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VARIABLE INTEREST ENTITIES
3 Months Ended
Mar. 31, 2013
Organization, Consolidation and Presentation of Financial Statements [Abstract]  
VARIABLE INTEREST ENTITIES
VARIABLE INTEREST ENTITIES
In general, a VIE is an entity that does not have sufficient equity to finance its operations without additional subordinated financial support, or an entity for which the risks and rewards of ownership are not directly linked to voting interests. The Company has variable interests in VIEs through its management contracts and investments in various securitization entities, including CDO issuers. Since the Company serves as the asset manager for the investment entities it sponsored and manages, the Company is generally deemed to have the power to direct the activities of the VIE that most significantly impact the entity's economic performance. In the case of an interest in a VIE managed by the Company, the Company will perform an additional qualitative analysis to determine if its interest (including any investment as well as any management fees that qualify as variable interests) could absorb losses or receive benefits that could potentially be significant to the VIE. This analysis considers the most optimistic and pessimistic scenarios of potential economic results that could reasonably be experienced by the VIE. Then, the Company compares the benefits it would receive (in the optimistic scenario) or the losses it would absorb (in the pessimistic scenario) as compared to benefits and losses absorbed by the VIE in total. If the benefits or losses absorbed by the Company were significant as compared to total benefits and losses absorbed by all variable interest holders, then the Company would conclude it is the primary beneficiary.
VIEs not consolidated
The Company’s investments in the Trapeza entities and asset-backed securities (“Ischus entities”), were all determined to be VIEs that the Company does not consolidate as it does not have the obligation of, or right to, losses or earnings that would be significant to those entities.  Except for those advances, the Company has not provided financial or other support to these VIEs and has no liabilities, contingent liabilities, or guarantees (implicit or explicit) related to these VIEs at March 31, 2013.
The following table presents the carrying amounts of the assets in the Company's consolidated balance sheets that relate to the Company's variable interests in identified non-consolidated VIEs and the Company's maximum exposure to loss associated with these VIEs in which it holds variable interests at March 31, 2013 (in thousands):
 
Receivables from
Managed Entities and
Related Parties,
Net (1)
 
Investments
 
Maximum Exposure
to Loss in
Non-consolidated VIEs
RRE Opportunity REIT
$

 
$
2,242

 
$
2,242

Trapeza entities

 
956

 
956

Ischus entities
184

 

 
184

 
$
184

 
$
3,198

 
$
3,382


 
(1)
Exclusive of expense reimbursements due to the Company.
Consolidated VIE - RSO
The Company determined that it was the primary beneficiary of RSO, as it has the power to direct the activities of RSO that most significantly impact RSO’s economic performance, and the obligation to absorb losses/right to receive benefits from RSO that could potentially be significant to RSO. As part of its analysis the Company evaluated its duties under the terms of the management agreement and the voting rights provided to RSO’s shareholders which include the right to elect the Company’s board of directors and the ability to terminate the management agreement. The Company concluded that the fee paid to the manager in the event of a termination and the Company’s role in managing the operations of RSO resulted in the Company having the power to direct, as defined in FASB ASC Topic 810. Additionally, the Company prepared a quantitative analysis to measure the management/incentive fees and the Company’s equity ownership position in RSO relative to the anticipated economic performance of RSO. The Company determined its benefits could be significant and therefore concluded that the Company is the primary beneficiary and should consolidate RSO. The assets of RSO are held solely to satisfy RSO’s obligations and the creditors of RSO have no recourse against the assets of the Company.
The following reflects the detail of the assets and liabilities and operations of RSO, which the Company consolidated and included in its consolidated balance sheets and statements of operations.
RSO Balance Sheet detail (in thousands):
 
March 31, 2013
 
December 31, 2012
 
(Unaudited)
 
 
ASSETS (1)
 
 
 
Cash and cash equivalents
$
67,661

 
$
85,278

Restricted cash
112,131

 
94,112

Subtotal- Cash and cash equivalents
179,792

 
179,390

 
 
 
 
Investment securities, trading
32,892

 
24,843

Investment securities available-for-sale, pledged as collateral, at fair value
192,673

 
195,200

Investment securities available-for-sale, at fair value
49,609

 
36,390

Subtotal- Investments, at fair value
275,174

 
256,433

 
 
 
 
Loans held for sale
18,150

 
48,894

Loans, pledged as collateral and net of allowances of $17.0 million and $17.7 million
1,708,540

 
1,793,780

Loans receivable–related party
7,860

 
8,324

Subtotal - Loans before eliminations
1,734,550

 
1,850,998

Eliminations
(1,570
)
 
(1,570
)
Subtotal - Loans
1,732,980

 
1,849,428

 
 
 
 
Investment in real estate
75,142

 
75,386

Investments in unconsolidated entities
48,419

 
45,413

Subtotal - Investments in real estate and unconsolidated entities before eliminations
123,561

 
120,799

Eliminations
(108
)
 
(93
)
Subtotal - Investments in real estate and unconsolidated entities
123,453

 
120,706

 
 
 
 
Linked transactions, net at fair value
22,455

 
6,835

Interest receivable
8,913

 
7,763

Deferred tax asset
2,887

 
2,766

Principal paydown receivable
20

 
25,570

Intangible assets
12,660

 
13,192

Prepaid expenses
3,839

 
10,396

Other assets
4,712

 
4,109

Subtotal - Other assets before eliminations
$
55,486

 
$
70,631

Eliminations
(32
)
 
(31
)
Subtotal - Other assets
$
55,454

 
$
70,600

 
 
 
 
Total assets - before eliminations
$
2,368,563

 
$
2,478,251

Total assets - after eliminations
$
2,366,853

 
$
2,476,557

LIABILITIES (2)


 
 

Borrowings
$
1,649,840

 
$
1,785,600

 
 
 
 
Distribution payable
22,731

 
21,655

Accrued interest expense
3,096

 
2,918

Derivatives, at fair value
14,036

 
14,687

Accrued tax liability
1,859

 
13,641

Deferred tax liability
8,376

 
8,376

Accounts payable and other liabilities
10,877

 
18,029

Subtotal - other liabilities before eliminations
60,975

 
79,306

Eliminations
(2,311
)
 
(8,067
)
Subtotal - Other liabilities
58,664

 
71,239

Total liabilities - before eliminations
$
1,710,815

 
$
1,864,906

Total liabilities - after eliminations
$
1,708,504

 
$
1,856,839

The following table presents the details of noncontrolling interests attributable to RSO (in thousands):
 
March 31,
2013
 
December 31,
2012
 
(Unaudited)
 
 
Total stockholders' equity per RSO balance sheet
$
657,748

 
$
613,345

Eliminations
(31,432
)
 
(31,022
)
Noncontrolling interests attributable to RSO
$
626,316

 
$
582,323


RSO Balance Sheet detail (in thousands):
 
March 31,
2013
 
December 31,
2012
 
(Unaudited)
 
 
(1) Assets of consolidated VIEs of RSO included in the total assets above:
 
 
 
        Restricted cash
$
107,620

 
$
90,108

        Investments securities available-for-sale, pledged as collateral, at fair value
137,553

 
135,566

        Loans held for sale
18,150

 
14,894

        Loans, pledged as collateral and net of allowances of $13.3 million
           and $15.2 million
1,533,796

 
1,678,719

        Interest receivable
6,527

 
5,986

        Prepaid expenses
303

 
328

        Principal receivable
21

 
25,570

        Other assets

 
333

        Total assets of consolidated RSO VIEs
$
1,803,970

 
$
1,951,504

 
 
 
 
(2) Liabilities of consolidated VIEs of RSO included in the total liabilities above:
 
 
 
        Borrowings
$
1,475,014

 
$
1,614,882

        Accrued interest expense
2,528

 
2,666

        Derivatives, at fair value
13,478

 
14,078

        Accounts payable and other liabilities
1,423

 
698

        Total liabilities of consolidated RSO VIEs
$
1,492,443

 
$
1,632,324

RSO Income Statement Detail
(in thousands)
 
Three Months Ended
 
March 31,
 
2013
 
2012
 
(Unaudited)
 
(Unaudited)
REVENUES
 
 
 
Interest income:
 
 
 
Loans
$
27,812

 
$
23,615

Securities
3,642

 
3,405

Interest income − other
1,866

 
2,829

Total interest income
33,320

 
29,849

Interest expense
11,165

 
8,383

Net interest income
22,155

 
21,466

Rental income
6,174

 
1,919

Dividend income
16

 
17

Equity in losses of unconsolidated subsidiaries
(425
)
 
1,071

Fee income
1,410

 
1,610

Net realized and unrealized gain on sales of investment securities
available-for-sale and loans
391

 
380

Net realized and unrealized (loss) gain on investment securities, trading
1,116

 
2,144

Unrealized gain (loss) and net interest income on linked transactions, net
(259
)
 
119

Revenues from consolidated VIE - RSO
30,578

 
28,726

OPERATING EXPENSES
 

 
 

Management fees − related party
2,978

 
3,443

Equity compensation − related party
3,591

 
868

Professional services
1,446

 
1,100

Insurance
162

 
158

Rental operating expense
3,937

 
1,320

General and administrative
1,873

 
1,063

Depreciation and amortization
1,138

 
1,361

Income tax expense
1,762

 
2,615

Net impairment losses recognized in earnings
21

 
139

Provision for loan losses
1,042

 
2,178

Total operating expenses
17,950

 
14,245

Reclassification of income tax provision
(1,762
)
 
(2,615
)
Expenses from consolidated VIE -RSO
16,188

 
11,630

Adjusted operating income
14,390

 
17,096

OTHER REVENUE (EXPENSE)
 

 
 

Income from continuing operations
14,390

 
17,096

Income tax provision - RSO
1,762

 
2,615

NET INCOME
12,628

 
14,481

Net income allocated to preferred shares
(1,311
)
 

Net income allocated to noncontrolling interests
209

 

NET INCOME ALLOCABLE TO RSO COMMON SHARES
$
11,526

 
$
14,481

RSO Summarized Cash Flow Detail
(in thousands)
 
Three Months Ended
 
March 31,
 
2013
 
2012
CASH FLOWS FROM OPERATING ACTIVITIES:
(Unaudited)
 
(Unaudited)
Net income
$
12,628

 
$
14,481

Line items included in "Change in cash attributable to consolidated VIE - RSO":
 
 
 
Provision for loan losses
1,042

 
2,178

Depreciation of investments in real estate and other
666

 
380

Amortization of intangible assets
532

 
982

Amortization of term facilities
221

 
140

Accretion of net discounts on loans held for investment
(4,079
)
 
(5,519
)
Accretion of net discounts on securities available-for-sale
(731
)
 
(861
)
Amortization of discount on notes of CDOs
876

 
308

Amortization of debt issuance costs on notes of CDOs
1,176

 
927

Amortization of stock-based compensation
3,591

 
868

Amortization of terminated derivative instruments
55

 
56

Distribution to subordinated debt holder
670

 
1,584

Accretion of interest-only available-for-sales securities
(247
)
 

Deferred income tax benefit
(115
)
 

Purchase of securities, trading
(10,044
)
 
(8,348
)
Principal payments on securities, trading
21

 
833

Proceeds from sales of securities, trading
3,089

 
5,025

Net realized and unrealized gains on investment securities, trading
(1,116
)
 
(2,144
)
Net realized gain on sales of investment securities available-for-sale and loans
(391
)
 
(380
)
Net impairment losses recognized in earnings
12

 
139

Linked transactions fair value adjustments
592

 

Equity in losses (earnings) of unconsolidated subsidiaries
425

 
(1,071
)
Changes in operating assets and liabilities
14,426

 
(14,761
)
Subtotal - net cash provided by operating activities
10,671

 
(19,664
)
Change in consolidated VIE - RSO cash for the period
17,617

 
5,554

Subtotal - Change in cash attributable to operations of consolidated VIE - RSO before eliminations
28,288

 
(14,110
)
Elimination of intercompany activity
(654
)
 
1

Subtotal - Change in cash attributable to operations of consolidated VIE - RSO
27,634

 
(14,109
)
 
 
 
 
Non-cash incentive compensation to RAI
(1
)
 
165

Elimination of intercompany activity
1

 
(165
)
Non-cash incentive compensation to RAI - after eliminations

 

 
 
 
 
Net cash provided by (used in) operating activities (excluding eliminations)
23,298

 
(5,018
)
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Three Months Ended
 
March 31,
 
2013
 
2012
CASH FLOWS FROM INVESTING ACTIVITIES:
(Unaudited)
 
(Unaudited)
Purchase of loans
(146,699
)
 
(150,845
)
Purchase of securities available-for-sale
(63,292
)
 
(16,660
)
Subtotal - purchase of loans and investment securities by consolidated VIE - RSO
(209,991
)
 
(167,505
)
Proceeds from sale of loans
58,148

 
40,120

Principal payments received on loans
209,107

 
116,848

Principal payments on securities available-for-sale
7,944

 
5,595

Principal payments received on loans – related parties
464

 
69

Subtotal - principal payments and proceeds from sale of loans and securities by consolidated VIE - RSO
275,663

 
162,632

Decrease in restricted cash
(19,241
)
 
9,196

Lines included in "Other - consolidated VIE - RSO":
 
 
 
Investment in unconsolidated entity
(4,431
)
 
934

Improvements in real estate held-for-sale

 
(138
)
Proceeds from sale of real estate held-for-sale

 
907

Distributions from investments in real estate
253

 
448

Improvements in investments in real estate
(321
)
 
(348
)
Purchase of furniture and fixtures

 
(722
)
Subtotal - other investing activities of consolidated VIE - RSO, before eliminations
(4,499
)
 
1,081

Eliminations

 
20

Subtotal - other investing activities of consolidated VIE
(4,499
)
 
1,101

Net cash provided by investing activities (excluding eliminations)
41,932

 
5,404

 
 
 
 
CASH FLOWS FROM FINANCING ACTIVITIES:
 
 
 
Items included in "Net borrowings (repayments) of debt by consolidated VIE - RSO":
 
 
 
Proceeds from borrowings:
 
 
 

   Repurchase agreements
37,145

 
8,948

Payments on borrowings:
 
 
 

   Collateralized debt obligations
(141,341
)
 
(18,485
)
Net repayments of debt by consolidated VIE - RSO
(104,196
)
 
(9,537
)
Distributions paid on common stock
(20,978
)
 
(19,979
)
Elimination of RAI dividends received
556

 
505

Distributions paid on RSO common stock, after eliminations
(20,422
)
 
(19,474
)
Items included in "Net proceeds from issuance of stock by consolidated VIE - RSO":
 
 
 
Net proceeds from dividend reinvestment and stock purchase plan (net of offering costs of $0 and $19)
17,995

 
24,158

Proceeds from issuance of 8.25% Series B redeemable
preferred shares (net of offering costs of $707 and $0)
26,867

 

Subtotal - Net proceeds from issuance of stock by consolidated VIE - RSO
44,862

 
24,158

Items included in "Other - consolidated VIE - RSO":
 
 
 
Payment of debt issuance costs
(140
)
 
(582
)
Payment of equity to third party sub-note holders
(1,461
)
 

Distributions paid on preferred stock
(934
)
 

Subtotal - Other consolidated VIE - RSO financing activity
(2,535
)
 
(582
)
Net cash used in financing activities (excluding eliminations)
$
(82,847
)
 
$
(5,940
)
NET INCREASE IN CASH AND CASH EQUIVALENTS
(17,617
)
 
(5,554
)
CASH AND CASH EQUIVALENTS AT BEGINNING OF PERIOD
85,278

 
43,116

CASH AND CASH EQUIVALENTS AT END OF PERIOD
$
67,661

 
$
37,562

SUPPLEMENTAL DISCLOSURE:
 
 
 
