement with Putnam Investor Services, Inc. (“PSERV”), which is an affiliate of Putnam Management. The Trustees concluded that the fees payable by the funds to PSERV for such services are fair and reasonable in relation to the nature and quality of such services, the fees paid by competitive funds, and the costs incurred by PSERV in providing such services. Furthermore, the Trustees were of the view that the services provided were required for the operation of the funds, and that they were of a quality at least equal to those provided by other providers.

Managed Municipal Income Trust 19 

 


Audited financial statements

These sections of the report, as well as the accompanying Notes, preceded by the Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm, constitute the fund’s audited financial statements.

The fund’s portfolio lists all the fund’s investments and their values as of the last day of the reporting period. Holdings are organized by asset type and industry sector, country, or state to show areas of concentration and diversification.

Statement of assets and liabilities shows how the fund’s net assets and share price are determined. All investment and non-investment assets are added together. Any unpaid expenses and other liabilities are subtracted from this total. The result is divided by the number of shares to determine the net asset value per share. (For funds with preferred shares, the amount subtracted from total assets includes the liquidation preference of preferred shares.)

Statement of operations shows the fund’s net investment gain or loss. This is done by first adding up all the fund’s earnings — from dividends and interest income — and subtracting its operating expenses to determine net investment income (or loss). Then, any net gain or loss the fund realized on the sales of its holdings — as well as any unrealized gains or losses over the period — is added to or subtracted from the net investment result to determine the fund’s net gain or loss for the fiscal year.

Statement of changes in net assets shows how the fund’s net assets were affected by the fund’s net investment gain or loss, by distributions to shareholders, and by changes in the number of the fund’s shares. It lists distributions and their sources (net investment income or realized capital gains) over the current reporting period and the most recent fiscal year-end. The distributions listed here may not match the sources listed in the Statement of operations because the distributions are determined on a tax basis and may be paid in a different period from the one in which they were earned.

Financial highlights provide an overview of the fund’s investment results, per-share distributions, expense ratios, net investment income ratios, and portfolio turnover in one summary table, reflecting the five most recent reporting periods. In a semiannual report, the highlights table also includes the current reporting period.

20 Managed Municipal Income Trust 

 


Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm

Shareholders and the Board of Trustees
Putnam Managed Municipal Income Trust:

Opinion on the Financial Statements

We have audited the accompanying statement of assets and liabilities of Putnam Managed Municipal Income Trust (the “fund”), including the fund’s portfolio, as of October 31, 2019, and the related statement of operations for the year then ended, the statements of changes in net assets for each of the years in the two-year period then ended, and the related notes (collectively, the “financial statements”) and the financial highlights for each of the years in the five-year period then ended. In our opinion, the financial statements and financial highlights present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the fund as of October 31, 2019, and the results of its operations for the year then ended, the changes in its net assets for each of the years in the two-year period then ended, and the financial highlights for each of the years in the five-year period then ended, in conformity with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles.

Basis for Opinion

These financial statements and financial highlights are the responsibility of the fund’s management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on these financial statements and financial highlights based on our audits. We are a public accounting firm registered with the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (“PCAOB”) and are required to be independent with respect to the fund in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.

We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements and financial highlights are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud. Our audits included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the financial statements and financial highlights, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements and financial highlights. Such procedures also included confirmation of securities owned as of October 31, 2019, by correspondence with the custodian and brokers or by other appropriate auditing procedures. Our audits also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the financial statements and financial highlights. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion.

We have served as the auditor of one or more Putnam investment companies since 1999.

Boston, Massachusetts
December 19, 2019

Managed Municipal Income Trust 21 

 


The fund’s portfolio 10/31/19    
 
Key to holding’s abbreviations   
 
ABAG Association Of Bay Area Governments  PO Principal Only 
AGM Assured Guaranty Municipal Corporation  PSFG Permanent School Fund Guaranteed 
AMBAC AMBAC Indemnity Corporation  U.S. Govt. Coll. U.S. Government Collateralized 
COP Certificates of Participation  VRDN Variable Rate Demand Notes, which are floating- 
FRB Floating Rate Bonds: the rate shown is the current  rate securities with long-term maturities that carry 
interest rate at the close of the reporting period. Rates  coupons that reset and are payable upon demand 
may be subject to a cap or floor. For certain securities,  either daily, weekly or monthly. The rate shown is the 
the rate may represent a fixed rate currently in place  current interest rate at the close of the reporting 
at the close of the reporting period.  period. Rates are set by remarketing agents and may 
G.O. Bonds General Obligation Bonds take into consideration market supply and demand, 
IO Interest Only credit quality and the current SIFMA Municipal Swap 
NATL National Public Finance Guarantee Corporation Index rate, which was 1.12% as of the close of the 
reporting period. 

 

MUNICIPAL BONDS AND NOTES (129.8%)*  Rating**  Principal amount  Value 
Alabama (1.8%)       
Jefferson Cnty., Swr. Rev. Bonds       
Ser. D, 6.50%, 10/1/53  BBB  $500,000  $600,245 
zero %, 10/1/46  BBB  3,950,000  3,806,734 
Jefferson, Cnty. Rev. Bonds, (Warrants)       
5.00%, 9/15/34  AA  2,075,000  2,487,738 
5.00%, 9/15/33  AA  275,000  330,385 
      7,225,102 
Alaska (2.9%)       
AK State Indl. Dev. & Export Auth. Rev. Bonds,       
(Tanana Chiefs Conference), Ser. A, 4.00%, 10/1/44  A+/F  4,750,000  5,172,323 
Northern Tobacco Securitization Corp. Rev. Bonds,       
Ser. A, 5.00%, 6/1/46  B3  6,370,000  6,378,663 
      11,550,986 
Arizona (4.5%)       
AZ State Indl. Dev. Auth. Ed. 144A Rev. Bonds,       
(BASIS Schools, Inc.), Ser. G, 5.00%, 7/1/37  BB  500,000  551,040 
Chandler, Indl. Dev. Auth. Mandatory Put Bonds       
(6/3/24), (Intel Corp.), 5.00%, 6/1/49  A1  1,200,000  1,376,916 
La Paz Cnty., Indl. Dev. Auth. Ed. Fac. Rev. Bonds,       
(Harmony Pub. Schools), Ser. A       
5.00%, 2/15/48  BBB  2,330,000  2,633,483 
5.00%, 2/15/38  BBB  500,000  574,170 
Maricopa Cnty., Indl. Dev. Auth. Ed. Rev. Bonds,       
(Horizon Cmnty. Learning Ctr.), 5.00%, 7/1/35  BB+  500,000  541,080 
Phoenix, Indl. Dev. Auth. Ed. Rev. Bonds       
(Great Hearts Academies), 6.00%, 7/1/32       
(Prerefunded 7/1/21)  AAA/P  200,000  215,644 
(Choice Academies, Inc.), 5.625%, 9/1/42  BB  315,000  328,869 
(Great Hearts Academies), 5.00%, 7/1/44  BBB–  1,700,000  1,839,502 
(Choice Academies, Inc.), 4.875%, 9/1/22  BB  425,000  438,099 

 

22 Managed Municipal Income Trust 

 


MUNICIPAL BONDS AND NOTES (129.8%)* cont.  Rating**  Principal amount  Value 
Arizona cont.       
Phoenix, Indl. Dev. Auth. Ed. 144A Rev. Bonds,       
(BASIS Schools, Inc.)       
Ser. A, 5.00%, 7/1/46  BB  $250,000  $266,443 
5.00%, 7/1/35  BB  900,000  974,475 
Ser. A, 5.00%, 7/1/35  BB  600,000  649,650 
Pinal Cnty., Indl. Dev. Auth. Env. Fac. 144A Rev.       
Bonds, (Green Bond), 7.25%, 10/1/33  BB–/P  2,000,000  2,203,100 
Salt Verde, Fin. Corp. Gas Rev. Bonds       
5.50%, 12/1/29  A3  2,000,000  2,599,200 
5.00%, 12/1/32  A3  570,000  739,410 
Yavapai Cnty., Indl. Dev. Auth. Hosp. Fac. Rev. Bonds       
(Yavapai Regl. Med.), 5.00%, 8/1/36  A2  200,000  235,130 
(Yavapai Regl. Med. Ctr.), 5.00%, 8/1/34  A2  200,000  236,428 
Yavapai Cnty., Indl. Dev. Ed. Auth. Rev. Bonds,       
(Agribusiness & Equine Ctr.), 5.00%, 3/1/32  BB+  1,000,000  1,043,800 
Yavapai Cnty., Indl. Dev. Ed. Auth. 144A Rev. Bonds,       
Ser. A, 5.00%, 9/1/34  BB+  500,000  536,880 
      17,983,319 
California (5.3%)       
ABAG Fin. Auth. for Nonprofit Corps. Rev. Bonds,       
(Episcopal Sr. Cmntys.), 6.00%, 7/1/31  A–/F  660,000  707,025 
CA School Fin. Auth. Rev. Bonds, (2023 Union, LLC),       
Ser. A, 6.00%, 7/1/33  BBB  465,000  527,752 
CA State Muni. Fin. Auth. Charter School Rev. Bonds,       
(Partnerships Uplift Cmnty.), Ser. A, 5.00%, 8/1/32  BB  665,000  698,290 
CA State Poll. Control Fin. Auth. Rev. Bonds       
(Wtr. Furnishing), 5.00%, 11/21/45  Baa3  1,000,000  1,066,040 
(San Jose Wtr. Co.), 4.75%, 11/1/46  A  1,100,000  1,245,244 
CA Statewide Cmnty. Dev. Auth. Rev. Bonds       
(Terraces at San Joaquin Gardens), Ser. A,       
6.00%, 10/1/47  A–/F  1,345,000  1,512,089 
(U. CA Irvine E. Campus Apts. Phase 1),       
5.375%, 5/15/38  Baa1  1,000,000  1,062,590 
(899 Charleston, LLC), Ser. A, 5.25%, 11/1/44  BB/P  450,000  495,954 
(U. CA Irvine E. Campus Apts. Phase 1),       
5.125%, 5/15/31  Baa1  2,250,000  2,390,918 
Golden State Tobacco Securitization Corp. Rev.       
Bonds, Ser. A-2, 5.00%, 6/1/47  BB/P  5,000,000  5,142,000 
La Verne, COP, (Brethren Hillcrest Homes),       
5.00%, 5/15/36  BBB–/F  325,000  345,131 
Los Angeles, Regl. Arpt. Impt. Corp. Lease Rev.       
Bonds, (Laxfuel Corp.), 4.50%, 1/1/27  A  400,000  424,192 
Morongo Band of Mission Indians 144A Rev. Bonds,       
Ser. B, 5.00%, 10/1/42  BBB–/F  2,350,000  2,652,234 
Rancho Cordova, Cmnty. Fac. Dist. Special Tax       
Bonds, (Sunridge Anatolia), Ser. 03-1, 5.00%, 9/1/37  BBB–/P  350,000  374,801 
San Francisco City & Cnty., Redev. Agcy. Cmnty.       
Successor Special Tax Bonds, (No. 6 Mission Bay       
Pub. Impts.), Ser. C       
zero %, 8/1/43  BBB/P  2,000,000  554,040 
zero %, 8/1/38  BBB/P  2,000,000  748,260 

 

Managed Municipal Income Trust 23 

 


MUNICIPAL BONDS AND NOTES (129.8%)* cont.  Rating**  Principal amount  Value 
California cont.       
Sunnyvale, Special Tax Bonds, (Cmnty. Fac. Dist.       
No. 1), 7.75%, 8/1/32  B+/P  $835,000  $837,630 
Yucaipa Special Tax Bonds, (Cmnty. Fac. Dist.       
No. 98-1 Chapman Heights), 5.375%, 9/1/30  A  375,000  399,105 
      21,183,295 
Colorado (3.4%)       
Aviation Station North Metro. Dist. No. 2 G.O. Bonds,       
Ser. A, 5.00%, 12/1/48  B+/P  850,000  904,230 
Broadway Station Metro. Dist. No. 2 Co. G.O. Bonds,       
Ser. A, 5.125%, 12/1/48  B/P  500,000  529,725 
Central Platte Valley, Metro. Dist. G.O. Bonds,       
5.00%, 12/1/43  BB+  400,000  431,260 
CO Pub. Hwy. Auth. Rev. Bonds, (E-470), Ser. C,       
5.375%, 9/1/26  A2  500,000  515,965 
CO State Educ. & Cultural Fac. Auth. Rev. Bonds,       
(Skyview Academy), 5.125%, 7/1/34  BB  755,000  800,277 
CO State Hlth. Fac. Auth. Rev. Bonds       
(Christian Living Cmnty.), 6.375%, 1/1/41  BB/P  810,000  876,226 
(Total Longterm Care National), Ser. A, 6.25%,       
11/15/40 (Prerefunded 11/15/20)  AAA/P  300,000  315,120 
(Evangelical Lutheran Good Samaritan       
Society Oblig. Group (The)), 5.625%, 6/1/43       
(Prerefunded 6/1/23)  AAA/P  250,000  288,408 
(Evangelical Lutheran Good Samaritan       
Society Oblig. Group (The)), 5.00%, 12/1/33       
(Prerefunded 6/1/22)  AAA/P  1,100,000  1,205,369 
CO State Hlth. Fac. Auth. Hosp. Rev. Bonds       
(Frasier Meadows Retirement Cmnty.), Ser. B,       
5.00%, 5/15/48  BB+/F  1,500,000  1,581,240 
(Christian Living Neighborhood), 5.00%, 1/1/37  BB/P  1,250,000  1,375,825 
(Christian Living Neighborhood), 5.00%, 1/1/31  BB/P  500,000  556,395 
Eaton, Area Park & Recreation Dist. G.O. Bonds,       
5.25%, 12/1/34  BB/P  220,000  232,771 
Park Creek, Metro. Dist. Tax Allocation Bonds,       
(Sr. Ltd. Property Tax Supported), Ser. A,       
5.00%, 12/1/45  A/F  225,000  253,697 
Plaza, Tax Alloc. Bonds, (Metro. Dist. No. 1),       
5.00%, 12/1/40  BB–/P  1,650,000  1,728,441 
Regl. Trans. Dist. Rev. Bonds, (Denver Trans.       
Partners), 6.00%, 1/15/41  Baa3  750,000  769,373 
Southlands, Metro. Dist. No. 1 G.O. Bonds, Ser. A-1,       
5.00%, 12/1/37  Ba1  500,000  568,925 
Willow Bend Metro. Dist. G.O. Bonds, Ser. A,       
5.00%, 12/1/39  BB–/P  600,000  643,956 
      13,577,203 
Connecticut (0.4%)       
Harbor Point Infrastructure Impt. Dist. 144A Tax       
Alloc. Bonds, (Harbor Point Ltd.), 5.00%, 4/1/39  BB/P  1,500,000  1,694,415 
      1,694,415 

 

24 Managed Municipal Income Trust 

 


MUNICIPAL BONDS AND NOTES (129.8%)* cont.  Rating**  Principal amount  Value 
Delaware (1.9%)       
DE State Econ. Dev. Auth. Rev. Bonds       
(Delmarva Pwr.), 5.40%, 2/1/31  A–  $500,000  $513,790 
(Indian River Pwr.), 5.375%, 10/1/45  Baa3  2,600,000  2,678,650 
(ASPIRA of Delaware Charter Operations, Inc.),       
Ser. A, 5.00%, 6/1/51  BB+  1,035,000  1,110,348 
(ASPIRA Charter School), Ser. A, 5.00%, 6/1/36  BB+  705,000  769,627 
DE State Hlth. Fac. Auth. VRDN, (Christiana Care),       
Ser. A, 1.35%, 10/1/38  VMIG 1  965,000  965,000 
Millsboro Special Oblig. 144A Tax Alloc. Bonds,       
(Plantation Lakes Special Dev. Dist.), 5.125%, 7/1/38  BB–/P  1,490,000  1,623,012 
      7,660,427 
District of Columbia (1.2%)       
D.C. Rev. Bonds, (D.C. Intl. School), 5.00%, 7/1/49  BBB  1,275,000  1,511,181 
DC Rev. Bonds       
(Howard U.), Ser. A, 6.50%, 10/1/41  BBB–  395,000  411,077 
(Howard U.), Ser. A, 6.25%, 10/1/32  BBB–  525,000  547,229 
(KIPP DC), 4.00%, 7/1/39  BBB+  750,000  821,010 
DC Tobacco Settlement Fin. Corp. Rev. Bonds,       
Ser. A, zero %, 6/15/46  CCC/P  7,500,000  1,432,650 
      4,723,147 
Florida (6.8%)       
Alachua Cnty., Hlth. Fac. Auth. Rev. Bonds,       
(Shands Teaching Hospital & Clinics, Inc.), Ser. A,       
4.00%, 12/1/49  A  5,000,000  5,457,600 
Cap. Trust Agcy. Senior Living 144A Rev. Bonds,       
(H-Bay Ministries, Inc.-Superior Residencies), Ser. C,       
7.50%, 7/1/53  B–/P  250,000  262,338 
Celebration Pointe Cmnty. Dev. Dist. No. 1 144A       
Special Assessment Bonds, (Alachua Cnty.),       
5.00%, 5/1/48  B/P  250,000  264,883 
Double Branch Cmnty. Dev. Dist. Special Assmt.       
Bonds, (Sr. Lien), Ser. A-1, 4.125%, 5/1/31  A  500,000  531,485 
Fishhawk, CCD IV Special Assmt. Bonds,       
7.25%, 5/1/43  B/P  380,000  429,655 
Greater Orlando Aviation Auth. Rev. Bonds,       
(JetBlue Airways Corp.), 5.00%, 11/15/36  B/P  1,000,000  1,067,390 
Halifax Hosp. Med. Ctr. Rev. Bonds, 5.00%, 6/1/36  A–  1,300,000  1,509,807 
Lakewood Ranch, Stewardship Dist. Special       
Assessment Bonds, (Village of Lakewood Ranch       
South), 5.125%, 5/1/46  B+/P  900,000  958,689 
Lakewood Ranch, Stewardship Dist. Special Assmt.       
Bonds, 4.875%, 5/1/35  BB–/P  485,000  514,304 
Martin Cnty., Rev. Bonds, (Indiantown       
Cogeneration), 4.20%, 12/15/25  BBB+  1,500,000  1,519,695 
Miami Beach, Hlth. Fac. Auth. Hosp. Rev. Bonds,       
(Mount Sinai Med. Ctr.), 5.00%, 11/15/29  Baa1  1,000,000  1,097,080 
Miami-Dade Cnty., Rev. Bonds, (Tran. Syst. Sales       
Surtax), 5.00%, 7/1/42  AA  2,000,000  2,168,560 
Miami-Dade Cnty., Indl. Dev. Auth. Rev. Bonds,       
(Pinecrest Academy, Inc.), 5.00%, 9/15/34  BBB  1,240,000  1,352,406 
Midtown Miami Cmnty. Dev. Dist. Special Assmt.       
Bonds, (Garage), Ser. A, 5.00%, 5/1/29  BB–/P  570,000  604,998 

 

Managed Municipal Income Trust 25 

 


MUNICIPAL BONDS AND NOTES (129.8%)* cont.  Rating**  Principal amount  Value 
Florida cont.       
Palm Beach Cnty., 144A Rev. Bonds, (PBAU Hsg.),       
Ser. A, 5.00%, 4/1/39  Ba1  $500,000  $559,665 
Pinellas Cnty., Indl. Dev. Auth. Rev. Bonds,       
(2017 Foundation for Global Understanding, Inc.),       
5.00%, 7/1/39  AAA/P  690,000  801,801 
Sarasota Cnty., Hlth. Fac. Auth. Rev. Bonds,       
(Village on the Isle), Ser. A, 5.00%, 1/1/37  BBB–/F  1,000,000  1,104,110 
Sarasota Cnty., Pub. Hosp. Dist. Rev. Bonds,       
(Sarasota Memorial Hosp.), 4.00%, 7/1/48  A1  1,500,000  1,639,620 
Southeast Overtown Park West Cmnty. Redev. Agcy.       
144A Tax Alloc. Bonds, Ser. A-1, 5.00%, 3/1/30  BBB+  480,000  537,859 
Tallahassee, Hlth. Fac. Rev. Bonds, (Tallahassee       
Memorial HealthCare, Inc.), Ser. A, 5.00%, 12/1/55  Baa1  1,000,000  1,119,520 
Verandah, West Cmnty. Dev. Dist. Special Assmt.       
Bonds, (Cap. Impt.), 5.00%, 5/1/33  B+/P  495,000  516,721 
Village Cmnty. Dev. Dist. No. 10 Special Assmt.       
Bonds, 5.75%, 5/1/31  BB/P  725,000  810,797 
Village Cmnty. Dev. Dist. No. 11 Special Assmt.       
Bonds, 4.50%, 5/1/45  BB–/P  990,000  1,034,194 
Village Cmnty. Dev. Dist. No. 12 144A Special       
Assessment Bonds, 4.00%, 5/1/33  BB–/P  745,000  795,869 
Village Cmnty. Dev. Dist. No. 8 Special Assmt. Bonds,       
(Phase II), 6.125%, 5/1/39  BBB–/P  365,000  372,855 
Village Cmnty. Dev. Dist. No. 9 Special Assmt. Bonds,       
5.00%, 5/1/22  BBB–/P  205,000  213,120 
      27,245,021 
Georgia (4.8%)       
Clayton Cnty., Dev. Auth. Special Fac. Rev. Bonds,       
(Delta Airlines), Ser. A, 8.75%, 6/1/29  Baa3  3,000,000  3,123,540 
Cobb Cnty., Dev. Auth. Student Hsg. Rev. Bonds,       
(Kennesaw State U. Real Estate Oblig. Group), Ser. C,       
5.00%, 7/15/38  Baa2  765,000  850,076 
GA State Private College & U. Auth. Rev. Bonds,       
(Mercer U.)       
Ser. C, 5.25%, 10/1/30  Baa1  750,000  816,420 
Ser. A, 5.25%, 10/1/27  Baa1  1,000,000  1,068,340 
Ser. A, 5.00%, 10/1/32  Baa1  1,000,000  1,050,280 
Gainesville & Hall Cnty., Dev. Auth. Edl. Fac. Rev.       
Bonds, (Riverside Military Academy)       
5.00%, 3/1/47  BBB–/F  1,000,000  1,100,960 
5.00%, 3/1/37  BBB–/F  1,450,000  1,616,127 
Gainesville & Hall Cnty., Devauth Retirement Cmnty.       
Rev. Bonds, (Acts Retirement-Life Cmnty.), Ser. A-2,       
6.375%, 11/15/29 (Prerefunded 11/15/19)  A–/F  700,000  701,092 
Main St. Natural Gas, Inc. Gas Supply Rev. Bonds,       
Ser. A, 5.00%, 5/15/34  A3  3,345,000  4,052,802 
Muni. Election Auth. of GA Rev. Bonds       
(Plant Voltage Units 3 & 4), Ser. A, 5.50%, 7/1/60  A  2,000,000  2,250,660 
(Plant Vogtle Units 3 & 4), Ser. A, 4.00%, 1/1/59  A2  2,000,000  2,135,040 
(Plant Vogtle Units 3 & 4), Ser. A, 4.00%, 1/1/49  A2  500,000  541,825 
      19,307,162 

 

26 Managed Municipal Income Trust 

 


