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Stock-based compensation
 9 Months Ended
Sep. 30, 2023
Share-Based Payment Arrangement [Abstract]  
Stock-based compensation Stock-based compensation
Service vesting-based stock options
The following is a summary of service vesting-based stock option activity for the September 30, 2023, and the status of service vesting-based stock options outstanding as of September 30, 2023:
Nine Months Ended
September 30, 2023
Options
Wtd. Avg. Exercise Price
Outstanding as of beginning of year456,293 $2.17 
Exercised(175,043)2.11 
Outstanding as of September 30, 2023281,250 $2.19 
Stock options exercisable as of September 30, 2023281,250 $2.19 
As of September 30, 2023, there was $3.3 million of aggregate intrinsic value of outstanding and exercisable service vesting-based stock options. Intrinsic value is the total pretax intrinsic value for all “in-the-money” options (i.e., the difference between the Company’s closing stock price on the last trading day of the reporting period and the exercise price, multiplied by the number of shares) that would have been received by the option holders had all option holders exercised their options on September 30, 2023. This amount will change based on the fair market value of the Company’s stock. Intrinsic value of service vesting-based awards exercised was $0.5 million and $3.3 million during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023, respectively. There were no service-based vesting options granted during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023. The weighted average remaining contractual life of service vesting-based options outstanding and exercisable as of September 30, 2023 is 2.3 years. There were no unrecognized compensation costs for service vesting-based stock options as of September 30, 2023.
Restricted stock
Service vesting-based restricted stock
The following is a summary of service vesting-based restricted stock activity for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023, and the status of unvested service vesting-based restricted stock outstanding as of September 30, 2023:
Nine Months Ended
September 30, 2023
Shares
Wtd. Avg. Grant Date Fair Value
Outstanding as of beginning of year1,879,215 $28.94 
Granted584,976 17.57 
Vested(892,512)25.95 
Forfeited(151,984)28.25 
Non-vested as of September 30, 20231,419,695 $26.21 
The aggregate fair value of the service vesting-based awards granted was $1.0 million and $16.8 million during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023, respectively. The aggregate fair value of the service vesting-based awards that vested was $5.0 million and $16.9 million during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023, respectively.
We recognized stock compensation expense related to service vesting-based awards of $9.1 million and $23.3 million during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023, respectively. As of September 30, 2023, there was $33.0
million in unrecognized compensation costs related to service vesting-based awards. We expect to recognize those costs over 2.2 years.
Market-based restricted stock
The following is a summary of market-based restricted stock activity under our stock option plan for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023 and the status of market-based restricted stock outstanding as of September 30, 2023:
Nine Months Ended
September 30, 2023
Shares
Wtd. Avg. Grant
Outstanding as of beginning of year271,044 $30.64 
Granted268,738 19.67 
Vested(30,616)51.65 
Non-vested as of September 30, 2023509,166 $26.00 
On February 8, 2021, the Company granted 30,616 shares of market-based stock to its executives in the form of restricted stock. The shares granted contain a market condition based on TSR. The TSR market condition measures the Company’s performance against a peer group. On March 31, 2023, the Company’s Compensation Committee determined the TSR attainment was 100% of the targeted shares and 30,616 shares were granted and immediately vested to the executives of the Company based on our total shareholder return during the period beginning on January 1, 2021 through December 31, 2022 as compared to the total shareholder return of 20 of our peers. The fair value of this award was determined at the grant date using a Monte Carlo simulation with the following assumptions: a historical volatility of 68%, 0% dividend yield and a risk-free interest rate of 0.1%. The historical volatility was based on the most recent 2-year period for the Company and correlated with the components of the peer group. The stock price projection for the Company and the components of the peer group assumes a 0% dividend yield. This is mathematically equivalent to reinvesting dividends in the issuing entity over the performance period. The risk-free interest rate is based on the yield on the U.S. Treasury Strips as of the Measurement Date with a maturity consistent with the 2-year term associated with the market condition of the award. The fair value of this award of $1.3 million was being expensed on a straight-line basis over the grant date to the vesting date of December 31, 2022.
On February 24, 2022, the Company granted 240,428 shares of market-based stock to its executives in the form of restricted stock. The shares granted contain a market condition based on TSR. The TSR market condition measures the Company’s performance against a peer group. The market-based restricted stock awards will vest as to between 0% and 200% of the number of restricted shares granted to each recipient based on our total shareholder return during the period beginning on January 1, 2022 through December 31, 2023 as compared to the total shareholder return of 20 of our peers. The fair value of this award was determined using a Monte Carlo simulation with the following assumptions: a historical volatility of 63%, 0% dividend yield and a risk-free interest rate of 1.5%. The historical volatility was based on the most recent 2-year period for the Company and correlated with the components of the peer group. The stock price projection for the Company and the components of the peer group assumes a 0% dividend yield. This is mathematically equivalent to reinvesting dividends in the issuing entity over the performance period. The risk-free interest rate is based on the yield on the U.S. Treasury Strips as of the Measurement Date with a maturity consistent with the 2-year term associated with the market condition of the award. The fair value of this award of $6.7 million is being expensed on a straight-line basis over the grant date to the vesting date of December 31, 2023.
On January 8, 2023, the Company granted 268,738 shares of market-based stock to its executives in the form of restricted stock. The shares granted contain a market condition based on TSR. The TSR market condition measures the Company’s performance against a peer group. The market-based restricted stock awards will vest as to between 0% and 200% of the number of restricted shares granted to each recipient based on our total shareholder return during the period beginning on January 1, 2023 through December 31, 2024 as compared to the total shareholder return of 20 of our peers. The fair value of this award was determined using a Monte Carlo simulation with the following assumptions: a historical volatility of 78%, 0% dividend yield and a risk-free interest rate of 4.4%. The historical volatility was based on the most recent 2-year period for the Company and correlated with the components of the peer group. The stock price projection for the Company and the components of the peer group assumes a 0% dividend yield. This is mathematically equivalent to reinvesting dividends in the issuing entity over the performance period. The risk-free interest rate is based on the yield on the U.S.
Treasury Strips as of the Measurement Date with a maturity consistent with the 2-year term associated with the market condition of the award. The fair value of this award of $6.8 million is being expensed on a straight-line basis over the grant date to the vesting date of December 31, 2024.
We recognized stock compensation expense of $1.6 million and $4.9 million related to market-based restricted stock awards for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023, respectively, and $1.2 million and $3.1 million during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2022. As of September 30, 2023, there was $4.9 million in unrecognized non-cash compensation costs related to market-based restricted stock awards expected to vest. We expect to recognize those costs over 1.1 years.
There were no market-based awards granted or vested during the three months ended September 30, 2023 and September 30, 2022. The aggregate fair value of the market-based awards granted was $6.5 million during the nine months ended September 30, 2023, and $6.7 million during the nine months ended September 30, 2022. The aggregate fair value of the market-based awards that vested was $0.7 million during the nine months ended September 30, 2023, and $5.0 million during the nine months ended September 30, 2022.
Total stock compensation expense
Compensation expense associated with equity-based awards is recognized on a straight-line basis over the requisite service period, with awards generally vesting over a 4 year period, and forfeitures recognized as incurred. We recorded total stock compensation expense for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022, as follows:
 Three Months Ended
September 30,		Nine Months Ended
September 30,
(In thousands)2023202220232022
Cost of revenue$1,409 $809 $4,252 $2,619 
General and administrative costs3,696 3,959 10,544 10,687 
Sales and marketing costs2,225 829 4,563 2,272 
Research and development costs1,787 702 3,978 2,093 
Total$9,117 $6,299 $23,337 $17,671