Interest expense paid in cash
$
10,188

 
$
8,401

A. RSO SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES
Investment Securities
RSO classifies its investment portfolio as trading or available-for-sale.  RSO, from time to time, may sell any of its investments due to changes in market conditions or in accordance with its investment strategy.
RSO’s investment securities, trading are reported at fair value.  To determine fair value, RSO's management uses a dealer quote, which typically will be the dealer who sold RSO the security.  RSO has been advised that, in formulating their quotes, dealers may use recent trades in the particular security, if any, market activity in similar securities, if any, or internal valuation models.  These quotes are non-binding.  Based on how dealers develop their quotes, market liquidity and levels of trading, RSO categorizes these investments as either Level 2 or Level 3 in the fair value hierarchy.  RSO evaluates the reasonableness of the quotes it receives by applying its own valuation models.  If there is a material difference between a quote RSO receives and the value indicated by its valuation models, RSO will evaluate the difference.  As part of that evaluation, RSO will discuss the difference with the dealer, who may revise its quote based upon these discussions.  Alternatively, RSO may revise its valuation models.
RSO’s investment securities available-for-sale are reported at fair value.  To determine fair value, RSO uses an independent third-party valuation firm utilizing market color as well as appropriate prepayment, default, and recovery rates.  These valuations are validated utilizing dealer quotes or bids. If there is a material difference between the value indicated by the third-party valuation firm and the dealer quote or bid, RSO will evaluate the difference which could result in an updated valuation from the third party or a revised dealer quote. Based on the market color available for each position, RSO categorizes these investments as either Level 2 or Level 3 in the fair value hierarchy.
On a quarterly basis, RSO evaluates its available-for-sale investments for other-than-temporary impairment.  An available-for-sale investment is impaired when its fair value has declined below its amortized cost basis.  An impairment is considered other-than-temporary when the amortized cost basis of the investment or some portion thereof will not be recovered.  In addition, RSO’s intent to sell as well as the likelihood that RSO will be required to sell the security before the recovery of the amortized cost basis is considered.  Where credit quality is believed to be the cause of the other-than-temporary impairment, that component of the impairment is recognized as an impairment loss in the statement of operations.  Where other market components are believed to be the cause of the impairment, that component of the impairment is recognized as other comprehensive loss.
Investment security transactions are recorded on the trade date.  Realized gains and losses on investment securities are determined on the specific identification method.
Investment Interest Income Recognition
Interest income on RSO’s mortgage-backed and other asset-backed securities is accrued using the effective yield method based on the actual coupon rate and the outstanding principal amount of the underlying mortgages or other assets.  Premiums and discounts are amortized or accreted into interest income over the lives of the securities also using the effective yield method, adjusted for the effects of estimated prepayments.  For an investment purchased at par, the effective yield is the contractual interest rate on the investment.  If the investment is purchased at a discount or at a premium, the effective yield is computed based on the contractual interest rate increased for the accretion of a purchase discount or decreased for the amortization of a purchase premium.  The effective yield method requires RSO to make estimates of future prepayment rates for its investments that can be contractually prepaid before their contractual maturity date so that the purchase discount can be accreted, or the purchase premium can be amortized, over the estimated remaining life of the investment.  The prepayment estimates that RSO uses directly impact the estimated remaining lives of its investments.  Actual prepayment estimates are reviewed as of each quarter end or more frequently if RSO becomes aware of any material information that would lead it to believe that an adjustment is necessary.  If prepayment estimates are incorrect, the amortization or accretion of premiums and discounts may have to be adjusted, which would have an impact on future income.
Allowance for Loan Loss
RSO maintains an allowance for loan loss.  Loans held for investment are first individually evaluated for impairment so specific reserves can be applied.  Loans for which a specific reserve is not applicable are then evaluated for impairment as a homogeneous pool of loans with substantially similar characteristics so that a general reserve can be established, if needed.  The reviews are performed at least quarterly.

RSO considers a loan to be impaired if one of two conditions exists.  The first condition is if, based on current information and events, management believes it is probable that RSO will be unable to collect all amounts due according to the contractual terms of the loan agreement.  The second condition is if the loan is deemed to be a troubled-debt restructuring (“TDR”) where a concession has been given to a borrower in financial difficulty.  These TDRs may not have an associated specific loan loss allowance if the principal and interest amount is considered recoverable based on current market conditions, expected collateral performance and / or guarantees made by the borrowers.
When a loan is impaired under either of these two conditions, the allowance for loan losses is increased by the amount of the excess of the amortized cost basis of the loan over its fair value.  Fair value may be determined based on the present value of estimated cash flows; on market price, if available; or on the fair value of the collateral less estimated disposition costs.  When a loan, or a portion thereof, is considered uncollectible and pursuit of collection is not warranted, RSO will record a charge-off or write-down of the loan against the allowance for loan losses.
An impaired loan may remain on accrual status during the period in which RSO is pursuing repayment of the loan; however, the loan would be placed on non-accrual status at such time as (i) management believes that scheduled debt service payments will not be met within the coming 12 months; (ii) the loan becomes 90 days delinquent; (iii) management determines the borrower is incapable of, or has ceased efforts toward, curing the cause of the impairment; or (iv) the net realizable value of the loan’s underlying collateral approximates RSO’s carrying value for such loan.  While on non-accrual status, RSO recognizes interest income only when an actual payment is received.
Investments in Real Estate
Investments in real estate are carried net of accumulated depreciation.  Costs directly related to the acquisition are expensed as incurred.  Ordinary repairs and maintenance which are not reimbursed by the tenants are expensed as incurred.  Costs related to the improvement of the real property are capitalized and depreciated over their useful lives.
Acquisitions of real estate assets and any related intangible assets are recorded initially at fair value under FASB ASC Topic 805, “Business Combinations.”  RSO allocates the purchase price of its investments in real estate to land, building, site improvements, the value of in-place leases and the value of above or below market leases. The value allocated to above or below market leases is amortized over the remaining lease term as an adjustment to rental income. RSO amortizes the value allocated to in-place leases over the weighted average remaining lease term to depreciation and amortization expense.  RSO depreciates real property using the straight-line method over the estimated useful lives of the assets as follows:
Category
Term
Building
25 – 40 years
Site improvements
Lesser of the remaining life of building or useful lives

Long-Lived and Intangible Assets
Long-lived assets and certain identifiable intangibles to be held and used are reviewed for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying value of such assets may not be recoverable.  The review of recoverability is based on an estimate of the future undiscounted cash flows (excluding interest charges) expected to result from the long-lived asset’s use and eventual disposition.  If impairment has occurred, the loss will be measured as the excess of the carrying amount of the asset over the fair value of the asset.
There were no impairment charges recorded on RSO’s investment in real estate or intangible assets during the three months ended March 31, 2013 and 2012.
B. Variable Interest Entities - RSO
RSO has evaluated its securities, loans, investments in unconsolidated entities, liabilities to subsidiary trusts issuing preferred securities (consisting of unsecured junior subordinated notes) and its CDOs in order to determine if they qualify as VIEs. RSO monitors these investments and, to the extent it has determined that it owns a material investment in the current controlling class of securities of a particular entity, analyzes the entity for potential consolidation. RSO will continually analyze investments and liabilities, including when there is a reconsideration event, to determine whether such investments or liabilities are VIEs and whether any such VIE should be consolidated. This analysis requires considerable judgment in determining the primary beneficiary of a VIE and could result in the consolidation of an entity that would otherwise not have been consolidated or the non-consolidation of an entity that would have otherwise been consolidated.
Consolidated VIEs (RSO is the primary beneficiary)
Based on management’s analysis, RSO is the primary beneficiary of seven VIEs at March 31, 2013: Apidos CDO I, Apidos CDO III, Apidos Cinco CDO, Apidos CLO VIII, RREF CDO 2006-1, RREF CDO 2007-1 and Whitney CLO I. In performing the primary beneficiary analysis for six of these VIEs (other than Whitney CLO I, which is discussed below), it was determined that the persons that have the power to direct the activities that are most significant to each of these VIEs and RSO who has the right to receive benefits and the obligation to absorb losses that could potentially be significant to these VIEs, are a related party group. It was then determined that RSO was the party within that group that is more closely associated to each such VIE because of its preferred equity (and in some cases debt) interest in them.
These CDO and CLO entities were formed on behalf of RSO (except for Whitney CLO I, referred to below) to invest in real estate-related securities, CMBS, property available-for-sale, bank loans, corporate bonds and asset-backed securities, ("ABS"), and were financed by the issuance of debt securities. CVC Credit Partners manages these entities on behalf of RSO. By financing these assets with long-term borrowings through the issuance of CDO and CLO bonds, RSO seeks to generate attractive risk-adjusted equity returns and to match the term of its assets and liabilities. The primary beneficiary determination for each of these VIEs was made at each VIE’s inception.
Whitney CLO I, the seventh consolidated VIE, is one in which RSO acquired the rights to manage the assets held by the entity as collateral for its CLOs in February 2011. For a discussion on the primary beneficiary analysis for Whitney CLO I see the section "Resource Capital Asset Management CLOs" below.
For CLOs in which RSO does not own 100% of the subordinated notes, RSO imputes an interest rate using expected cash flows over the life of the CLO and records the third party's share of the cash flows as interest expense on the RSO consolidated statement of income.
RSO has exposure to CDO and CLO losses to the extent of its subordinated debt and preferred equity interests in them. RSO is entitled to receive payments of principal and interest on the debt securities it holds and, to the extent revenues exceed debt service requirements and other expenses of the CDO or CLO, distributions with respect to its preferred equity interests. As a result of consolidation, debt and equity interests RSO holds in these CDOs and CLOs have been eliminated, and RSO’s consolidated balance sheet reflects both the assets held and debt issued by the CDOs and CLOs to third parties and any accrued expense to third parties. RSO's operating results and cash flows include the gross amounts related to CDO and CLO assets and liabilities as opposed to RSO's net economic interests in the CDO and CLO entities. Assets and liabilities related to the CDOs and CLOs are disclosed, in the aggregate, on RSO's consolidated balance sheets.
The creditors of RSO’s seven consolidated VIEs have no recourse to the general credit of RSO. However, in its capacity as manager, RSO has voluntarily supported two credits in one of its commercial real estate CDOs as the credits went through a restructuring in order to maximize their future cash flows. For the three months ended March 31, 2013 and 2012, RSO has provided financial support of $0 and $156,000, respectively. RSO has provided no financial support to any other of its VIEs nor does it have any requirement to do so, although it may choose to do so in the future to maximize future cash flows on such investments by RSO. There are no explicit arrangements or implicit variable interests that obligate RSO to provide financial support to any of its consolidated VIEs, although RSO may choose to do so in the future.
The following table shows the classification and carrying value of assets and liabilities of consolidated RSO VIEs as of March 31, 2013 (in thousands):
 
Apidos I
 
Apidos
III
 
Apidos
Cinco
 
Apidos
VIII
 
Whitney CLO I
 
RREF
2006
 
RREF
2007
 
Total
ASSETS
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Restricted cash (1)
$
41,833

 
$
8,546

 
$
26,439

 
$
13,241

 
$
16,832

 
$
19

 
$
710

 
$
107,620

Investment securities
available-for-sale, pledged as
collateral, at fair value
7,904

 
6,321

 
11,618

 
955

 
33,906

 
10,950

 
65,899

 
137,553

Loans, pledged as collateral
140,141

 
187,390

 
306,837

 
320,144

 
113,700

 
188,853

 
276,731

 
1,533,796

Loans held for sale
1,378

 
2,228

 

 
13,800

 
744

 

 

 
18,150

Interest receivable
9

 
798

 
1,176

 
871

 
423

 
1,153

 
2,097

 
6,527

Prepaid assets
39

 
24

 
32

 
56

 
68

 
48

 
36

 
303

Principal receivable
12

 

 
9

 

 

 

 

 
21

Other assets

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Total assets (2)
$
191,316

 
$
205,307

 
$
346,111

 
$
349,067

 
$
165,673

 
$
201,023

 
$
345,473

 
$
1,803,970

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
LIABILITIES
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Borrowings
$
174,493

 
$
193,248

 
$
320,699

 
$
321,182

 
$
149,939

 
$
116,220

 
$
199,233

 
$
1,475,014

Accrued interest expense
346

 
82

 
321

 
1,372

 
234

 
52

 
121

 
2,528

Derivatives, at fair value

 

 

 

 

 
1,908

 
11,570

 
13,478

Accounts payable and
other liabilities
140

 
16

 
32

 
384

 
837

 
13

 
1

 
1,423

Total liabilities
$
174,979

 
$
193,346

 
$
321,052

 
$
322,938

 
$
151,010

 
$
118,193

 
$
210,925

 
$
1,492,443

                            
(1)    Includes $35.7 million available for reinvestment in certain of the CDOs.
(2)    Assets of each of the consolidated VIEs may only be used to settle the obligations of each respective VIE.
Unconsolidated VIEs (RSO is not the primary beneficiary, but has a variable interest)
Based on analysis by RSO's management, RSO is not the primary beneficiary of the VIEs discussed below since it does not have both (i) the power to direct the activities that most significantly impact the VIE’s economic performance and (ii) the obligation to absorb the losses of the VIE or the right to receive the benefits from the VIE, which could be significant to the VIE. Accordingly, the following VIEs are not consolidated in RSO’s consolidated financial statements as of March 31, 2013. RSO’s maximum exposure to risk for each of these unconsolidated VIEs is set forth in the “Maximum Risk Exposure” column in the table below.
LEAF
In the November 16, 2011 formation of LEAF, in exchange for its prior interests in its lease related investments, RSO received 31,341 shares of Series A Preferred Stock (the “Series A Preferred Stock”), 4,872 shares of newly issued 8% Series B Redeemable Preferred Stock (the “Series B Preferred Stock”) and 2,364 shares of newly issued Series D Redeemable Preferred Stock (the “Series D Preferred Stock”), collectively representing, on a fully-diluted basis assuming conversion, a 26.7% interest in LEAF. Several approaches were used, including discounted expected cash flows, market approach and comparable sales transactions to estimate the fair value of its investment in LEAF as a result of the transaction. These approaches required assumptions and estimates of many critical factors, including revenue and market growth, operating cash flows, market multiples, and discount rates, which were based on the current economic environment and credit market conditions. On January 18, 2013, RSO entered into another stock purchase agreement with LEAF to purchase 3,682 shares of newly issued Series A-1 Preferred Stock (the "Series A-1 Preferred Stock") for $3.7 million. As of March 31, 2013, RSO's fully-diluted interest in LEAF assuming conversion was 27.5%. During the second quarter of 2013, RSO entered into another stock purchase agreement with LEAF to purchase 3,323 shares of newly issued Series E Preferred Stock (the "Series E Preferred Stock") for $3.3 million. The Series E Preferred Stock has priority over all other classes of preferred stock. RSO’s investment in LEAF was held at $36.4 million and $33.1 million as of March 31, 2013 and December 31, 2012, respectively.
RSO determined that it is not the primary beneficiary of LEAF because it does not participate in any management or portfolio decisions, holds only two of six board positions, and only controls 27.5% of the voting rights in the entity. Furthermore, Eos Partners, L.P.. a third-party investor, holds consent rights with respect to significant LEAF actions, including incurrence of indebtedness, consummation of a sale of the entity, liquidation or initiating a public offering.
Unsecured Junior Subordinated Debentures
RSO has a 100% interest in the common shares of Resource Capital Trust I (“RCT I”) and RCC Trust II (“RCT II”), valued at $1.5 million in the aggregate (or 3% of each trust). RCT I and RCT II were formed for the purposes of providing debt financing to RSO, as described below. RSO completed a qualitative analysis to determine whether or not it is the primary beneficiary of each of the trusts and determined that it was not the primary beneficiary of either trust because it does not have the power to direct the activities most significant to the trusts, which include the collection of principal and interest and protection of collateral through servicing rights. Accordingly, neither trust is consolidated into RSO’s financial statements.
RSO records its investments in RCT I and RCT II’s common shares as investments in unconsolidated trusts using the cost method and records dividend income when declared by RCT I and RCT II. The trusts each hold subordinated debentures for which RSO is the obligor in the amount of $25.8 million for RCT I and $25.8 million for RCT II. The debentures were funded by the issuance of trust preferred securities of RCT I and RCT II. RSO will continuously reassess whether it should be deemed to be the primary beneficiary of the trusts.
Resource Capital Asset Management CLOs
In February 2011, RSO purchased a company that managed $1.9 billion of bank loan assets through five CLOs. As a result, RSO is entitled to collect senior, subordinated and incentive management fees from these CLOs. The purchase price of $22.5 million resulted in an intangible asset that was allocated to each of the five CLOs and is being amortized over the expected life of each CLO. The unamortized balance of the intangible asset was $12.6 million and $13.1 million at March 31, 2013 and December 31, 2012, respectively. RSO recognized fee income of $1.4 million and $1.9 million for the three months ended March 31, 2013 and 2012, respectively, With respect to four of these CLOs, RSO determined that it does not hold a controlling interest and, therefore, is not the primary beneficiary. One of the CLOs was liquidated in January 2013. With respect to the fifth CLO, Whitney CLO I, in October 2012, RSO purchased 66.6% of its preferred equity, which was determined to be a reconsideration event. Based upon that purchase, RSO determined that it does have an obligation to absorb losses and/or the right to receive benefits that could potentially be significant to Whitney CLO I and that a related party has the power to direct the activities that are most significant to the VIE. As a result, together with the related party, RSO has both the power to direct and the right to receive benefits and the obligation to absorb losses. It was then determined that, between RSO and the related party, RSO was the party within that group that is more closely associated with Whitney CLO I because of its preferred equity interest in Whitney CLO I. RSO, therefore, consolidated Whitney CLO I. In May 2013, RSO purchased additional equity in this CLO which increased its equity ownership to 68.3% of the outstanding preferred equity of Whitney CLO I. In September 2013, the Company liquidated Whitney CLO I, and as a result substantially all of the assets were sold. Total proceeds from the sale of these assets, plus proceeds from previous sales and paydowns in the CLO were used to pay down the remaining balance on the outstanding notes of $103.7 million.
Real Estate Joint Ventures
On December 1, 2009, RSO purchased a membership interest in RRE VIP Borrower, LLC (a VIE that holds interests in a real estate joint venture) from Resource America. This joint venture, which is structured as a credit facility with Värde Investment Partners, LP acting as lender, finances the acquisition of distressed properties and mortgage loans and has the objective of repositioning both the directly-owned properties and the properties underlying the mortgage loans to enhance their value. RSO acquired the membership interests for $2.1 million. The joint venture agreement requires RSO to contribute 3% to 5% (depending on the terms of the agreement pursuant to which the particular asset is being acquired) of the total funding required for each asset acquisition as needed up to a specified amount. RSO provided funding of $102,000 and $233,000 for the three months ended March 31, 2013 and 2012, respectively, for these investments. Resource Real Estate Management, LLC (“RREM”), an affiliate of the Company, acts as asset manager of the venture and receives a monthly asset management fee. RSO's investment in RRE VIP Borrower, LLC at March 31, 2013 and December 31, 2012 was $1.7 million and $2.3 million, respectively. Using the equity method of accounting, RSO recognized losses of $113,000 and a gain of $1.1 million related to this investment for the three months ended March 31, 2013 and 2012, respectively.
    