MUNICIPAL BONDS AND NOTES (129.8%)* cont.  Rating**  Principal amount  Value 
Guam (0.1%)       
Territory of GU, Pwr. Auth. Rev. Bonds, Ser. A,       
5.00%, 10/1/34  Baa2  $200,000  $213,794 
      213,794 
Hawaii (0.1%)       
HI State Dept. Budget & Fin. Rev. Bonds,       
(Kahala Nui), 5.125%, 11/15/32  A/F  400,000  443,608 
      443,608 
Idaho (0.5%)       
ID State Hlth. Fac. Auth. Rev. Bonds, (St. Luke’s Hlth.       
Sys. Oblig. Group), Ser. A, 4.00%, 3/1/38  A3  2,000,000  2,157,680 
      2,157,680 
Illinois (12.4%)       
Chicago, G.O. Bonds, Ser. A       
6.00%, 1/1/38  BBB+  2,560,000  3,039,744 
5.50%, 1/1/49  BBB+  1,000,000  1,165,030 
5.00%, 1/1/40  BBB+  2,000,000  2,267,400 
Chicago, Special Assmt. Bonds, (Lake Shore East),       
6.75%, 12/1/32  BB/P  1,572,000  1,580,803 
Chicago, Board of Ed. G.O. Bonds       
Ser. C, 5.25%, 12/1/39  BB–  1,500,000  1,649,310 
Ser. H, 5.00%, 12/1/36  BB–  2,100,000  2,384,655 
Chicago, Motor Fuel Tax Rev. Bonds, 5.00%, 1/1/29  Ba1  500,000  532,910 
Chicago, O’Hare Intl. Arpt. Rev. Bonds, Ser. A,       
5.00%, 1/1/38  A  700,000  844,872 
Chicago, Waste Wtr. Transmission Rev. Bonds,       
(2nd Lien), 5.00%, 1/1/39  A  1,360,000  1,484,780 
Chicago, Wtr. Wks Rev. Bonds       
5.00%, 11/1/39  A  875,000  973,543 
5.00%, 11/1/30  A  1,000,000  1,172,710 
Cicero, G.O. Bonds, Ser. A, AGM, 5.00%, 1/1/20  AA  1,250,000  1,256,863 
Cook Cnty., G.O. Bonds, 5.00%, 11/15/35  AA–  500,000  578,780 
Du Page Cnty., Special Svc. Area No. 31 Special Tax       
Bonds, (Monarch Landing), 5.625%, 3/1/36  B/P  319,000  320,113 
IL Fin. Auth. Rev. Bonds       
(Navistar Intl. Recvy. Zone), 6.75%, 10/15/40  BB–  500,000  516,275 
(American Wtr. Cap. Corp.), 5.25%, 10/1/39  A  1,575,000  1,578,197 
IL State G.O. Bonds       
5.25%, 2/1/30  Baa3  1,000,000  1,097,510 
5.00%, 11/1/41  Baa3  1,250,000  1,377,988 
5.00%, 1/1/41  Baa3  700,000  765,051 
5.00%, 2/1/39  Baa3  200,000  214,436 
Ser. A, 5.00%, 5/1/38  Baa3  1,000,000  1,130,340 
5.00%, 11/1/34  Baa3  500,000  558,395 
Ser. B, 5.00%, 10/1/31  Baa3  1,000,000  1,150,580 
Ser. C, 5.00%, 11/1/29  Baa3  3,775,000  4,283,115 
5.00%, 1/1/29  Baa3  1,095,000  1,226,006 
Ser. A, 5.00%, 12/1/28  Baa3  1,760,000  2,029,790 
Ser. D, 5.00%, 11/1/28  Baa3  1,000,000  1,144,680 
Ser. D, 5.00%, 11/1/26  Baa3  2,500,000  2,842,600 

 

Managed Municipal Income Trust 27 

 


MUNICIPAL BONDS AND NOTES (129.8%)* cont.  Rating**  Principal amount  Value 
Illinois cont.       
IL State Fin. Auth. Rev. Bonds       
(Three Crowns Park), 5.25%, 2/15/47  BB–/P  $540,000  $582,854 
(Plymouth Place), 5.25%, 5/15/45  BB+/F  1,000,000  1,068,620 
(Three Crowns Park), 5.25%, 2/15/37  BB–/P  305,000  330,471 
(Southern IL Healthcare Enterprises, Inc.),       
5.00%, 3/1/33  A+  700,000  823,914 
(Windy City Portfolio), Ser. A-1, 4.375%, 12/1/42  BB–/P  1,000,000  684,740 
(Riverside Hlth. Syst.), 4.00%, 11/15/35  A+  500,000  538,775 
IL State Fin. Auth. Student Hsg. & Academic Fac. Rev.       
Bonds, (U. of IL-CHF-Chicago, LLC), Ser. A       
5.00%, 2/15/47  Baa3  500,000  562,680 
5.00%, 2/15/37  Baa3  1,200,000  1,372,704 
Metro. Pier & Exposition Auth. Rev.       
Bonds, (McCormick Place Expansion),       
Ser. B, stepped-coupon zero % (4.950%, 6/15/31),       
12/15/47  ††   BBB  1,500,000  1,003,290 
Metro. Wtr. Reclamation Dist. of Greater Chicago       
G.O. Bonds, Ser. A, 5.00%, 12/1/31  AA+  1,000,000  1,192,400 
Sales Tax Securitization Corp. Rev. Bonds, Ser. C,       
5.50%, 1/1/36  AA–  2,000,000  2,433,560 
      49,760,484 
Indiana (1.0%)       
IN State Fin. Auth. Edl. Fac. Rev. Bonds, (Butler U.),       
Ser. B, 5.00%, 2/1/29  A–  500,000  536,675 
IN State Fin. Auth. Hosp. Rev. Bonds,       
(Goshen Hlth. Obligated Group), Ser. A       
4.00%, 11/1/39  A–  715,000  789,789 
4.00%, 11/1/37  A–  1,330,000  1,479,066 
Valparaiso, Exempt Facs. Rev. Bonds,       
(Pratt Paper, LLC), 6.75%, 1/1/34  B+/P  1,125,000  1,307,869 
      4,113,399 
Iowa (0.2%)       
IA State Fin. Auth. Midwestern Disaster Rev. Bonds,       
(IA Fertilizer Co., LLC), 5.25%, 12/1/25  B+  750,000  816,660 
      816,660 
Kansas (0.3%)       
Wichita, Hlth. Care Fac. Rev. Bonds,       
(Presbyterian Manors), Ser. I, 5.00%, 5/15/33  BB–/P  500,000  548,990 
Wyandotte, Cnty./Kansas City, Unified Govt. 144A       
Rev. Bonds, (Legends Apt. Garage & West Lawn),       
4.50%, 6/1/40  AA  490,000  512,952 
      1,061,942 
Kentucky (3.1%)       
KY Econ. Dev. Fin. Auth. Rev. Bonds, (Masonic Home       
Indpt. Living), 5.00%, 5/15/46  BB/P  1,000,000  1,045,270 
KY Pub. Trans. Infrastructure Auth. Rev. Bonds,       
(1st Tier Downtown Crossing), Ser. A, 6.00%, 7/1/53  Baa3  1,100,000  1,244,870 
KY State Econ. Dev. Fin. Auth. Rev. Bonds,       
(Owensboro Hlth.), Ser. A, 5.25%, 6/1/41  Baa3  125,000  144,829 
KY State Econ. Dev. Fin. Auth. Hlth. Care Rev. Bonds,       
(Masonic Homes of KY), 5.375%, 11/15/42  BB–/P  900,000  942,039 

 

28 Managed Municipal Income Trust 

 


MUNICIPAL BONDS AND NOTES (129.8%)* cont.  Rating**  Principal amount  Value 
Kentucky cont.       
KY State Pub. Energy Auth. Gas Supply Mandatory       
Put Bonds (6/1/25), Ser. C-1, 4.00%, 12/1/49)  A3  $4,635,000  $5,144,943 
Louisville & Jefferson Cnty., Metro. Govt. Hlth. Syst.       
Rev. Bonds, (Norton Healthcare Oblig. Group),       
5.50%, 10/1/33  A  3,000,000  3,398,010 
Owen Cnty., Wtr. Wks. Syst. Rev. Bonds,       
(American Wtr. Co.), Ser. A, 6.25%, 6/1/39  A  700,000  702,506 
      12,622,467 
Louisiana (2.2%)       
LA State Pub. Fac. Auth. Rev. Bonds, (LA State U.       
Greenhouse Phase III), Ser. A, 5.00%, 7/1/59  A3  3,000,000  3,486,300 
LA State Pub. Fac. Solid Waste Disp. Auth. Rev.       
Bonds, (LA Pellets, Inc.), Ser. A, 8.375%, 7/1/39       
(In default)  †   D/P  500,000  5 
Pub. Fac. Auth. Rev. Bonds, (Tulane U.), Ser. A,       
4.00%, 12/15/50  A2  750,000  819,810 
Pub. Fac. Auth. Dock & Wharf 144A Rev. Bonds,       
(Impala Warehousing, LLC), 6.50%, 7/1/36  B+/P  1,000,000  1,100,310 
St. John The Baptist Parish Mandatory Put Bonds       
(7/1/24), (Marathon Oil Corp.), Ser. A-2, 2.10%, 6/1/37  BBB  3,000,000  3,010,080 
St. Tammany, Public Trust Fin. Auth. Rev. Bonds,       
(Christwood), 5.25%, 11/15/37  BB/P  385,000  421,775 
      8,838,280 
Maine (0.7%)       
ME Hlth. & Higher Edl. Fac. Auth. Rev. Bonds       
(ME Gen. Med. Ctr.), 7.50%, 7/1/32  Ba3  1,000,000  1,091,310 
(MaineGeneral Health Oblig. Group), 6.95%, 7/1/41  Ba3  1,000,000  1,075,970 
ME State Fin. Auth. Solid Waste Disp. 144A       
Mandatory Put Bonds (8/1/25), (Casella Waste Syst.),       
5.125%, 8/1/35  B2  500,000  569,200 
      2,736,480 
Maryland (1.0%)       
Brunswick, Special Tax, 5.00%, 7/1/36  B+/P  550,000  615,368 
Frederick Cnty., Edl. Fac. 144A Rev. Bonds,       
(Mount St. Mary’s U.), Ser. A, 5.00%, 9/1/37  BB+  500,000  566,265 
Prince Georges Cnty., Special Oblig. 144A Tax Alloc.       
Bonds, (Westphalia Town Ctr.), 5.125%, 7/1/39  B/P  1,000,000  1,111,400 
Westminster, Rev. Bonds       
(Lutheran Village at Miller’s Grant, Inc. (The)),       
Ser. A, 6.00%, 7/1/34  B–/P  250,000  280,060 
(Carroll Lutheran Village, Inc.), 5.125%, 7/1/34  BB/P  1,500,000  1,617,240 
      4,190,333 
Massachusetts (1.0%)       
MA State Dev. Fin. Agcy. Rev. Bonds       
(Loomis Communities), Ser. A, 6.00%, 1/1/33  BBB/P  100,000  111,753 
(Loomis Communities), Ser. A, U.S. Govt. Coll.,       
6.00%, 1/1/33 (Prerefunded 7/1/23)  AAA/P  100,000  117,010 
(Linden Ponds, Inc.), Ser. B, zero %, 11/15/56  B–/P  439,022  126,030 
MA State Dev. Fin. Agcy. 144A Rev. Bonds, (Linden       
Ponds, Inc. Fac.)       
5.125%, 11/15/46  BB/F  1,000,000  1,128,990 
5.00%, 11/15/38  BB/F  500,000  565,530 

 

Managed Municipal Income Trust 29 

 


MUNICIPAL BONDS AND NOTES (129.8%)* cont.  Rating**  Principal amount  Value 
Massachusetts cont.       
MA State Dev. Fin. Agcy. Hlth. Care Fac. 144A Rev.       
Bonds, (Adventcare), Ser. A, 6.65%, 10/15/28  B/P  $995,000  $990,324 
MA State Port Auth. Special Fac. Rev. Bonds,       
(Conrac), Ser. A, 5.125%, 7/1/41  A  750,000  792,638 
      3,832,275 
Michigan (6.5%)       
Detroit, G.O. Bonds, 5.00%, 4/1/37  Ba3  750,000  832,185 
Detroit, Wtr. Supply Syst. Rev. Bonds, Ser. B, AGM,       
6.25%, 7/1/36  AA  5,000  5,018 
Flint, Hosp. Bldg. Auth. Rev. Bonds, Ser. A,       
5.25%, 7/1/39  Ba1  750,000  794,130 
Great Lakes, Wtr. Auth. Swr. Rev. Bonds,       
(Brazos Presbyterian Homes, Inc.), Ser. C,       
5.00%, 7/1/36  A  2,000,000  2,350,380 
Kentwood, Economic Dev. Rev. Bonds,       
(Holland Home), 5.625%, 11/15/32  BBB–/F  2,195,000  2,371,961 
Kentwood, Economic Dev. Corp. Rev. Bonds,       
(Holland Home Obligated Group)       
5.00%, 11/15/41  BBB–/F  1,000,000  1,127,250 
5.00%, 11/15/32  BBB–/F  1,250,000  1,435,588 
MI State Fin. Auth. Rev. Bonds       
(Local Govt. Loan Program — Detroit Wtr. & Swr.       
Dept. (DWSD)), Ser. D-2, 5.00%, 7/1/34  A+  400,000  464,208 
(Detroit Wtr. & Swr.), Ser. C-6, 5.00%, 7/1/33  A+  600,000  681,840 
MI State Fin. Auth. Ltd. Oblig. Rev. Bonds,       
(Lawrence Technological U.), 5.00%, 2/1/47  BB+  2,150,000  2,348,811 
MI State Hosp. Fin. Auth. Rev Bonds (Trinity Hlth.       
Credit Group) , Ser. A, 5.00% 12/1/47 T   Aa3  8,500,000  9,249,170 
MI State Strategic Fund Ltd. Rev. Bonds,       
(Worthington Armstrong Venture), 5.75%, 10/1/22       
(Escrowed to maturity)  AAA/P  1,350,000  1,512,257 
MI State Strategic Fund Ltd. Oblig. Rev. Bonds,       
(Holland Home Oblig. Group), 5.00%, 11/15/43  BBB–/F  500,000  563,370 
Wayne Cnty., Arpt. Auth. Rev. Bonds, Ser. A,       
5.00%, 12/1/21  A2  2,000,000  2,144,600 
      25,880,768 
Minnesota (1.2%)       
Baytown Twp., Lease Rev. Bonds, Ser. A,       
4.00%, 8/1/41  BB+  380,000  385,594 
Ham Lake, Charter School Lease Rev. Bonds,       
(DaVinci Academy of Arts & Science), Ser. A,       
5.00%, 7/1/47  BB–/P  500,000  525,370 
Rochester, Hlth. Care Fac. Rev. Bonds,       
(Olmsted Med. Ctr.), 5.875%, 7/1/30  A/F  1,000,000  1,027,790 
Sartell, Hlth. Care & Hsg. Facs. Rev. Bonds,       
(Country Manor Campus, LLC)       
5.25%, 9/1/30  B–/P  500,000  536,410 
5.25%, 9/1/27  B–/P  750,000  811,868 

 

30 Managed Municipal Income Trust 

 


MUNICIPAL BONDS AND NOTES (129.8%)* cont.  Rating**  Principal amount  Value 
Minnesota cont.       
St. Paul, Hsg. & Redev. Auth. Charter School Lease       
Rev. Bonds, (Nova Classical Academy), Ser. A       
6.625%, 9/1/42 (Prerefunded 9/1/21)  BBB–  $250,000  $274,260 
6.375%, 9/1/31  BBB–  250,000  268,223 
St. Paul, Port Auth. Lease Rev. Bonds,       
(Regions Hosp. Pkg. Ramp), Ser. 1, 5.00%, 8/1/36  A–/P  1,125,000  1,127,183 
      4,956,698 
Mississippi (1.4%)       
MS State Bus. Fin. Corp. Rev. Bonds, (System Energy       
Resources, Inc.), 2.50%, 4/1/22  BBB+  5,600,000  5,621,000 
      5,621,000 
Missouri (1.2%)       
MO State Hlth. & Edl. Fac. Auth. VRDN, (WA U. (The)),       
Ser. D, 1.21%, 9/1/30  VMIG 1  1,000,000  1,000,000 
Saint Louis, Indl. Dev. Auth. Fin. Rev. Bonds,       
(Ballpark Village Dev.), Ser. A, 4.75%, 11/15/47  BB–/P  875,000  954,599 
St. Louis Cnty., Indl. Dev. Auth. Sr. Living Fac. Rev.       
Bonds, (Friendship Village Oblig. Group), Ser. A,       
5.00%, 9/1/38  BB+/F  2,500,000  2,815,400 
      4,769,999 
Nebraska (1.5%)       
Central Plains, Energy Mandatory Put Bonds       
(1/1/24), (No. 4), 5.00%, 3/1/50  A3  4,500,000  5,014,800 
Lancaster Cnty., Hosp. Auth. Rev. Bonds,       
(Immanuel Oblig. Group), 5.50%, 1/1/30  AA/F  1,000,000  1,006,790 
      6,021,590 
Nevada (1.4%)       
Clark Cnty., Impt. Dist. Special Assmt. Bonds,       
(Mountains Edge Local No. 142), 5.00%, 8/1/21  A  445,000  468,509 
Clark Cnty., Impt. Dist. No. 159 Special Assessment       
Bonds, (Summerlin Village 16A), 5.00%, 8/1/32  B+/P  475,000  521,588 
Las Vegas, Special Assmt. Bonds       
5.00%, 6/1/31  B+/P  400,000  427,160 
(Dist. No. 607 Local Impt.), 5.00%, 6/1/23  BBB–/P  325,000  351,146 
Las Vegas, Impt. Dist. No. 812 Special Assessment       
Bonds, (Summerlin Village 24), 5.00%, 12/1/35  B/P  250,000  273,360 
North Las Vegas, G.O. Bonds, AGM, 4.00%, 6/1/33  AA  3,095,000  3,471,166 
      5,512,929 
New Hampshire (2.2%)       
National Fin. Auth. 144A Rev. Bonds,       
(Covanta Holding Corp.), Ser. C, 4.875%, 11/1/42  B1  1,275,000  1,353,553 
NH State Hlth. & Ed. Fac. Auth. Rev. Bonds       
(Rivermead), Ser. A, 6.875%, 7/1/41  BB+/P  2,000,000  2,109,700 
(Rivermead), Ser. A, 6.625%, 7/1/31  BB+/P  1,320,000  1,395,016 
(Catholic Med. Ctr.), 5.00%, 7/1/44  A–  1,000,000  1,160,080 
(Kendel at Hanover), 5.00%, 10/1/40  BBB+/F  585,000  649,397 
(Elliot Hosp.), 5.00%, 10/1/38  A–  250,000  289,663 
(Southern NH Med. Ctr.), 5.00%, 10/1/37  A–  1,000,000  1,161,010 
NH State Hlth. & Ed. Fac. Auth. 144A Rev. Bonds,       
(Hillside Village), Ser. A, 6.25%, 7/1/42  B–/P  750,000  815,865 
      8,934,284 

 

Managed Municipal Income Trust 31 

 


MUNICIPAL BONDS AND NOTES (129.8%)* cont.  Rating**  Principal amount  Value 
New Jersey (8.3%)       
Atlantic City, G.O. Bonds, (Tax Appeal), Ser. B, AGM,       
4.00%, 3/1/42  AA  $1,250,000  $1,368,338 
NJ State Econ. Dev. Auth. Rev. Bonds       
(Ashland School, Inc.), 6.00%, 10/1/33  BBB  995,000  1,134,579 
(NYNJ Link Borrower, LLC), 5.375%, 1/1/43  BBB  1,000,000  1,120,400 
Ser. EEE, 5.00%, 6/15/48  Baa1  3,000,000  3,408,180 
(North Star Academy Charter School of Newark,       
Inc.), 5.00%, 7/15/47  BBB–  1,000,000  1,133,530 
Ser. AAA, 5.00%, 6/15/36  Baa1  350,000  399,854 
(United Methodist Homes), Ser. A, 5.00%, 7/1/29  BBB–/F  500,000  543,835 
Ser. B, 5.00%, 11/1/26  Baa1  3,000,000  3,546,720 
5.00%, 6/15/26  Baa1  500,000  536,820 
NJ State Econ. Dev. Auth. Fac. Rev. Bonds,       
(Continental Airlines, Inc.), 5.625%, 11/15/30  BB  1,500,000  1,722,795 
NJ State Econ. Dev. Auth. Special Fac. Rev. Bonds,       
(Port Newark Container Term., LLC), 5.00%, 10/1/37  Ba1  1,500,000  1,742,790 
NJ State Econ. Dev. Auth. Wtr. Fac. Rev. Bonds,       
(NJ American Wtr. Co.)       
Ser. A, 5.70%, 10/1/39  A1  2,600,000  2,608,242 
Ser. D, 4.875%, 11/1/29  A1  700,000  720,314 
NJ State Hlth. Care Fac. Fin. Auth. Rev. Bonds,       
(St. Peter’s U. Hosp.), 6.25%, 7/1/35  Ba1  2,000,000  2,121,560 
NJ State Trans. Trust Fund Auth. Rev. Bonds, Ser. A       
5.00%, 12/15/35  Baa1  2,600,000  3,027,466 
5.00%, 12/15/34  Baa1  1,800,000  2,100,438 
North Hudson, Swr. Auth. Rev. Bonds, Ser. A       
5.00%, 6/1/42  A+  945,000  1,019,778 
5.00%, 6/1/42 (Prerefunded 6/1/22)  AAA/P  55,000  60,416 
Tobacco Settlement Fin. Corp. Rev. Bonds, Ser. B,       
5.00%, 6/1/46  BB+  3,300,000  3,638,151 
Union Cnty., Util. Auth. Resource Recvy. Fac. Lease       
Rev. Bonds, (Covanta Union), Ser. A, 5.25%, 12/1/31  AA+  1,450,000  1,559,171 
      33,513,377 
New Mexico (0.8%)       
Farmington, Poll. Control Rev. Bonds       
(Public Service Co. of San Juan, NM), Ser. D,       
5.90%, 6/1/40  BBB+  500,000  512,630 
(AZ Pub. Svc. Co.), Ser. B, 4.70%, 9/1/24  A2  2,000,000  2,060,720 
Sante Fe, Retirement Fac. Rev. Bonds, (El Castillo       
Retirement Residences), Ser. A, 5.00%, 5/15/39  BB+/F  500,000  559,110 
      3,132,460 
New York (6.6%)       
Glen Cove, Local Econ. Assistance Corp. Rev. Bonds,       
(Garvies Point Pub. Impt.), Ser. C, stepped-coupon       
zero% (5.625%, 1/1/24), 1/1/55  ††   B/P  300,000  287,568 
Metro. Trans. Auth. Rev. Bonds, (Green Bonds),       
Ser. C-1, 4.00%, 11/15/32  A1  3,000,000  3,431,520 
Metro. Trans. Auth. Dedicated Tax Mandatory Put       
Bonds (6/1/22), Ser. A-2A, 1.57%, 11/1/26  AA  2,530,000  2,526,559 
NY Counties, Tobacco Trust VI Rev. Bonds, (Tobacco       
Settlement Pass Through), Ser. A-2B, 5.00%, 6/1/51  BBB  1,700,000  1,775,395 

 

32 Managed Municipal Income Trust 

 


MUNICIPAL BONDS AND NOTES (129.8%)* cont.  Rating**  Principal amount  Value 
New York cont.       
NY State Dorm. Auth. Rev. Bonds, Ser. A, Group C ,       
5.00% 3/15/42 T   AAA  $10,845,000  $12,906,179 
NY State Env. Fac. Corp. Solid Waste Disp. 144A       
Mandatory Put Bonds (12/2/19), (Casella Waste       
Syst., Inc.), 3.75%, 12/1/44  B2  1,000,000  1,001,510 
NY State Liberty Dev. Corp. 144A Rev. Bonds       
(World Trade Ctr.), Class 2, 5.375%, 11/15/40  BB–/P  750,000  844,898 
(3 World Trade Ctr., LLC), Class 1-3,       
5.00%, 11/15/44  BB–/P  2,350,000  2,593,319 
Port Auth. of NY & NJ Special Oblig. Rev. Bonds,       
(John F. Kennedy Intl. Air Term.), 6.00%, 12/1/42  Baa1  1,000,000  1,047,680 
      26,414,628 
North Carolina (1.9%)       
NC State Med. Care Comm. Hlth. Fac. Rev. Bonds,       
(Presbyterian Homes), Ser. C, 5.00%, 10/1/31  A–/F  800,000  925,512 
NC State Med. Care Comm. Retirement       
Fac. Rev. Bonds       
(Salemtowne), 5.375%, 10/1/45  BB/P  1,615,000  1,778,939 
(Aldersgate United Methodist Retirement Cmnty.,       
Inc.), Ser. A, 5.00%, 7/1/47  BB/P  400,000  438,016 
(Aldersgate United Methodist Church),       
5.00%, 7/1/45  BB/P  825,000  885,794 
(Twin Lakes Cmnty.), Ser. A, 5.00%, 1/1/38  BBB/F  1,750,000  2,031,208 
(Southminister, Inc.), 5.00%, 10/1/37  BB/P  965,000  1,057,958 
(United Church Homes & Svcs. Oblig. Group),       
Ser. A, 5.00%, 9/1/37  BB/P  500,000  535,530 
      7,652,957 
Ohio (5.6%)       
Buckeye, Tobacco Settlement Fin. Auth. Rev. Bonds       
Ser. A-2, 6.50%, 6/1/47  B3  4,000,000  4,090,840 
Ser. A-3, 6.25%, 6/1/37  CCC+  5,850,000  5,992,682 
Ser. A-2, 6.00%, 6/1/42  B3  4,000,000  4,022,800 
Ser. B, zero %, 6/1/47  CCC+/P  10,000,000  611,500 
Cleveland-Cuyahoga Cnty., Port Auth. Cultural       
Fac. Rev. Bonds, (Playhouse Square Foundation),       
5.50%, 12/1/53  BB+  1,500,000  1,728,960 
Franklin Cnty., Hlth. Care Fac. Rev. Bonds,       
(OH Presbyterian Retirement Svcs. (OPRS) Cmntys.       
Oblig. Group), Ser. A, 5.625%, 7/1/26  BBB/F  1,250,000  1,282,763 
Lake Cnty., Hosp. Fac. Rev. Bonds, (Lake Hosp.       
Syst., Inc.), Ser. C, 5.625%, 8/15/29  Baa1  245,000  245,813 
OH State Air Quality Dev. Auth. Exempt Fac. 144A       
Rev. Bonds, (Pratt Paper, LLC), 4.50%, 1/15/48  BB+/P  1,200,000  1,298,148 
OH State Higher Edl. Fac. Comm. Rev. Bonds,       
(Kenyon College)       
5.00%, 7/1/44 (Prerefunded 7/1/20)  A  525,000  538,104 
U.S. Govt. Coll., 5.00%, 7/1/44       
(Prerefunded 7/1/20)  AAA/P  275,000  281,864 
OH State Private Activity Rev. Bonds,       
(Portsmouth Bypass), AGM, 5.00%, 12/31/35  AA  750,000  856,260 

