Note 2 – Investments

Available for Sale Securities – Fixed Maturity and Equity Securities

The following tables provide a summary of fixed maturities available for sale by original or amortized cost and estimated fair value:

December 31, 2018	Original or Amortized Cost		Gross Unrealized Gains		Gross Unrealized Losses			Estimated Fair Value

Investments available for sale:
Fixed maturities
U.S. Government and govt. agencies and authorities	$	25,649,410	$	149,006	$	(138,222	)	$	25,660,194
U.S. special revenue and assessments		16,350,486		334,300		(4,406	)		16,680,380
All other corporate bonds		118,895,973		2,569,287		(2,845,050	)		118,620,210
Total	$	160,895,869	$	3,052,593	$	(2,987,678	)	$	160,960,784

December 31, 2017	Original or Amortized Cost		Gross Unrealized Gains		Gross Unrealized Losses			Estimated Fair Value

Investments available for sale:
Fixed maturities
U.S. Government and govt. agencies and authorities	$	2,679,325	$	33,802	$	(73,530	)	$	2,639,597
U.S. special revenue and assessments		9,012,232		620,789		0			9,633,021
All other corporate bonds		148,220,954		18,359,816		(298,163	)		166,282,607
		159,912,511		19,014,407		(371,693	)		178,555,225
Equity securities (1)		35,712,633		23,648,201		(512,343	)		58,848,491
Total	$	195,625,144	$	42,662,608	$	(884,036	)	$	237,403,716

(1) Effective January 1, 2018, the Company adopted ASU 2016-01 and equity securities are no longer classified as available-for-sale. Prior periods have not been restated to conform to the current presentation. See Note 1 to the Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information.

The following table provides a summary of fixed maturities by contractual maturity as of December 31, 2018. Actual maturities could differ from contractual maturities due to call or prepayment provisions:

Fixed Maturities Available for Sale December 31, 2018	Amortized Cost		Estimated Fair Value

Due in one year or less	$	6,498,249	$	6,537,005
Due after one year through five years		43,015,419		44,106,710
Due after five years through ten years		60,011,083		60,985,500
Due after ten years		51,371,118		49,331,569
Total	$	160,895,869	$	160,960,784

By insurance statute, the majority of the Company's investment portfolio is invested in investment grade securities to provide ample protection for policyholders.

Below investment grade debt securities generally provide higher yields and involve greater risks than investment grade debt securities because their issuers typically are more highly leveraged and more vulnerable to adverse economic conditions than investment grade issuers. In addition, the trading market for these securities is usually more limited than for investment grade debt securities. Debt securities classified as below-investment grade are those that receive a Standard & Poor's rating of BB+ or below.

The Company held below investment grade investments with an estimated market value of $2,618,594 and $21,108,077 as of December 31, 2018 and December 31, 2017, respectively. The investments are all classified as “All other corporate bonds”.

The fair value of investments with sustained gross unrealized losses at December 31, 2018 and 2017 are as follows:

December 31, 2018	Less than 12 months						12 months or longer						Total

	Fair value			Unrealized losses			Fair value			Unrealized losses			Fair value			Unrealized losses
U.S. Government and govt. agencies and authorities		$	6,429,700		(49,904	)		$	1,592,679		(88,318	)		$	8,022,379		(138,222	)
U.S. special revenue and assessments			4,023,920		(4,406	)			0		0				4,023,920		(4,406	)
All other corporate bonds			49,270,729		(2,033,507	)			15,337,739		(811,543	)			64,608,468		(2,845,050	)
Total fixed maturities		$	59,724,349		(2,087,817	)		$	16,930,418		(899,861	)		$	76,654,767		(2,987,678	)

December 31, 2017	Less than 12 months						12 months or longer						Total

	Fair value			Unrealized losses			Fair value			Unrealized losses			Fair value			Unrealized losses
U.S. Government and govt. agencies and authorities		$	0		0			$	1,604,987		(73,530	)		$	1,604,987		(73,530	)
All other corporate bonds			9,732,635		(91,757	)			11,164,317		(206,406	)			20,896,952		(298,163	)
Total fixed maturities		$	9,732,635		(91,757	)		$	12,769,304		(279,936	)		$	22,501,939		(371,693	)
Equity securities (1)		$	4,130,260		(270,774	)		$	1,526,868		(241,569	)		$	5,657,128		(512,343	)

The following table provides additional information regarding the number of securities that were in an unrealized loss position for greater than or less than twelve months:

	Less than 12 months	12 months or longer	Total
As of December 31, 2018
Fixed maturities	30	10	40
As of December 31, 2017
Fixed maturities	6	6	12
Equity securities (1)	2	2	4

Substantially all of the unrealized losses on fixed maturities available for sale at December 31, 2018 and 2017 are attributable to changes in market interest rates and general disruptions in the credit market subsequent to purchase. The unrealized losses on equity investments were primarily attributable to normal market fluctuations. The Company does not currently intend to sell nor does it expect to be required to sell any of the securities in an unrealized loss position. Based upon the Company’s expected continuation of receipt of contractually required principal and interest payments and its intent and ability to retain the securities until price recovery, as well as the Company’s evaluation of other relevant factors, the Company deems these securities to be temporarily impaired as of December 31, 2018 and 2017.