On June 19, 2012, RSO entered into a second joint venture with Värde Investment Partners, LP acting as lender, to purchase two condominium developments. RSO purchased a 7.5% equity interest in the venture. RSO may be subject to a capital call based on its pro rata share of equity interest in the venture up to the earlier of the end of the investment period, ending in May 2015, or the date the aggregate of all capital contributions exceeds $500.0 million. RREM was appointed as the asset manager of the venture to perform lease review and approval, debt service collection, loan workout, foreclosure, disposition and permitting, as applicable. RREM is also responsible for engaging third parties to perform day-to-day property management, property leasing, rent collection, maintenance, and capital improvements. RSO’s investment in the joint venture at March 31, 2013 and December 31, 2012 was $550,000 and $526,000, respectively. Using the equity method of accounting, RSO recognized equity in earnings related to this investment of $24,000 for the three months ended March 31, 2013, respectively. No such income was recorded for the three months ended March 31, 2012.
RSO has determined that it does not have the power to direct the activities that most significantly impact the economic performance of each of these ventures, which include asset underwriting and acquisition, lease review and approval, and loan asset servicing, and, therefore, RSO is not the primary beneficiary of either.
CVC Global Credit Opportunities Fund
In May, June, and July 2013, RSO invested a total of $15.0 million in CVC Global Credit Opportunities Fund, a fund which seeks to generate returns targeting corporate credit through a master-feeder fund structure. Because CVC Global Credit Opportunities Fund is not a VIE and RSO owns only 34.4%, RSO will not consolidate it. RSO records its investment in the fund using the equity method.
Life Care Funding
    
In 2013, Long Term Care Conversion, Inc. ("LTCC"), a wholly-owned subsidiary of RSO invested $2.0 million into Life Care Funding, LLC ("LCF") for the purpose of originating and acquiring life settlement contracts. Although the Investment Committee and Board are controlled by the joint venture partner, the joint venture partner must obtain LTCC's approval to make any investments and the joint venture partner must obtain LTCC approval for all material business operations. As a result, RSO's management determined that there was joint control and RSO will not consolidate LCF.

Harvest CLO VII Limited
In September 2013, RSO invested $5.3 million in the subordinated notes of a European CLO, which represented 9.52% of the subordinated notes. The CLO is managed by an independent third party and therefore RSO does not have control and is not deemed to be the primary beneficiary. Therefore, the CLO is not consolidated onto RSO's financial statements. RSO records its investment in the CLO by imputing an interest rate using expected cash flows over the expected life of the CLO and records the income as equity in net losses of unconsolidated subsidiaries on RSO's consolidated statement of income.
    
The following table shows the classification, carrying value and maximum exposure to loss with respect to RSO’s unconsolidated VIEs as of March 31, 2013 (in thousands):
 
Unconsolidated Variable Interest Entities
 
 
 
 
 
LEAF
Commercial
Capital, Inc.
 
Unsecured
Junior
Subordinated
Debentures
 
Resource
Capital
Asset
Management
CLOs
 
RRE VIP
Borrower,
LLC
 
Värde
Investment
Partners,
LP
 
Total
 
Maximum
Exposure
to Loss (1)
Investment in
unconsolidated entities
$
32,736

 
$
1,548

 
$

 
$
1,686

 
$
550

 
$
36,520

 
$
36,520

Intangible assets

 

 
12,589

 

 

 
12,589

 
$
12,589

Total assets
32,736

 
1,548

 
12,589

 
1,686

 
550

 
49,109

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Borrowings

 
50,861

 

 

 

 
50,861

 
N/A

Total liabilities

 
50,861

 

 

 

 
50,861

 
N/A

Net asset (liability)
$
32,736

 
$
(49,313
)
 
$
12,589

 
$
1,686

 
$
550

 
$
(1,752
)
 
N/A

 
(1)
RSO's maximum exposure to loss at March 31, 2013 does not exceed the carrying amount of its investment.
    
Other than the contingent obligation arrangement described above in connection with LEAF and the commitments RSO has to fund its real estate joint ventures, there were no explicit arrangements or implicit variable interests that could require RSO to provide financial support to any of its unconsolidated VIEs.
C. Supplemental Cash Flow Information - RSO
Supplemental disclosure of cash flow information (in thousands):
 
Three Months Ended
 
March 31,
 
2013
 
2012
Non-cash financing activities include the following:
 

 
 

Distributions on common stock declared but not paid
$
21,634

 
$
17,000

Distribution on preferred stock declared but not paid
$
1,311

 
$

Income taxes paid in cash
$
7,635

 
$
10,103

Issuance of restricted stock
$
35

 
$
472

D. Investment securities - Trading - RSO
The following table summarizes RSO's structured notes and residential mortgage-backed securities (“RMBS”) which are classified as investment securities, trading and carried at fair value (in thousands):
 
Amortized
Cost
 
Unrealized
Gains
 
Unrealized
Losses
 
Fair Value
March 31, 2013:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Structured notes
$
16,803

 
$
10,964

 
$
(1,005
)
 
$
26,762

RMBS
6,025

 
1,426

 
(1,321
)
 
6,130

Total
$
22,828

 
$
12,390

 
$
(2,326
)
 
$
32,892

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
December 31, 2012:
 

 
 

 
 

 
 

Structured notes
$
9,413

 
$
10,894

 
$
(1,028
)
 
$
19,279

RMBS
6,047

 
858

 
(1,341
)
 
5,564

Total
$
15,460

 
$
11,752

 
$
(2,369
)
 
$
24,843


RSO purchased three securities and sold one security during the three months ended March 31, 2013, for a net gain of $434,000.  RSO held 15 and 13 investment securities, trading as of March 31, 2013 and December 31, 2012, respectively.
E. Investment Securities available-for-sale - RSO
If RSO finances the purchase of securities with repurchase agreements with the same counterparty from whom the securities are purchased and both transactions are entered into contemporaneously or in contemplation of each other, the transactions are presumed not to meet sale accounting criteria and RSO will account for the purchase of such securities and the repurchase agreement on a net basis and record a forward purchase commitment to purchase securities (each, a “Linked Transaction”) at fair value on RSO's consolidated balance sheet in RSO's line item Linked Transactions, at fair value. Changes in the fair value of the assets and liabilities underlying the Linked Transactions and associated interest income and expense are reported as unrealized gain (loss) and net interest income on linked transactions, net on RSO's consolidated statement of income. CMBS that are accounted for as components of Linked Transactions are not reflected in the tables set forth in this note, as they are accounted for as derivatives.
The following table summarizes RSO's investment securities, including those pledged as collateral and classified as available-for-sale, which are carried at fair value (in thousands):
 
Amortized
Cost
(1) 
 
Unrealized
Gains
 
Unrealized
Losses
 
Fair Value
March 31, 2013
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
CMBS
$
189,990

 
$
7,766

 
$
(16,201
)
 
$
181,555

ABS
23,682

 
1,851

 
(712
)
 
24,821

Corporate bonds
35,678

 
256

 
(51
)
 
35,883

Other asset-backed

 
23

 

 
23

Total
$
249,350

 
$
9,896

 
$
(16,964
)
 
$
242,282

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
December 31, 2012
 

 
 

 
 

 
 

CMBS
$
182,828

 
$
4,626

 
$
(16,639
)
 
$
170,815

ABS
26,479

 
1,700

 
(1,115
)
 
27,064

Corporate Bonds
33,767

 
111

 
(190
)
 
33,688

Other asset-backed

 
23

 

 
23

Total
$
243,074

 
$
6,460

 
$
(17,944
)
 
$
231,590

 
(1)
As of March 31, 2013 and December 31, 2012, $192.7 million and $195.2 million, respectively, of securities were pledged as collateral security under related financings.        
The following table summarizes the estimated maturities of RSO’s CMBS, ABS, and corporate bonds according to their estimated weighted average life classifications (in thousands, except percentages):
Weighted Average Life
Fair Value
 
Amortized
Cost
 
Weighted
Average
Coupon
March 31, 2013
 
 
 
 
 
Less than one year
$
46,592

(1) 
$
50,319

 
4.30%
Greater than one year and less than five years
131,401

 
135,955

 
4.51%
Greater than five years and less than ten years
54,758

 
53,475

 
3.42%
Greater than ten years
9,531

 
9,601

 
3.70%
Total
$
242,282

 
$
249,350

 
4.19%
 
 
 
 
 
 
December 31, 2012
 

 
 

 
 
Less than one year
$
42,618

(1) 
$
46,522

 
4.09%
Greater than one year and less than five years
122,509

 
131,076

 
4.55%
Greater than five years and less than ten years
61,780

 
60,801

 
3.31%
Greater than ten years
4,683

 
4,675

 
4.03%
Total
$
231,590

 
$
243,074

 
4.12%
 
(1)    RSO expects that the maturity date of these CMBS will either be extended or the CMBS will be paid in full.
The contractual maturities of the CMBS investment securities available-for-sale range from May 2013 to April 2027.  The contractual maturities of the ABS investment securities available-for-sale range from November 2015 to August 2022. The contractual maturities of the corporate bond investment securities available-for-sale range from May 2014 to February 2022.
The following table shows the fair value and gross unrealized losses, aggregated by investment category and length of time, of those individual investment securities available-for-sale that have been in a continuous unrealized loss position during the periods specified (in thousands):
 
Less than 12 Months
 
More than 12 Months
 
Total
 
Fair Value
 
Gross
Unrealized
Losses
 
Fair Value
 
Gross
Unrealized
Losses
 
Fair Value
 
Gross
Unrealized
Losses
March 31, 2013
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
CMBS
$
42,706

 
$
(893
)
 
$
21,498

 
$
(15,308
)
 
$
64,204

 
$
(16,201
)
ABS

 

 
6,365

 
(712
)
 
6,365

 
(712
)
Corporate bonds
14,203

 
(51
)
 

 

 
14,203

 
(51
)
Total temporarily impaired securities
$
56,909

 
$
(944
)
 
$
27,863

 
$
(16,020
)
 
$
84,772

 
$
(16,964
)
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
December 31, 2012
 

 
 

 
 

 
 

 
 

 
 

CMBS
$
25,803

 
$
(442
)
 
$
38,734

 
$
(16,197
)
 
$
64,537

 
$
(16,639
)
ABS

 

 
5,961

 
(1,115
)
 
5,961

 
(1,115
)
Corporate bonds
19,445

 
(190
)
 

 

 
19,445

 
(190
)
Total temporarily impaired securities
$
45,248

 
$
(632
)
 
$
44,695

 
$
(17,312
)
 
$
89,943

 
$
(17,944
)

RSO held 15 and 19 CMBS investment securities available-for-sale that have been in a loss position for more than 12 months as of March 31, 2013 and December 31, 2012, respectively.  RSO held nine ABS investment securities available-for-sale that have been in a loss position for more than 12 months as of March 31, 2013 and December 31, 2012, respectively.  RSO had no corporate bonds that have been in a loss position for more than 12 months as of March 31, 2013 and December 31, 2012. The unrealized losses in the above table are considered to be temporary impairments due to market factors and are not reflective of credit deterioration.
The determination of other-than-temporary impairment is a subjective process, and different judgments and assumptions could affect the timing of loss realization.  RSO reviews its portfolios and makes other-than-temporary impairment determinations at least quarterly.  RSO considers the following factors when determining if there is an other-than-temporary impairment on a security:    
the length of time the market value has been less than amortized cost;
the severity of the impairment;
the expected loss of the security as generated by a third-party valuation model;
original and current credit ratings from the rating agencies;
underlying credit fundamentals of the collateral backing the securities;
whether, based upon RSO’s intent, it is more likely than not that RSO will sell the security before the recovery of the amortized cost basis; and
third-party support for default, for recovery, prepayment speed and reinvestment price assumptions.
At March 31, 2013 and December 31, 2012, RSO held $181.5 million and $170.8 million, respectively, (net of unrealized losses of $8.4 million and $12.0 million, respectively), of CMBS recorded at fair value.  To determine fair value, RSO uses dealer quotes which are either provided by RSO's trade or financing counterparties.
At March 31, 2013 and December 31, 2012, RSO held $24.8 million and $27.1 million, respectively, (net of unrealized gains of $1.1 million and $574,000, respectively), of ABS recorded at fair value.  To determine their fair value, RSO uses dealer quotes.
At March 31, 2013 and December 31, 2012, RSO held $35.9 million and $33.7 million, respectively, (net of unrealized losses of $206,000 and losses of $67,000, respectively), of corporate bonds recorded at fair value. To determine their fair value, RSO uses dealer quotes.
 RSO’s securities classified as available-for-sale have increased in fair value on a net basis as of March 31, 2013 as compared to December 31, 2012, primarily due to improving dealer marks and new purchases in 2013. RSO performs an on-going review of third-party reports and updated financial data on the underlying properties in order to analyze current and projected security performance.  Rating agency downgrades are considered with respect to RSO’s income approach when determining other-than-temporary impairment and, when inputs are subjected to testing for economic changes within possible ranges, the resulting projected cash flows reflect a full recovery of principal and interest indicating no impairment. During the three months ended March 31, 2013 and 2012, RSO did not recognize any other-than-temporary impairment on positions that supported RSO's CMBS investment.
During the three months ended March 31, 2013, RSO sold two corporate bond positions with a total par value of $700,000 and recognized a gain of $18,000, During the three months ended March 31, 2012, RSO sold three corporate bond positions with a total par value of $1.4 million, and recognized a gain $27,000. During the three months ended March 31, 2012, RSO had one corporate bond positions redeemed with a total par value of $182,000, and recognized a gain of $39,000. There were no such redemptions during the three months ended March 31, 2013.
Changes in interest rates may also have an effect on the rate of mortgage principal prepayments and, as a result, prepayments on CMBS in RSO’s investment portfolio.  At March 31, 2013 and December 31, 2012, the aggregate discount due to interest rate changes exceeded the aggregate premium on RSO’s CMBS by approximately $7.6 million and $8.0 million, respectively.  At March 31, 2013 and December 31, 2012, the aggregate discount on RSO’s ABS portfolio was $2.9 million and $3.1 million, respectively.  There were no premiums on RSO’s ABS investment portfolio at March 31, 2013 and December 31, 2012. At March 31, 2013 and December 31, 2012, the aggregate premium on RSO’s corporate bond portfolio was $425,000 and $608,000, respectively.
F. Investment in real estate - RSO
The table below summarizes RSO’s investments in real estate (in thousands):
 
As of March 31, 2013
 
As of December 31, 2012
 
Book Value
 
Number of
Properties
 
Book Value
 
Number of
Properties
Multi-family property
$
42,538

 
2
 
$
42,179

 
2
Office property
10,149

 
1
 
10,149

 
1
Hotel property
25,668

 
1
 
25,608

 
1
Subtotal
78,355

 
 
 
77,936

 
 
Less:  Accumulated depreciation
(3,213
)
 
 
 
(2,550
)
 
 
Investments in real estate
$
75,142

 
 
 
$
75,386

 
 