 

Managed Municipal Income Trust 33 

 


MUNICIPAL BONDS AND NOTES (129.8%)* cont.  Rating**  Principal amount  Value 
Ohio cont.       
Southeastern OH Port Auth. Hosp. Fac. Rev. Bonds       
5.75%, 12/1/32  BB–/F  $900,000  $981,657 
(Memorial Hlth. Syst. Oblig. Group),       
5.00%, 12/1/43  BB–/F  150,000  157,847 
Toledo-Lucas Cnty., Port Auth. FRB,       
(CSX Transn, Inc.), 6.45%, 12/15/21  A3  500,000  546,905 
      22,636,143 
Oklahoma (0.7%)       
Tulsa Cnty., Indl. Auth. Rev. Bonds, (Sr. Living       
Cmnty. Montereau, Inc.), Ser. A, 7.125%, 11/1/30       
(Prerefunded 5/1/20)  BB–/P  1,250,000  1,285,625 
Tulsa, Muni. Arpt. Trust Rev. Bonds,       
(American Airlines, Inc.), Ser. B, 5.50%, 12/1/35  B+/P  1,250,000  1,364,500 
      2,650,125 
Oregon (1.6%)       
Multnomah Cnty., Hosp. Fac. Auth. Rev. Bonds,       
(Terwilliger Plaza, Inc.), 5.00%, 12/1/29  BBB/F  350,000  379,057 
Portland, Rev. Bonds, Ser. C, 7.701%, 6/1/22  Aaa  4,000,000  4,373,960 
Warm Springs Reservation, Confederated Tribes       
144A Rev. Bonds, (Pelton Round Butte Tribal), Ser. B,       
6.375%, 11/1/33  A3  700,000  700,000 
Warm Springs, Reservation Confederated Tribes       
144A Rev. Bonds, (Pelton-Round Butte), Ser. B       
5.00%, 11/1/36  A3  500,000  588,735 
5.00%, 11/1/34  A3  200,000  237,600 
      6,279,352 
Pennsylvania (4.9%)       
Allegheny Cnty., Higher Ed. Bldg. Auth. Rev. Bonds       
(Robert Morris U.), Ser. A, 5.50%, 10/15/30  Baa3  1,000,000  1,030,970 
(Robert Morris U.-UPMC Events Ctr.),       
5.00%, 10/15/47  Baa3  1,820,000  2,038,509 
Allegheny Cnty., Hosp. Dev. Auth. Rev. Bonds,       
(Allegheny Hlth. Network Oblig. Group), Ser. A       
5.00%, 4/1/35  A  1,200,000  1,441,968 
5.00%, 4/1/32  A  1,425,000  1,732,401 
Chester Cnty., Indl. Dev. Auth. Rev. Bonds       
(Collegium Charter School), Ser. A,       
5.125%, 10/15/37  BB  750,000  813,900 
(Renaissance Academy Charter School),       
5.00%, 10/1/34  BBB–  350,000  386,012 
Chester Cnty., Indl. Dev. Auth. Student Hsg. Rev.       
Bonds, (West Chester U. Student Hsg., LLC), Ser. A,       
5.00%, 8/1/45  Baa3  1,000,000  1,070,880 
Dallas, Area Muni. Auth. U. Rev. Bonds,       
(Misericordia U.), 5.00%, 5/1/48  Baa3  500,000  560,995 
Montgomery Cnty., Indl. Auth. Rev. Bonds,       
(Whitemarsh Continuing Care Retirement Cmnty.),       
Ser. A, 5.25%, 1/1/48  BB–/P  500,000  523,950 
Moon, Indl. Dev. Auth. Rev. Bonds, (Baptist Homes       
Society Oblig. Group), 5.75%, 7/1/35  B+/P  1,500,000  1,631,655 

 

34 Managed Municipal Income Trust 

 


MUNICIPAL BONDS AND NOTES (129.8%)* cont.  Rating**  Principal amount  Value 
Pennsylvania cont.       
PA State Econ. Dev. Fin. Auth. Solid Waste Disp.       
144A Rev. Bonds, (Covanta Holding Corp.), Ser. A,       
3.25%, 8/1/39  B  $2,200,000  $2,193,554 
PA State Higher Edl. Fac. Auth. Rev. Bonds       
(Shippensburg U.), 6.25%, 10/1/43       
(Prerefunded 10/1/21)  AAA/P  500,000  547,790 
(Gwynedd Mercy College), Ser. KK1,       
5.375%, 5/1/42  BBB  785,000  837,085 
PA State Tpk. Comm. Rev. Bonds       
Ser. A, 5.00%, 12/1/44  A3  1,500,000  1,812,705 
Ser. B-1, 5.00%, 6/1/42  A3  900,000  1,055,799 
Philadelphia, Auth. for Indl. Dev. Rev. Bonds,       
(Master Charter School), 6.00%, 8/1/35       
(Prerefunded 8/1/20)  AAA/P  1,055,000  1,091,450 
West Shore Area Auth. Rev. Bonds,       
(Lifeways at Messiah Village), Ser. A, 5.00%, 7/1/35  BBB–/F  785,000  846,191 
      19,615,814 
Puerto Rico (0.2%)       
Cmnwlth. of PR, G.O. Bonds, (Pub. Impt.), Ser. A,       
NATL, 5.50%, 7/1/20  Baa2  1,000,000  1,017,120 
      1,017,120 
Rhode Island (0.4%)       
RI Hlth. & Edl. Bldg. Corp. Rev. Bonds,       
(Lifespan Oblig. Group-Hosp. Fin.), 5.00%, 5/15/25  BBB+  1,500,000  1,753,155 
      1,753,155 
South Carolina (3.2%)       
SC State Jobs Econ. Dev. Auth. Edl. Fac. 144A Rev.       
Bonds, (High Point Academy), Ser. A       
5.75%, 6/15/49  Ba1  1,000,000  1,115,890 
5.75%, 6/15/39  Ba1  500,000  563,910 
SC State Pub. Svcs. Auth. Rev. Bonds       
Ser. A, 5.50%, 12/1/54  A2  2,000,000  2,270,480 
Ser. C, 5.00%, 12/1/46  A2  2,500,000  2,818,000 
(Santee Cooper), Ser. D, 5.00%, 12/1/43  A2  1,000,000  1,066,990 
Ser. A, 5.00%, 12/1/36  A2  1,000,000  1,174,070 
SC Trans. Infrastructure Bank Mandatory Put Bonds       
(10/1/22), Ser. 03B, 1.811%, 10/1/31  Aa3  3,980,000  3,983,741 
      12,993,081 
Tennessee (0.8%)       
Metro. Govt. Nashville & Davidson Cnty., Hlth. &       
Edl. Fac. Board Mandatory Put Bonds (7/1/21),       
(Vanderbilt U. Med. Ctr.), Ser. D, 4.511%, 7/1/46  A3  2,000,000  2,046,940 
Tennergy Corp., Gas Mandatory Put Bonds       
(10/1/24), Ser. A, 5.00%, 2/1/50  Aa2  1,000,000  1,152,260 
      3,199,200 
Texas (13.3%)       
Arlington, Higher Ed. Fin. Corp. Rev. Bonds,       
(Uplift Ed.), Ser. A, PSFG, 4.00%, 12/1/42  AAA  1,000,000  1,102,860 
Central TX Regl. Mobility Auth. Rev. Bonds, (Sr. Lien),       
Ser. A, 5.00%, 1/1/33  A–  525,000  573,815 

 

Managed Municipal Income Trust 35 

 


MUNICIPAL BONDS AND NOTES (129.8%)* cont.  Rating**  Principal amount  Value 
Texas cont.       
Clifton, Higher Ed. Fin. Corp. Rev. Bonds       
(Intl. Leadership), Ser. D, 6.125%, 8/15/48  BB–/P  $2,500,000  $2,789,325 
(Idea Pub. Schools), 5.00%, 8/15/32  A–  315,000  338,962 
(IDEA Pub. Schools), 5.00%, 8/15/28  A–  200,000  238,374 
Dallas-Fort Worth, Intl. Arpt. Rev. Bonds, Ser. B,       
4.50%, 11/1/45  A+  2,535,000  2,717,951 
Harris Cnty., Cultural Ed. Fac. Fin. Corp. Rev. Bonds       
(Brazos Presbyterian Homes, Inc.), 5.00%, 1/1/37  BBB–/F  250,000  275,603 
(YMCA of the Greater Houston Area), Ser. A,       
5.00%, 6/1/33  Baa2  1,000,000  1,067,590 
Harris Cnty., Cultural Ed. Fac. Fin. Corp. VRDN,       
(The Methodist Hosp.), Ser. C-1, 1.35%, 12/1/24  A-1+  1,500,000  1,500,000 
Houston, Arpt. Syst. Rev. Bonds       
Ser. B-1, 5.00%, 7/15/35  BB  2,500,000  2,793,950 
Ser. B-1, 5.00%, 7/15/30  BB  650,000  730,659 
Ser. A, 5.00%, 7/1/24  A+  1,500,000  1,588,425 
La Vernia, Higher Ed. Fin. Corp. 144A Rev. Bonds,       
(Meridian World School, LLC), Ser. A, 5.25%, 8/15/35  BB+  1,000,000  1,086,000 
Love Field, Arpt. Modernization Corp. Special Fac.       
Rev. Bonds, (Southwest Airlines Co.), 5.25%, 11/1/40  A3  3,500,000  3,621,905 
Matagorda Cnty., Poll. Control Rev. Bonds,       
(Dist. No. 1), Ser. A, AMBAC, 4.40%, 5/1/30  A–  1,250,000  1,484,025 
Montgomery Cnty., Toll Road Auth. Rev. Bonds,       
5.00%, 9/15/36  BBB–  1,110,000  1,251,547 
New Hope, Cultural Ed. Fac. Fin. Corp. Rev. Bonds       
(Wesleyan Homes, Inc.), 5.50%, 1/1/43  BB–/P  500,000  540,665 
(Collegiate Student Hsg. Island Campus, LLC),       
Ser. A, 5.00%, 4/1/42  Ba1  1,830,000  1,942,655 
(Collegiate Hsg.-Tarleton St.), 5.00%, 4/1/39  Baa3  500,000  537,095 
(MRC Crestview), 5.00%, 11/15/36  BB+/F  200,000  218,154 
(Woman’s U.-Collegiate Hsg. Denton, LLC),       
Ser. A-1, AGM, 4.125%, 7/1/53  AA  1,000,000  1,065,200 
Newark, Higher Ed. Fin. Corp. Rev. Bonds,       
(Austin Achieve Pub. Schools, Inc.), 5.00%, 6/15/48  BB–/P  500,000  512,770 
North Texas Edl. Fin. Co. Rev. Bonds, (Uplift Edl.),       
Ser. A, 5.25%, 12/1/47 (Prerefunded 6/1/22)  BBB–  2,000,000  2,201,540 
Red River, Hlth. Retirement Fac. Dev. Corp. Rev.       
Bonds, (Happy Harbor Methodist Home, Inc.), Ser. A,       
7.75%, 11/15/44  B–/P  420,000  496,150 
Temple, Tax Increment 144A Tax Alloc. Bonds,       
(Reinvestment Zone No. 1), Ser. A, 5.00%, 8/1/38  BB+  1,500,000  1,642,935 
TX Private Activity Surface Trans. Corp. Rev. Bonds       
(NTE Mobility), 7.50%, 12/31/31  Baa2  2,000,000  2,021,000 
(LBJ Infrastructure), 7.00%, 6/30/40  Baa3  2,500,000  2,593,625 
(Segment 3C), 5.00%, 6/30/58  Baa3  2,500,000  2,916,350 
TX State Muni. Gas Acquisition & Supply Corp. III Rev.       
Bonds, 5.00%, 12/15/28  A3  1,500,000  1,636,920 
TX State Private Activity Bond Surface Trans. Corp.       
Rev. Bonds, (Blueridge Trans. Group, LLC (SH 288       
Toll Lane))       
5.00%, 12/31/55  Baa3  500,000  554,810 
5.00%, 12/31/50  Baa3  750,000  834,443 

 

36 Managed Municipal Income Trust 

 


MUNICIPAL BONDS AND NOTES (129.8%)* cont.  Rating**  Principal amount  Value 
Texas cont.       
TX State Trans. Comm. Rev. Bonds,       
(State Hwy. 249 Sys.), Ser. A, zero %, 8/1/39  Baa3  $700,000  $318,325 
Uptown Dev. Auth. Tax Alloc. Bonds, Ser. A,       
5.00%, 9/1/40  BBB  700,000  790,979 
TX State Transportation Commission G.O. Bonds,       
Ser. A, 5.00% 10/1/44 T   AAA  8,000,000  9,197,561 
      53,182,168 
Utah (1.1%)       
Infrastructure Agcy. Telecomm. Rev. Bonds,       
4.00%, 10/15/39  BBB–/F  1,500,000  1,564,935 
Murray City, Hosp. VRDN, (IHC Hlth. Svcs., Inc.),       
Ser. A, 1.35%, 5/15/37  VMIG 1  2,000,000  2,000,000 
UT State Charter School Fin. Auth. Rev. Bonds,       
(Summit Academy, Inc.), Ser. A, 5.00%, 4/15/44  AA  625,000  754,538 
      4,319,473 
Virginia (4.1%)       
Cherry Hill Cmnty., Dev. Auth. 144A Special Assmt.       
Bonds, (Potomac Shores), 5.40%, 3/1/45  B/P  1,000,000  1,056,180 
Federal Home Loan Mortgage Corp. Rev. Bonds,       
Ser. M-053, Class A, 2.55%, 6/15/35  AA+  3,000,000  3,072,900 
Front Royal & Warren Cnty., Indl. Dev. Auth. Rev.       
Bonds, (Valley Hlth. Oblig. Group), 4.00%, 1/1/50  A1  2,500,000  2,684,475 
Henrico Cnty., Econ. Dev. Auth. Res. Care Fac. Rev.       
Bonds, (United Methodist Homes), 5.00%, 6/1/22  BB+/P  625,000  671,494 
King George Cnty., Indl. Dev. Auth. Mandatory       
Put Bonds (5/1/19), (Waste Mgt., Inc.-King George       
Landfill, Inc.), Ser. A, 2.50%, 6/1/23  A–  1,875,000  1,924,050 
Lexington, Indl. Dev. Auth. Res. Care Fac. Rev.       
Bonds, (Kendal at Lexington), 4.00%, 1/1/31  BBB–/F  675,000  719,516 
Lower Magnolia Green Cmnty., Dev. Auth. 144A       
Special Assmt. Bonds, 5.00%, 3/1/35  B/P  485,000  504,958 
Small Bus. Fin. Auth. Private Activity Rev. Bonds,       
(Transform 66 P3), 5.00%, 12/31/49  Baa3  1,000,000  1,148,360 
Suffolk, Econ. Dev. Auth. Retirement Fac. Rev.       
Bonds, (United Church Homes & Svcs. Oblig. Group),       
5.00%, 9/1/31  BB/P  500,000  551,345 
VA State Cmnwlth. U. Hlth. Syst. Auth. Rev. Bonds,       
Ser. B, 4.00%, 7/1/40  Aa3  2,000,000  2,216,360 
VA State Small Bus. Fin. Auth. Rev. Bonds       
(Elizabeth River Crossings OPCO, LLC),       
6.00%, 1/1/37  BBB  740,000  819,890 
(Express Lanes, LLC), 5.00%, 7/1/34  BBB  1,150,000  1,229,557 
      16,599,085 
Washington (2.5%)       
Kalispel Tribe of Indians Priority Dist. Rev. Bonds,       
Ser. A, 5.25%, 1/1/38  BB+/P  750,000  832,298 
Port of Seattle, Rev. Bonds, Ser. C, 5.00%, 4/1/40  A1  625,000  704,306 
Port Seattle, Port Indl. Dev. Corp. Rev. Bonds,       
(Delta Airlines, Inc.), 5.00%, 4/1/30  BBB–  800,000  874,600 
Skagit Cnty., Pub. Hosp. Rev. Bonds, (Dist. No. 001),       
5.75%, 12/1/35  Baa2  2,500,000  2,592,925 

 

Managed Municipal Income Trust 37 

 


MUNICIPAL BONDS AND NOTES (129.8%)* cont.  Rating**  Principal amount  Value 
Washington cont.       
Tobacco Settlement Auth. of WA Rev. Bonds,       
5.25%, 6/1/32  A–  $1,275,000  $1,340,739 
WA State Hlth. Care Fac. Auth. Mandatory Put Bonds       
(7/1/22), (Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Ctr.),       
Ser. B, 2.296%, 1/1/42  A+  1,700,000  1,712,767 
WA State Hsg. Fin. Comm. Rev. Bonds,       
(Wesley Homes Lea Hill), 5.00%, 7/1/41  B/P  500,000  536,195 
WA State Hsg. Fin. Comm. 144A Rev. Bonds,       
(Presbyterian Retirement Cmnty. Northwest), Ser. A,       
5.00%, 1/1/36  BB/F  1,175,000  1,316,259 
      9,910,089 
Wisconsin (2.8%)       
Pub. Fin. Auth. Arpt. Fac. Rev. Bonds,       
(Sr. Oblig. Group), 5.25%, 7/1/28  BBB+  350,000  380,940 
Pub. Fin. Auth. Edl. Fac. Rev. Bonds,       
(Piedmont Cmnty. Charter School), 5.00%, 6/15/53  Baa3  1,150,000  1,315,106 
Pub. Fin. Auth. Exempt Fac. Rev. Bonds,       
(Celanese U.S. Holdings, LLC), Ser. C, 4.30%, 11/1/30  BBB  300,000  327,660 
Pub. Fin. Auth. Higher Ed. Fac. Rev. Bonds,       
(Gannon U.)       
5.00%, 5/1/47  BBB+  250,000  279,773 
5.00%, 5/1/42  BBB+  1,090,000  1,223,089 
Pub. Fin. Auth. Ltd. Oblig. Pilot 144A Rev. Bonds,       
(American Dream at Meadowlands), 7.00%, 12/1/50  BB/P  1,000,000  1,197,610 
Pub. Fin. Auth. Retirement Communities Rev.       
Bonds, (Evergreens Obligated Group), Ser. A,       
5.00%, 11/15/49  BBB/F  1,750,000  2,003,252 
Pub. Fin. Auth. Retirement Fac. Rev. Bonds,       
(Southminster, Inc.), 5.00%, 10/1/43  BB/F  750,000  831,728 
WI State Hlth. & Edl. Fac. Auth. Rev. Bonds,       
(St. John’s Cmnty., Inc.), Ser. B, 5.00%, 9/15/45  BBB–/F  250,000  259,363 
WI State Pub. Fin. Auth Sr. Living Rev. Bonds,       
(Rose Villa, Inc.), Ser. A, 5.75%, 11/15/44  BB–/P  1,800,000  1,964,484 
WI State Pub. Fin. Auth Sr. Living 144A Rev. Bonds,       
(Mary’s Woods at Marylhurst), Ser. A, 5.25%, 5/15/37  BB/F  380,000  429,506 
WI State Pub. Fin. Auth. 144A Rev. Bonds,       
(Church Home of Hartford, Inc.), Ser. A,       
5.00%, 9/1/30  BB/F  945,000  1,029,275 
      11,241,786 
Total municipal bonds and notes (cost $492,767,958)    $520,744,760 

 

SHORT-TERM INVESTMENTS (0.1%)*  Principal amount  Value 
U.S. Treasury Bills 1.930%, 12/12/19    $295,000  $294,505 
U.S. Treasury Bills 1.908%, 3/12/20    152,000  151,146 
U.S. Treasury Bills 2.013%, 11/7/19  86,000  85,977 
Total short-term investments (cost $531,301)    $531,628 
 
TOTAL INVESTMENTS     
Total investments (cost $493,299,259)    $521,276,388 

 

38 Managed Municipal Income Trust 

 


Notes to the fund’s portfolio

Unless noted otherwise, the notes to the fund’s portfolio are for the close of the fund’s reporting period, which ran from November 1, 2018 through October 31, 2019 (the reporting period). Within the following notes to the portfolio, references to “Putnam Management” represent Putnam Investment Management, LLC, the fund’s manager, an indirect wholly-owned subsidiary of Putnam Investments, LLC and references to “ASC 820” represent Accounting Standards Codification 820 Fair Value Measurements and Disclosures.

* Percentages indicated are based on net assets of $401,241,685.

** The Moody’s, Standard & Poor’s or Fitch ratings indicated are believed to be the most recent ratings available at the close of the reporting period for the securities listed. Ratings are generally ascribed to securities at the time of issuance. While the agencies may from time to time revise such ratings, they undertake no obligation to do so, and the ratings do not necessarily represent what the agencies would ascribe to these securities at the close of the reporting period. Securities rated by Fitch are indicated by “/F.” Securities rated by Putnam are indicated by “/P.” The Putnam rating categories are comparable to the Standard & Poor’s classifications. If a security is insured, it will usually be rated by the ratings organizations based on the financial strength of the insurer. Ratings are not covered by the Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm.

† This security is non-income-producing.

†† The interest rate and date shown parenthetically represent the new interest rate to be paid and the date the fund will begin accruing interest at this rate.

∆ This security, in part or in entirety, was pledged and segregated with the custodian for collateral on certain derivative contracts at the close of the reporting period. Collateral at period end totaled $352,839 and is included in Investments in securities on the Statement of assets and liabilities (Notes 1 and 8).

At the close of the reporting period, the fund maintained liquid assets totaling $37,638,703 to cover certain derivative contracts, tender option bonds and the settlement of certain securities.

Unless otherwise noted, the rates quoted in Short-term investments security descriptions represent the weighted average yield to maturity.

144A after the name of an issuer represents securities exempt from registration under Rule 144A of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended. These securities may be resold in transactions exempt from registration, normally to qualified institutional buyers.

On Mandatory Put Bonds, the rates shown are the current interest rates at the close of the reporting period and the dates shown represent the next mandatory put dates. Rates are set by remarketing agents and may take into consideration market supply and demand, credit quality and the current SIFMA Municipal Swap Index, 1 Month US LIBOR or 3 Month US LIBOR rates, which were 1.12%, 1.78% and 1.90%, respectively, as of the close of the reporting period.

The dates shown parenthetically on prerefunded bonds represent the next prerefunding dates.

The dates shown on debt obligations are the original maturity dates.