During the three months ended March 31, 2013, RSO made no acquisitions. During the year ended December 31, 2012, RSO foreclosed on one self-originated loan and converted the loan to equity with a fair value of $25.5 million at acquisition. The loan was collateralized by a 179 unit hotel property in Coconut Grove, Florida. The property had an occupancy rate of 75% at acquisition.
The following table is a summary of the aggregate estimated fair value of the assets and liabilities acquired on the respective date of acquisition during the year ended December 31, 2012 (in thousands). There were no such acquisitions during the three months ended March 31, 2013.
Description
 
December 31, 2012
Assets acquired:
 
 
Investments in real estate
 
$
25,500

Other assets
 
(89
)
Total assets acquired
 
25,411

Liabilities assumed:
 
 

Accounts payable and other liabilities
 
3,750

Total liabilities assumed
 
3,750

Estimated fair value of net assets acquired
 
$
21,661

G. Loans held for investment - RSO
The following is a summary of RSO’s loans (in thousands):
Loan Description
 
Principal
 
Unamortized
(Discount)
Premium (1)
 
Carrying
Value (2)
March 31, 2013
 
 
 
 
 
 
Bank loans (3) 
 
$
1,114,684

 
$
(20,501
)
 
$
1,094,183

Commercial real estate loans:
 
 

 
 

 
 

Whole loans
 
552,449

 
(2,035
)
 
550,414

B notes
 
16,399

 
(106
)
 
16,293

Mezzanine loans
 
82,967

 
(191
)
 
82,776

Total commercial real estate loans
 
651,815

 
(2,332
)
 
649,483

Subtotal loans before allowances
 
1,766,499

 
(22,833
)
 
1,743,666

Allowance for loan loss
 
(16,976
)
 

 
(16,976
)
Total
 
$
1,749,523

 
$
(22,833
)
 
$
1,726,690

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
December 31, 2012
 
 

 
 

 
 

Bank loans (3) 
 
$
1,218,563

 
$
(25,249
)
 
$
1,193,314

Commercial real estate loans:
 
 

 
 

 
 

Whole loans (4)
 
569,829

 
(1,891
)
 
567,938

B notes
 
16,441

 
(114
)
 
16,327

Mezzanine loans
 
82,992

 
(206
)
 
82,786

Total commercial real estate loans
 
669,262

 
(2,211
)
 
667,051

Subtotal loans before allowances
 
1,887,825

 
(27,460
)
 
1,860,365

Allowance for loan loss
 
(17,691
)
 

 
(17,691
)
Total
 
$
1,870,134

 
$
(27,460
)
 
$
1,842,674

 
(1)
Amounts include deferred amendment fees of $375,000 and $450,000 and deferred upfront fees of $310,000 and $334,000 being amortized over the life of the bank loans as of March 31, 2013 and December 31, 2012, respectively.  Amounts include loan origination fees of $2.0 million and $1.9 million and loan extension fees of $194,000 and $214,000 being amortized over the life of the commercial real estate loans as of March 31, 2013 and December 31, 2012, respectively.
(2)
Substantially all loans are pledged as collateral under various borrowings at March 31, 2013 and December 31, 2012, respectively.
(3)
Amounts include $18.2 million and $14.9 million of bank loans held for sale at March 31, 2013 and December 31, 2012, respectively.
(4)
Amount includes $34.0 million from two whole loans which are classified as loans held for sale at December 31, 2012.
At March 31, 2013 and December 31, 2012, approximately 48.1% and 47.7%, respectively, of RSO’s commercial real estate loan portfolio was concentrated in commercial real estate loans located in California; approximately 8.1% and 7.9%, respectively, in Arizona; and approximately 11.0% and 11.1%, respectively, in Texas.  At March 31, 2013 and December 31, 2012, approximately 14.2% and 13.2%, of RSO’s bank loan portfolio was concentrated in the collective industry grouping of healthcare, education and childcare.
At March 31, 2013, RSO’s bank loan portfolio consisted of $1.1 billion (net of allowance of $7.8 million) of floating rate loans, which bear interest ranging between the three month London Interbank Offered Rate (“LIBOR”) plus 1.5% and three month LIBOR plus 10.5% with maturity dates ranging from December 2013 to March 2021.
At December 31, 2012, RSO’s bank loan portfolio consisted of $1.2 billion (net of allowance of $9.7 million) of floating rate loans, which bear interest ranging between the three month LIBOR plus 1.5% and three month LIBOR plus 8.8% with maturity dates ranging from August 2013 to January 2021.
The following is a summary of the weighted average life of RSO’s bank loans, at amortized cost (in thousands):
 
March 31,
2013
 
December 31,
2012
Less than one year
$
31,046

 
$
10,028

Greater than one year and less than five years
687,786

 
821,568

Five years or greater
375,351

 
361,718

 
$
1,094,183

 
$
1,193,314

    
The following is a summary of RSO’s commercial real estate loans held for investment (dollars in thousands):
Description
 
Quantity
 
Amortized Cost
 
Contracted
Interest Rates
 
Maturity
Dates (3)
March 31, 2013:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Whole loans, floating rate (1) (5)
 
35
 
$
550,414

 
LIBOR plus 2.50% to
LIBOR plus 5.5%
 
June 2013 to
February 2019
B notes, fixed rate
 
1
 
16,293

 
8.68%
 
April 2016
Mezzanine loans, floating rate
 
2
 
15,848

 
LIBOR plus 2.50% to
LIBOR plus 7.45%
 
August 2013 to
December 2013
Mezzanine loans, fixed rate (7)
 
3
 
66,928

 
0.50% to 20.00%
 
September 2014 to
September 2019
Total (2) 
 
41
 
$
649,483

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
December 31, 2012:
 
 
 
 

 
 
 
 
Whole loans, floating rate (1) (4) (5) (6)
 
37
 
$
567,938

 
LIBOR plus 2.50% to
LIBOR plus 5.50%
 
June 2013 to
February 2019
B notes, fixed rate
 
1
 
16,327

 
8.68%
 
April 2016
Mezzanine loans, floating rate
 
2
 
15,845

 
LIBOR plus 2.50% to
LIBOR plus 7.45%
 
August 2013 to
December 2013
Mezzanine loans, fixed rate (7)
 
3
 
66,941

 
0.50% to 20.00%
 
September 2014 to
September 2019
Total (2) 
 
43
 
$
667,051

 
 
 
 
 
(1)
Whole loans had $9.5 million and $8.9 million in unfunded loan commitments as of March 31, 2013 and December 31, 2012, respectively.  These commitments are funded as the borrowers request additional funding and have satisfied the requirements to obtain this additional funding.
(2)
The total does not include an allowance for loan loss of $9.2 million and $8.0 million as of March 31, 2013 and December 31, 2012, respectively.
(3)
Maturity dates do not include possible extension options that may be available to the borrowers.
(4)
Floating rate whole loans include a $2.0 million portion of a whole loan that has a fixed rate of 15% as of December 31, 2012.
(5)
Floating rate whole loans include a $1.0 million portion of a whole loan that has a fixed rate of 10% as of March 31, 2013 and December 31, 2012, respectively.
(6)
Amount includes $34.0 million from two whole loans that were classified as loans held for sale at December 31, 2012.
(7)
Fixed rate mezzanine loans include a mezzanine loan that was modified into two tranches which both currently pay interest at 0.50%. In addition, the subordinate tranche accrues interest at LIBOR plus 18.5% which is deferred until maturity.
The following is a summary of the weighted average life of RSO’s commercial real estate loans, at amortized cost (in thousands):
Description
 
2013
 
2014
 
2015 and Thereafter
 
Total
March 31, 2013
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
B notes
 
$

 
$

 
$
16,293

 
$
16,293

Mezzanine loans
 
5,331

 
20,710

 
56,735

 
82,776

Whole loans
 
3,312

 

 
547,102

 
550,414

Total (1) 
 
$
8,643

 
$
20,710

 
$
620,130

 
$
649,483

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
December 31, 2012
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
B notes
 
$

 
$

 
$
16,327

 
$
16,327

Mezzanine loans
 
5,328

 
20,694

 
56,764

 
82,786

Whole loans
 
71,799

 

 
496,139

 
567,938

Total (1) 
 
$
77,127

 
$
20,694

 
$
569,230

 
$
667,051

 
(1)
Weighted average life of commercial real estate loans assumes full exercise of extension options available to borrowers.
The following is a summary of the allocation of the allowance for loan loss with respect to RSO’s commercial real estate and bank loans (in thousands, except percentages) by asset class:
Description
 
Allowance for
Loan Loss
 
Percentage of
Total Allowance
March 31, 2013:
 
 
 
 
B notes
 
$
219

 
1.29%
Mezzanine loans
 
914

 
5.38%
Whole loans
 
8,022

 
47.26%
Bank loans
 
7,821

 
46.07%
Total
 
$
16,976

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
December 31, 2012:
 
 

 
 
B notes
 
$
206

 
1.17%
Mezzanine loans
 
860

 
4.85%
Whole loans
 
6,920

 
39.12%
Bank loans
 
9,705

 
54.86%
Total
 
$
17,691

 
 

As of March 31, 2013, RSO had recorded an allowance for loan losses of $17.0 million consisting of a $7.8 million allowance on RSO’s bank loan portfolio and a $9.2 million allowance on RSO’s commercial real estate portfolio as a result of the provisions taken on five bank loans and one commercial real estate loan as well as the maintenance of a general reserve with respect to these portfolios. The whole loan allowance increased $1.1 million from $6.9 million as of December 31, 2012 to $8.0 million as of March 31, 2013 as a result of a specific provision taken on one commercial real estate loan.
As of December 31, 2012, RSO had recorded an allowance for loan losses of $17.7 million consisting of a $9.7 million allowance on RSO’s bank loan portfolio and a $8.0 million allowance on RSO’s commercial real estate portfolio as a result of the impairment of one bank loan and four commercial real estate loans as well as the maintenance of a general reserve with respect to these portfolios.
H. Investments in unconsolidated entities - RSO
In January 2013, LTCC invested $2.0 million into LCF for the purpose of originating and acquiring life settlement contracts. Although the Investment Committee and Board are controlled by the joint venture partner, the joint venture partner must obtain LTCC's unanimous approval to make any investments and the joint venture partner must obtain LTCC approval for all material business operations. As a result, RSO determined that there was joint control and, therefore, neither RSO nor its joint venture partner will consolidate LCF.
On June 19, 2012, RSO entered into a joint venture with Värde Investment Partners, LP acting as lender, to purchase two condominium developments.  RSO purchased a 7.5% equity interest in the venture. RREM, was appointed as the asset manager of the venture to perform lease review and approval, debt service collection, loan workout, foreclosure, disposition and permitting, as applicable.  RREM is also responsible for engaging third parties to perform day-to-day property management, property leasing, rent collection, maintenance, and capital improvements. For the three months ended March 31, 2013, RSO recorded earnings of $24,000, which were recorded in equity in net losses of unconsolidated subsidiaries on RSO's consolidated statement of income.  There were no such income for the three months ended March 31, 2012. The investment balance of $550,000 and $526,000 at March 31, 2013 and December 31, 2012, respectively, is recorded as an investment in unconsolidated entities on RSO's consolidated balance sheet using the equity method.
On November 16, 2011, RSO and the Company, entered into a SPA with Eos Partners, L.P.  In exchange for RSO's prior interest in LEAF, RSO received 31,341 shares of Series A Preferred Stock, 4,872 shares of newly issued 8% Series B Redeemable Preferred Stock and 2,364 shares of newly issued Series D Redeemable Preferred Stock, collectively representing, on a fully-diluted basis assuming conversion, a 26.7% interest in LEAF.  RSO’s investment in LEAF was valued at $36.3 million based on a third-party valuation.  Several approaches were used, including discounted expected cash flows, market approach and comparable sales transactions to estimate the fair value of its investment in LEAF as a result of the transaction.  These approaches required assumptions and estimates of many critical factors, including revenue and market growth, operating cash flows, market multiples, and discount rates, which were based on the current economic environment and credit market conditions. RSO recorded a loss of $2.2 million in conjunction with the transaction.  On January 18, 2013, RSO entered into another stock purchase agreement with LEAF to purchase 3,682 shares of newly issued Series A-1 Preferred Stock for $3.7 million. During the second quarter of 2013, RSO entered into another stock purchase agreement with LEAF to purchase 3,323 shares of newly issued Series E Preferred Stock for $3.3 million. The Series E Preferred Stock has priority over all other classes of preferred stock. RSO accrued $207,000 on the Series E Preferred Stock shares to date. RSO's fully-diluted basis assuming conversion is 27.5%. RSO’s interest in the investment is accounted for under the equity method.  RSO recorded losses of $336,000 for the three months ended March 31, 2013, which was recorded in equity in net losses of unconsolidated subsidiaries on the RSO consolidated statements of income. RSO recorded no income or losses for the three months ended March 31, 2012. RSO’s investment in LEAF was carried at $36.4 million and $33.1 million as of March 31, 2013 and December 31, 2012, respectively.
On December 1, 2009, RSO purchased a membership interest in RRE VIP Borrower, LLC (an unconsolidated VIE that holds RSO's interests in a real estate joint venture) from the Company at book value.  This joint venture, which is structured as a credit facility with Värde Investment Partners, LP acting as lender, finances the acquisition of distressed properties and mortgage loans and has the objective of repositioning both the directly-owned properties and the properties underlying the mortgage loans to enhance their value.  RSO acquired the membership interests for $2.1 million. The agreement requires RSO to contribute 3% to 5% (depending on the asset agreement) of the total funding required for each asset acquisition on a monthly basis.  RREM acts as asset manager of the venture and receives a monthly asset management fee equal to 1% of the combined investment calculated as of the last calendar day of the month. For the three months ended March 31, 2013, RSO paid RREM management fees of $8,000 and $12,000, respectively. For the three months ended March 31, 2013 and 2012, RSO recorded losses of $113,000 and a gain of $1.1 million, respectively, which was recorded in equity in net (losses) earnings of unconsolidated subsidiaries on the RSO consolidated statement of income.  The investment balance of $1.7 million and $2.3 million at March 31, 2013 and December 31, 2012, respectively, is recorded as an investment in unconsolidated entities on RSO's consolidated balance sheet using the equity method.
RSO has a 100% interest valued at $1.5 million in the common shares (3% of the total equity) in two trusts, RCT I and RCT II and determined it was not the primary beneficiary of either trust. RSO records its investments in RCT I and RCT II’s common shares of $774,000 each as investments in unconsolidated trusts using the cost method and records dividend income upon declaration by RCT I and RCT II.  For the three months ended March 31, 2013 and 2012, RSO recognized $593,000 and $631,000, respectively, of interest expense with respect to the subordinated debentures it issued to RCT I and RCT II which included $47,000 and $45,000, respectively, of amortization of deferred debt issuance costs.  RSO will continuously reassess whether it should be deemed to be the primary beneficiary of the trusts.
I. Financing receivables - RSO
The following tables show the allowance for loan losses and recorded investments in loans for the years indicated (in thousands):
 
Commercial Real Estate Loans
 
Bank Loans
 
Loans Receivable-Related Party
 
Total
March 31, 2013:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Allowance for Loan Losses:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Allowance for losses at January 1, 2013
$
7,986

 
$
9,705

 
$

 
$
17,691

Provision (benefit) for loan loss
1,261

 
(219
)
 

 
1,042

Loans charged-off
(92
)
 
(1,665
)
 

 
(1,757
)
Allowance for losses at March 31, 2013
$
9,155

 
$
7,821

 
$

 
$
16,976

Ending balance:
 

 
 

 
 

 
 

Individually evaluated for impairment
$
3,311

 
$
2,607

 
$

 
$
5,918

Collectively evaluated for impairment
$
5,844

 
$
5,214

 
$

 
$
11,058

Loans acquired with deteriorated credit quality
$

 
$

 
$

 
$

Loans:
 

 
 

 
 

 
 

Ending balance:
 

 
 

 
 

 
 

Individually evaluated for impairment
$
180,262

 
$
3,896

 
$
7,860

 
$
192,018

Collectively evaluated for impairment
$
469,221

 
$
1,090,287

 
$

 
$
1,559,508

Loans acquired with deteriorated credit quality
$

 
$

 
$

 
$

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
December 31, 2012:
 

 
 

 
 

 
 

Allowance for Loan Losses:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Allowance for losses at January 1, 2012
$
24,221

 
$
3,297

 
$

 
$
27,518

Provision for loan loss
5,225

 
11,593

 

 
16,818

Loans charged-off
(21,460
)
 
(5,185
)
 

 
(26,645
)
Allowance for losses at December 31, 2012
$
7,986

 
$
9,705

 
$

 
$
17,691

Ending balance:
 

 
 

 
 

 
 

Individually evaluated for impairment
$
2,142

 
$
3,236

 
$

 
$
5,378

Collectively evaluated for impairment
$
5,844

 
$
6,469

 
$

 
$
12,313

Loans acquired with deteriorated credit quality
$

 
$

 
$

 
$

Loans:
 

 
 

 
 

 
 

Ending balance:
 

 
 

 
 

 
 

Individually evaluated for impairment
$
177,055

 
$
4,689

 
$
8,324

 
$
190,068

Collectively evaluated for impairment
$
489,996

 
$
1,187,874

 
$

 
$
1,677,870

Loans acquired with deteriorated credit quality
$

 
$
751

 
$

 
$
751


Credit quality indicators
Bank Loans
RSO uses a risk grading matrix to assign grades to bank loans.  Loans are graded at inception and updates to assigned grades are made continually as new information is received.  Loans are graded on a scale of 1-5 with 1 representing RSO’s highest rating and 5 representing its lowest rating.  RSO also designates loans that are sold after the period end as held for sale at the lower of their fair market value or cost, net of any allowances and costs associated with the loan sales.  RSO considers metrics such as performance of the underlying company, liquidity, collectability of interest, enterprise valuation, default probability, ratings from rating agencies, and industry dynamics in grading its bank loans.
Credit risk profiles of bank loans were as follows (in thousands):
 
Rating 1
 
Rating 2
 
Rating 3
 
Rating 4
 
Rating 5
 
Held for Sale
 
Total
As of March 31, 2013
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Bank loans
$
979,854

 
$
43,387

 
$
32,626

 
$
16,270

 
$
3,896

 
$
18,150

 
$
1,094,183

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
As of December 31, 2012
 

 
 

 
 

 
 

 
 

 
 

 
 
Bank loans
$
1,095,148

 
$
33,677

 
$
27,837

 
$
16,318

 
$
5,440

 
$
14,894

 
$
1,193,314


All of RSO’s bank loans are performing with the exception of four loans with an amortized cost of $3.9 million as of March 31, 2013. There were no additional defaults during the three months ended March 31, 2013 As of December 31, 2012, all of RSO's bank loans were performing with the exception of five loans with an amortized cost of $5.4 million, one of which defaulted as of December 31, 2012, three of which defaulted as of March 31, 2012 (including a loan acquired with deteriorated credit quality as a result of the acquisition of Whitney CLO I), and one of which defaulted on December 31, 2011.
Commercial Real Estate Loans
RSO uses a risk grading matrix to assign grades to commercial real estate loans.  Loans are graded at inception and updates to assigned grades are made continually as new information is received.  Loans are graded on a scale of 1-4 with 1 representing RSO’s highest rating and 4 representing its lowest rating.  RSO also designates loans that are sold after the period end at the lower of their fair market value or cost, net of any allowances and costs associated with the loan sales.  In addition to the underlying performance of the loan collateral, RSO considers metrics such as the strength of underlying sponsorship, payment history, collectability of interest, structural credit enhancements, market trends and loan terms in grading its commercial real estate loans.
Credit risk profiles of commercial real estate loans were as follows (in thousands):
 
Rating 1
 
Rating 2
 
Rating 3
 
Rating 4
 
Held for Sale
 
Total
As of March 31, 2013
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Whole loans
$
497,052

 
$

 
$
53,362

 
$

 
$

 
$
550,414

B notes
16,293

 

 

 

 

 
16,293

Mezzanine loans
44,704

 

 
38,072

 

 

 
82,776

 
$
558,049

 
$

 
$
91,434

 
$

 
$

 
$
649,483

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
As of December 31, 2012
 

 
 

 
 

 
 

 
 

 
 

Whole loans
$
427,456

 
$

 
$
106,482

 
$

 
$
34,000

 
$
567,938

B notes
16,327

 

 

 

 

 
16,327

Mezzanine loans
38,296

 

 
44,490

 

 

 
82,786

 
$
482,079

 
$

 
$
150,972

 
$

 
$
34,000

 
$
667,051


All of RSO’s commercial real estate loans were performing as of March 31, 2013 and March 31, 2012.
Loan Portfolios Aging Analysis
The following table shows the loan portfolio aging analysis as of the dates indicated at cost basis (in thousands):
 
30-59 Days
 
60-89 Days
 
Greater than 90 Days
 
Total Past Due
 
Current
 
Total Loans Receivable
 
Total Loans > 90 Days and Accruing
March 31, 2013:
 

 
 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Whole loans
$

 
$

 
$

 
$

 
$
550,414

 
$
550,414

 
$

B notes

 

 

 

 
16,293

 
16,293

 

Mezzanine loans

 

 

 

 
82,776

 
82,776

 

Bank loans

 
1,553

 
2,343

 
3,896

 
1,090,287

 
1,094,183

 

Loans receivable- related party

 

 

 

 
7,860

 
7,860

 

Total loans
$

 
$
1,553

 
$
2,343

 
$
3,896

 
$
1,747,630

 
$
1,751,526

 
$

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
December 31, 2012:
 

 
 

 
 

 
 

 
 

 
 

 
 

Whole loans
$

 
$

 
$

 
$

 
$
567,938

 
$
567,938

 
$

B notes

 

 

 

 
16,327

 
16,327

 

Mezzanine loans

 

 

 

 
82,786

 
82,786

 

Bank loans
1,549

 

 
3,891

 
5,440

 
1,187,874

 
1,193,314

 

Loans receivable- related party

 

 

 

 
8,324

 
8,324

 

Total loans
$
1,549

 
$

 
$
3,891

 
$
5,440

 
$
1,863,249

 
$
1,868,689

 
$


Impaired Loans
The following tables show impaired loans in the categories indicated (in thousands):
 
Recorded Balance
 
Unpaid Principal Balance
 
Specific Allowance
 
Average Investment in Impaired Loans
 
Interest Income Recognized
March 31, 2013:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Loans without a specific valuation allowance:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Whole loans
$
116,628

 
$
116,628

 
$

 
$
115,037

 
$
4,515

B notes

 

 

 

 

Mezzanine loans
38,072

 
38,072

 

 
38,072

 
675

Bank loans

 

 

 

 

Loans receivable - related party
6,289

 
6,289

 

 

 
178

Loans with a specific valuation allowance:
 

 
 

 
 

 
 

 
 

Whole loans
24,313

 
24,313

 
(3,313
)
 
22,872

 
995

B notes

 

 

 

 

Mezzanine loans

 

 

 

 

Bank loans
3,896

 
3,896

 
(2,607
)
 

 

Loans receivable - related party

 

 

 

 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Total:
 

 
 

 
 

 
 

 
 

Whole loans
$
140,941

 
$
140,941

 
$
(3,313
)
 
$
137,909

 
$
5,510

B notes

 

 

 

 

Mezzanine loans
38,072

 
38,072

 

 
38,072

 
675

Bank loans
3,896

 
3,896

 
(2,607
)
 

 

Loans receivable - related party
6,289

 
6,289

 

 

 
178

 
$
189,198

 
$
189,198

 
$
(5,920
)
 
$
175,981

 
$
6,363

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
December 31, 2012:
 

 
 

 
 

 
 

 
 

Loans without a specific valuation allowance:
 

 
 

 
 

 
 

 
 

Whole loans
$
115,841

 
$
115,841

 
$

 
$
114,682

 
$
3,436

B notes

 

 

 

 

Mezzanine loans
38,072

 
38,072

 

 
38,072

 
367

Bank loans

 

 

 

 

Loans receivable - related party
6,754

 
6,754

 

 

 
851

Loans with a specific valuation allowance:
 

 
 

 
 

 
 

 
 

Whole loans
23,142

 
23,142

 
(2,142
)
 
22,576

 
801

B notes

 

 

 

 

Mezzanine loans

 

 

 

 

Bank loans
5,440

 
5,440

 
(3,236
)
 

 

Loans receivable - related party

 

 

 

 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Total:
 

 
 

 
 

 
 

 
 

Whole loans
$
138,983

 
$
138,983

 
$
(2,142
)
 
$
137,258

 
$
4,237

B notes

 

 

 

 

Mezzanine loans
38,072

 
38,072

 

 
38,072

 
367

Bank loans
5,440

 
5,440

 
(3,236
)
 

 

Loans receivable - related party
6,754

 
6,754

 

 

 
851

 
$
189,249

 
$
189,249

 
$
(5,378
)
 
$
175,330

 
$
5,455


Troubled- Debt Restructurings
The following tables show troubled-debt restructurings in RSO's loan portfolio (in thousands):
 
Number of Loans
 
Pre-Modification Outstanding Recorded Balance
 
Post-Modification Outstanding Recorded Balance
Three Months Ended March 31, 2013:
 
 
 
 
 
Whole loans
6
 
$
153,958

 
$
136,672

B notes
 

 

Mezzanine loans
1
 
38,072

 
38,072

Bank loans
 

 

Loans receivable - related party
1
 
7,797

 
7,797

Total loans
8
 
$
199,827

 
$
182,541

 
 
 
 
 
 
Three Months Ended March 31, 2012:
 
 
 

 
 

Whole loans
4
 
$
133,955

 
$
115,894

B notes
 

 

Mezzanine loans
 

 

Bank loans
 

 

Loans receivable
 

 

Loans receivable - related party
1
 
7,797

 
7,797

Total loans
5
 
$
141,752

 
$
123,691

As of March 31, 2013 and 2012, there were no troubled-debt restructurings that subsequently defaulted.
J. Intangible assets - RSO
Intangible assets represent identifiable intangible assets acquired as a result of RSO’s acquisition of RCAM in February 2011, its conversion of loans to investments in real estate in June 2011, and the acquisition of real estate in August 2011.  RSO amortizes identified intangible assets to expense over their estimated lives or period of benefit using the straight-line method.  RSO evaluates intangible assets for impairment as events and circumstances change.  In October 2012, RSO purchased 66.6% of preferred equity and began consolidating Whitney CLO I, one of the RCAM CLOs. As a result of this transaction and the consolidation of Whitney CLO I, RSO wrote-off the unamortized balance of $2.6 million, the intangible asset associated with this CLO, which was recorded in gain/(loss) on consolidation in the RSO consolidated statement of income during the year ended December 31, 2012. In May 2013, RSO purchased additional equity, increasing its ownership percentage to 68.3%. Due to an event whereby a second CLO liquidated in early 2013, RSO accelerated the amortization of the remaining balance of its intangible asset and recorded a $657,000 charge to depreciation and amortization on the consolidated statement of income during the year ended December 31, 2012. RSO expects to record amortization expense on intangible assets of approximately $1.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2013, and $1.8 million for the years ended December 31, 2014, 2015, 2016 and 2017.  The weighted average amortization period was 8.5 years and 8.7 years at March 31, 2013 and December 31, 2012, respectively and the accumulated amortization was $11.0 million and $10.5 million at March 31, 2013 and December 31, 2012, respectively.

The following table summarizes intangible assets at March 31, 2013 and December 31, 2012 (in thousands).
 
Beginning Balance
 
Accumulated Amortization
 
Net Assets
March 31, 2013:
 
 
 
 
 
Investment in RCAM
$
21,213

 
$
(8,624
)
 
$
12,589

Investments in real estate:
 

 
 

 
 

In-place leases
2,461

 
(2,394
)
 
67

Above (below) market leases
29

 
(25
)
 
4

 
2,490

 
(2,419
)
 
71

Total intangible assets
$
23,703

 
$
(11,043
)
 
$
12,660

 
 
 
 
 
 
December 31, 2012:
 

 
 

 
 

Investment in RCAM
$
21,213

 
$
(8,108
)
 
$
13,105

Investments in real estate:
 

 
 

 
 

In-place leases
2,461

 
(2,379
)
 
82

Above (below) market leases
29

 
(24
)
 
5

 
2,490

 
(2,403
)
 
87

Total intangible assets
$
23,703

 
$
(10,511
)
 
$
13,192


For the three months ended March 31, 2013 and 2012, RSO recognized $1.4 million and $1.9 million, respectively, of fee income related to the investment in RCAM.
K. Borrowings - RSO
RSO historically has financed the acquisition of its investments, including investment securities, loans and lease receivables, through the use of secured and unsecured borrowings in the form of CDOs, securitized notes, repurchase agreements, secured term facilities, warehouse facilities and trust preferred securities issuances.  Certain information with respect to RSO’s borrowings at March 31, 2013 and December 31, 2012 is summarized in the following table (in thousands, except percentages):
 
Outstanding
Borrowings
 
Weighted
Average
Borrowing
Rate
 
Weighted
Average
Remaining
Maturity
 
Value of
Collateral
March 31, 2013:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
RREF CDO 2006-1 Senior Notes (1) 
$
116,220

 
1.64%
 
33.4 years
 
$
200,401

RREF CDO 2007-1 Senior Notes (2) 
199,233

 
0.83%
 
33.5 years
 
344,963

Apidos CDO I Senior Notes (3) 
174,493

 
1.14%
 
4.3 years
 
189,304

Apidos CDO III Senior Notes (4) 
193,248

 
0.80%
 
7.2 years
 
204,281

Apidos Cinco CDO Senior Notes (5) 
320,699

 
0.80%
 
7.1 years
 
345,983

Apidos CLO VIII Senior Notes (6) 
301,606

 
2.13%
 
8.6 years
 
353,860

Apidos CLO VIII Securitized Borrowings (11)
19,576

 
15.27%
 
8.6 years
 

Whitney CLO I Senior Notes(10)
144,190

 
1.85%
 
3.9 years
 
164,267

     Whitney CLO I Securitized Borrowings (11)
5,749

 
9.09%
 
3.9 years
 

Unsecured Junior Subordinated Debentures (7)
50,861

 
4.24%
 
23.4 years
 

Repurchase Agreements (8)
110,365

 
2.19%
 
18 days
 
148,545

Mortgage Payable (9)
13,600

 
4.15%
 
5.3 years
 
18,100

Total
$
1,649,840

 
1.66%
 
11.9 years
 
$
1,969,704

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
December 31, 2012:
 

 
 
 
 
 
 