The fund had the following sector concentrations greater than 10% at the close of the reporting period (as a percentage of net assets):

Health care  31.5% 
Education  16.5 
Transportation  13.2 
Utilities  12.6 
State debt  10.4 

 

Managed Municipal Income Trust 39 

 


OTC INTEREST RATE SWAP CONTRACTS OUTSTANDING at 10/31/19     
    Upfront         
    premium  Termina-      Unrealized 
Swap counterparty/    received  tion  Payments  Payments  appreciation/ 
Notional amount  Value  (paid)  date  made by fund  received by fund  (depreciation) 
Citibank, N.A.             
$1,575,000  $17,377 E  $—  1/2/50  1.46% — Quarterly SIFMA Municipal  $17,377 
          Swap index —   
          Quarterly   
10,800,000  99,554 E   —  10/18/31  1.404% —  SIFMA Municipal  (99,554) 
        Quarterly  Swap index —   
          Quarterly   
20,000,000  76,540 E   —  10/18/26  SIFMA Municipal  1.182% — Quarterly  76,540 
        Swap index —     
        Quarterly     
37,830,000  103,238 E   —  10/20/26  SIFMA Municipal  1.159% — Quarterly  103,238 
        Swap index —     
        Quarterly     
11,135,000  123,387 E   —  10/21/41  1.559% —  SIFMA Municipal  (123,387) 
        Quarterly  Swap index —   
          Quarterly   
Upfront premium received   —    Unrealized appreciation  197,155 
Upfront premium (paid)   —    Unrealized (depreciation)  (222,941) 
Total    $—    Total    $(25,786) 

 

E Extended effective date.

OTC TOTAL RETURN SWAP CONTRACTS OUTSTANDING at 10/31/19     
    Upfront         
    premium  Termina-  Payments  Total return  Unrealized 
Swap counterparty/    received  tion  received (paid)  received by  appreciation/ 
Notional amount  Value  (paid)  date  by fund  or paid by fund  (depreciation) 
Citibank, N.A.             
$2,870,000  $70,975  $—  12/10/19   —  1.495% minus  $(70,975) 
          Municipal Market   
          Data Index AAA   
          municipal yields   
          15 Year rate — At   
          maturity   
800,000  192   —  1/24/20   —  1.52% minus  (192) 
          Municipal Market   
          Data Index AAA   
          municipal yields   
          10 Year rate — At   
          maturity   
1,595,000  335   —  1/23/20   —  1.52% minus  (335) 
          Municipal Market   
          Data Index AAA   
          municipal yields   
          10 Year rate — At   
          maturity   

 

40 Managed Municipal Income Trust 

 


OTC TOTAL RETURN SWAP CONTRACTS OUTSTANDING at 10/31/19 cont.     
    Upfront         
    premium  Termina-  Payments  Total return  Unrealized 
Swap counterparty/    received  tion  received (paid)  received by  appreciation/ 
Notional amount  Value  (paid)  date  by fund  or paid by fund  (depreciation) 
Citibank, N.A. cont.             
$4,750,000  $12,208   $—  1/30/20   —  1.55% minus  $12,208 
          Municipal Market   
          Data Index AAA   
          municipal yields   
          10 Year rate — At   
          maturity   
2,075,000  3,901   —  11/12/19   —  2.06% minus  (3,901) 
          Municipal Market   
          Data Index AAA   
          municipal yields   
          30 Year rate — At   
          maturity   
1,925,000  6,160   —  1/2/20   —  2.08% minus  (6,160) 
          Municipal Market   
          Data Index AAA   
          municipal yields   
          30 Year rate — At   
          maturity   
2,075,000  34,694   —  11/7/19   —  2.15% minus  34,694 
          Municipal Market   
          Data Index AAA   
          municipal yields   
          30 Year rate — At   
          maturity   
955,000  100,858   —  6/2/20   —  2.7% minus  (100,858) 
          Municipal Market   
          Data Index AAA   
          municipal yields   
          30 Year rate — At   
          maturity   
1,915,000  205,671   —  6/4/20   —  2.71% minus  (205,671) 
          Municipal Market   
          Data Index AAA   
          municipal yields   
          30 Year rate — At   
          maturity   
Goldman Sachs International           
1,595,000  64   —  1/15/20   —  1.52% minus  64 
          Municipal Market   
          Data Index AAA   
          municipal yields   
          10 Year rate — At   
          maturity   
1,125,000  2,858   —  12/26/19   —  2.080% minus  (2,858) 
          Municipal Market   
          Data Index AAA   
          municipal yields   
          30 Year rate — At   
          maturity   

 

Managed Municipal Income Trust 41 

 


OTC TOTAL RETURN SWAP CONTRACTS OUTSTANDING at 10/31/19 cont.     
    Upfront         
    premium  Termina-  Payments  Total return  Unrealized 
Swap counterparty/    received  tion  received (paid)  received by  appreciation/ 
Notional amount  Value  (paid)  date  by fund  or paid by fund  (depreciation) 
Morgan Stanley & Co. International PLC         
$800,000  $120   $—  1/21/20   —  1.52% minus  $(120) 
          Municipal Market   
          Data Index AAA   
          municipal yields   
          10 Year rate — At   
          maturity   
800,000  120   —  1/21/20   —  1.52% minus  (120) 
          Municipal Market   
          Data Index AAA   
          municipal yields   
          10 Year rate — At   
          maturity   
Upfront premium received   —    Unrealized appreciation  46,966 
Upfront premium (paid)     —    Unrealized (depreciation)  (391,190) 
Total    $—    Total    $(344,224) 

 

* The 50 largest components, and any individual component greater than 1% of basket value, are shown below.

ASC 820 establishes a three-level hierarchy for disclosure of fair value measurements. The valuation hierarchy is based upon the transparency of inputs to the valuation of the fund’s investments. The three levels are defined as follows:

Level 1: Valuations based on quoted prices for identical securities in active markets.

Level 2: Valuations based on quoted prices in markets that are not active or for which all significant inputs are observable, either directly or indirectly.

Level 3: Valuations based on inputs that are unobservable and significant to the fair value measurement.

The following is a summary of the inputs used to value the fund’s net assets as of the close of the reporting period: 
 
    Valuation inputs
Investments in securities:  Level 1  Level 2  Level 3 
Municipal bonds and notes  $—­  $520,744,760  $—­ 
Short-term investments  —­  531,628  —­ 
Totals by level  $—­  $521,276,388  $—­ 
 
    Valuation inputs
Other financial instruments:  Level 1  Level 2  Level 3 
Interest rate swap contracts  $—­  $(25,786)  $—­ 
Total return swap contracts  —­  (344,224)  —­ 
Totals by level  $—­  $(370,010)  $—­ 

 

At the start and close of the reporting period, Level 3 investments in securities represented less than 1% of the fund’s net assets and were not considered a significant portion of the fund’s portfolio.

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these financial statements.

42 Managed Municipal Income Trust 

 


Statement of assets and liabilities 10/31/19   
ASSETS   
Investment in securities, at value (Notes 1 and 8):   
Unaffiliated issuers (identified cost $493,299,259)  $521,276,388 
Cash  2,714,541 
Interest and other receivables  7,185,076 
Receivable for investments sold  469,275 
Receivable for custodian fees (Note 2)  48,490 
Unrealized appreciation on OTC swap contracts (Note 1)  244,121 
Prepaid assets  8,061 
Total assets  531,945,952 
 
LIABILITIES   
Payable for investments purchased  8,181,954 
Payable for compensation of Manager (Note 2)  684,916 
Payable for investor servicing fees (Note 2)  33,565 
Payable for Trustee compensation and expenses (Note 2)  170,025 
Payable for administrative services (Note 2)  1,481 
Payable for floating rate notes issued (Note 1)  19,838,424 
Payable for variation margin on futures contracts (Note 1)  21,453 
Distributions payable to shareholders  1,614,834 
Distributions payable to preferred shareholders (Note 1)  31,686 
Unrealized depreciation on OTC swap contracts (Note 1)  614,131 
Preferred share remarketing agent fees  30,633 
Other accrued expenses  131,165 
Total liabilities  31,354,267 
Series A remarketed preferred shares: (240 shares authorized and issued at $100,000 per   
share) (Note 4)  24,000,000 
Series C remarketed preferred shares: (1,507 shares authorized and issued at $50,000 per   
share) (Note 4)  75,350,000 
Net assets  $401,241,685 
 
REPRESENTED BY   
Paid-in capital — common shares (Unlimited shares authorized) (Notes 1 and 5)  $373,107,654 
Total distributable earnings (Note 1)  28,134,031 
Total — Representing net assets applicable to common shares outstanding  $401,241,685 
 
COMPUTATION OF NET ASSET VALUE   
Net asset value per common share   
($401,241,685 divided by 49,204,185 shares)  $8.15 

 

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these financial statements.

Managed Municipal Income Trust 43 

 


Statement of operations Year ended 10/31/19   
INVESTMENT INCOME   
Interest income  $22,726,908 
Total investment income  22,726,908 
 
EXPENSES   
Compensation of Manager (Note 2)  2,676,275 
Investor servicing fees (Note 2)  196,242 
Custodian fees (Note 2)  12,460 
Trustee compensation and expenses (Note 2)  15,869 
Administrative services (Note 2)  11,837 
Interest and fees expense (Note 1)  555,350 
Preferred share remarketing agent fees  151,098 
Other  355,077 
Total expenses  3,974,208 
 
Expense reduction (Note 2)  (116,439) 
Net expenses  3,857,769 
 
Net investment income  18,869,139 
 
REALIZED AND UNREALIZED GAIN (LOSS)   
Net realized gain (loss) on:   
Securities from unaffiliated issuers (Notes 1 and 3)  6,150,053 
Futures contracts (Note 1)  341,710 
Swap contracts (Note 1)  1,384,080 
Total net realized gain  7,875,843 
Change in net unrealized appreciation (depreciation) on:   
Securities from unaffiliated issuers  19,633,697 
Swap contracts  (370,010) 
Total change in net unrealized appreciation  19,263,687 
 
Net gain on investments  27,139,530 
 
Net increase in net assets resulting from operations  $46,008,669 
 
Distributions to Series A and C remarketed preferred shareholders (Note 1):   
From ordinary income   
Taxable net investment income  (77,116) 
Net realized long-term gain on investments  (467,121) 
From tax exempt net investment income  (2,047,810) 
Net increase in net assets resulting from operations (applicable to common shareholders)  43,416,622 

 

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these financial statements.

44 Managed Municipal Income Trust 

 


Statement of changes in net assets     
INCREASE (DECREASE) IN NET ASSETS  Year ended 10/31/19  Year ended 10/31/18 
Operations     
Net investment income  $18,869,139  $20,749,776 
Net realized gain on investments  7,875,843  4,983,122 
Change in net unrealized appreciation (depreciation)     
of investments  19,263,687  (22,820,843) 
Net increase in net assets resulting from operations  46,008,669  2,912,055 
 
Distributions to Series A and C remarketed preferred     
shareholders (Note 1):     
From ordinary income     
Taxable net investment income  (77,116)  — 
From net realized long-term gains on investments  (467,121)  — 
From tax exempt net investment income  (2,047,810)  (2,062,049) 
Net increase in net assets resulting from operations     
(applicable to common shareholders)  43,416,622  850,006 
 
Distributions to common shareholders (note 1):     
From ordinary income     
Taxable net investment income  (576,790)  — 
Net realized long-term gains on investments  (3,493,854)  — 
From tax exempt net investment income  (14,726,715)  (19,231,990) 
Decrease from capital shares repurchased (Note 5)  (8,401,154)  (23,562,130) 
Total increase (decrease) in net assets  16,218,109  (41,944,114) 
 
NET ASSETS     
Beginning of year  385,023,576  426,967,690 
End of year  $401,241,685  $385,023,576 
 
NUMBER OF FUND SHARES     
Common shares outstanding at beginning of year  50,407,625  53,735,135 
Shares repurchased (Note 5)  (1,203,440)  (3,327,510) 
Common shares outstanding at end of year  49,204,185  50,407,625 
 
Series A Remarketed preferred shares outstanding at     
beginning and end of year  240  240 
 
Series C Remarketed preferred shares outstanding at     
beginning and end of year  1,507  1,507 

 

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these financial statements.

Managed Municipal Income Trust 45 

 


Financial highlights (For a common share outstanding throughout the period)     
PER-SHARE OPERATING PERFORMANCE           
      Year ended     
  10/31/19  10/31/18  10/31/17  10/31/16  10/31/15 
Net asset value, beginning of period           
(common shares)  $7.64  $7.95  $8.10  $7.97  $7.94 
Investment operations:           
Net investment income a  .38  .40  .39  .43  .45 
Net realized and unrealized           
gain (loss) on investments  .54  (.35)  (.17)  .15  (.02) 
Total from investment operations  .92  .05  .22  .58  .43 
Distributions to preferred shareholders:           
From net investment income  (.04)  (.04)  (.02)  (.01)  — e 
From capital gains  (.01)  —  —  —  — 
Total from investment operations           
(applicable to common shareholders)  .87  .01  .20  .57  .43 
Distributions to common shareholders:           
From net investment income  (.31)  (.37)  (.39)  (.44)  (.43) 
From capital gains  (.07)  —  —  —  — 
From return of capital  —  —  (.01)  —  — 
Total distributions  (.38)  (.37)  (.40)  (.44)  (.43) 
Increase from shares repurchased  .02  .05  — e  — e  .03 
Increase from Preferred shares           
tender offer  —  —  .05  —  — 
Net asset value, end of period           
(common shares)  $8.15  $7.64  $7.95  $8.10  $7.97 
Market price, end of period           
(common shares)  $7.97  $6.71  $7.43  $7.48  $7.30 
Total return at market price (%)           
(common shares) b  24.89  (4.91)  4.84  8.38  8.11 
Total return at net asset value (%)           
(common shares) b  11.91  0.71  3.32  7.20  6.00 
 
RATIOS AND SUPPLEMENTAL DATA           
Net assets, end of period           
(common shares) (in thousands)  $401,242  $385,024  $426,968  $436,309  $430,032 
Ratio of expenses to average           
net assets (including interest           
expense) (%) c,d,f  1.01  1.03  1.13 g  .92  .90 
Ratio of net investment income           
to average net assets (%) c  4.21  4.54  4.73  5.09  5.57 
Portfolio turnover (%)  36  28  30  24  13 

 

(Continued on next page)

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these financial statements.

46 Managed Municipal Income Trust 

 


Financial highlights cont.

* Not annualized.

** Unaudited.

a Per share net investment income has been determined on the basis of the weighted average number of shares outstanding during the period.

b Total return assumes dividend reinvestment.

c Ratios reflect net assets available to common shares only; net investment income ratio also reflects reduction for dividend payments to preferred shareholders.

d Includes amounts paid through expense offset arrangements, if any (Note 2).

e Amount represents less than $0.01 per share.

f Includes interest and fee expense associated with borrowings which amounted to:

  Percentage of average net assets 
October 31, 2019  0.14% 
October 31, 2018  0.17 
October 31, 2017  0.06 
October 31, 2016  0.03 
October 31, 2015  0.02 

 

g Includes 0.17% of increased proxy solicitation and legal fees related to the 2017 annual shareholder meeting.

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these financial statements.

Managed Municipal Income Trust 47 

 


Notes to financial statements 10/31/19

Within the following Notes to financial statements, references to “State Street” represent State Street Bank and Trust Company, references to “the SEC” represent the Securities and Exchange Commission, references to “Putnam Management” represent Putnam Investment Management, LLC, the fund’s manager, an indirect wholly-owned subsidiary of Putnam Investments, LLC and references to “OTC”, if any, represent over-the-counter. Unless otherwise noted, the “reporting period” represents the period from November 1, 2018 through October 31, 2019.

Putnam Managed Municipal Income Trust (the fund) is a Massachusetts business trust, which is registered under the Investment Company Act of 1940, as amended, as a diversified closed-end management investment company. The goal of the fund is to seek a high level of current income exempt from federal income tax. The fund intends to achieve its objective by investing in a diversified portfolio of tax-exempt municipal securities which Putnam Management believes does not involve undue risk to income or principal. Up to 60% of the fund’s assets may consist of high-yield tax-exempt municipal securities that are below investment grade and involve special risk considerations. The fund also uses leverage, primarily by issuing preferred shares in an effort to enhance the returns for the common shareholders. The fund’s shares trade on a stock exchange at market prices, which may be lower than the fund’s net asset value. The fund also uses leverage which involves risk and may increase the volatility of the fund’s net asset value.

In the normal course of business, the fund enters into contracts that may include agreements to indemnify another party under given circumstances. The fund’s maximum exposure under these arrangements is unknown as this would involve future claims that may be, but have not yet been, made against the fund. However, the fund’s management team expects the risk of material loss to be remote.

The fund has entered into contractual arrangements with an investment adviser, administrator, transfer agent and custodian, who each provide services to the fund. Unless expressly stated otherwise, shareholders are not parties to, or intended beneficiaries of these contractual arrangements, and these contractual arrangements are not intended to create any shareholder right to enforce them against the service providers or to seek any remedy under them against the service providers, either directly or on behalf of the fund.

Under the fund’s Amended and Restated Agreement and Declaration of Trust, any claims asserted against or on behalf of the Putnam Funds, including claims against Trustees and Officers, must be brought in state and federal courts located within the Commonwealth of Massachusetts.

Note 1: Significant accounting policies

The following is a summary of significant accounting policies consistently followed by the fund in the preparation of its financial statements. The preparation of financial statements is in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America and requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities in the financial statements and the reported amounts of increases and decreases in net assets from operations. Actual results could differ from those estimates. Subsequent events after the Statement of assets and liabilities date through the date that the financial statements were issued have been evaluated in the preparation of the financial statements.

Security valuation Portfolio securities and other investments are valued using policies and procedures adopted by the Board of Trustees. The Trustees have formed a Pricing Committee to oversee the implementation of these procedures and have delegated responsibility for valuing the fund’s assets in accordance with these procedures to Putnam Management. Putnam Management has established an internal Valuation Committee that is responsible for making fair value determinations, evaluating the effectiveness of the pricing policies of the fund and reporting to the Pricing Committee.

Tax-exempt bonds and notes are generally valued on the basis of valuations provided by an independent pricing service approved by the Trustees. Such services use information with respect to transactions in bonds, quotations from bond dealers, market transactions in comparable securities and various relationships between securities in determining value. These securities will generally be categorized as Level 2.

Certain investments, including certain restricted and illiquid securities and derivatives, are also valued at fair value following procedures approved by the Trustees. To assess the continuing appropriateness of fair valuations, the Valuation Committee reviews and affirms the reasonableness of such valuations on a regular basis after considering all relevant information that is reasonably available. Such valuations and procedures are reviewed periodically by the Trustees. These valuations consider such factors as significant market or specific security events such as interest rate or credit quality changes, various relationships with other securities, discount rates, U.S. Treasury, U.S. swap and credit yields, index levels, convexity exposures, recovery rates, sales and other

48 Managed Municipal Income Trust 

 


multiples and resale restrictions. These securities are classified as Level 2 or as Level 3 depending on the priority of the significant inputs. The fair value of securities is generally determined as the amount that the fund could reasonably expect to realize from an orderly disposition of such securities over a reasonable period of time. By its nature, a fair value price is a good faith estimate of the value of a security in a current sale and does not reflect an actual market price, which may be different by a material amount.

Security transactions and related investment income Security transactions are recorded on the trade date (the date the order to buy or sell is executed). Gains or losses on securities sold are determined on the identified cost basis.

Interest income, including amortization and accretion of premiums and discounts on debt securities, is recorded on the accrual basis.

Securities purchased or sold on a forward commitment basis may be settled at a future date beyond customary settlement time; interest income is accrued based on the terms of the securities. Losses may arise due to changes in the fair value of the underlying securities or if the counterparty does not perform under the contract.

Futures contracts The fund uses futures contracts for hedging treasury term structure risk and for yield curve positioning.

The potential risk to the fund is that the change in value of futures contracts may not correspond to the change in value of the hedged instruments. In addition, losses may arise from changes in the value of the underlying instruments, if there is an illiquid secondary market for the contracts, if interest or exchange rates move unexpectedly or if the counterparty to the contract is unable to perform. With futures, there is minimal counterparty credit risk to the fund since futures are exchange traded and the exchange’s clearinghouse, as counterparty to all exchange traded futures, guarantees the futures against default. Risks may exceed amounts recognized on the Statement of assets and liabilities. When the contract is closed, the fund records a realized gain or loss equal to the difference between the value of the contract at the time it was opened and the value at the time it was closed.

Futures contracts are valued at the quoted daily settlement prices established by the exchange on which they trade. The fund and the broker agree to exchange an amount of cash equal to the daily fluctuation in the value of the futures contract. Such receipts or payments are known as “variation margin.”

Futures contracts outstanding at period end, if any, are listed after the fund’s portfolio.

Interest rate swap contracts The fund entered into OTC and/or centrally cleared interest rate swap contracts, which are arrangements between two parties to exchange cash flows based on a notional principal amount, for hedging term structure risk and for yield curve positioning.

An OTC and centrally cleared interest rate swap can be purchased or sold with an upfront premium. For OTC interest rate swap contracts, an upfront payment received by the fund is recorded as a liability on the fund’s books. An upfront payment made by the fund is recorded as an asset on the fund’s books. OTC and centrally cleared interest rate swap contracts are marked to market daily based upon quotations from an independent pricing service or market makers. Any change is recorded as an unrealized gain or loss on OTC interest rate swaps. Daily fluctuations in the value of centrally cleared interest rate swaps are settled through a central clearing agent and are recorded in variation margin on the Statement of assets and liabilities and recorded as unrealized gain or loss. Payments, including upfront premiums, received or made are recorded as realized gains or losses at the reset date or the closing of the contract. Certain OTC and centrally cleared interest rate swap contracts may include extended effective dates. Payments related to these swap contracts are accrued based on the terms of the contract.

The fund could be exposed to credit or market risk due to unfavorable changes in the fluctuation of interest rates or if the counterparty defaults, in the case of OTC interest rate contracts, or the central clearing agency or a clearing member defaults, in the case of centrally cleared interest rate swap contracts, on its respective obligation to perform under the contract. The fund’s maximum risk of loss from counterparty risk or central clearing risk is the fair value of the contract. This risk may be mitigated for OTC interest rate swap contracts by having a master netting arrangement between the fund and the counterparty and for centrally cleared interest rate swap contracts through the daily exchange of variation margin. There is minimal counterparty risk with respect to centrally cleared interest rate swap contracts due to the clearinghouse guarantee fund and other resources that are available in the event of a clearing member default. Risk of loss may exceed amounts recognized on the Statement of assets and liabilities.

OTC and centrally cleared interest rate swap contracts outstanding, including their respective notional amounts at period end, if any, are listed after the fund’s portfolio.

Managed Municipal Income Trust 49 

 


Total return swap contracts The fund entered into OTC and/or centrally cleared total return swap contracts, which are arrangements to exchange a market-linked return for a periodic payment, both based on a notional principal amount for hedging sector exposure and for gaining exposure to specific sectors.

To the extent that the total return of the security, index or other financial measure underlying the transaction exceeds or falls short of the offsetting interest rate obligation, the fund will receive a payment from or make a payment to the counterparty. OTC and/or centrally cleared total return swap contracts are marked to market daily based upon quotations from an independent pricing service or market maker. Any change is recorded as an unrealized gain or loss on OTC total return swaps. Daily fluctuations in the value of centrally cleared total return swaps are settled through a central clearing agent and are recorded in variation margin on the Statement of assets and liabilities and recorded as unrealized gain or loss. Payments received or made are recorded as realized gains or losses. Certain OTC and/or centrally cleared total return swap contracts may include extended effective dates. Payments related to these swap contracts are accrued based on the terms of the contract. The fund could be exposed to credit or market risk due to unfavorable changes in the fluctuation of interest rates or in the price of the underlying security or index, the possibility that there is no liquid market for these agreements or that the counterparty may default on its obligation to perform. The fund’s maximum risk of loss from counterparty risk or central clearing risk is the fair value of the contract. This risk may be mitigated for OTC total return swap contracts by having a master netting arrangement between the fund and the counterparty and for centrally cleared total return swap contracts through the daily exchange of variation margin. There is minimal counterparty risk with respect to centrally cleared total return swap contracts due to the clearinghouse guarantee fund and other resources that are available in the event of a clearing member default. Risk of loss may exceed amounts recognized on the Statement of assets and liabilities.

OTC and/or centrally cleared total return swap contracts outstanding, including their respective notional amounts at period end, if any, are listed after the fund’s portfolio.

Tender option bond transactions The fund may participate in transactions whereby a fixed-rate bond is transferred to a tender option bond trust (TOB trust) sponsored by a broker. The TOB trust funds the purchase of the fixed rate bonds by issuing floating-rate bonds to third parties and allowing the fund to retain the residual interest in the TOB trust’s assets and cash flows, which are in the form of inverse floating rate bonds. The inverse floating rate bonds held by the fund give the fund the right to (1) cause the holders of the floating rate bonds to tender their notes at par, and (2) to have the fixed-rate bond held by the TOB trust transferred to the fund, causing the TOB trust to collapse. The fund accounts for the transfer of the fixed-rate bond to the TOB trust as a secured borrowing by including the fixed-rate bond in the fund’s portfolio and including the floating rate bond as a liability in the Statement of assets and liabilities. At the close of the reporting period, the fund’s investments with a value of $31,352,910 were held by the TOB trust and served as collateral for $19,838,424 in floating-rate bonds outstanding. For the reporting period ended, the fund incurred interest expense of $404,440 for these investments based on an average interest rate of 1.59%.

Master agreements The fund is a party to ISDA (International Swaps and Derivatives Association, Inc.) Master Agreements (Master Agreements) with certain counterparties that govern OTC derivative and foreign exchange contracts entered into from time to time. The Master Agreements may contain provisions regarding, among other things, the parties’ general obligations, representations, agreements, collateral requirements, events of default and early termination. With respect to certain counterparties, in accordance with the terms of the Master Agreements, collateral posted to the fund is held in a segregated account by the fund’s custodian and, with respect to those amounts which can be sold or repledged, is presented in the fund’s portfolio.

Collateral pledged by the fund is segregated by the fund’s custodian and identified in the fund’s portfolio. Collateral can be in the form of cash or debt securities issued by the U.S. Government or related agencies or other securities as agreed to by the fund and the applicable counterparty. Collateral requirements are determined based on the fund’s net position with each counterparty.

Termination events applicable to the fund may occur upon a decline in the fund’s net assets below a specified threshold over a certain period of time. Termination events applicable to counterparties may occur upon a decline in the counterparty’s long-term and short-term credit ratings below a specified level. In each case, upon occurrence, the other party may elect to terminate early and cause settlement of all derivative and foreign exchange contracts outstanding, including the payment of any losses and costs resulting from such early termination, as reasonably determined by the terminating party. Any decision by one or more of the fund’s counterparties to elect early termination could impact the fund’s future derivative activity.

50 Managed Municipal Income Trust 

 


At the close of the reporting period, the fund had a net liability position of $370,010 on open derivative contracts subject to the Master Agreements. Collateral posted by the fund at period end for these agreements totaled $352,839 and may include amounts related to unsettled agreements.

Federal taxes It is the policy of the fund to distribute all of its income within the prescribed time period and otherwise comply with the provisions of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended (the Code), applicable to regulated investment companies. It is also the intention of the fund to distribute an amount sufficient to avoid imposition of any excise tax under Section 4982 of the Code.

The fund is subject to the provisions of Accounting Standards Codification 740 Income Taxes (ASC 740). ASC 740 sets forth a minimum threshold for financial statement recognition of the benefit of a tax position taken or expected to be taken in a tax return. The fund did not have a liability to record for any unrecognized tax benefits in the accompanying financial statements. No provision has been made for federal taxes on income, capital gains or unrealized appreciation on securities held nor for excise tax on income and capital gains. Each of the fund’s federal tax returns for the prior three fiscal years remains subject to examination by the Internal Revenue Service.

Under the Regulated Investment Company Modernization Act of 2010, the fund will be permitted to carry forward capital losses incurred in taxable years beginning after December 22, 2010 for an unlimited period. However, any losses incurred will be required to be utilized prior to the losses incurred in pre-enactment tax years. As a result of this ordering rule, pre-enactment capital loss carryforwards may be more likely to expire unused. Additionally, post-enactment capital losses that are carried forward will retain their character as either short-term or long-term capital losses rather than being considered all short-term as under previous law.

Distributions to shareholders Distributions to common and preferred shareholders from net investment income are recorded by the fund on the ex-dividend date. Distributions from capital gains, if any, are recorded on the ex-dividend date and paid at least annually. Effective with the December 2018 distributions, the fund established targeted distribution rates to its common shareholders, whose principal source of the distribution is ordinary income.  However, the balance of the distribution, if any, comes first from capital gain and then will constitute a return of capital.  A return of capital is not taxable; rather it reduces a shareholder’s tax basis in their shares of the fund.  The fund may make return of capital distributions to achieve the targeted distribution rates. Dividends on remarketed preferred shares become payable when, as and if declared by the Trustees. Each dividend period for the remarketed preferred Series A shares is generally a 28 day period, and generally a 7 day period for Class C. The applicable dividend rate for the remarketed preferred shares on October 31, 2019 was 2.163% on class A, and 2.163% for Series C.

During the reporting period, the fund has experienced unsuccessful remarketings of its remarketed preferred shares. As a result, dividends to the remarketed preferred shares have been paid at the “maximum dividend rate,” pursuant to the fund’s by-laws, which, based on the current credit quality of the remarketed preferred shares, equals 110% of the 60-day “AA” composite commercial paper rate.

The amount and character of income and gains to be distributed are determined in accordance with income tax regulations, which may differ from generally accepted accounting principles. These differences include temporary and/or permanent differences from dividends payable and from market discount. Reclassifications are made to the fund’s capital accounts to reflect income and gains available for distribution (or available capital loss carryovers) under income tax regulations. At the close of the reporting period, the fund reclassified $485,648 to decrease distributions in excess of net investment income, $861 to increase paid-in capital and $486,509 to decrease accumulated net realized gain.

Tax cost of investments includes adjustments to net unrealized appreciation (depreciation) which may not necessarily be final tax cost basis adjustments, but closely approximate the tax basis unrealized gains and losses that may be realized and distributed to shareholders. The tax basis components of distributable earnings and the federal tax cost as of the close of the reporting period were as follows:

Unrealized appreciation  $29,522,669 
Unrealized depreciation  (1,791,266) 
Net unrealized appreciation  27,731,403 
Undistributed tax-exempt income  2,049,149 
Cost for federal income tax purposes  $493,174,975 

 

Managed Municipal Income Trust 51 

 


Determination of net asset value Net asset value of the common shares is determined by dividing the value of all assets of the fund, less all liabilities and the liquidation preference (redemption value of preferred shares , plus accumulated and unpaid dividends) of any outstanding remarketed preferred shares, by the total number of common shares outstanding as of period end.

Note 2: Management fee, administrative services and other transactions

The fund pays Putnam Management for management and investment advisory services quarterly based on the average net assets of the fund, including assets attributable to preferred shares. Such fee is based on the following annual rates based on the average weekly net assets attributable to common and preferred shares.

The lesser of (i) 0.550% of average net assets attributable to common and preferred shares outstanding, or (ii) the following rates:

  of the first $500 million of average    of the next $5 billion of average weekly 
0.650%  weekly net assets,  0.425%  net assets. 
  of the next $500 million of average    of the next $5 billion of average weekly 
0.550%  weekly net assets  0.405%  net assets. 
  of the next $500 million of average    of the next $5 billion of average weekly 
0.500%  weekly net assets  0.390%  net assets, 
  of the next $5 billion of average weekly  0.380%  of any excess thereafter. 
0.450%  net assets.     

 

For the reporting period, the management fee represented an effective rate (excluding the impact from any expense waivers in effect) of 0.550% of the fund’s average net assets attributable to common and preferred shares outstanding.

If dividends payable on remarketed preferred shares during any dividend payment period plus any expenses attributable to remarketed preferred shares for that period exceed the fund’s gross income attributable to the proceeds of the remarketed preferred shares during that period, then the fee payable to Putnam Management for that period will be reduced by the amount of the excess (but not more than the effective management fees rate under the contract multiplied by the liquidation preference of the remarketed preferred shares outstanding during the period).

Putnam Investments Limited (PIL), an affiliate of Putnam Management, is authorized by the Trustees to manage a separate portion of the assets of the fund as determined by Putnam Management from time to time. PIL did not manage any portion of the assets of the fund during the reporting period. If Putnam Management were to engage the services of PIL, Putnam Management would pay a quarterly sub-management fee to PIL for its services at an annual rate of 0.40% of the average net assets of the portion of the fund managed by PIL.

The fund reimburses Putnam Management an allocated amount for the compensation and related expenses of certain officers of the fund and their staff who provide administrative services to the fund. The aggregate amount of all such reimbursements is determined annually by the Trustees.

Custodial functions for the fund’s assets are provided by State Street. Custody fees are based on the fund’s asset level, the number of its security holdings and transaction volumes.

Putnam Investor Services, Inc., an affiliate of Putnam Management, provides investor servicing agent functions to the fund. Putnam Investor Services, Inc. was paid a monthly fee for investor servicing at an annual rate of 0.05% of the fund’s average daily net assets. The amounts incurred for investor servicing agent functions during the reporting period are included in Investor servicing fees in the Statement of operations.

The fund has entered into expense offset arrangements with Putnam Investor Services, Inc. and State Street whereby Putnam Investor Services, Inc.’s and State Street’s fees are reduced by credits allowed on cash balances. For the reporting period, the fund’s expenses were reduced by $116,439 under the expense offset arrangements.

Each Independent Trustee of the fund receives an annual Trustee fee, of which $276, as a quarterly retainer, has been allocated to the fund, and an additional fee for each Trustees meeting attended. Trustees also are reimbursed for expenses they incur relating to their services as Trustees.

The fund has adopted a Trustee Fee Deferral Plan (the Deferral Plan) which allows the Trustees to defer the receipt of all or a portion of Trustees fees payable on or after July 1, 1995. The deferred fees remain invested in certain Putnam funds until distribution in accordance with the Deferral Plan.

52 Managed Municipal Income Trust 

 


The fund has adopted an unfunded noncontributory defined benefit pension plan (the Pension Plan) covering all Trustees of the fund who have served as a Trustee for at least five years and were first elected prior to 2004. Benefits under the Pension Plan are equal to 50% of the Trustee’s average annual attendance and retainer fees for the three years ended December 31, 2005. The retirement benefit is payable during a Trustee’s lifetime, beginning the year following retirement, for the number of years of service through December 31, 2006. Pension expense for the fund is included in Trustee compensation and expenses in the Statement of operations. Accrued pension liability is included in Payable for Trustee compensation and expenses in the Statement of assets and liabilities. The Trustees have terminated the Pension Plan with respect to any Trustee first elected after 2003.

Note 3: Purchases and sales of securities

During the reporting period, the cost of purchases and the proceeds from sales, excluding short-term 
investments, were as follows:     
 
  Cost of purchases  Proceeds from sales 
Investments in securities (Long-term)  $182,639,009  $210,146,754 
U.S. government securities (Long-term)  —  — 
Total  $182,639,009  $210,146,754 

 

The fund may purchase or sell investments from or to other Putnam funds in the ordinary course of business, which can reduce the fund’s transaction costs, at prices determined in accordance with SEC requirements and policies approved by the Trustees. During the reporting period, purchases or sales of long-term securities from or to other Putnam funds, if any, did not represent more than 5% of the fund’s total cost of purchases and/or total proceeds from sales.

Note 4: Preferred Shares

The Series A (240) and C (1,507) Remarketed Preferred shares are redeemable at the option of the fund on any dividend payment date at a redemption price of $100,000 per Series A Remarketed Preferred share and $50,000 per Series C Remarketed Preferred share, plus an amount equal to any dividends accumulated on a daily basis but unpaid through the redemption date (whether or not such dividends have been declared) and, in certain circumstances, a call premium.

It is anticipated that dividends paid to holders of remarketed preferred shares will be considered tax-exempt dividends under the Internal Revenue Code of 1986. To the extent that the fund earns taxable income and capital gains by the conclusion of a fiscal year, it may be required to apportion to the holders of the remarketed preferred shares throughout that year additional dividends as necessary to result in an after-tax equivalent to the applicable dividend rate for the period. Total additional dividends for the reporting period were $121,957.

Under the Investment Company Act of 1940, the fund is required to maintain asset coverage of at least 200% with respect to the remarketed preferred shares. Additionally, the fund’s bylaws impose more stringent asset coverage requirements and restrictions relating to the rating of the remarketed preferred shares by the shares’ rating agencies. Should these requirements not be met, or should dividends accrued on the remarketed preferred shares not be paid, the fund may be restricted in its ability to declare dividends to common shareholders or may be required to redeem certain of the remarketed preferred shares. At year end, no such restrictions have been placed on the fund.

Note 5: Shares repurchased

In September 2019, the Trustees approved the renewal of the repurchase program to allow the fund to repurchase up to 10% of its outstanding common shares over the 356 day period ending September 30, 2020 (based on shares outstanding as of October 9, 2019). Prior to this renewal, the Trustees had approved a repurchase program to allow the fund to repurchase up to 10% of its outstanding common shares over the 12-month period ending October 9, 2019 (based on shares outstanding as of October 9, 2018). Repurchases are made when the fund’s shares are trading at less than net asset value and in accordance with procedures approved by the fund’s Trustees.

For the reporting period, the fund repurchased 1,203,440 common shares for an aggregate purchase price of $8,401,154, which reflects a weighted-average discount from net asset value per share of 9.36%. The weighted-average discount reflects the payment of commissions by the fund to execute repurchase trades.

Managed Municipal Income Trust 53 

 


For the previous fiscal year, the fund repurchased 3,327,510 common shares for an aggregate purchase price of $23,562,130 which reflected a weighted-average discount from net asset value per share of 9.37%. The weighted-average discount reflected the payment of commissions by the fund to execute repurchase trades.

At the close of the reporting period, Putnam Investments, LLC owned approximately 1,576 shares of the fund (less than 0.003% of the fund’s shares outstanding), valued at $12,844 based on net asset value.

Note 6: Market, credit and other risks

In the normal course of business, the fund trades financial instruments and enters into financial transactions where risk of potential loss exists due to changes in the market (market risk) or failure of the contracting party to the transaction to perform (credit risk). The fund may be exposed to additional credit risk that an institution or other entity with which the fund has unsettled or open transactions will default. The fund may invest in higher-yielding, lower-rated bonds that may have a higher rate of default.

Note 7: Summary of derivative activity

The volume of activity for the reporting period for any derivative type that was held during the period is listed below and was based on an average of the holdings at the end of each fiscal quarter:

Futures contracts (number of contracts)  10 
OTC interest rate swap contracts (notional)  $24,300,000 
OTC total return swap contracts (notional)  $12,700,000 

 

The following is a summary of the fair value of derivative instruments as of the close of the reporting period:

Fair value of derivative instruments as of the close of the reporting period   
  ASSET DERIVATIVES LIABILITY DERIVATIVES
Derivatives not         
accounted for as  Statement of    Statement of   
hedging instruments  assets and    assets and   
under ASC 815  liabilities location  Fair value  liabilities location  Fair value 
Interest rate contracts  Receivables  244,121  Payables  614,131 
Total    $244,121    $614,131 

 

The following is a summary of realized and change in unrealized gains or losses of derivative instruments in the Statement of operations for the reporting period (Note 1):

Amount of realized gain or (loss) on derivatives recognized in net gain or (loss) on investments   
Derivatives not accounted for as hedging       
instruments under ASC 815  Futures  Swaps  Total 
Interest rate contracts  $341,710  $1,384,080  $1,725,790 
Total  $341,710  $1,384,080  $1,725,790 
 
Change in unrealized appreciation or (depreciation) on derivatives recognized in net gain or (loss) 
on investments       
Derivatives not accounted for as       
hedging instruments under ASC 815  Swaps    Total 
Foreign exchange contracts  $(370,010)    $(370,010) 
Total  $(370,010)    $(370,010) 

 

54 Managed Municipal Income Trust 

 


Note 8: Offsetting of financial and derivative assets and liabilities

The following table summarizes any derivatives, repurchase agreements and reverse repurchase agreements, at the end of the reporting period, that are subject to an enforceable master netting agreement or similar agreement. For securities lending transactions or borrowing transactions associated with securities sold short, if any, see Note 1. For financial reporting purposes, the fund does not offset financial assets and financial liabilities that are subject to the master netting agreements in the Statement of assets and liabilities.

  Citibank, N. A.

Goldman
Sachs
International

 Goldman,
Sachs& Co.		 JPMorgan
Securities LLC		 Morgan
Stanley & Co.
 International
PLC		 Total
Assets:             
OTC Interest rate swap contracts*#  $197,155  $—  $—  $—  $—  $197,155 
OTC Total return swap contracts*#  46,902  64  —  —  —  46,966 
Futures contracts§  —  —  —  —  —  — 
Total Assets  $244,057  $64  $—  $—  $—  $244,121 
Liabilities:             
OTC Interest rate swap contracts*#  222,941  —  —  —  —  222,941 
OTC Total return swap contracts*#  388,092  2,858  —  —  240  391,190 
Futures contracts§  —  —  —  21,453  —  21,453 
Total Liabilities  $611,033  $2,858  $—  $21,453  $240  $635,584 
Total Financial and Derivative  $(366,976)  $(2,794)  $—  $(21,453)  $(240)  $(391,463) 
Net Assets             
Total collateral received (pledged)†##  $(352,839)  $—  $—  $—  $—   
Net amount  $(14,137)  $(2,794)  $—  $(21,453)  $(240)   
Controlled collateral received             
(including TBA commitments)**  $—  $—  $—  $—  $—  $— 
Uncontrolled collateral received  $—  $—  $—  $—  $—  $— 
Collateral (pledged) (including             
TBA commitments)**  $(352,839)  $—  $—  $—  $—  $(352,839) 

 

* Excludes premiums, if any. Included in unrealized appreciation and depreciation on OTC swap contracts on the Statement of assets and liabilities.

** Included with Investments in securities on the Statement of assets and liabilities.

† Additional collateral may be required from certain brokers based on individual agreements.

# Covered by master netting agreement (Note 1).

## Any over-collateralization of total financial and derivative net assets is not shown. Collateral may include amounts related to unsettled agreements.

§ Includes current day’s variation margin only as reported on the Statement of assets and liabilities, which is not collateralized. Cumulative appreciation/(depreciation) for futures contracts is represented in the tables listed after the fund’s portfolio.

Managed Municipal Income Trust 55 

 


Federal tax information (Unaudited)

The fund has designated 96.22% of dividends paid from net investment income during the reporting period as tax exempt for Federal income tax purposes.

Pursuant to §852 of the Internal Revenue Code, as amended, the fund hereby designates $4,753,170 as a capital gain dividend with respect to the taxable year ended October 31, 2019, or, if subsequently determined to be different, the net capital gain of such year.

The Form 1099 that will be mailed to you in January 2020 will show the tax status of all distributions paid to your account in calendar 2019.

56 Managed Municipal Income Trust 

 


Shareholder meeting results (Unaudited)

April 26, 2019 annual meeting

At the meeting, a proposal to fix the number of Trustees at 11 was approved as follows:

Votes for  Votes against  Abstentions 
42,290,995  1,595,283  724,748 

 

At the meeting, each of the nominees for Trustees was elected as follows:

  Votes for  Votes withheld 
Liaquat Ahamed  42,744,032  1,991,527 
Ravi Akhoury  42,370,692  2,364,867 
Barbara M. Baumann  42,813,074  1,922,485 
Katinka Domotorffy  42,668,090  2,067,469 
Catharine Bond Hill  43,236,570  1,498,989 
Paul L. Joskow  42,695,144  2,040,414 
Kenneth R. Leibler  42,699,023  2,036,535 
Robert L. Reynolds  43,087,688  1,647,871 
Manoj P. Singh  42,524,507  2,211,051 

 

At the meeting, each of the preferred nominees for Trustees was elected as follows:

  Votes for  Votes withheld 
Robert E. Patterson  1,661  — 
George Putnam, III  1,661  — 

 

At the meeting, a proposal to convert Putnam Managed Municipal Income Trust to an open-end investment company and approve certain related amendments to its Declaration of Trust was not approved as follows:

Votes for  Votes against  Abstentions 
2,892,288  14,324,471  865,232 

 

All tabulations are rounded to the nearest whole number.

Managed Municipal Income Trust 57 

 



58 Managed Municipal Income Trust 

 



* Mr. Reynolds is an “interested person” (as defined in the Investment Company Act of 1940) of the fund and Putnam Investments. He is President and Chief Executive Officer of Putnam Investments, as well as the President of your fund and each of the other Putnam funds.

The address of each Trustee is 100 Federal Street, Boston, MA 02110.

As of October 31, 2019, there were 91 Putnam funds. All Trustees serve as Trustees of all Putnam funds.

Each Trustee serves for an indefinite term, until his or her resignation, retirement at age 75, removal, or death.

Managed Municipal Income Trust 59 

 


Officers

In addition to Robert L. Reynolds, the other officers of the fund are shown below:

Robert T. Burns (Born 1961)  Richard T. Kircher (Born 1962) 
Vice President and Chief Legal Officer  Vice President and BSA Compliance Officer 
Since 2011  Since 2019 
General Counsel, Putnam Investments,  Assistant Director, Operational Compliance, Putnam 
Putnam Management, and Putnam Retail Management  Investments and Putnam Retail Management 
 
James F. Clark (Born 1974)  Susan G. Malloy (Born 1957) 
Vice President and Chief Compliance Officer  Vice President and Assistant Treasurer 
Since 2016  Since 2007 
Chief Compliance Officer and Chief Risk Officer,  Head of Accounting and Middle Office Services, 
Putnam Investments and Chief Compliance Officer,  Putnam Investments and Putnam Management 
Putnam Management
Denere P. Poulack (Born 1968) 
Nancy E. Florek (Born 1957)  Assistant Vice President, Assistant Clerk, 
Vice President, Director of Proxy Voting and Corporate  and Assistant Treasurer 
Governance, Assistant Clerk, and Assistant Treasurer  Since 2004 
Since 2000
Janet C. Smith (Born 1965) 
Michael J. Higgins (Born 1976)  Vice President, Principal Financial Officer, Principal 
Vice President, Treasurer, and Clerk  Accounting Officer, and Assistant Treasurer 
Since 2010  Since 2007 
  Head of Fund Administration Services, 
Jonathan S. Horwitz (Born 1955)  Putnam Investments and Putnam Management 
Executive Vice President, Principal Executive Officer,   
and Compliance Liaison  Mark C. Trenchard (Born 1962) 
Since 2004  Vice President 
  Since 2002 
  Director of Operational Compliance, Putnam 
  Investments and Putnam Retail Management 

 

The principal occupations of the officers for the past five years have been with the employers as shown above, although in some cases they have held different positions with such employers. The address of each officer is 100 Federal Street, Boston, MA 02110.

60 Managed Municipal Income Trust 

 


Fund information

Founded over 80 years ago, Putnam Investments was built around the concept that a balance between risk and reward is the hallmark of a well-rounded financial program. We manage funds across income, value, blend, growth, sustainable, asset allocation, absolute return, and global sector categories.

Investment Manager  Trustees  Michael J. Higgins 
Putnam Investment  Kenneth R. Leibler, Chair  Vice President, Treasurer, 
Management, LLC  Liaquat Ahamed  and Clerk 
100 Federal Street  Ravi Akhoury   
Boston, MA 02110  Barbara M. Baumann  Jonathan S. Horwitz 
  Katinka Domotorffy  Executive Vice President, 
Investment Sub-Advisor  Catharine Bond Hill Principal Executive Officer, 
Putnam Investments Limited  Paul L. Joskow and Compliance Liaison 
16 St James’s Street Robert E. Patterson  
London, England SW1A 1ER George Putnam, III Richard T. Kircher 
  Robert L. Reynolds Vice President and BSA 
Marketing Services  Manoj P. Singh Compliance Officer 
Putnam Retail Management     
100 Federal Street Officers Susan G. Malloy 
Boston, MA 02110 Robert L. Reynolds Vice President and 
  President Assistant Treasurer 
Custodian     
State Street Bank Robert T. Burns Denere P. Poulack 
and Trust Company Vice President and Assistant Vice President, Assistant 
  Chief Legal Officer Clerk, and Assistant Treasurer 
Legal Counsel     
Ropes & Gray LLP James F. Clark Janet C. Smith 
  Vice President, Chief Compliance Vice President, 
Independent Registered Officer, and Chief Risk Officer Principal Financial Officer, 
Public Accounting Firm   Principal Accounting Officer,
KPMG LLP Nancy E. Florek and Assistant Treasurer
Vice President, Director of  
  Proxy Voting and Corporate Mark C. Trenchard 
  Governance, Assistant Clerk, Vice President 
  and Assistant Treasurer  
   

 

Call 1- 800-225-1581 Monday through Friday between 8:00 a.m. and 8:00 p.m. Eastern Time, or visit putnam.com anytime for up-to-date information about the fund’s NAV.