RREF CDO 2006-1 Senior Notes (1) 
$
145,664

 
1.42%
 
33.6 years
 
$
295,759

RREF CDO 2007-1 Senior Notes (2) 
225,983

 
0.81%
 
33.8 years
 
292,980

Apidos CDO I Senior Notes (3) 
202,969

 
1.07%
 
4.6 years
 
217,745

Apidos CDO III Senior Notes (4) 
221,304

 
0.80%
 
7.5 years
 
232,655

Apidos Cinco CDO Senior Notes (5) 
320,550

 
0.82%
 
7.4 years
 
344,105

Apidos CLO VIII Senior Notes (6) 
300,951

 
2.16%
 
8.8 years
 
351,014

Apidos CLO VIII Securitized Borrowings (11)
20,047

 
15.27%
 
8.8 years
 

Whitney CLO I Senior Notes(10)
171,555

 
1.82%
 
4.2 years
 
191,704

Whitney CLO I Securitized Borrowings (11)
5,860

 
9.50%
 
4.2 years
 

Unsecured Junior Subordinated Debentures (7)
50,814

 
4.26%
 
23.7 years
 

Repurchase Agreements (8)
106,303

 
2.28%
 
18 days
 
145,234

Mortgage Payable (9)
13,600

 
4.17%
 
5.6 years
 
18,100

Total
$
1,785,600

 
1.62%
 
12.5 years
 
$
2,089,296

 
(1)
Amount represents principal outstanding of $116.7 million and $146.4 million less unamortized issuance costs of $499,000 and $728,000 as of March 31, 2013 and December 31, 2012, respectively.  This CDO transaction closed in August 2006.
(2)
Amount represents principal outstanding of $200.4 million and $227.4 million less unamortized issuance costs of $1.1 million and $1.4 million as of March 31, 2013 and December 31, 2012, respectively.  This CDO transaction closed in June 2007.
(3)
Amount represents principal outstanding of $174.6 million and $203.2 million less unamortized issuance costs of $148,000 and $274,000 as of March 31, 2013 and December 31, 2012, respectively.  This CDO transaction closed in August 2005.
(4)
Amount represents principal outstanding of $193.7 million and $222.0 million less unamortized issuance costs of $474,000 and $659,000 as of March 31, 2013 and December 31, 2012, respectively.  This CDO transaction closed in May 2006.
(5)
Amount represents principal outstanding of $322.0 million and $322.0 million less unamortized issuance costs of $1.3 million and $1.5 million as of March 31, 2013 and December 31, 2012, respectively.  This CDO transaction closed in May 2007.
(6)
Amount represents principal outstanding of $317.6 million and $317.6 million, less unamortized issuance costs of $4.5 million and $4.7 million, and less unamortized discounts of $11.5 million and $11.9 million as of March 31, 2013 and December 31, 2012, respectively.  This CDO transaction closed in October 2011. Apidos CLO VIII was called and the notes were paid in full in October 2013.
(7)
Amount represents junior subordinated debentures issued to RCT I and RCT II in May 2006 and September 2006, respectively.
(8)
Amount represents principal outstanding of $44.1 million and $47.5 million less unamortized deferred debt costs of $117,000 and $23,000 plus accrued interest costs of $24,000 and $37,000 related to CMBS repurchase facilities as of March 31, 2013 and December 31, 2012, respectively, and principal outstanding of $64.4 million and $59.1 million less unamortized deferred debt costs of $219,000 and $348,000 plus accrued interest costs of $87,000 and $79,000 related to CRE repurchase facilities as of March 31, 2013 and December 31, 2012. Amount does not reflect CMBS repurchase agreement borrowings that are components of Linked Transactions. At March 31, 2013 and December 31, 2012, RSO had repurchase agreements of $53.6 million and $20.4 million, respectively, that were linked to CMBS purchases and accounted for as Linked Transactions, and, as such, the linked repurchase agreements are not included in the above table.
(9)
Amount represents principal outstanding of $13.6 million as of March 31, 2013 and December 31, 2012, respectively. This real estate transaction closed in August 2011.
(10)
Amount represents principal outstanding of $146.3 million less unamortized discounts of $2.1 million as of December 31, 2012. In September 2013, the Company called and liquidated Whitney CLO I. As a result, substantially all of the remaining assets were sold and the balance on the outstanding notes totaling $20.9 million was paid down.
(11)
The securitized borrowings are collateralized by the same assets as the Apidos CLO VIII Senior Notes and the Whitney CLO I Senior Notes, respectively.
Collateralized Debt Obligations
Resource Real Estate Funding CDO 2007-1
In June 2007, RSO closed RREF CDO 2007-1, a $500.0 million CDO transaction that provided financing for commercial real estate loans and commercial mortgage-backed securities.  The investments held by RREF CDO 2007-1 collateralize the debt it issued and, as a result, the investments are not available to RSO, its creditors or stockholders.  RREF CDO 2007-1 issued a total of $265.6 million of senior notes at par to unrelated investors.  RCC Real Estate, Inc. ("RCC Real Estate"), a wholly owned subsidiary of RSO, purchased 100% of the class H senior notes (rated  BBB+:Fitch), class K senior notes (rated BBB-:Fitch), class L senior notes (rated BB:Fitch) and class M senior notes (rated B: Fitch) for $68.0 million.  In addition, Resource Real Estate Funding 2007-1 CDO Investor, LLC, a subsidiary of RCC Real Estate, purchased a $41.3 million equity interest representing 100% of the outstanding preference shares.  The senior notes purchased by RCC Real Estate are subordinated in right of payment to all other senior notes issued by RREF CDO 2007-1 but are senior in right of payment to the preference shares.  The equity interest is subordinated in right of payment to all other securities issued by RREF CDO 2007-1. The reinvestment period for RREF 2007-1 ended in June 2012 which results in the sequential pay down of notes as underlying collateral matures and pays down.  As of March 31, 2013, $41.6 million of Class A-1 notes have been paid down and $50.0 million of the class A-1R notes have been paid down.
At closing, the senior notes issued to investors by RREF CDO 2007-1 consisted of the following classes: (i) $180.0 million of class A-1 notes bearing interest at one-month LIBOR plus 0.28%; (ii) $50.0 million of unissued class A-1R notes, which allowed the CDO to fund future funding obligations under the existing whole loan participations that had future funding commitments; the undrawn balance of the class A-1R notes accrued a commitment fee at a rate per annum equal to 0.18%, the drawn balance bore interest at one-month LIBOR plus 0.32%; (iii) $57.5 million of class A-2 notes bearing interest at one-month LIBOR plus 0.46%; (iv) $22.5 million of class B notes bearing interest at one-month LIBOR plus 0.80%; (v) $7.0 million of class C notes bearing interest at a fixed rate of 6.42%; (vi) $26.8 million of class D notes bearing interest at one-month LIBOR plus 0.95%; (vii) $11.9 million of class E notes bearing interest at one-month LIBOR plus 1.15%; (viii) $11.9 million of class F notes bearing interest at one-month LIBOR plus 1.30%; (ix) $11.3 million of class G notes bearing interest at one-month LIBOR plus 1.55%; (x) $11.3 million of class H notes bearing interest at one-month LIBOR plus 2.30%; (xi) $11.3 million of class J notes bearing interest at one-month LIBOR plus 2.95%; (xii) $10.0 million of class K notes bearing interest at one-month LIBOR plus 3.25%; (xiii) $18.8 million of class L notes bearing interest at a fixed rate of 7.50% and (xiv) $28.8 million of class M notes bearing interest at a fixed rate of 8.50%.  All of the notes issued mature in September 2046, although RSO has the right to call the notes anytime after July 2017 until maturity.  The weighted average interest rate on all notes issued to outside investors and net of repurchased notes was 0.83% and 0.81% at March 31, 2013 and December 31, 2012, respectively.
There was no repurchase of notes in RREF CDO-2007-1 during the three months ended March 31, 2013.
As a result of RSO’s ownership of senior notes, both the notes repurchased subsequent to closing and those retained at the CDO’s closing eliminate in consolidation.
Resource Real Estate Funding CDO 2006-1
In August 2006, RSO closed RREF CDO 2006-1, a $345.0 million CDO transaction that provided financing for commercial real estate loans.  The investments held by RREF CDO 2006-1 collateralize the debt it issued and, as a result, the investments are not available to RSO, its creditors or stockholders.  RREF CDO 2006-1 issued a total of $308.7 million of senior notes at par to investors of which RCC Real Estate purchased 100% of the class J senior notes (rated BB: Fitch) and 100% of the class K senior notes (rated B:Fitch) for $43.1 million.  In addition, Resource Real Estate Funding 2006-1 CDO Investor, LLC, a subsidiary of RCC Real Estate, purchased a $36.3 million equity interest representing 100% of the outstanding preference shares.  The senior notes purchased by RCC Real Estate are subordinated in right of payment to all other senior notes issued by RREF CDO 2006-1 but are senior in right of payment to the preference shares.  The equity interest is subordinated in right of payment to all other securities issued by RREF CDO 2006-1.  The reinvestment period for RREF 2006-1 ended in September 2011 which results in the sequential pay down of notes as underlying collateral matures and pays down.  As of March 31, 2013, $75.4 million of Class A-1 notes have been paid down.
At closing, the senior notes issued to investors by RREF CDO 2006-1 consisted of the following classes:  (i) $129.4 million of class A-1 notes bearing interest at one-month LIBOR plus 0.32%; (ii) $17.4 million of class A-2 notes bearing interest at one-month LIBOR plus 0.35%; (iii) $5.0 million of class A-2 notes bearing interest at a fixed rate of 5.84%; (iv) $6.9 million of class B notes bearing interest at one-month LIBOR plus 0.40%; (v) $20.7 million of class C notes bearing interest at one-month LIBOR plus 0.62%; (vi) $15.5 million of class D notes bearing interest at one-month LIBOR plus 0.80%; (vii) $20.7 million of class E notes bearing interest at one-month LIBOR plus 1.30%; (viii) $19.8 million of class F notes bearing interest at one-month LIBOR plus 1.60%; (ix) $17.3 million of class G notes bearing interest at one-month LIBOR plus 1.90%; (x) $12.9 million of class H notes bearing interest at one-month LIBOR plus 3.75%, (xi) $14.7 million of class J notes bearing interest at a fixed rate of 6.00% and (xii) $28.4 million of class K notes bearing interest at a fixed rate of 6.00%.  All of the notes issued mature in August 2046, although RSO has the right to call the notes anytime after August 2016 until maturity.  The weighted average interest rate on all notes issued to outside investors and net of repurchased notes was 1.64% and 1.42% at March 31, 2013 and December 31, 2012, respectively.
There was no repurchase of notes in RREF CDO-2006-1 during the three months ended March 31, 2013.
As a result of RSO’s ownership of senior notes, both the notes repurchased subsequent to closing and those retained at the CDO’s closing eliminate in consolidation.
Whitney CLO I
In February 2011, RSO acquired the rights to manage the assets held by Whitney CLO I. In October 2012, RSO purchased a $20.9 million preferred equity interest at a discount of 42.5% which represents 66.6% of the outstanding preference shares in Whitney CLO I. In May 2013, RSO purchased an additional $550,000 equity interest in Whitney CLO I, for a total interest of 68.3% in the outstanding preference shares. Based upon those purchases, RSO determined that it had a controlling interest and consolidated Whitney CLO I. The preferred equity interest is subordinated in right of payment to all other securities issued by Whitney CLO I. In September 2013, RSO liquidated Whitney CLO I, and as a result substantially all of the assets were sold. Total proceeds from the sale of these assets, plus proceeds from previous sales and paydowns in the CLO were used to pay down the remaining balance on the outstanding notes of $103.7 million.
The balance of senior notes issued to investors when RSO acquired a controlling interest in October 2012 were as follows: (i) $48.8 million of class A-1L notes bearing interest at LIBOR plus 0.32%; (ii) $26.5 million of class A-1LA notes bearing interest at LIBOR plus 0.29%; (iii) $36.5 million of class A-1LB notes bearing interest at LIBOR plus 0.45%; (iv) $19.8 million of class A-2F notes bearing interest at LIBOR plus 5.19%; (v) $15.0 million of class A-2L notes bearing interest at LIBOR plus 0.57%; (vi) $25.0 million of class A-3L notes bearing interest at LIBOR plus 1.05%; (vii) $23.5 million of class B-1LA notes bearing interest at LIBOR plus 2.1%; (viii) $14.4 million of class B-1LB notes bearing interest at LIBOR plus 1.00%. All of the notes issued mature on March 1, 2017. RSO has the right to call the notes anytime after March 1, 2009 until maturity in March 2017. The weighted average interest rate on all notes was 1.82% at March 31, 2013 and December 31, 2012, respectively.
Apidos CLO VIII
In October 2011, RSO closed Apidos CLO VIII, a $350.0 million CLO transaction that provides financing for bank loans.  The investments held by Apidos CLO VIII collateralize the debt it issued and, as a result, the investments are not available to RSO, its creditors or stockholders.  Apidos CLO VIII issued a total of $317.6 million of senior notes at a discount of 4.4% to investors and RCC Commercial purchased a $15.0 million interest representing 43.0% of the outstanding subordinated debt.  The remaining 57.0% of subordinated debt is owned by unrelated third parties.  The reinvestment period for Apidos CLO VIII will end in October 2014. The subordinated debt interest is subordinated in right of payment to all other securities issued by Apidos CLO VIII.
The senior notes issued to investors by Apidos CLO VIII consist of the following classes: (i) $231.2 million of class A-1 notes bearing interest at LIBOR plus 1.5%; (ii) $35.0 million of class A-2 notes bearing interest at LIBOR plus 2.0%; (iii) $17.3 million of class B-1 notes bearing interest at LIBOR plus 2.5%; (iv) $6.8 million of class B-2 notes bearing interest at LIBOR plus 2.5%; (v) $14.1 million of class C notes bearing interest at LIBOR plus 3.1% and (vi) $13.2 million of class D notes bearing interest at LIBOR plus 4.5%. All of the notes issued mature on October 17, 2021, although RSO has the right to call the notes anytime from October 17, 2013 until maturity.  The weighted average interest rate on all notes was 2.13% and 2.16% at March 31, 2013 and December 31, 2012, respectively. In October 2013, Apidos CLO VIII was called and liquidated. Proceeds from the liquidation were used to pay the notes down in full.
Apidos Cinco CDO
In May 2007, RSO closed Apidos Cinco CDO, a $350.0 million CDO transaction that provides financing for bank loans.  The investments held by Apidos Cinco CDO collateralize the debt it issued and, as a result, the investments are not available to RSO, its creditors or stockholders.  Apidos Cinco CDO issued a total of $322.0 million of senior notes at par to investors and RCC Commercial purchased a $28.0 million equity interest representing 100% of the outstanding preference shares.  The reinvestment period for Apidos Cinco CDO will end in May 2014.  The equity interest is subordinated in right of payment to all other securities issued by Apidos Cinco CDO.
The senior notes issued to investors by Apidos Cinco CDO consist of the following classes: (i) $37.5 million of class A-1 notes bearing interest at LIBOR plus 0.24%; (ii) $200.0 million of class A-2a notes bearing interest at LIBOR plus 0.23%; (iii) $22.5 million of class A-2b notes bearing interest at LIBOR plus 0.32%; (iv) $19.0 million of class A-3 notes bearing interest at LIBOR plus 0.42%; (v) $18.0 million of class B notes bearing interest at LIBOR plus 0.80%; (vi) $14.0 million of class C notes bearing interest at LIBOR plus 2.25% and (vii) $11.0 million of class D notes bearing interest at LIBOR plus 4.25%. All of the notes issued mature on May 14, 2020, although RSO has the right to call the notes anytime after May 14, 2011 until maturity.  The weighted average interest rate on all notes was 0.80% and 0.82% at March 31, 2013 and December 31, 2012, respectively.
Apidos CDO III
In May 2006, RSO closed Apidos CDO III, a $285.5 million CDO transaction that provides financing for bank loans.  The investments held by Apidos CDO III collateralize the debt it issued and, as a result, the investments are not available to RSO, its creditors or stockholders.  Apidos CDO III issued a total of $262.5 million of senior notes at par to investors and RCC Commercial purchased a $23.0 million equity interest representing 100% of the outstanding preference shares. The equity interest is subordinated in right of payment to all other securities issued by Apidos CDO III.
At closing, the senior notes issued to investors by Apidos CDO III consisted of the following classes:  (i) $212.0 million of class A-1 notes bearing interest at 3-month LIBOR plus 0.26%; (ii) $19.0 million of class A-2 notes bearing interest at 3-month LIBOR plus 0.45%; (iii) $15.0 million of class B notes bearing interest at 3-month LIBOR plus 0.75%; (iv) $10.5 million of class C notes bearing interest at 3-month LIBOR plus 1.75%; and (v) $6.0 million of class D notes bearing interest at 3-month LIBOR plus 4.25%.  All of the notes issued mature on September 12, 2020, although RSO has the right to call the notes anytime after September 12, 2011 until maturity.  The weighted average interest rate on all notes was 0.80% and 0.80% at March 31, 2013 and December 31, 2012, respectively. The reinvestment period for Apidos CDO III ended in June 2012 which results in the sequential pay down of notes as underlying collateral matures and pays down.  As of March 31, 2013, $68.8 million of Class A-1 notes have been paid down.
Apidos CDO I
In August 2005, RSO closed Apidos CDO I, a $350.0 million CDO transaction that provides financing for bank loans.  The investments held by Apidos CDO I collateralize the debt it issued and, as a result, the investments are not available to RSO, its creditors or stockholders.  Apidos CDO I issued a total of $321.5 million of senior notes at par to investors and RCC Commercial purchased a $28.5 million equity interest representing 100% of the outstanding preference shares.  The equity interest is subordinated in right of payment to all other securities issued by Apidos CDO I.
At closing, the senior notes issued to investors by Apidos CDO I consisted of the following classes:  (i) $259.5 million of class A-1 notes bearing interest at 3-month LIBOR plus 0.26%; (ii) $15.0 million of class A-2 notes bearing interest at 3-month LIBOR plus 0.42%; (iii) $20.5 million of class B notes bearing interest at 3-month LIBOR plus 0.75%; (iv) $13.0 million of class C notes bearing interest at 3-month LIBOR plus 1.85%; and (v) $8.0 million of class D notes bearing interest at a fixed rate of 9.25%.  All of the notes issued mature on July 27, 2017, although RSO has the right to call the notes anytime after July 27, 2010 until maturity.  The weighted average interest rate on all notes was 1.14% and 1.07% at March 31, 2013 and December 31, 2012, respectively. The reinvestment period for Apidos CDO I ended in July 2011 which results in the sequential pay down of notes as underlying collateral matures and pays down.  As of March 31, 2013, $144.9 million of Class A-1 Notes have been paid down.
Unsecured Junior Subordinated Debentures
In May 2006 and September 2006, RSO formed RCT I and RCT II, respectively, for the sole purpose of issuing and selling capital securities representing preferred beneficial interests.  Although RSO owns 100% of the common securities of RCT I and RCT II, RCT I and RCT II are not consolidated into RSO’s consolidated financial statements because RSO is not deemed to be the primary beneficiary of these entities.  In connection with the issuance and sale of the capital securities, RSO issued junior subordinated debentures to RCT I and RCT II of $25.8 million each, representing RSO’s maximum exposure to loss.  The debt issuance costs associated with the junior subordinated debentures for RCT I and RCT II are included in RSO's borrowings and are being amortized into interest expense in RSO's consolidated statements of income using the effective yield method over a ten year period.
The debt issuance costs associated with the junior subordinated debentures for RCT I and RCT II at March 31, 2013 were $334,000 and $353,000, respectively.  The debt issuance costs associated with the junior subordinated debentures for RCT I and RCT II at December 31, 2012 were $358,000 and $377,000, respectively.  The rates for RCT I and RCT II, at March 31, 2013, were 4.23% and 4.25%, respectively.  The rates for RCT I and RCT II, at December 31, 2012, were 4.26% and 4.26%, respectively. 
The rights of holders of common securities of RCT I and RCT II are subordinate to the rights of the holders of capital securities only in the event of a default; otherwise, the common securities’ economic and voting rights are pari passu with the capital securities.  The capital and common securities of RCT I and RCT II are subject to mandatory redemption upon the maturity or call of the junior subordinated debentures held by each.  Unless earlier dissolved, RCT I will dissolve on May 25, 2041 and RCT II will dissolve on September 29, 2041.  The junior subordinated debentures are the sole assets of RCT I and RCT II, mature on September 30, 2036 and October 30, 2036, respectively, and may be called at par by RSO any time after September 30, 2011 and October 30, 2011, respectively.  RSO records its investments in RCT I and RCT II’s common securities of $774,000 each as investments in unconsolidated trusts and records dividend income upon declaration by RCT I and RCT II.
Repurchase and Credit Facilities
CMBS – Term Repurchase Facility
In February 2011, the registrant's wholly-owned subsidiaries, RCC Commercial Inc. and RCC Real Estate, Inc.(collectively, the "RSO Subsidiaries"), entered into a master repurchase and securities contract (the “2011 Facility”) with Wells Fargo Bank, National Association (“Wells Fargo”).  Under the 2011 Facility, from time to time, the parties may enter into transactions in which the RSO Subsidiaries and Wells Fargo agree to transfer from the RSO Subsidiaries to Wells Fargo all of their right, title and interest to certain commercial mortgage backed securities and other assets (the “Assets”) against the transfer of funds by Wells Fargo to the RSO Subsidiaries, with a simultaneous agreement by Wells Fargo to transfer back to the RSO Subsidiaries such Assets at a date certain or on demand, against the transfer of funds from the RSO Subsidiaries to Wells Fargo.  The maximum amount of the Facility is $100.0 million which has a two year term with a one year option to extend, and an interest rate equal to the one-month LIBOR plus 1.29% plus a .25% initial structuring fee and a .25% extension fee upon exercise. On February 1, 2013, RSO exercised the option to extend the 2011 Facility to January 31, 2014 and negotiated another one year option to extend to January 31, 2015. The RSO Subsidiaries may enter into interest rate swaps and cap agreements for securities whose average life exceeds two years to mitigate interest rate risk under the 2011 Facility.
The 2011 Facility contains customary events of default, including payment defaults, breaches of covenants and/or certain representations and warranties, cross-defaults, guarantor defaults, and the institution of bankruptcy or insolvency proceedings that remain unstayed.  The remedies for such events of default are also customary for this type of transaction and include the acceleration of all obligations of the RSO Subsidiaries to repay the purchase price for purchased assets.
 The 2011 Facility also contains margin call provisions relating to a decline in the market value of a security. Under these circumstances, Wells Fargo may require the RSO Subsidiaries to transfer cash in an amount sufficient to eliminate any margin deficit resulting from such a decline.
 Under the terms of the 2011 Facility and pursuant to a guarantee agreement dated February 1, 2011 (the “ 2011 Guaranty”), RSO agreed to unconditionally and irrevocably guarantee to Wells Fargo the prompt and complete payment and performance of (a) all payment obligations owing by the RSO Subsidiaries to Wells Fargo under or in connection with the Facility and any other governing agreements and any and all extensions, renewals, modifications, amendments or substitutions of the foregoing; (b) all expenses, including, without limitation, reasonable attorneys' fees and disbursements, that are incurred by Wells Fargo in the enforcement of any of the foregoing or any obligation of the registrant; and (c) any other obligations of the RSO Subsidiaries with respect to Wells Fargo under each of the governing documents.  The 2011 Guaranty  includes covenants that, among other things, limit RSO's leverage and debt service ratios and require maintenance of certain levels of cash and net worth. RCC Real Estate and RCC Commercial were in compliance with all debt covenants as of March 31, 2013.
At March 31, 2013, RCC Real Estate and RCC Commercial had borrowed $44.1 million (net of $117,000 of deferred debt issuance costs), all of which the RSO Subsidiaries had guaranteed.  At March 31, 2013, borrowings under the repurchase agreement were secured by highly-rated CMBS with an estimated fair value of $52.3 million and a weighted average interest rate of one-month LIBOR plus 1.30%, or 1.48%.  At December 31, 2012, RCC Real Estate had borrowed $42.5 million (net of $23,000 of deferred debt issuance costs), all of which the RSO subsidiaries had guaranteed.  At December 31, 2012, borrowings under the repurchase agreement were secured by highly-rated CMBS with an estimated fair value of $51.4 million and a weighted average interest rate of one-month LIBOR plus 1.30%, or 1.53%. At March 31, 2013 and December 31, 2012, RSO also had repurchase agreements of $15.7 million and $20.4 million, respectively that were linked to CMBS purchases and accounted for as Linked Transactions, and as such, the linked repurchase agreements are not included in the borrowings table. At December 31, 2012, RSO also had repurchase agreements of $12.2 million, with a weighted average interest rate of one-month LIBOR plus 1.42% or 1.60%, respectively. The borrowings under the repurchase agreement were secured by highly-rated CMBS with an estimated fair value of $14.6 million as of December 31, 2012.
The following table shows information about the amount at risk under this facility (dollars in thousands):
 