Item 2. Code of Ethics:
(a) The Fund's principal executive, financial and accounting officers are employees of Putnam Investment Management, LLC, the Fund's investment manager. As such they are subject to a comprehensive Code of Ethics adopted and administered by Putnam Investments which is designed to protect the interests of the firm and its clients. The Fund has adopted a Code of Ethics which incorporates the Code of Ethics of Putnam Investments with respect to all of its officers and Trustees who are employees of Putnam Investment Management, LLC. For this reason, the Fund has not adopted a separate code of ethics governing its principal executive, financial and accounting officers.

(c) In October 2019, the Code of Ethics of Putnam Investments was amended.  The key changes to the Code of Ethics are as follows: (i) Employee notification to the Code of Ethics Officer before acting as a public official for any government entity (ii) Clarifying changes to the Insider Trading provisions and to the rules for trading in securities issued by Great-West Lifeco.

Item 3. Audit Committee Financial Expert:
The Funds' Audit, Compliance and Distributions Committee is comprised solely of Trustees who are “independent” (as such term has been defined by the Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”) in regulations implementing Section 407 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (the “Regulations”)). The Trustees believe that each of the members of the Audit, Compliance and Distributions Committee also possess a combination of knowledge and experience with respect to financial accounting matters, as well as other attributes, that qualify them for service on the Committee. In addition, the Trustees have determined that each of Mr. Patterson, Ms. Baumann and Mr. Singh qualifies as an “audit committee financial expert” (as such term has been defined by the Regulations) based on their review of his or her pertinent experience and education. The SEC has stated, and the funds' amended and restated agreement and Declaration of Trust provides, that the designation or identification of a person as an audit committee financial expert pursuant to this Item 3 of Form N-CSR does not impose on such person any duties, obligations or liability that are greater than the duties, obligations and liability imposed on such person as a member of the Audit, Compliance and Distribution Committee and the Board of Trustees in the absence of such designation or identification.

Item 4. Principal Accountant Fees and Services:
The following table presents fees billed in each of the last two fiscal years for services rendered to the fund by the fund's independent auditor:


Fiscal year ended Audit Fees Audit-Related Fees Tax Fees All Other Fees
October 31, 2019 $85,132 $ — $7,555 $ —
October 31, 2018 $82,269 $ — $7,405 $ —

For the fiscal years ended October 31, 2019 and October 31, 2018, the fund's independent auditor billed aggregate non-audit fees in the amounts of $7,555 and $7,405 respectively, to the fund, Putnam Management and any entity controlling, controlled by or under common control with Putnam Management that provides ongoing services to the fund.

Audit Fees represent fees billed for the fund's last two fiscal years relating to the audit and review of the financial statements included in annual reports and registration statements, and other services that are normally provided in connection with statutory and regulatory filings or engagements.

Audit-Related Fees represent fees billed in the fund's last two fiscal years for services traditionally performed by the fund's auditor, including accounting consultation for proposed transactions or concerning financial accounting and reporting standards and other audit or attest services not required by statute or regulation.

Tax Fees represent fees billed in the fund's last two fiscal years for tax compliance, tax planning and tax advice services. Tax planning and tax advice services include assistance with tax audits, employee benefit plans and requests for rulings or technical advice from taxing authorities.

Pre-Approval Policies of the Audit, Compliance and Distributions Committee. The Audit, Compliance and Distributions Committee of the Putnam funds has determined that, as a matter of policy, all work performed for the funds by the funds' independent auditors will be pre-approved by the Committee itself and thus will generally not be subject to pre-approval procedures.

The Audit, Compliance and Distributions Committee also has adopted a policy to pre-approve the engagement by Putnam Management and certain of its affiliates of the funds' independent auditors, even in circumstances where pre-approval is not required by applicable law. Any such requests by Putnam Management or certain of its affiliates are typically submitted in writing to the Committee and explain, among other things, the nature of the proposed engagement, the estimated fees, and why this work should be performed by that particular audit firm as opposed to another one. In reviewing such requests, the Committee considers, among other things, whether the provision of such services by the audit firm are compatible with the independence of the audit firm.

The following table presents fees billed by the fund's independent auditor for services required to be approved pursuant to paragraph (c)(7)(ii) of Rule 2–01 of Regulation S-X.


Fiscal year ended Audit-Related Fees Tax Fees All Other Fees Total Non-Audit Fees
October 31, 2019 $ — $ — $ — $ —
October 31, 2018 $ — $ — $ — $ —

Item 5. Audit Committee of Listed Registrants
(a) The fund has a separately-designated Audit, Compliance and Distributions Committee established in accordance with Section 3(a)(58)(A) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended. The Audit, Compliance and Distribution Committee of the fund's Board of Trustees is composed of the following persons:

Ravi Akhoury
Robert E. Patterson
Barbara M. Baumann
Katinka Domotorffy
Manoj P. Singh
(b) Not applicable

Item 6. Schedule of Investments:
The registrant's schedule of investments in unaffiliated issuers is included in the report to shareholders in Item 1 above.

Item 7. Disclosure of Proxy Voting Policies and Procedures For Closed-End Management Investment Companies:

Proxy voting guidelines of The Putnam Funds

The proxy voting guidelines below summarize the funds' positions on various issues of concern to investors, and give a general indication of how fund portfolio securities will be voted on proposals dealing with particular issues. The funds' proxy voting service is instructed to vote all proxies relating to fund portfolio securities in accordance with these guidelines, except as otherwise instructed by the Director of Proxy Voting and Corporate Governance (“Proxy Voting Director”), a member of the Office of the Trustees who is appointed to assist in the coordination and voting of the funds' proxies.

The proxy voting guidelines are just that — guidelines. The guidelines are not exhaustive and do not address all potential voting issues. Because the circumstances of individual companies are so varied, there may be instances when the funds do not vote in strict adherence to these guidelines. For example, the proxy voting service is expected to bring to the Proxy Voting Director's attention proxy questions that are company-specific and of a non-routine nature and that, even if covered by the guidelines, may be more appropriately handled on a case-by-case basis. In addition, in interpreting the funds' proxy voting guidelines, the Trustees of The Putnam Funds are mindful of emerging best practices in the areas of corporate governance, environmental stewardship and sustainability, and social responsibility. Recognizing that these matters may, in some instances, bear on investment performance, they may from time to time be considerations in the funds' voting decisions.

Similarly, Putnam Management's investment professionals, as part of their ongoing review and analysis of all fund portfolio holdings, are responsible for monitoring significant corporate developments, including proxy proposals submitted to shareholders, and notifying the Proxy Voting Director of circumstances where the interests of fund shareholders may warrant a vote contrary to these guidelines. In such instances, the investment professionals submit a written recommendation to the Proxy Voting Director and the person or persons designated by Putnam Management's Legal and Compliance Department to assist in processing referral items under the funds' “Proxy Voting Procedures.” The Proxy Voting Director, in consultation with a senior member of the Office of the Trustees and/or the Chair of the Board Policy and Nominating Committee, as appropriate, will determine how the funds' proxies will be voted. When indicated, the Chair of the Board Policy and Nominating Committee may consult with other members of the Committee or the full Board of Trustees.

The following guidelines are grouped according to the types of proposals generally presented to shareholders. Part I deals with proposals submitted by management and approved and recommended by a company's board of directors. Part II deals with proposals submitted by shareholders. Part III addresses unique considerations pertaining to non-U.S. issuers.

The Trustees of The Putnam Funds are committed to promoting strong corporate governance practices and encouraging corporate actions that enhance shareholder value through the judicious voting of the funds' proxies. It is the funds' policy to vote their proxies at all shareholder meetings where it is practicable to do so. In furtherance of this, the funds' have requested that their securities lending agent recall each domestic issuer's voting securities that are on loan, in advance of the record date for the issuer's shareholder meetings, so that the funds may vote at the meetings.

The Putnam funds will disclose their proxy votes not later than August 31 of each year for the most recent 12-month period ended June 30, in accordance with the timetable established by SEC rules.

I.  BOARD-APPROVED PROPOSALS1

The vast majority of matters presented to shareholders for a vote involve proposals made by a company itself (sometimes referred to as “management proposals”), which have been approved and recommended by its board of directors. In view of the enhanced corporate governance practices currently being implemented in public companies and of the funds' intent to hold corporate boards accountable for their actions in promoting shareholder interests, the funds' proxies generally will be voted for the decisions reached by majority independent boards of directors, except as otherwise indicated in these guidelines. Accordingly, the funds' proxies will be voted for board-approved proposals, except as follows:

--------------
1 The guidelines in this section apply to proposals at U.S. companies. Please refer to Section III, Voting Shares of Non-U.S. Issuers, for additional guidelines applicable to proposals at non-U.S. companies.

Matters relating to the Board of Directors
Uncontested Election of Directors

The funds' proxies will be voted for the election of a company's nominees for the board of directors, except as follows:


► The funds will withhold votes from the entire board of directors if

● the board does not have a majority of independent directors,

● the board has not established independent nominating, audit, and compensation committees,

● the board has more than 19 members or fewer than five members, absent special circumstances,

● the board has not acted to implement a policy requested in a shareholder proposal that received the support of a majority of the shares of the company cast at its previous two annual meetings, or

● the board has adopted or renewed a shareholder rights plan (commonly referred to as a “poison pill”) without shareholder approval during the current or prior calendar year.

► The funds will on a case-by-case basis withhold votes from the entire board of directors, or from particular directors as may be appropriate, if the board has approved compensation arrangements for one or more company executives that the funds determine are unreasonably excessive relative to the company's performance or has otherwise failed to observe good corporate governance practices.

► In light of the funds' belief that companies benefit from diversity on the board, the funds will withhold votes from the chair of the nominating committee if there are no women on the board of directors.

► The funds will withhold votes from any nominee for director:

● who is considered an independent director by the company and who has received compensation within the last three years from the company other than for service as a director (e.g., investment banking, consulting, legal, or financial advisory fees),

● who attends less than 75% of board and committee meetings without valid reasons for the absences (e.g., illness, personal emergency, etc.),

● of a public company (Company A) who is employed as a senior executive of another company (Company B), if a director of Company B serves as a senior executive of Company A (commonly referred to as an “interlocking directorate”),

● who serves on more than four unaffiliated public company boards (for the purpose of this guideline, boards of affiliated registered investment companies will count as one board),

● who serves as an executive officer of any public company (“home company”) while serving on more than two public company boards other than the home company board (the funds will withhold votes from the nominee at each company where the funds are shareholders; in addition, if the funds are shareholders of the executive's home company, the funds will withhold votes from members of the home company's governance committee), or

● who is a member of the governance or other responsible committee, if the company has adopted without shareholder approval a bylaw provision shifting legal fees and costs to unsuccessful plaintiffs in intra-corporate litigation.

Commentary:

Board independence: Unless otherwise indicated, for the purposes of determining whether a board has a majority of independent directors and independent nominating, audit, and compensation committees, an “independent director” is a director who (1) meets all requirements to serve as an independent director of a company under the NYSE Corporate Governance Rules (e.g., no material business relationships with the company and no present or recent employment relationship with the company including employment of an immediate family member as an executive officer), and (2) has not within the last three years accepted directly or indirectly any consulting, advisory, or other compensatory fee from the company other than in his or her capacity as a member of the board of directors or any board committee. The funds' Trustees believe that the recent (i.e., within the last three years) receipt of any amount of compensation for services other than service as a director raises significant independence issues.

Board size: The funds' Trustees believe that the size of the board of directors can have a direct impact on the ability of the board to govern effectively. Boards that have too many members can be unwieldy and ultimately inhibit their ability to oversee management performance. Boards that have too few members can stifle innovation and lead to excessive influence by management.

Board diversity: The funds' Trustees believe that a company benefits from diversity on the board, including diversity with respect to gender, ethnicity, race, and experience. The Trustees are sensitive to the need for a variety of backgrounds among board members to further creative and independent thought during board deliberations. The Trustees expect company boards to strive for diversity in membership and to clearly explain their efforts and goals in this regard.

Time commitment: Being a director of a company requires a significant time commitment to adequately prepare for and attend the company's board and committee meetings. Directors must be able to commit the time and attention necessary to perform their fiduciary duties in proper fashion, particularly in times of crisis. The funds' Trustees are concerned about over-committed directors. In some cases, directors may serve on too many boards to make a meaningful contribution. This may be particularly true for senior executives of public companies (or other directors with substantially full-time employment) who serve on more than a few outside boards. Generally, the funds withhold support from directors serving on more than four unaffiliated public company boards, although an exception may be made in the case of a director who represents an investing firm with the sole purpose of managing a portfolio of investments that includes the company. The funds also withhold support from directors who serve as executive officers at a public company and on the boards of more than two unaffiliated public companies. The funds may also withhold votes from such directors on a case-by-case basis where it appears that they may be unable to discharge their duties properly because of excessive commitments.

Interlocking directorships: The funds' Trustees believe that interlocking directorships are inconsistent with the degree of independence required for outside directors of public companies.

Corporate governance practices: Board independence depends not only on its members' individual relationships, but also on the board's overall attitude toward management and shareholders. Independent boards are committed to good corporate governance practices and, by providing objective independent judgment, enhancing shareholder value. The funds may withhold votes on a case-by-case basis from some or all directors who, through their lack of independence or otherwise, have failed to observe good corporate governance practices or, through specific corporate action, have demonstrated a disregard for the interests of shareholders. Such instances may include cases where a board of directors has approved compensation arrangements for one or more members of management that, in the judgment of the funds' Trustees, are excessive by reasonable corporate standards relative to the company's record of performance. It may also represent a disregard for the interests of shareholders if a board of directors fails to register an appropriate response when a director who fails to win the support of a majority of shareholders in an election (sometimes referred to as a “rejected director”) continues to serve on the board, or if a board of directors permits an executive to serve on an excessive number of public company boards. While the Trustees recognize that it may in some circumstances be appropriate for a rejected director to continue his or her service on the board, steps should be taken to address the concerns reflected by the shareholders' lack of support for the rejected director. Adopting a fee-shifting bylaw provision without shareholder approval, which may discourage legitimate shareholders lawsuits as well as frivolous ones, is another example of disregard for shareholder interests.

Contested Elections of Directors

► The funds will vote on a case-by-case basis in contested elections of directors.

Classified Boards

► The funds will vote against proposals to classify a board, absent special circumstances indicating that shareholder interests would be better served by this structure.

Commentary:  Under a typical classified board structure, the directors are divided into three classes, with each class serving a three-year term. The classified board structure results in directors serving staggered terms, with usually only a third of the directors up for re-election at any given annual meeting. The funds' Trustees generally believe that it is appropriate for directors to stand for election each year, but recognize that, in special circumstances, shareholder interests may be better served under a classified board structure.

Other Board-Related Proposals

The funds will generally vote for proposals that have been approved by a majority independent board, and on a case-by-case basis on proposals that have been approved by a board that fails to meet the guidelines' basic independence standards (i.e., majority of independent directors and independent nominating, audit, and compensation committees).

Executive Compensation

The funds generally favor compensation programs that relate executive compensation to a company's long-term performance. The funds will vote on a case-by-case basis on board-approved proposals relating to executive compensation, except as follows:


► Except where the funds are otherwise withholding votes for the entire board of directors, the funds will vote for stock option and restricted stock plans that will result in an average annual dilution of 1.67% or less (based on the disclosed term of the plan and including all equity-based plans).

► The funds will vote against stock option and restricted stock plans that will result in an average annual dilution of greater than 1.67% (based on the disclosed term of the plan and including all equity-based plans).

► The funds will vote against any stock option or restricted stock plan where the company's actual grants of stock options and restricted stock under all equity-based compensation plans during the prior three (3) fiscal years have resulted in an average annual dilution of greater than 1.67%.

► The funds will vote against stock option plans that permit the replacing or repricing of underwater options (and against any proposal to authorize a replacement or repricing of underwater options).

► The funds will vote against stock option plans that permit issuance of options with an exercise price below the stock's current market price.

► Except where the funds are otherwise withholding votes for the entire board of directors, the funds will vote for an employee stock purchase plan that has the following features: (1) the shares purchased under the plan are acquired for no less than 85% of their market value; (2) the offering period under the plan is 27 months or less; and (3) dilution is 10% or less.

► The funds will vote for proposals to approve a company's executive compensation program (i.e., “say on pay” proposals in which the company's board proposes that shareholders indicate their support for the company's compensation philosophy, policies, and practices), except that the funds will vote against the proposal if the company is assigned to the lowest category, through independent third party benchmarking performed by the funds' proxy voting service, for the correlation of the company's executive compensation program with its performance.

► The funds will vote for bonus plans under which payments are treated as performance-based compensation that is deductible under Section 162(m) of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended, except that the funds will vote on a case-by-case basis if any of the following circumstances exist:

the amount per employee under the plan is unlimited, or
the plan's performance criteria is undisclosed, or
the company is assigned to the lowest category, through independent third party benchmarking performed by the funds' proxy voting service, for the correlation of the company's executive compensation program with its performance.

Commentary:  Companies should have compensation programs that are reasonable and that align shareholder and management interests over the longer term. Further, disclosure of compensation programs should provide absolute transparency to shareholders regarding the sources and amounts of, and the factors influencing, executive compensation. Appropriately designed equity-based compensation plans can be an effective way to align the interests of long-term shareholders with the interests of management. However, the funds may vote against these or other executive compensation proposals on a case-by-case basis where compensation is excessive by reasonable corporate standards, where a company fails to provide transparent disclosure of executive compensation, or, in some instances, where independent third-party benchmarking indicates that compensation is inadequately correlated with performance, relative to peer companies. (Examples of excessive executive compensation may include, but are not limited to, equity incentive plans that exceed the dilution criteria noted above, excessive perquisites, performance-based compensation programs that do not properly correlate reward and performance, “golden parachutes” or other severance arrangements that present conflicts between management's interests and the interests of shareholders, and “golden coffins” or unearned death benefits.) In voting on a proposal relating to executive compensation, the funds will consider whether the proposal has been approved by an independent compensation committee of the board.

Capitalization

Many proxy proposals involve changes in a company's capitalization, including the authorization of additional stock, the issuance of stock, the repurchase of outstanding stock, or the approval of a stock split. The management of a company's capital structure involves a number of important issues, including cash flow, financing needs, and market conditions that are unique to the circumstances of the company. As a result, the funds will vote on a case-by-case basis on board-approved proposals involving changes to a company's capitalization, except that where the funds are not otherwise withholding votes from the entire board of directors:


► The funds will vote for proposals relating to the authorization and issuance of additional common stock, except that the funds will evaluate such proposals on a case-by-case basis if they relate to a specific transaction or to common stock with special voting rights.

► The funds will vote for proposals to effect stock splits (excluding reverse stock splits).

► The funds will vote for proposals authorizing share repurchase programs.

Commentary:  A company may decide to authorize additional shares of common stock for reasons relating to executive compensation or for routine business purposes. For the most part, these decisions are best left to the board of directors and senior management. The funds will vote on a case-by-case basis, however, on other proposals to change a company's capitalization, including the authorization of common stock with special voting rights, the authorization or issuance of common stock in connection with a specific transaction (e.g., an acquisition, merger or reorganization), or the authorization or issuance of preferred stock. Actions such as these involve a number of considerations that may affect a shareholder's investment and that warrant a case-by-case determination. One such consideration is the funds' belief that, as a general matter, common shareholders should have equal voting rights.

Acquisitions, Mergers, Reincorporations, Reorganizations and Other Transactions

Shareholders may be confronted with a number of different types of transactions, including acquisitions, mergers, reorganizations involving business combinations, liquidations, and the sale of all or substantially all of a company's assets, which may require their consent. Voting on such proposals involves considerations unique to each transaction. As a result, the funds will vote on a case-by-case basis on board-approved proposals to effect these types of transactions, except as follows:


► The funds will vote for mergers and reorganizations involving business combinations designed solely to reincorporate a company in Delaware.

Commentary:  A company may reincorporate into another state through a merger or reorganization by setting up a “shell” company in a different state and then merging the company into the new company. While reincorporation into states with extensive and established corporate laws — notably Delaware — provides companies and shareholders with a more well-defined legal framework, shareholders must carefully consider the reasons for a reincorporation into another jurisdiction, including especially an offshore jurisdiction.

Anti-Takeover Measures

Some proxy proposals involve efforts by management to make it more difficult for an outside party to take control of the company without the approval of the company's board of directors. These include the adoption of a shareholder rights plan, requiring supermajority voting on particular issues, the adoption of fair price provisions, the issuance of blank check preferred stock, and the creation of a separate class of stock with disparate voting rights. Such proposals may adversely affect shareholder rights, lead to management entrenchment, or create conflicts of interest. As a result, the funds will vote against board-approved proposals to adopt such anti-takeover measures, except as follows:


► The funds will vote on a case-by-case basis on proposals to ratify or approve shareholder rights plans; and

► The funds will vote on a case-by-case basis on proposals to adopt fair price provisions.

Commentary:  The funds' Trustees recognize that poison pills and fair price provisions may enhance or protect shareholder value under certain circumstances, and accordingly the funds will consider proposals to approve such matters on a case-by-case basis.

Other Business Matters

Many proxies involve approval of routine business matters, such as changing a company's name, ratifying the appointment of auditors, and procedural matters relating to the shareholder meeting. For the most part, these routine matters do not materially affect shareholder interests and are best left to the board of directors and senior management of the company. The funds will vote for board-approved proposals approving such matters, except as follows:


► The funds will vote on a case-by-case basis on proposals to amend a company's charter or bylaws (except for charter amendments necessary to effect stock splits, to change a company's name or to authorize additional shares of common stock).

► The funds will vote against authorization to transact other unidentified, substantive business at the meeting.

► The funds will vote on a case-by-case basis on proposals to ratify the selection of independent auditors if there is evidence that the audit firm's independence or the integrity of an audit is compromised.

► The funds will vote on a case-by-case basis on board-approved proposals that conflict with shareholder proposals.

► The funds will vote on a case-by-case basis on other business matters where the funds are otherwise withholding votes for the entire board of directors.

Commentary:  Charter and bylaw amendments (for example, amendments implementing proxy access proposals), board-approved proposals that conflict with shareholder proposals, and the transaction of other unidentified, substantive business at a shareholder meeting may directly affect shareholder rights and have a significant impact on shareholder value. As a result, the funds do not view these items as routine business matters. Putnam Management's investment professionals and the funds' proxy voting service may also bring to the Proxy Voting Director's attention company-specific items that they believe to be non-routine and warranting special consideration. Under these circumstances, the funds will vote on a case-by-case basis.

The fund's proxy voting service may identify circumstances that call into question an audit firm's independence or the integrity of an audit. These circumstances may include recent material restatements of financials, unusual audit fees, egregious contractual relationships (including inappropriately one-sided dispute resolution procedures), and aggressive accounting policies. The funds will consider proposals to ratify the selection of auditors in these circumstances on a case-by-case basis. In all other cases, given the existence of rules that enhance the independence of audit committees and auditors by, for example, prohibiting auditors from performing a range of non-audit services for audit clients, the funds will vote for the ratification of independent auditors

II.  SHAREHOLDER PROPOSALS

SEC regulations permit shareholders to submit proposals for inclusion in a company's proxy statement. These proposals generally seek to change some aspect of the company's corporate governance structure or to change some aspect of its business operations. The funds generally will vote in accordance with the recommendation of the company's board of directors on all shareholder proposals, except as follows:


► The funds will vote on a case-by-case basis on shareholder proposals requiring that the chairman's position be filled by someone other than the chief executive officer.

► The funds will vote for shareholder proposals asking that director nominees receive support from holders of a majority of votes cast or a majority of shares outstanding in order to be (re)elected.

► The funds will vote for shareholder proposals to declassify a board, absent special circumstances which would indicate that shareholder interests are better served by a classified board structure.

► The funds will vote for shareholder proposals to eliminate supermajority vote requirements in the company's charter documents.

► The funds will vote for shareholder proposals to require shareholder approval of shareholder rights plans.

► The funds will vote for shareholder proposals to amend a company's charter documents to permit shareholders to call special meetings, but only if both of the following conditions are met:

● the proposed amendment limits the right to call special meetings to shareholders holding at least 15% of the company's outstanding shares, and

● applicable state law does not otherwise provide shareholders with the right to call special meetings.

► The funds will vote on a case-by-case basis on shareholder proposals relating to proxy access.

► The funds will vote for shareholder proposals requiring companies to make cash payments under management severance agreements only if both of the following conditions are met:

● the company undergoes a change in control, and

● the change in control results in the termination of employment for the person receiving the severance payment.

► The funds will vote for shareholder proposals requiring companies to accelerate vesting of equity awards under management severance agreements only if both of the following conditions are met:

● the company undergoes a change in control, and

● the change in control results in the termination of employment for the person receiving the severance payment.

► The funds will vote on a case-by-case basis on shareholder proposals to limit a company's ability to make excise tax gross-up payments under management severance agreements as well as proposals to limit income or other tax gross-up payments.

► The funds will vote on a case-by-case basis on shareholder proposals requesting that the board adopt a policy to recoup, in the event of a significant restatement of financial results or significant extraordinary write-off, to the fullest extent practicable, for the benefit of the company, all performance-based bonuses or awards that were paid to senior executives based on the company having met or exceeded specific performance targets to the extent that the specific performance targets were not, in fact, met.

► The funds will vote for shareholder proposals calling for the company to obtain shareholder approval for any future golden coffins or unearned death benefits (payments or awards of unearned salary or bonus, accelerated vesting or the continuation of unvested equity awards, perquisites or other payments or awards in respect of an executive following his or her death), and for shareholder proposals calling for the company to cease providing golden coffins or unearned death benefits.

► The funds will vote for shareholder proposals requiring a company to report on its executive retirement benefits (e.g., deferred compensation, split-dollar life insurance, SERPs and pension benefits).

► The funds will vote for shareholder proposals requiring a company to disclose its relationships with executive compensation consultants (e.g., whether the company, the board or the compensation committee retained the consultant, the types of services provided by the consultant over the past five years, and a list of the consultant's clients on which any of the company's executives serve as a director).

► The funds will vote on a case-by-case basis on shareholder proposals related to environmental and social initiatives.

► The funds will vote for shareholder proposals that are consistent with the funds' proxy voting guidelines for board-approved proposals.

► The funds will vote on a case-by-case basis on shareholder proposals that conflict with board-approved proposals.

► The funds will vote on a case-by-case basis on other shareholder proposals where the funds are otherwise withholding votes for the entire board of directors.

Commentary:  The funds' Trustees believe that effective corporate reforms should be promoted by holding boards of directors — and in particular their independent directors — accountable for their actions, rather than by imposing additional legal restrictions on board governance through piecemeal proposals. As stated above, the funds' Trustees believe that boards of directors and management are responsible for ensuring that their businesses are operating in accordance with high legal and ethical standards and should be held accountable for resulting corporate behavior. Accordingly, the funds will generally support the recommendations of boards that meet the basic independence and governance standards established in these guidelines. Where boards fail to meet these standards, the funds will generally evaluate shareholder proposals on a case-by-case basis.

There are some types of proposals that the funds will evaluate on a case-by-case basis in any event. For example, when shareholder proposals conflict with board-approved approvals, the funds will generally evaluate both proposals on a case-by-case basis, considering the materiality of the differences between the proposals, the benefits to shareholders from each proposal, and the strength of the company's corporate governance, among other factors, in determining which proposal to support. In addition, the funds will also consider proposals requiring that the chairman's position be filled by someone other than the company's chief executive officer on a case-by-case basis, recognizing that in some cases this separation may advance the company's corporate governance while in other cases it may be less necessary to the sound governance of the company. The funds will take into account the level of independent leadership on a company's board in evaluating these proposals.

However, the funds generally support shareholder proposals to implement majority voting for directors, observing that majority voting is an emerging standard intended to encourage directors to be attentive to shareholders' interests. The funds also generally support shareholder proposals to declassify a board, to eliminate supermajority vote requirements, or to require shareholder approval of shareholder rights plans. The funds' Trustees believe that these shareholder proposals further the goals of reducing management entrenchment and conflicts of interest, and aligning management's interests with shareholders' interests in evaluating proposed acquisitions of the company. The Trustees also believe that shareholder proposals to limit severance payments may further these goals in some instances. In general, the funds favor arrangements in which severance payments are made to an executive only when there is a change in control and the executive loses his or her job as a result. Arrangements in which an executive receives a payment upon a change of control even if the executive retains employment introduce potential conflicts of interest and may distract management focus from the long term success of the company.

In evaluating shareholder proposals that address severance payments, the funds distinguish between cash and equity payments. The funds generally do not favor cash payments to executives upon a change in control transaction if the executive retains employment. However, the funds recognize that accelerated vesting of equity incentives, even without termination of employment, may help to align management and shareholder interests in some instances, and will evaluate shareholder proposals addressing accelerated vesting of equity incentive payments on a case-by-case basis.

When severance payments exceed a certain amount based on the executive's previous compensation, the payments may be subject to an excise tax. Some compensation arrangements provide for full excise tax gross-ups, which means that the company pays the executive sufficient additional amounts to cover the cost of the excise tax. The funds are concerned that the benefits of providing full excise tax gross-ups to executives may be outweighed by the cost to the company of the gross-up payments. Accordingly, the funds will vote on a case-by-case basis on shareholder proposals to curtail excise tax gross-up payments. The funds generally favor arrangements in which severance payments do not trigger an excise tax or in which the company's obligations with respect to gross-up payments are limited in a reasonable manner.

The funds' Trustees believe that performance-based compensation can be an effective tool for aligning management and shareholder interests. However, to fulfill its purpose, performance compensation should only be paid to executives if the performance targets are actually met. A significant restatement of financial results or a significant extraordinary write-off may reveal that executives who were previously paid performance compensation did not actually deliver the required business performance to earn that compensation. In these circumstances, it may be appropriate for the company to recoup this performance compensation. The funds will consider on a case-by-case basis shareholder proposals requesting that the board adopt a policy to recoup, in the event of a significant restatement of financial results or significant extraordinary write-off, performance-based bonuses or awards paid to senior executives based on the company having met or exceeded specific performance targets to the extent that the specific performance targets were not, in fact, met. The funds do not believe that such a policy should necessarily disadvantage a company in recruiting executives, as executives should understand that they are only entitled to performance compensation based on the actual performance they deliver.

The funds' Trustees disfavor golden coffins or unearned death benefits, and the funds will generally support shareholder proposals to restrict or terminate these practices. The Trustees will also consider whether a company's overall compensation arrangements, taking all of the pertinent circumstances into account, constitute excessive compensation or otherwise reflect poorly on the corporate governance practices of the company. As the Trustees evaluate these matters, they will be mindful of evolving practices and legislation relevant to executive compensation and corporate governance.

The funds' Trustees recognize the importance of environmental and social responsibility. In evaluating shareholder proposals with respect to environmental and social initiatives (including initiatives related to climate change and gender pay equity), the funds will take into account the relevance of the proposal to the company's business and the practicality of implementing the proposal, including the impact on the company's business activities, operations, and stakeholders. With respect to shareholder proposals related to diversity initiatives, the funds will assess the proposals in a manner that is broadly consistent with the funds' approach to holding the board of directors directly accountable for diversity on the board.

The funds' Trustees also believe that shareholder proposals that are intended to increase transparency, particularly with respect to executive compensation, without establishing rigid restrictions upon a company's ability to attract and motivate talented executives, are generally beneficial to sound corporate governance without imposing undue burdens. The funds will generally support shareholder proposals calling for reasonable disclosure.

III.  VOTING SHARES OF NON-U.S. ISSUERS

Many of the Putnam funds invest on a global basis, and, as a result, they may hold, and have an opportunity to vote, shares in non-U.S. issuers — i.e., issuers that are incorporated under the laws of foreign jurisdictions and whose shares are not listed on a U.S. securities exchange or the NASDAQ stock market.

In many non-U.S. markets, shareholders who vote proxies of a non-U.S. issuer are not able to trade in that company's stock on or around the shareholder meeting date. This practice is known as “share blocking.” In countries where share blocking is practiced, the funds will vote proxies only with direction from Putnam Management's investment professionals.

In addition, some non-U.S. markets require that a company's shares be re-registered out of the name of the local custodian or nominee into the name of the shareholder for the shareholder to be able to vote at the meeting. This practice is known as “share re-registration.” As a result, shareholders, including the funds, are not able to trade in that company's stock until the shares are re-registered back in the name of the local custodian or nominee following the meeting. In countries where share re-registration is practiced, the funds will generally not vote proxies.

Protection for shareholders of non-U.S. issuers may vary significantly from jurisdiction to jurisdiction. Laws governing non-U.S. issuers may, in some cases, provide substantially less protection for shareholders than do U.S. laws. As a result, the guidelines applicable to U.S. issuers, which are premised on the existence of a sound corporate governance and disclosure framework, may not be appropriate under some circumstances for non-U.S. issuers. However, the funds will vote proxies of non-U.S. issuers in accordance with the guidelines applicable to U.S. issuers except as follows:

Uncontested Board Elections

China, India, Indonesia, Philippines, Taiwan and Thailand

► The funds will withhold votes from the entire board of directors if

● fewer than one-third of the directors are independent directors, or

● the board has not established audit, compensation and nominating committees each composed of a majority of independent directors.

Commentary:  Whether a director is considered “independent” or not will be determined by reference to local corporate law or listing standards.

Europe ex-United Kingdom

► The funds will withhold votes from the entire board of directors if

● the board has not established audit and compensation committees each composed of a majority of independent, non-executive directors, or

● the board has not established a nominating committee composed of a majority of independent directors.

Commentary:  An “independent director” under the European Commission's guidelines is one who is free of any business, family or other relationship, with the company, its controlling shareholder or the management of either, that creates a conflict of interest such as to impair his judgment. A “non-executive director” is one who is not engaged in the daily management of the company.

Germany

► For companies subject to “co-determination,” the funds will vote for the election of nominees to the supervisory board, except that the funds will vote on a case-by-case basis for any nominee who is either an employee of the company or who is otherwise affiliated with the company (as determined by the funds' proxy voting service).

► The funds will withhold votes for the election of a former member of the company's managerial board to chair of the supervisory board.

Commentary:  German corporate governance is characterized by a two-tier board system — a managerial board composed of the company's executive officers, and a supervisory board. The supervisory board appoints the members of the managerial board. Shareholders elect members of the supervisory board, except that in the case of companies with a large number of employees, company employees are allowed to elect some of the supervisory board members (one-half of supervisory board members are elected by company employees at companies with more than 2,000 employees; one-third of the supervisory board members are elected by company employees at companies with more than 500 employees but fewer than 2,000). This “co-determination” practice may increase the chances that the supervisory board of a large German company does not contain a majority of independent members. In this situation, under the Fund's proxy voting guidelines applicable to U.S. issuers, the funds would vote against all nominees. However, in the case of companies subject to “co-determination” and with the goal of supporting independent nominees, the Funds will vote for supervisory board members who are neither employees of the company nor otherwise affiliated with the company.

Consistent with the funds' belief that the interests of shareholders are best protected by boards with strong, independent leadership, the funds will withhold votes for the election of former chairs of the managerial board to chair of the supervisory board.

Hong Kong

► The funds will withhold votes from the entire board of directors if

● fewer than one-third of the directors are independent directors, or

● the board has not established audit, compensation and nominating committees each with at least a majority of its members being independent directors, or

● the chair of the audit, compensation or nominating committee is not an independent director.

Commentary. For purposes of these guidelines, an “independent director” is a director that has no material, financial or other current relationships with the company. In determining whether a director is independent, the funds will apply the standards included in the Rules Governing the Listing of Securities on the Stock Exchange of Hong Kong Limited Section 3.13.

Italy

► The funds will withhold votes from any director not identified in the proxy materials.

Commentary:  In Italy, companies have the right to nominate co-opted directors 2 for election to the board at the next annual general meeting, but do not have to indicate, until the day of the annual meeting, whether or not they are nominating a co-opted director for election. When a company does not explicitly state in its proxy materials that co-opted directors are standing for election, shareholders will not know for sure who the board nominees are until the actual meeting occurs. The funds will withhold support from any such co-opted director on the grounds that there was insufficient information for evaluation before the meeting.

2 A co-opted director is an individual appointed to the board by incumbent directors to replace a director who was elected by directors but who leaves the board (through resignation or death) before the end of his or her term.

Japan

► For companies that have established a U.S.-style corporate governance structure, the funds will withhold votes from the entire board of directors if

● the board does not have a majority of outside directors,

● the board has not established nominating and compensation committees composed of a majority of outside directors, or

● the board has not established an audit committee composed of a majority of independent directors.

► The funds will withhold votes for the appointment of members of a company's board of statutory auditors if a majority of the members of the board of statutory auditors is not independent.

Commentary:

Board structure: Recent amendments to the Japanese Commercial Code give companies the option to adopt a U.S.-style corporate governance structure (i.e., a board of directors and audit, nominating, and compensation committees). The funds will vote for proposals to amend a company's articles of incorporation to adopt the U.S.-style corporate structure.

Definition of outside director and independent director: Corporate governance principles in Japan focus on the distinction between outside directors and independent directors. Under these principles, an outside director is a director who is not and has never been a director, executive, or employee of the company or its parent company, subsidiaries or affiliates. An outside director is “independent” if that person can make decisions completely independent from the managers of the company, its parent, subsidiaries, or affiliates and does not have a material relationship with the company (i.e., major client, trading partner, or other business relationship; familial relationship with current director or executive; etc.). The guidelines have incorporated these definitions in applying the board independence standards above.

Korea

► The funds will withhold votes from the entire board of directors if

● fewer than half of the directors are outside directors,

● the board has not established a nominating committee with at least half of the members being outside directors, or

● the board has not established an audit committee composed of at least three members and in which at least two-thirds of its members are outside directors.

► The funds will vote withhold votes from nominees to the audit committee if the board has not established an audit committee composed of (or proposed to be composed of) at least three members, and of which at least two-thirds of its members are (or will be) outside directors.

Commentary:  For purposes of these guidelines, an “outside director” is a director that is independent from the management or controlling shareholders of the company, and holds no interests that might impair the performance his or her duties impartially with respect to the company, management or controlling shareholder. In determining whether a director is an outside director, the funds will also apply the standards included in Article 415–2(2) of the Korean Commercial Code (i.e., no employment relationship with the company for a period of two years before serving on the committee, no director or employment relationship with the company's largest shareholder, etc.) and may consider other business relationships that would affect the independence of an outside director.

Malaysia

► The funds will withhold votes from the entire board of directors if

● in the case of a board with an independent director serving as chair, fewer than one-third of the directors are independent directors; or, in the case of a board not chaired by an independent director, less than a majority of the directors are independent directors,

● the board has not established audit and nominating committees with at least a majority of the members being independent directors and all of the members being non-executive directors, or

● the board has not established a compensation committee with at least a majority of the members being non-executive directors.

Commentary. For purposes of these guidelines, an “independent director” is a director who has no material, financial or other current relationships with the company. In determining whether a director is independent, the funds will apply the standards included in the Malaysia Code of Corporate Governance, Commentary to Recommendation 3.1. A “non-executive director” is a director who does not take on primary responsibility for leadership of the company.

Russia

► The funds will vote on a case-by-case basis for the election of nominees to the board of directors.

Commentary:  In Russia, director elections are typically handled through a cumulative voting process. Cumulative voting allows shareholders to cast all of their votes for a single nominee for the board of directors, or to allocate their votes among nominees in any other way. In contrast, in “regular” voting, shareholders may not give more than one vote per share to any single nominee. Cumulative voting can help to strengthen the ability of minority shareholders to elect a director.

In Russia, as in some other emerging markets, standards of corporate governance are usually behind those in developed markets. Rather than vote against the entire board of directors, as the funds generally would in the case of a company whose board fails to meet the funds' standards for independence, the funds may, on a case by case basis, cast all of their votes for one or more independent director nominees. The funds believe that it is important to increase the number of independent directors on the boards of Russian companies to mitigate the risks associated with dominant shareholders.

Singapore

► The funds will withhold votes from the entire board of directors if

● in the case of a board with an independent director serving as chair, fewer than one-third of the directors are independent directors; or, in the case of a board not chaired by an independent director, fewer than half of the directors are independent directors,

● the board has not established audit and compensation committees, each with an independent director serving as chair, with at least a majority of the members being independent directors, and with all of the directors being non-executive directors, or

● the board has not established a nominating committee, with an independent director serving as chair, and with at least a majority of the members being independent directors.

Commentary:  For purposes of these guidelines, an “independent director” is a director that has no material, financial or other current relationships with the company. In determining whether a director is independent, the funds will apply the standards included in the Singapore Code of Corporate Governance, Guideline 2.3. A “non-executive director” is a director who is not employed with the company.

United Kingdom

► The funds will withhold votes from the entire board of directors if

● fewer than half of the directors are independent non-executive directors,

● the board has not established a nomination committee composed of a majority of independent non-executive directors, or

● the board has not established compensation and audit committees composed of (1) at least three directors (in the case of smaller companies, two directors) and (2) solely independent non-executive directors, provided that, to the extent permitted under the United Kingdom's Combined Code on Corporate Governance, the company chairman may serve on (but not serve as chairman of) the compensation and audit committees if the chairman was considered independent upon his or her appointment as chairman.

► The funds will withhold votes from any nominee for director who is considered an independent director by the company and who has received compensation within the last three years from the company other than for service as a director, such as investment banking, consulting, legal, or financial advisory fees.

► The funds will vote for proposals to amend a company's articles of association to authorize boards to approve situations that might be interpreted to present potential conflicts of interest affecting a director.

Commentary:

Application of guidelines: Although the United Kingdom's Combined Code on Corporate Governance (“Combined Code”) has adopted the “comply and explain” approach to corporate governance, the funds' Trustees believe that the guidelines discussed above with respect to board independence standards are integral to the protection of investors in U.K. companies. As a result, these guidelines will generally be applied in a prescriptive manner.

Definition of independence: For the purposes of these guidelines, a non-executive director shall be considered independent if the director meets the independence standards in section A.3.1 of the Combined Code (i.e., no material business or employment relationships with the company, no remuneration from the company for non-board services, no close family ties with senior employees or directors of the company, etc.), except that the funds do not view service on the board for more than nine years as affecting a director's independence. Company chairmen in the U.K. are generally considered affiliated upon appointment as chairman due to the nature of the position of chairman. Consistent with the Combined Code, a company chairman who was considered independent upon appointment as chairman: may serve as a member of, but not as the chairman of, the compensation (remuneration) committee; and, in the case of smaller companies, may serve as a member of, but not as the chairman of, the audit committee.

Smaller companies: A smaller company is one that is below the FTSE 350 throughout the year immediately prior to the reporting year.

Conflicts of interest: The Companies Act 2006 requires a director to avoid a situation in which he or she has, or can have, a direct or indirect interest that conflicts, or possibly may conflict, with the interests of the company. This broadly written requirement could be construed to prevent a director from becoming a trustee or director of another organization. Provided there are reasonable safeguards, such as the exclusion of the relevant director from deliberations, the funds believe that the board may approve this type of potential conflict of interest in its discretion.

All other jurisdictions

► The funds will vote for supervisory board nominees when the supervisory board meets the funds' independence standards, otherwise the funds will vote against supervisory board nominees.

Commentary:  Companies in many jurisdictions operate under the oversight of supervisory boards. In the absence of jurisdiction-specific guidelines, the funds will generally hold supervisory boards to the same standards of independence as it applies to boards of directors in the United States.

Contested Board Elections

Italy

► The funds will vote for the management- or board-sponsored slate of nominees if the board meets the funds' independence standards, and against the management- or board-sponsored slate of nominees if the board does not meet the funds' independence standards; the funds will not vote on shareholder-proposed slates of nominees.

Commentary:  Contested elections in Italy may involve a variety of competing slates of nominees. In these circumstances, the funds will focus their analysis on the board- or management-sponsored slate.

Corporate Governance

► The funds will vote for proposals to change the size of a board if the board meets the funds' independence standards, and against proposals to change the size of a board if the board does not meet the funds' independence standards.

► The funds will vote for shareholder proposals calling for a majority of a company's directors to be independent of management.

► The funds will vote for shareholder proposals seeking to increase the independence of board nominating, audit, and compensation committees.

► The funds will vote for shareholder proposals that implement corporate governance standards similar to those established under U.S. federal law and the listing requirements of U.S. stock exchanges, and that do not otherwise violate the laws of the jurisdiction under which the company is incorporated.

Australia

► The funds will vote on a case-by-case basis on board spill resolutions.

Commentary:  The Corporations Amendment (Improving Accountability on Director and Executive Compensation) Bill 2011 provides that, if a company's remuneration report receives a “no” vote of 25% or more of all votes cast at two consecutive annual general meetings, at the second annual general meeting, a spill resolution must be proposed. If the spill resolution is approved (by simple majority), then a further meeting to elect a new board (excluding the managing director) must be held within 90 days. The funds will consider board spill resolutions on a case-by-case basis.

Europe

► The funds will vote for proposals to ratify board acts, except that the funds will consider these proposals on a case-by-case basis if the funds' proxy voting service has recommended a vote against the proposal.

Taiwan

► The funds will vote against proposals to release directors from their non-competition obligations (their obligations not to engage in any business that is competitive with the company), unless the proposal is narrowly drafted to permit directors to engage in a business that is competitive with the company only on behalf of a wholly-owned subsidiary of the company.

Compensation

► The funds will vote for proposals to approve annual directors' fees, except that the funds will consider these proposals on a case-by-case basis in each case in which the funds' proxy voting service has recommended a vote against such a proposal.

► The funds will vote for non-binding proposals to approve remuneration reports, except that the funds will vote against proposals to approve remuneration reports that indicate that awards under a long-term incentive plan are not linked to performance targets.

Commentary:  Since proposals relating to directors' fees for non-U.S. issuers generally address relatively modest fees paid to non-executive directors, the funds generally support these proposals, provided that the fees are consistent with directors' fees paid by the company's peers and do not otherwise appear unwarranted. Consistent with the approach taken for U.S. issuers, the funds generally favor compensation programs that relate executive compensation to a company's long-term performance and will support non-binding remuneration reports unless such a correlation is not made.

Europe and Asia ex-Japan

► In the case of proposals that do not include sufficient information for determining average annual dilution, the funds will vote for stock option and restricted stock plans that will result in an average gross potential dilution of 5% or less.

Commentary:  Asia ex-Japan means China, Hong Kong, India, Indonesia, Korea, Malaysia, Philippines, Singapore, Taiwan and Thailand. In these markets, companies may not disclose the life of the plan and there may not be a specific number of shares requested; therefore, it may not be possible to determine the average annual dilution related to the plan and apply the funds' standard dilution test.

France

► The funds will vote for an employee stock purchase plan or share save scheme that has the following features: (1) the shares purchased under the plan are acquired for no less than 70% of their market value; (2) the vesting period is greater than or equal to 10 years; (3) the offering period under the plan is 27 months or less; and (4) dilution is 10% or less.

Commentary:  To conform to local market practice, the funds support plans or schemes at French issuers that permit the purchase of shares at up to a 30% discount (i.e., shares may be purchased for no less than 70% of their market value). By comparison, for U.S. issuers, the funds do not support employee stock purchase plans that permit shares to be acquired at more than a 15% discount (i.e., for less than 85% of their market value); in the United Kingdom, up to a 20% discount is permitted.

United Kingdom

► The funds will vote for an employee stock purchase plan or share save scheme that has the following features: (1) the shares purchased under the plan are acquired for no less than 80% of their market value; (2) the offering period under the plan is 27 months or less; and (3) dilution is 10% or less.

Commentary:  These are the same features that the funds require of employee stock purchase plans proposed by U.S. issuers, except that, to conform to local market practice, the funds support plans or schemes at United Kingdom issuers that permit the purchase of shares at up to a 20% discount (i.e., shares may be purchased for no less than 80% of their market value). By comparison, for U.S. issuers, the funds do not support employee stock purchase plans that permit shares to be acquired at more than a 15% discount (i.e., for less than 85% of their market value).

Capitalization

Unless a proposal is directly addressed by a country-specific guideline:

► The funds will vote for proposals

● to issue additional common stock representing up to 20% of the company's outstanding common stock, where shareholders do not have preemptive rights, or

● to issue additional common stock representing up to 100% of the company's outstanding common stock, where shareholders do have preemptive rights.

► The funds will vote for proposals to authorize share repurchase programs that are recommended for approval by the funds' proxy voting service; otherwise, the funds will vote against such proposals.

Australia

► The funds will vote for proposals to carve out, from the general cap on non-pro rata share issues of 15% of total equity in a rolling 12-month period, a particular proposed issue of shares or a particular issue of shares made previously within the 12-month period, if the company's board meets the funds' independence standards; if the company's board does not meet the funds' independence standards, then the funds will vote against these proposals.

► The funds will vote for proposals to approve the grant of equity awards to directors, except that the funds will consider these proposals on a case-by-case basis if the funds' proxy voting service has recommended a vote against the proposal.

China

► The funds will vote for proposals to issue and/or to trade in non-convertible, convertible and/or exchangeable debt obligations, except that the funds will consider these proposals on a case-by-case basis if the funds' proxy voting service has recommended a vote against the proposal.