Amount at
Risk (1)
 
Weighted
Average
Maturity in Days
 
Weighted
Average
Interest Rate
March 31, 2013:
 
 
 
 
 
Wells Fargo Bank, National Association (2)
$
10,345

 
18
 
1.48
%
 
 
 
 
 
 
December 31, 2012:
 

 
 
 
 

Wells Fargo Bank, National Association (2)
$
10,722

 
18
 
1.53
%
 
(1)
Equal to the estimated fair value of securities or loans sold, plus accrued interest income, minus the sum of repurchase agreement liabilities plus accrued interest expense.
(2)
$13.3 million and $12.2 million of linked repurchase agreement borrowings are being included as derivative instruments as of March 31, 2013 and December 31, 2012, respectively.
CRE – Term Repurchase Facilities
On February 27, 2012, RCC Real Estate entered into a master repurchase and securities agreement (the "2012 Facility") with Wells Fargo to finance the origination of commercial real estate loans.  The 2012 facility had a maximum amount of $150.0 million and an initial 18 month term with two one year options to extend.  RSO paid an origination fee of 37.5 basis points (0.375)%.  RSO guaranteed RCC Real Estate’s performance of its obligations under the 2012 Facility.  On April 2, 2013, RCC Real Estate entered into an amendment which increased the size to $250.0 million and extended the current term of the 2012 Facility to February of 2015 and provides two additional one year extension options at RSO's discretion. RCC Real Estate paid an additional structuring fee of $101,000 and an extension fee of $938,000 in connection with the amendment and will amortize the additional fees over the term of the extension. At March 31, 2013, RCC Real Estate had borrowed $64.1 million (net of $219,000 of deferred debt issuance costs), all of which RSO had guaranteed.  At March 31, 2013, borrowings under the 2012 Facility were secured by several commercial real estate loans with an estimated fair value of $93.1 million and a weighted average interest rate of one-month LIBOR plus 2.50%, or 2.70%. At December 31, 2012, RCC Real Estate had borrowed $58.8 million (net of $348,000 of deferred debt issuance costs), all of which RSO had guaranteed.  At December 31, 2012, borrowings under the 2012 Facility were secured by several commercial real estate loans with an estimated fair value of $85.4 million and a weighted average interest rate of one-month LIBOR plus 2.67%, or 2.88%.
This 2012 Facility contains customary events of default, including payment defaults, breaches of covenants and/or certain representations and warranties, cross-defaults, guarantor defaults, and the institution of bankruptcy or insolvency proceedings that remain unstayed.  The remedies for such events of default are also customary for this type of transaction and include the acceleration of all obligations of RSO to repay the purchase price for purchased assets.
 The 2012 Facility also contains margin call provisions relating to a decline in the market value of a security. Under these circumstances, Wells Fargo may require RSO to transfer cash in an amount sufficient to eliminate any margin deficit resulting from such a decline.
 Under the terms of the 2012 Facility and pursuant to a guarantee agreement dated February 27, 2012 (the “2012 Guaranty”), RSO agreed to unconditionally and irrevocably guarantee to Wells Fargo the prompt and complete payment and performance of (a) all payment obligations owing by the RSO Companies to Wells Fargo under or in connection with the 2012 Facility and any other governing agreements and any and all extensions, renewals, modifications, amendments or substitutions of the foregoing; (b) all expenses, including, without limitation, reasonable attorneys' fees and disbursements, that are incurred by Wells Fargo in the enforcement of any of the foregoing or any obligation of the registrant; and (c) any other obligations of RSO with respect to Wells Fargo under each of the governing documents.  The 2012 Guaranty  includes covenants that, among other things, limit the registrant's leverage and debt service ratios and require maintenance of certain levels of cash and net worth. RCC Real Estate was in compliance with all debt covenants as of March 31, 2013.
The following table shows information about the amount at risk under the facility (dollars in thousands);
 
Amount at
Risk (1)
 
Weighted
Average
Maturity in Days
 
Weighted
Average
Interest Rate
March 31, 2013:
 
 
 
 
 
Wells Fargo Bank, National Association
$
28,831

 
18
 
2.70
%
 
 
 
 
 
 
December 31, 2012:
 

 
 
 
 

Wells Fargo Bank, National Association
$
26,332

 
18
 
2.88
%
 
(1)
Equal to the estimated fair value of securities or loans sold, plus accrued interest income, minus the sum of repurchase agreement liabilities plus accrued interest expense.
On July 19, 2013, RCC Real Estate's wholly owned subsidiary, RCC Real Estate SPE 5 ("SPE 5") entered into a master repurchase and securities agreement (the "DB Facility") with Deutsche Bank AG, Cayman Islands Branch ("DB") to finance the origination of commercial real estate loans.  The DB Facility has a maximum amount of $200 million and an initial 12 month term with two one-year extensions at the option of SPE 5 and subject further to the right of SPE 5 to repurchase the assets held in the facility earlier. RSO paid a structuring fee of 0.25% of the maximum facility amount, as well as other reasonable closing costs. RSO guaranteed SPE 5's performance of its obligations under the DB Facility.
The DB Facility contains provisions that provide DB with certain rights if certain credit events have occurred with respect to one or more assets financed on the DB Facility to either repay a portion of the advance on such asset(s) or repay such advance in full (by repurchase of such asset(s). Depending on the nature of the credit event, such repayment may be required notwithstanding the availability of interest and principal payments from assets financed on the DB Facility, or may only be required to the extent of the availability of such payments.
The DB Facility contains events of default (subject to certain materiality thresholds and grace periods) customary for this type of financing arrangement, including but not limited to: payment defaults; bankruptcy or insolvency proceedings; a change of control of SPE 5 or RSO; breaches of covenants and/or certain representations and warranties; performance defaults by RSO; a judgment in an amount greater than $100,000 against SPE 5 or $5,000,000 in the aggregate against RSO; or a default involving the failure to pay or acceleration of a monetary obligation in excess of $100,000 of SPE 5 or $5.0 million of RSO. The remedies for such events of default are also customary for this type of transaction and include the acceleration of the principal amount outstanding under the DB Facility and the liquidation by DB of assets then subject to the DB Facility.
RSO was in compliance with all debt covenants as of March 31, 2013.
CRE - Repurchase Facility
On March 8, 2005, the Company entered into a master repurchase and securities agreement with Deutsche Bank Securities Inc. to finance the origination of commercial real estate loans. The Company guaranteed RCC Real Estate's performance of its obligations under the repurchase agreement. There is no stated maximum amount of the facility and the repurchase agreement has an initial 12 month term with monthly resets of one-month LIBOR plus 3.25%.   The Company had repaid all borrowings under this agreement as of March 31, 2013.
Short-Term Repurchase Agreements
On November 6, 2012, RSO entered into a master repurchase and securities agreement with JP Morgan Securities LLC to finance the origination of CMBS.  There is no stated maximum amount of the facility and the repurchase agreement has no stated maturity with monthly resets of interest rates.  At March 31, 2013, RCC Real Estate had borrowed $13.5 million, all of which RSO had guaranteed. At March 31. 2013, borrowings under the repurchase agreement were secured by a CMBS bond with an estimated fair value of $20.2 million and a weighted average interest rate of one-month LIBOR plus 0.86%, or 1.07%.  At December 31, 2012, RCC Real Estate had borrowed $4.7 million, all of which RSO had guaranteed, that were linked to CMBS purchases and accounted for as Linked Transactions, and as such, the linked repurchase agreements are not included in the borrowings table.  At December 31, 2012, borrowings under the repurchase agreement were secured by a CMBS bond with an estimated fair value of $7.2 million and a weighted average interest rate of one-month LIBOR plus 0.80%, or 1.01%
The following table shows information about the amount at risk under this facility (dollars in thousands):
 
Amount at
Risk (1)
 
Weighted
Average
Maturity in Days
 
Weighted
Average
Interest Rate
March 31, 2013
 
 
 
 
 
JP Morgan Securities, LLC (2)
$
6,965

 
12
 
1.07
%
 
 
 
 
 
 
December 31, 2012:
 
 
 
 
 
JP Morgan Securities, LLC (2)
$
2,544

 
11
 
1.01
%
 
(1)
Equal to the estimated fair value of securities or loans sold, plus accrued interest income, minus the sum of repurchase agreement liabilities plus accrued interest expense.
(2)
$13.5 million and $4.7 million linked repurchase agreement borrowings are being included as derivative instruments as of March 31, 2013 and December 31, 2012.
On February 14, 2012, RCC Real Estate entered into a master repurchase and securities agreement with Wells Fargo Securities, LLC to finance the origination of CMBS.  There is no stated maximum amount of the facility and the repurchase agreement has no stated maturity date with monthly resets of interest rates.  RSO guaranteed RCC Real Estate’s performance of its obligations under the repurchase agreement.  At March 31, 2013, RCC Real Estate had borrowed $19.0 million, all of which RSO had guaranteed.  At March 31, 2013, borrowings under the repurchase agreement were secured by seven CMBS bond with an estimated fair value of $27.4 million and a weighted average interest rate of one-month LIBOR plus 1.05%, or 1.25%. At December 31, 2012, RCC Real Estate had borrowed $5.4 million, all of which RSO had guaranteed.  At December 31, 2012, borrowings under the repurchase agreement were secured by two CMBS bonds with an estimated fair value of $8.5 million and a weighted average interest rate of one-month LIBOR plus 1.25%, or 1.46%.
The following table shows information about the amount at risk under this facility (dollars in thousands);
 
Amount at
Risk (1)
 
Weighted
Average
Maturity in Days
 
Weighted
Average
Interest Rate
March 31, 2013
 
 
 
 
 
Wells Fargo Securities, LLC (2)
$
8,837

 
1
 
1.25
%
 
 
 
 
 
 
December 31, 2012:
 
 
 
 
 
Wells Fargo Securities, LLC (2)
$
1,956

 
28
 
1.46
%
 
(1)
Equal to the estimated fair value of securities or loans sold, plus accrued interest income, minus the sum of repurchase agreement liabilities plus accrued interest expense.
(2)
$16.8 million and $3.5 million of linked repurchase agreement borrowings are being included as derivative instruments as of March 31, 2013 and December 31, 2012.     
On March 8, 2005, RCC Real Estate entered into a master repurchase and securities agreement with Deutsche Bank Securities Inc. to finance the origination of CMBS and commercial real estate loans.  There is no stated maximum amount of the facility and the repurchase agreement has an initial 12 month term with monthly resets of interest rates.  RSO guaranteed RCC Real Estate’s performance of its obligations under the repurchase agreement.   At March 31, 2013, RCC Real Estate had borrowed $9.9 million, all of which RSO had guaranteed, that were linked to CMBS purchases and accounted for as Linked Transactions, and as such, the linked repurchase agreements are not included in the borrowings table.  At March 31, 2013, borrowings under the repurchase agreement were secured by a CMBS bond with an estimated fair value of $15.2 million and a weighted average interest rate of one-month LIBOR plus 1.08%, or 1.28%.  At December 31, 2012, RCC Real Estate had borrowed $3.1 million, all of which RSO had guaranteed, that were linked to CMBS purchases and accounted for as Linked Transactions, and as such, the linked repurchase agreements are not included in the borrowings table.  At December 31, 2012, borrowings under the repurchase agreement were secured by a CMBS bond with an estimated fair value of $5.1 million and a weighted average interest rate of one-month LIBOR plus 1.25%, or 1.46%
The following table shows information about the amount at risk under this facility (dollars in thousands);
 