Hong Kong

► The funds will vote for proposals to approve a general mandate permitting the company to engage in non-pro rata share issues of up to 20% of total equity in a year if the company's board meets the funds' independence standards; if the company's board does not meet the funds' independence standards, then the funds will vote against these proposals.

► The funds will vote for proposals to approve the reissuance of shares acquired by the company under a share repurchase program, provided that: (1) the funds supported (or would have supported, in accordance with these guidelines) the share repurchase program, (2) the reissued shares represent no more than 10% of the company's outstanding shares (measured immediately before the reissuance), and (3) the reissued shares are sold for no less than 85% of current market value.

France

► The funds will vote for proposals to increase authorized shares, except that the funds will consider these proposals on a case-by-case basis if the funds' proxy voting service has recommended a vote against the proposal.

► The funds will vote against proposals to authorize the issuance of common stock or convertible debt instruments and against proposals to authorize the repurchase and/or reissuance of shares where those authorizations may be used, without further shareholder approval, as anti-takeover measures.

New Zealand

► The funds will vote for proposals to approve the grant of equity awards to directors, except that the funds will consider these proposals on a case-by-case basis if the funds' proxy voting service has recommended a vote against the proposal.

Commentary:  In light of the prevalence of certain types of capitalization proposals in Australia, China, Hong Kong, France and New Zealand, the funds have adopted guidelines specific to those jurisdictions.

Other Business Matters

► The funds will vote for proposals permitting companies to deliver reports and other materials electronically (e.g., via website posting).

► The funds will vote for proposals permitting companies to issue regulatory reports in English.

► The funds will vote against proposals to shorten shareholder meeting notice periods to fourteen days.

Commentary:  Under Directive 2007/36/EC of the European Parliament and the Council of the European Union, companies have the option to request shareholder approval to set the notice period for special meetings at 14 days provided that certain electronic voting and communication requirements are met. The funds believe that the 14 day notice period is too short to provide overseas shareholders with sufficient time to analyze proposals and to participate meaningfully at special meetings and, as a result, have determined to vote against such proposals.


► The funds will vote for proposals to amend a company's charter or bylaws, except that the funds will consider these proposals on a case-by-case basis if the funds' proxy voting service has recommended a vote against the proposal.

Commentary:  If the substance of any proposed amendment is covered by a specific guideline included herein, then that guideline will govern.

France

► The funds will vote for proposals to approve a company's related party transactions, except that the funds will consider these proposals on a case-by-case basis if the funds' proxy voting service has recommended a vote against the proposal.

► If a company has not proposed an opt-out clause in its articles of association and the implementation of double-voting rights has not been approved by shareholders, the funds will vote against the ratification of board acts for the previous fiscal year, will withhold votes from the re-election of members of the board's governance committee (or in the absence of a governance committee, against the chair of the board or the next session board member up for re-election) and, if there is no opportunity to vote against ratification of board acts or to withhold votes from directors, will vote against the approval of the company's accounts and reports.

Commentary:  In France, shareholders are generally requested to approve any agreement between the company and: (i) its directors, chair of the board, CEO and deputy CEOs; (ii) the members of the supervisory board and management board, for companies with a dual structure; and (iii) a shareholder who directly or indirectly owns at least 10% of the company's voting rights. This includes agreements under which compensation may be paid to executive officers after the end of their employment, such as severance payments, supplementary retirement plans and non-competition agreements. The funds will generally support these proposals unless the funds' proxy voting service recommends a vote against, in which case the funds will consider the proposal on a case-by-case basis.

Under French law, shareholders of French companies with shares held in registered form under the same name for at least two years will automatically be granted double-voting rights, unless a company has amended its articles of association to opt out of the double-voting rights regime. Awarding double-voting rights in this manner is likely to disadvantage non-French institutional shareholders. Accordingly, the funds will take actions to signal disapproval of double-voting rights at companies that have not opted-out from the double-voting rights regime and that have not obtained shareholder approval of the double-voting rights regime.

Germany

► The funds will vote in accordance with the recommendation of the company's board of directors on shareholder countermotions added to a company's meeting agenda, unless the countermotion is directly addressed by one of the funds' other guidelines.

Commentary:  In Germany, shareholders are able to add both proposals and countermotions to a meeting agenda. Countermotions, which must correspond to a proposal on the agenda, generally call for shareholders to oppose the existing proposal, although they may also propose separate voting decisions. Countermotions may be proposed by any shareholder and they are typically added throughout the period between the publication of the meeting agenda and the meeting date. This guideline reflects the funds' intention to focus on the original proposal, which is expected to be presented a reasonable period of time before the shareholder meeting so that the funds will have an appropriate opportunity to evaluate it.


► The funds will vote for proposals to approve profit-and-loss transfer agreements between a controlling company and its subsidiaries.

Commentary:  These agreements are customary in Germany and are typically entered into for tax purposes. In light of this and the prevalence of these proposals, the funds have adopted a guideline to vote for this type of proposal.

Taiwan

► The funds will vote for proposals to amend a Taiwanese company's procedural rules.

Commentary:  Since procedural rules, which address such matters as a company's policies with respect to capital loans, endorsements and guarantees, and acquisitions and disposal of assets, are generally adopted or amended to conform to changes in local regulations governing these transactions, the funds have adopted a guideline to vote for these transactions.

As adopted March 22, 2019

Proxy voting procedures of The Putnam Funds

The proxy voting procedures below explain the role of the funds' Trustees, proxy voting service and Director of Proxy Voting and Corporate Governance (“Proxy Voting Director”), as well as how the process works when a proxy question needs to be handled on a case-by-case basis, or when there may be a conflict of interest.

The role of the funds' Trustees

The Trustees of The Putnam Funds exercise control of voting proxies through their Board Policy and Nominating Committee, which is composed entirely of independent Trustees. The Board Policy and Nominating Committee oversees the proxy voting process and participates, as needed, in the resolution of issues that need to be handled on a case-by-case basis. The Committee annually reviews and recommends, for Trustee approval, guidelines governing the funds' proxy votes, including how the funds vote on specific proposals and which matters are to be considered on a case-by-case basis. The Trustees are assisted in this process by their independent administrative staff (“Office of the Trustees”), independent legal counsel, and an independent proxy voting service. The Trustees also receive assistance from Putnam Investment Management, LLC (“Putnam Management”), the funds' investment adviser, on matters involving investment judgments. In all cases, the ultimate decision on voting proxies rests with the Trustees, acting as fiduciaries on behalf of the shareholders of the funds.

The role of the proxy voting service

The funds have engaged an independent proxy voting service to assist in the voting of proxies. The proxy voting service is responsible for coordinating with the funds' custodian(s) to ensure that all proxy materials received by the custodians relating to the funds' portfolio securities are processed in a timely fashion. To the extent applicable, the proxy voting service votes all proxies in accordance with the proxy voting guidelines established by the Trustees. The proxy voting service will refer proxy questions to the Proxy Voting Director for instructions under circumstances where: (1) the application of the proxy voting guidelines is unclear; (2) a particular proxy question is not covered by the guidelines; or (3) the guidelines call for specific instructions on a case-by-case basis. The proxy voting service is also requested to call to the attention of the Proxy Voting Director specific proxy questions that, while governed by a guideline, appear to involve unusual or controversial issues. The funds also utilize research services relating to proxy questions provided by the proxy voting service and by other firms.

The role of the Proxy Voting Director

The Proxy Voting Director, a member of the Office of the Trustees, assists in the coordination and voting of the funds' proxies. The Proxy Voting Director deals directly with the proxy voting service and, in the case of proxy questions referred by the proxy voting service, solicits voting recommendations and instructions from the Office of the Trustees, the Chair of the Board Policy and Nominating Committee, and Putnam Management's investment professionals, as appropriate. The Proxy Voting Director is responsible for ensuring that these questions and referrals are responded to in a timely fashion and for transmitting appropriate voting instructions to the proxy voting service. In addition, the Proxy Voting Director is the contact person for receiving recommendations from Putnam Management's investment professionals with respect to any proxy question in circumstances where the investment professional believes that the interests of fund shareholders warrant a vote contrary to the fund's proxy voting guidelines.

On occasion, representatives of a company in which the funds have an investment may wish to meet with the company's shareholders in advance of the company's shareholder meeting, typically to explain and to provide the company's perspective on the proposals up for consideration at the meeting. As a general matter, the Proxy Voting Director will participate in meetings with these company representatives.

The Proxy Voting Director is also responsible for ensuring that the funds file the required annual reports of their proxy voting records with the Securities and Exchange Commission. The Proxy Voting Director coordinates with the funds' proxy voting service to prepare and file on Form N‑PX, by August 31 of each year, the funds' proxy voting record for the most recent twelve-month period ended June 30. In addition, the Proxy Voting Director is responsible for coordinating with Putnam Management to arrange for the funds' proxy voting record for the most recent twelve-month period ended June 30 to be available on the funds' website.

Voting procedures for referral items

As discussed above, the proxy voting service will refer proxy questions to the Proxy Voting Director under certain circumstances. Unless the referred proxy question involves investment considerations (i.e., the proxy question might be seen as having a bearing on the economic interests of a shareholder in the company) and is referred to Putnam Management's investment professionals for a voting recommendation as described below, the Proxy Voting Director will assist in interpreting the guidelines and, if necessary, consult with a senior staff member of the Office of the Trustees and/or the Chair of the Board Policy and Nominating Committee on how the funds' shares will be voted.

The Proxy Voting Director will refer proxy questions that involve investment considerations, through an electronic request form, to Putnam Management's investment professionals for a voting recommendation. These referrals will be made in cooperation with the person or persons designated by Putnam Management's Legal and Compliance Department to assist in processing referral items. In connection with each item referred to Putnam Management's investment professionals, the Legal and Compliance Department will conduct a conflicts of interest review, as described below under “Conflicts of interest,” and provide electronically a conflicts of interest report (the “Conflicts Report”) to the Proxy Voting Director describing the results of the review. After receiving a referral item from the Proxy Voting Director, Putnam Management's investment professionals will provide a recommendation electronically to the Proxy Voting Director and the person or persons designated by the Legal and Compliance Department to assist in processing referral items. The recommendation will set forth (1) how the proxies should be voted; and (2) any contacts the investment professionals have had with respect to the referral item with non-investment personnel of Putnam Management or with outside parties (except for routine communications from proxy solicitors). The Proxy Voting Director will review the recommendation of Putnam Management's investment professionals (and the related Conflicts Report) in determining how to vote the funds' proxies. The Proxy Voting Director will maintain a record of all proxy questions that have been referred to Putnam Management's investment professionals, the voting recommendation, and the Conflicts Report. An exception to this referral process is that the Proxy Voting Director will not refer proxy questions in respect of portfolio securities that are held only in funds sub-advised by PanAgora Asset Management, Inc.

In some situations, the Proxy Voting Director may determine that a particular proxy question raises policy issues requiring consultation with the Chair of the Board Policy and Nominating Committee, who, in turn, may decide to bring the particular proxy question to the Committee or the full Board of Trustees for consideration.

Conflicts of interest

Occasions may arise where a person or organization involved in the proxy voting process may have a conflict of interest. A conflict of interest may exist, for example, if Putnam Management has a business relationship with (or is actively soliciting business from) either the company soliciting the proxy or a third party that has a material interest in the outcome of a proxy vote or that is actively lobbying for a particular outcome of a proxy vote. Any individual with knowledge of a personal conflict of interest (e.g., familial relationship with company management or a significant personal investment in the company) relating to a particular referral item shall disclose that conflict to the Proxy Voting Director and the Legal and Compliance Department and may be asked to remove himself or herself from the proxy voting process. The Legal and Compliance Department will review each item referred to Putnam Management's investment professionals to determine if a conflict of interest exists and will provide the Proxy Voting Director with a Conflicts Report for each referral item that: (1) describes any conflict of interest; (2) discusses the procedures used to address such conflict of interest; and (3) discloses any contacts from parties outside Putnam Management (other than routine communications from proxy solicitors) with respect to the referral item not otherwise reported in an investment professional's recommendation. The Conflicts Report will also include written confirmation that any recommendation from an investment professional provided under circumstances where a conflict of interest exists was made solely on the investment merits and without regard to any other consideration.

As adopted March 11, 2005 and revised June 12, 2009, January 24, 2014 and June 23, 2017.

Item 8. Portfolio Managers of Closed-End Management Investment Companies

(a)(1) Portfolio Managers. The officers of Putnam Management identified below are primarily responsible for the day-to-day management of the fund's portfolio as of the filing date of this report.


Portfolio Managers Joined Fund Employer Positions Over Past Five Years
Garrett Hamilton 2016 Putnam Management 2016 — Present Portfolio Manager
Paul Drury 2002 Putnam Management 1989 — Present Portfolio Manager

(a)(2) Other Accounts Managed by the Fund's Portfolio Managers.

The following table shows the number and approximate assets of other investment accounts (or portions of investment accounts) that the fund's Portfolio Managers managed as of the fund's most recent fiscal year-end. Unless noted, none of the other accounts pays a fee based on the account's performance.


Portfolio Leader or Member Other SEC-registered open-end and closed-end funds Other accounts that pool assets from more than one client Other accounts (including separate accounts, managed account programs and single-sponsor defined contribution plan offerings)
Number of accounts Assets Number of accounts Assets Number of accounts Assets
Paul Drury 13 $5,826,300,000 0 $ — 0 $ —
Garret Hamilton 13 $5,826,300,000 0 $ — 0 $ —

Potential conflicts of interest in managing multiple accounts. Like other investment professionals with multiple clients, the fund's Portfolio Managers may face certain potential conflicts of interest in connection with managing both the fund and the other accounts listed under “Other Accounts Managed by the Fund's Portfolio Managers” at the same time. The paragraphs below describe some of these potential conflicts, which Putnam Management believes are faced by investment professionals at most major financial firms. As described below, Putnam Management and the Trustees of the Putnam funds have adopted compliance policies and procedures that attempt to address certain of these potential conflicts.

The management of accounts with different advisory fee rates and/or fee structures, including accounts that pay advisory fees based on account performance (“performance fee accounts”), may raise potential conflicts of interest by creating an incentive to favor higher-fee accounts. These potential conflicts may include, among others:


• The most attractive investments could be allocated to higher-fee accounts or performance fee accounts.

• The trading of higher-fee accounts could be favored as to timing and/or execution price. For example, higher-fee accounts could be permitted to sell securities earlier than other accounts when a prompt sale is desirable or to buy securities at an earlier and more opportune time.

• The trading of other accounts could be used to benefit higher-fee accounts (front-running).

• The investment management team could focus their time and efforts primarily on higher-fee accounts due to a personal stake in compensation.

Putnam Management attempts to address these potential conflicts of interest relating to higher-fee accounts through various compliance policies that are generally intended to place all accounts, regardless of fee structure, on the same footing for investment management purposes. For example, under Putnam Management's policies:


• Performance fee accounts must be included in all standard trading and allocation procedures with all other accounts.

• All accounts must be allocated to a specific category of account and trade in parallel with allocations of similar accounts based on the procedures generally applicable to all accounts in those groups (e.g., based on relative risk budgets of accounts).

• All trading must be effected through Putnam's trading desks and normal queues and procedures must be followed (i.e., no special treatment is permitted for performance fee accounts or higher-fee accounts based on account fee structure).

• Front running is strictly prohibited.

• The fund's Portfolio Manager(s) may not be guaranteed or specifically allocated any portion of a performance fee.

As part of these policies, Putnam Management has also implemented trade oversight and review procedures in order to monitor whether particular accounts (including higher-fee accounts or performance fee accounts) are being favored over time.

Potential conflicts of interest may also arise when the Portfolio Manager(s) have personal investments in other accounts that may create an incentive to favor those accounts. As a general matter and subject to limited exceptions, Putnam Management's investment professionals do not have the opportunity to invest in client accounts, other than the Putnam funds. However, in the ordinary course of business, Putnam Management or related persons may from time to time establish “pilot” or “incubator” funds for the purpose of testing proposed investment strategies and products prior to offering them to clients. These pilot accounts may be in the form of registered investment companies, private funds such as partnerships or separate accounts established by Putnam Management or an affiliate. Putnam Management or an affiliate supplies the funding for these accounts. Putnam employees, including the fund's Portfolio Manager(s), may also invest in certain pilot accounts. Putnam Management, and to the extent applicable, the Portfolio Manager(s) will benefit from the favorable investment performance of those funds and accounts. Pilot funds and accounts may, and frequently do, invest in the same securities as the client accounts. Putnam Management's policy is to treat pilot accounts in the same manner as client accounts for purposes of trading allocation — neither favoring nor disfavoring them except as is legally required. For example, pilot accounts are normally included in Putnam Management's daily block trades to the same extent as client accounts (except that pilot accounts do not participate in initial public offerings).

A potential conflict of interest may arise when the fund and other accounts purchase or sell the same securities. On occasions when the Portfolio Manager(s) consider the purchase or sale of a security to be in the best interests of the fund as well as other accounts, Putnam Management's trading desk may, to the extent permitted by applicable laws and regulations, aggregate the securities to be sold or purchased in order to obtain the best execution and lower brokerage commissions, if any. Aggregation of trades may create the potential for unfairness to the fund or another account if one account is favored over another in allocating the securities purchased or sold — for example, by allocating a disproportionate amount of a security that is likely to increase in value to a favored account. Putnam Management's trade allocation policies generally provide that each day's transactions in securities that are purchased or sold by multiple accounts are, insofar as possible, averaged as to price and allocated between such accounts (including the fund) in a manner which in Putnam Management's opinion is equitable to each account and in accordance with the amount being purchased or sold by each account. Certain exceptions exist for specialty, regional or sector accounts. Trade allocations are reviewed on a periodic basis as part of Putnam Management's trade oversight procedures in an attempt to ensure fairness over time across accounts.

“Cross trades,” in which one Putnam account sells a particular security to another account (potentially saving transaction costs for both accounts), may also pose a potential conflict of interest. Cross trades may be seen to involve a potential conflict of interest if, for example, one account is permitted to sell a security to another account at a higher price than an independent third party would pay, or if such trades result in more attractive investments being allocated to higher-fee accounts. Putnam Management and the fund's Trustees have adopted compliance procedures that provide that any transactions between the fund and another Putnam-advised account are to be made at an independent current market price, as required by law.

Another potential conflict of interest may arise based on the different investment objectives and strategies of the fund and other accounts. For example, another account may have a shorter-term investment horizon or different investment objectives, policies or restrictions than the fund. Depending on another account's objectives or other factors, the Portfolio Manager(s) may give advice and make decisions that may differ from advice given, or the timing or nature of decisions made, with respect to the fund. In addition, investment decisions are the product of many factors in addition to basic suitability for the particular account involved. Thus, a particular security may be bought or sold for certain accounts even though it could have been bought or sold for other accounts at the same time. More rarely, a particular security may be bought for one or more accounts managed by the Portfolio Manager(s) when one or more other accounts are selling the security (including short sales). There may be circumstances when purchases or sales of portfolio securities for one or more accounts may have an adverse effect on other accounts. As noted above, Putnam Management has implemented trade oversight and review procedures to monitor whether any account is systematically favored over time.

The fund's Portfolio Manager(s) may also face other potential conflicts of interest in managing the fund, and the description above is not a complete description of every conflict that could be deemed to exist in managing both the fund and other accounts.

(a)(3) Compensation of portfolio managers. Putnam's goal for our products and investors is to deliver strong performance versus peers or performance ahead of the applicable benchmark, depending on the product, over a rolling 3-year period. Portfolio managers are evaluated and compensated, in part, based on their performance relative to this goal across the products they manage. In addition to their individual performance, evaluations take into account the performance of their group and a subjective component.

Each portfolio manager is assigned an industry competitive incentive compensation target consistent with this goal and evaluation framework. Actual incentive compensation may be higher or lower than the target, based on individual, group, and subjective performance, and may also reflect the performance of Putnam as a firm. Typically, performance is measured over the lesser of three years or the length of time a portfolio manager has managed a product.

Incentive compensation includes a cash bonus and may also include grants of deferred cash, stock or options. In addition to incentive compensation, portfolio managers receive fixed annual salaries typically based on level of responsibility and experience.

For this fund, the peer group Putnam compares fund performance against is its broad investment category as determined by Lipper Inc. and identified in the shareholder report included in Item 1.

(a)(4) Fund ownership. The following table shows the dollar ranges of shares of the fund owned by the professionals listed above at the end of the fund's last two fiscal years, including investments by their immediate family members and amounts invested through retirement and deferred compensation plans.


*  : Assets in the fund
 Year$0$0-$10,000$10,001-$50,000$50,001-$100,000$100,001-$500,000$500,001-$1,000,000$1,000,001 and over
Paul Drury2019*
2018*
Garret Hamilton2019*
2018*
(b) Not applicable

Item 9. Purchases of Equity Securities by Closed-End Management Investment Companies and Affiliated Purchasers:


Registrant Purchase of Equity Securities
Maximum
Total Number Number (or
of Shares Approximate
Purchased Dollar Value)
as Part of Shares
of Publicly that May Yet Be
Total Number Average Announced Purchased
of Shares Price Paid Plans or under the Plans
Period Purchased per Share Programs* or Programs**
November 1 — November 30, 2018 356,301 $6.88 356,301 4,356,433
December 1 — December 31, 2018 429,129 $6.91 429,129 3,927,304
January 1 — January 31, 2019 418,010 $7.14 418,010 3,509,294
February 1 — February 28, 2019 — — — 3,509,294
March 1 — March 31, 2019 — — — 3,509,294
April 1 — April 30, 2019 — — — 3,509,294
May 1 — May 31, 2019 — — — 3,509,294
June 1 — June 30, 2019 — — — 3,509,294
July 1 — July 31, 2019 — — — 3,509,294
August 1 — August 31, 2019 — — — 3,509,294
September 1 — September 30, 2019 — — — 3,509,294
October 1 — October 9, 2019 — — — 3,509,294
October 10 — October 31, 2019 — — — 4,920,418


*   In October 2005, the Board of Trustees of the Putnam Funds initiated the closed-end fund share repurchase program, which, as subsequently amended, authorized the fund to repurchase of up to 10% of its fund's outstanding common shares over the two-years ending October 5, 2007. The Trustees have subsequently renewed the program on an annual basis. The program renewed by the Board in September 2018, which was in effect between October 10, 2018 and October 9, 2019, allowed the fund to repurchase up to 5,077,210 of its shares. The program renewed by the Board in September 2019, which is in effect between October 10, 2019 and September 30, 2020, allows the fund to repurchase up to 4,920,418 of its shares.
**   Information prior to October 10, 2019 is based on the total number of shares eligible for repurchase under the program, as amended through September 2018. Information from October 10, 2019 forward is based on the total number of shares eligible for repurchase under the program, as amended through September 2019.

Item 10. Submission of Matters to a Vote of Security Holders:
Not applicable

Item 11. Controls and Procedures:
(a) The registrant's principal executive officer and principal financial officer have concluded, based on their evaluation of the effectiveness of the design and operation of the registrant's disclosure controls and procedures as of a date within 180 days of the filing date of this report, that the design and operation of such procedures are generally effective to provide reasonable assurance that information required to be disclosed by the registrant in this report is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in the Commission's rules and forms.
(b) Changes in internal control over financial reporting: Not applicable

Item 12. Disclosures of Securities Lending Activities for Closed-End Management Investment Companies:
Not Applicable

Item 13. Exhibits:
(a)(1) The Code of Ethics of The Putnam Funds, which incorporates the Code of Ethics of Putnam Investments, is filed herewith.
(a)(2) Separate certifications for the principal executive officer and principal financial officer of the registrant as required by Rule 30a-2(a) under the Investment Company Act of 1940, as amended, are filed herewith.
(b) The certifications required by Rule 30a-2(b) under the Investment Company Act of 1940, as amended, are filed herewith.
(a)(3) 19(a) Notices to Beneficial Owners are filed herewith.

SIGNATURES
Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 and the Investment Company Act of 1940, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized.

Putnam Managed Municipal Income Trust
By (Signature and Title):
/s/ Janet C. Smith
Janet C. Smith
Principal Accounting Officer

Date: December 27, 2019
Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 and the Investment Company Act of 1940, this report has been signed below by the following persons on behalf of the registrant and in the capacities and on the dates indicated.

By (Signature and Title):
/s/ Jonathan S. Horwitz
Jonathan S. Horwitz
Principal Executive Officer

Date: December 27, 2019
By (Signature and Title):
/s/ Janet C. Smith
Janet C. Smith
Principal Financial Officer

Date: December 27, 2019