Amount at
Risk (1)
 
Weighted
Average
Maturity in Days
 
Weighted
Average
Interest Rate
March 31, 2013:
 
 
 
 
 
Deutsche Bank Securities, Inc.
$
5,360

 
15
 
1.28
%
 
 
 
 
 
 
December 31, 2012:
 
 
 
 
 
Deutsche Bank Securities, Inc.
$
2,069

 
7
 
1.46
%
 
(1)
Equal to the estimated fair value of securities or loans sold, plus accrued interest income, minus the sum of repurchase agreement liabilities plus accrued interest expense.
Mortgage Payable
On August 1, 2011, RSO, through RCC Real Estate, purchased Whispertree Apartments, a 504 unit multi-family property located in Houston, Texas, for $18.1 million.  The property was 95% occupied at acquisition.  In conjunction with the purchase of the property, RSO entered into a seven year mortgage of $13.6 million with a lender.  The mortgage bears interest at a rate of one-month LIBOR plus 3.95%.  As of March 31, 2013 and December 31, 2012, the borrowing rate was 4.15% and 4.17%.
. Related party transactions - RSO
Relationship with LEAF.  LEAF originates and manages equipment leases and notes on behalf of RSO.
On March 5, 2010, RSO entered into agreements with Lease Equity Appreciation Fund II, L.P. (“LEAF II”) (an equipment leasing partnership sponsored by LEAF Financial and of which a LEAF Financial subsidiary is the general partner), pursuant to which RSO provided and funded an $8.0 million credit facility to LEAF II.  The credit facility initially had a one year term at 12% per year, payable quarterly, and was secured by all the assets of LEAF II including its entire ownership interest in LEAF II Receivables Funding.  RSO received a 1% origination fee in connection with establishing the facility.  The facility originally matured on March 3, 2011 and was extended until September 3, 2011 with a 1% extension fee paid on the outstanding loan balance.  On June 3, 2011, RSO entered into an amendment to extend the maturity to February 15, 2012 and decrease the interest rate from 12% to 10% per annum resulting in a troubled-debt restructuring under current accounting guidance.  On February 15, 2012, the credit facility was further amended to extend the maturity to February 15, 2013 with a 1% extension fee accrued and added to the amount outstanding.  On January 11, 2013, RSO entered into another amendment to extend the maturity to February 15, 2014 with an additional 1% extension fee accrued and added to the amount outstanding. The loan is current and performing with balances outstanding at March 31, 2013 and December 31, 2012 of $6.3 million and $6.8 million, respectively.
Relationship with CVC Credit Partners. On February 24, 2011, a subsidiary of RSO purchased 100% of the ownership interests in Churchill Pacific Asset Management LLC ("CPAM") from Churchill Financial Holdings LLC for $22.5 million.  CPAM subsequently changed its name to RCAM. Through RCAM, RSO is entitled to collect senior, subordinated and incentive fees related to five CLO holdings of approximately $1.9 billion in assets managed by RCAM.  RCAM is assisted by CVC Credit Partners in managing the five CLOs.   CVC Credit Partners is entitled to 10% of all subordinated fees and 50% of the incentive fees received by RCAM.  For the three months ended March 31, 2013 and 2012, CVC Credit Partners earned subordinated fees of $181,000 and $207,000, respectively. In October 2012, RSO purchased 66.6% of the preferred equity in one of the RCAM CLOs. In May 2013, RSO purchased additional equity in this CLO, increasing its ownership percentage to 68.3%. In September 2013, this CLO was called and the notes were paid down in full. Another RCAM-managed CLO also elected to redeem its outstanding notes in whole earlier this year in February 2013.
Relationship with Resource Real Estate. On June 21, 2011, RSO entered into a joint venture with an unaffiliated third party to form CR SLH Partners, L.P. (“SLH Partners”) to purchase a defaulted promissory note secured by a mortgage on a multi-family apartment building.  RSO purchased a 10% equity interest in the venture and also loaned SLH Partners $7.0 million to finance the project secured by a first mortgage lien on the property. On May 23, 2012, SLH Partners repaid the $7.0 million loan in its entirety.  The loan had a maturity date of September 21, 2012 and bore interest at a fixed rate of 10.0% per annum on the unpaid principal balance, payable monthly.   RSO received a commitment fee equal to 1.0% of the loan amount at the origination of the loan and received a $70,000 exit fee upon repayment.  RREM was appointed as the asset manager of the venture.  RREM performs lease review and approval, debt service collection, loan workout, foreclosure, disposition and permitting, as applicable.  RREM is also responsible for engaging third parties to perform day-to-day property management, property leasing, rent collection, maintenance, and capital improvements.  RREM receives an annual asset management fee equal to 2.0% of the gross receipts generated from the property.  RSO held a $1.3 million and $1.2 million preferred equity investment in SLH Partners as of March 31, 2013 and December 31, 2012, respectively.
Relationship with TBBK.  Walter Beach, a director of TBBK since 1999, has also served as a director of RSO since March 2005. On July 7, 2011, RSO and RCC Real Estate entered into a $10.0 million revolving credit facility with Bancorp.  The note matured on June 30, 2012 and was not renewed. There were no outstanding borrowings as of March 31, 2013 or December 31, 2012.
Relationship with Ledgewood.  Until 1996, Edward E. Cohen, a director who was RSO’s Chairman from its inception until November 2009, was of counsel to Ledgewood, P.C., a law firm.  In addition, one of RSO’s executive officers, Jeffrey F. Brotman, was employed by Ledgewood until 2007.  Mr. E. Cohen receives certain debt service payments from Ledgewood related to the termination of his affiliation with Ledgewood and its redemption of his interest in the firm.  Mr. Brotman also receives certain debt service payments from Ledgewood related to the termination of his affiliation with the firm.  For the three months ended March 31, 2013 and 2012, RSO paid Ledgewood $46,000 and $33,000, respectively, in connection with legal services rendered to RSO.
M. Fair value of financial instruments - RSO
In analyzing the fair value of its investments accounted for on a fair value basis, RSO follows the fair value hierarchy which requires an entity to maximize the use of observable inputs and minimize the use of unobservable inputs when measuring fair value.  RSO determines fair value based on quoted prices when available or, if quoted prices are not available, through the use of alternative approaches, such as using third party valuation firms or discounting the expected cash flows using market interest rates commensurate with the credit quality and duration of the investment.  The hierarchy followed defines three levels of inputs that may be used to measure fair value:
Level 1 - Quoted prices in active markets for identical assets and liabilities that the reporting entity has the ability to access at the measurement date. 
Level 2 - Inputs other than quoted prices included within Level 1 that are observable for the asset and liability or can be corroborated with observable market data for substantially the entire contractual term of the asset or liability.
Level 3 - Unobservable inputs that reflect the entity’s own assumptions about the assumptions that market participants would use in the pricing of the asset or liability and are consequently not based on market activity, but rather through particular valuation techniques.
The determination of where an asset or liability falls in the hierarchy requires significant judgment.  RSO evaluates its hierarchy disclosures each quarter; depending on various factors, it is possible that an asset or liability may be classified differently from quarter to quarter.  However, RSO expects that changes in classifications between levels will be rare.
Certain assets and liabilities are measured at fair value on a recurring basis.  The following is a discussion of these assets and liabilities as well as the valuation techniques applied to each for fair value measurement.
RSO reports its investment securities available-for-sale at fair value.  To determine fair value, RSO uses an independent third-party valuation firm utilizing market color as well as appropriate prepayment, default, and recovery rates.  These valuations are validated utilizing dealer quotes or bids. If there is a material difference between the value indicated by the third-party valuation firm and the dealer quote or bid, RSO will evaluate the difference which could result in an updated valuation from the third party or a revised dealer quote. Based on the market color available for each position, RSO categorizes these investments as either Level 2 or Level 3 in the fair value hierarchy.
RSO reports its investment securities, trading at fair value, based on an independent third-party valuation.  RSO evaluates the reasonableness of the valuation it receives by using a dealer quote.  If there is a material difference between the value indicated by the third party and a quote RSO receives, RSO will evaluate the difference.  Any changes in fair value are recorded on RSO’s results of operations as net unrealized (loss) gain on investment securities, trading.
The CMBS underlying RSO’s Linked Transactions are valued using the same techniques as those used for RSO’s other CMBS. The value of the underlying CMBS is then netted against the carrying amount (which approximates fair value) of the repurchase agreement borrowing at the valuation date. The fair value of Linked Transactions also includes accrued interest receivable on the CMBS and accrued interest payable on the underlying repurchase agreement borrowings. RSO’s Linked Transactions are classified as Level 2 or Level 3 in the fair value hierarchy.
Derivatives (interest rate swaps and interest rate caps), both assets and liabilities, are reported at fair value, and are valued by a third-party pricing agent using an income approach with models that use, as their primary inputs, readily observable market parameters.  This valuation process considers factors including interest rate yield curves, time value, credit factors and volatility factors.  Although RSO has determined that the majority of the inputs used to value its derivatives fall within Level 2 of the fair value hierarchy, the credit valuation adjustments associated with its derivatives utilize Level 3 inputs, such as estimates of current credit spreads, to evaluate the likelihood of default by RSO and its counterparties.  RSO assesses the significance of the impact of the credit valuation adjustments on the overall valuation of its derivative positions and, if material, categorizes those derivatives within Level 3 of the fair value hierarchy.
The following table presents information about RSO’s assets (including derivatives that are presented net) measured at fair value on a recurring basis and indicates the fair value hierarchy of the valuation techniques utilized by RSO to determine such fair value as follows (in thousands):
   
Level 1
 
Level 2
 
Level 3
 
Total
March 31, 2013:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Assets:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Investment securities, trading
$

 
$

 
$
32,892

 
$
32,892

Investment securities available-for-sale
11,397

 
113,378

 
117,507

 
242,282

CMBS - linked transactions

 
10,808

 
11,647

 
22,455

Total assets at fair value
$
11,397

 
$
124,186

 
$
162,046

 
$
297,629

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Liabilities:
 

 
 

 
 

 
 

Derivatives (net)
$

 
$
558

 
$
13,478

 
$
14,036

Total liabilities at fair value
$

 
$
558

 
$
13,478

 
$
14,036

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
December 31, 2012:
 

 
 

 
 

 
 

Assets:
 

 
 

 
 

 
 

Investment securities, trading
$

 
$

 
$
24,843

 
$
24,843

Investment securities available-for-sale
9,757

 
132,561

 
89,272

 
231,590

CMBS - linked transactions

 
4,802

 
2,033

 
6,835

Total assets at fair value
$
9,757

 
$
137,363

 
$
116,148

 
$
263,268

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Liabilities:
 

 
 

 
 

 
 

Derivatives (net)
$

 
$
610

 
$
14,077

 
$
14,687

Total liabilities at fair value
$

 
$
610

 
$
14,077

 
$
14,687


The following table presents additional information about assets which are measured at fair value on a recurring basis for which RSO has utilized Level 3 inputs (in thousands):
 
Level 3
Beginning balance, January 1, 2013
$
116,148

Total gains or losses (realized/unrealized):
 

Included in earnings
1,564

Purchases
46,980

Sales
(3,249
)
Paydowns
(1,632
)
Unrealized gains (losses) – included in accumulated other comprehensive income
2,235

Transfers from level 2

Ending balance, March 31, 2013
$
162,046


The following table presents additional information about liabilities which are measured at fair value on a recurring basis for which RSO has utilized Level 3 inputs (in thousands):
 
Level 3
Beginning balance, January 1, 2013                                                                                            
$
14,077

Unrealized gains – included in accumulated other comprehensive income
(599
)
Ending balance, March 31, 2013                                                                                            
$
13,478


RSO had $21,000 and $139,000 of impairment losses included in earnings due to the other-than-temporary impairment charges on one asset during each of the three months ended March 31, 2013 and 2012, respectively. These losses are included in the RSO consolidated statements of income as net impairment losses recognized in earnings.
Loans held for sale consist of bank loans and commercial real estate loans (“CRE loans”) identified for sale due to credit concerns.  Interest on loans held for sale is recognized according to the contractual terms of the loan and included in RSO's interest income on loans.  The fair value of bank loans held for sale and impaired bank loans is based on what secondary markets are currently offering for these loans.  As such, RSO classifies these loans as nonrecurring Level 2.  For RSO’s CRE loans where there is no primary market, fair value is measured using discounted cash flow analysis and other valuation techniques and these loans are classified as nonrecurring Level 3. The amount of nonrecurring fair value losses for impaired loans for both the three months ended March 31, 2013 and 2012 was $1.3 million and is included in RSO's consolidated statements of income as provision for loan losses.
The following table summarizes the financial assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a nonrecurring basis and indicates the fair value hierarchy of the valuation techniques utilized by RSO to determine such fair value as follows (in thousands):
 
Level 1
 
Level 2
 
Level 3
 
Total
March 31, 2013:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Assets:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Loans held for sale
$

 
$
18,150

 
$

 
$
18,150

Total assets at fair value
$

 
$
18,150

 
$

 
$
18,150

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
December 31, 2012:
 

 
 

 
 

 
 

Assets:
 

 
 

 
 

 
 

Loans held for sale
$

 
$
14,894

 
$
34,000

 
$
48,894

Impaired loans

 
4,366

 
21,000

 
25,366

Total assets at fair value
$

 
$
19,260

 
$
55,000

 
$
74,260


For Level 3 assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring or non-recurring basis as of March 31, 2013, the significant unobservable inputs used in the fair value measurements were as follows (in thousands):
 
Fair Value at
March 31, 2013
 
Valuation Technique
 
Significant Unobservable Inputs
 
Significant
Unobservable
Input Value
Interest rate swap agreements
$
(14,036
)
 
Discounted cash flow
 
Weighted average credit spreads
 
5.01%

RSO is required to disclose the fair value of financial instruments for which it is practicable to estimate that value.  The fair value of short-term financial instruments such as cash and cash equivalents, restricted cash, principal paydown receivable, interest receivable, distribution payable and accrued interest expense approximates their carrying value on RSO's consolidated balance sheet.  
The fair value of RSO's Level 2 loans held-for-investment was primarily measured using a third-party pricing service.  The fair value of RSO’s Level 3 loans held-for-investment was measured by discounting the expected future cash flows using the current interest rates at which similar loans would be made to borrowers with similar credit ratings and for the same remaining maturities.
Loans receivable-related party are estimated by discounting the expected future cash flows using the current interest rates at which similar loans would be made to borrowers with similar credit ratings and for the same remaining maturities.
CDO notes are valued using the dealer quotes, typically the dealer who underwrote the CDO in which the notes are held.
Junior subordinated notes are estimated by obtaining quoted prices for similar assets in active markets.
The fair values of RSO’s remaining financial instruments that are not reported at fair value on the RSO consolidated balance sheets are reported below (in thousands):
 
 
 
Fair Value Measurements
 
Carrying Amount
 
Fair Value
 
Quoted Prices
in Active Markets
for Identical
Assets of Liabilities
(Level 1)
 
Significant
Other
Observable
Inputs
(Level 2)
 
Significant
Unobservable
Inputs
(Level 3)
March 31, 2013:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Loans held-for-investment
$
1,708,540

 
$
1,728,878

 
$

 
$
1,086,102

 
$
642,776

Loans receivable-related party
$
7,860

 
$
7,860

 
$

 
$

 
$
7,860

CDO notes
$
1,475,014

 
$
1,295,372

 
$

 
$
1,295,372

 
$

Junior subordinated notes
$
50,861

 
$
17,355

 
$

 
$

 
$
17,355

Repurchase agreement
$
110,365

 
$
110,365

 
$

 
$

 
$
110,365

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
December 31, 2012:
 

 
 

 
 

 
 

 
 

Loans held-for-investment
$
1,793,780

 
$
1,848,617

 
$

 
$
1,186,642

 
$
661,975

Loans receivable-related party
$
8,324

 
$
8,324

 
$

 
$

 
$
8,324

CDO notes
$
1,614,883

 
$
1,405,124

 
$

 
$
1,405,124

 
$

Junior subordinated notes
$
50,814

 
$
17,308

 
$

 
$

 
$
17,308

Repurchase agreement
$
106,303

 
$
106,303

 
$

 
$

 
$
106,303