Cost Method Investments

The Company held equity investments with an aggregate cost of $12,118,617 at December 31, 2018. These equity investments were not reported at fair value because it is not practicable to estimate their fair values due to insufficient information being available. Management did not identify any events or changes in circumstances that might have a significant adverse effect on the reported value of those investments. Based on Management's evaluation of the expected cash flow of the investments, and the Company's ability and intent to hold the investments for a reasonable period of time, the Company does not deem an other-than-temporary impairment necessary at December 31, 2018.

Trading Securities

Securities designated as trading securities are reported at fair value, with gains or losses resulting from changes in fair value recognized in net investment income on the Consolidated Statements of Operations. Trading Securities included exchange-traded equities and exchange-traded options. Trading securities carried as liabilities were securities sold short. A gain, limited to the price at which the security was sold short, or a loss, potentially unlimited in size, was recognized upon the termination of the short sale. Earnings from trading securities were classified in cash flows from operating activities. The Company did not hold any trading securities at December 31, 2018 or 2017.

The following table reflects trading securities revenue charged to net investment income for the periods ended December 31:

	2018			2017

Net unrealized gains (losses)		$	0		$	(111,531	)
Net realized gains (losses)			0			110,470
Net unrealized and realized gains (losses)		$	0		$	(1,061	)

Mortgage Loans on Real Estate

The Company, from time to time, acquires mortgage loans through participation agreements with FSNB. FSNB has been able to provide the Company with additional expertise and experience in underwriting commercial and residential mortgage loans, which provide more attractive yields than the traditional bond market. The Company is able to receive participations from FSNB for three primary reasons: 1) FSNB has already reached its maximum lending limit to a single borrower, but the borrower is still considered a suitable risk; 2) the interest rate on a particular loan may be fixed for a long period that is more suitable for UG given its asset-liability structure; and 3) FSNB’s loan growth might at times outpace its deposit growth, resulting in FSNB participating such excess loan growth rather than turning customers away. For originated loans, the Company’s Management is responsible for the final approval of such loans after evaluation. Before a new loan is issued, the applicant is subject to certain criteria set forth by Company Management to ensure quality control. These criteria include, but are not limited to, a credit report, personal financial information such as outstanding debt, sources of income, and personal equity. Once the loan is approved, the Company directly funds the loan to the borrower. The Company bears all risk of loss associated with the terms of the mortgage with the borrower.

During 2018 and 2017, the Company acquired $91,954 and $360,531 in mortgage loans, respectively, of participation mortgage loans. FSNB services the majority of the Company’s mortgage loan portfolio. The Company pays FSNB a .25% servicing fee on these loans and a one-time fee at loan origination of .50% of the original loan cost to cover costs incurred by FSNB relating to the processing and establishment of the loan.

During 2018 and 2017, the maximum and minimum lending rates for mortgage loans were:

	2018		2017
	Maximum rate	Minimum rate	Maximum rate	Minimum rate

Farm loans	5.00 %	5.00 %	5.00 %	5.00 %
Commercial loans	7.50 %	4.00 %	7.50 %	4.00 %
Residential loans	8.00 %	8.00 %	8.00 %	4.00 %

Most mortgage loans are first position loans. Loans issued are generally limited to no more than 80% of the appraised value of the property.

The Company has in place a monitoring system to provide Management with information regarding potential troubled loans. Letters are sent to each mortgagee when the loan becomes 30 days or more delinquent. Management is provided with a monthly listing of loans that are 60 days or more past due. All loans 90 days or more past due are placed on a non-performing status and classified as delinquent loans. Quarterly, coinciding with external financial reporting, the Company reviews each delinquent loan and determines how each delinquent loan should be classified. Management believes the current internal controls surrounding the mortgage loan selection process provide a quality portfolio with minimal risk of foreclosure and/or negative financial impact.

Changes in the current economy could have a negative impact on the loans, including the financial stability of the borrowers, the borrowers’ ability to pay or to refinance, the value of the property held as collateral and the ability to find purchasers at favorable prices. Interest accruals are analyzed based on the likelihood of repayment. In no event will interest continue to accrue when accrued interest along with the outstanding principal exceeds the net realizable value of the property. The Company does not utilize a specified number of days delinquent to cause an automatic non-accrual status.

A mortgage loan reserve is established and adjusted based on Management's quarterly analysis of the portfolio and any deterioration in value of the underlying property which would reduce the net realizable value of the property below its current carrying value. The mortgage loan reserve was $0 at December 31, 2018 and December 31, 2017.

The following table summarizes the mortgage loan holdings of the Company for the periods ended December 31:

	2018		2017

In good standing	$	7,169,272	$	15,310,941
Overdue interest over 90 days		1,899,839		0
Restructured		0		0
In process of foreclosure		0		2,003,536
Total mortgage loans	$	9,069,111	$	17,314,477
Total foreclosed loans during the year	$	0	$	0

Investment Real Estate

Investment Real estate acquired through foreclosure, consisting of properties obtained through foreclosure proceedings or acceptance of a deed in lieu of foreclosure, is reported on an individual asset basis at the lower of cost or fair value, less disposal costs. Fair value is determined on the basis of current appraisals, comparable sales, and other estimates of value obtained principally from independent sources. When properties are acquired through foreclosure, any excess of the loan balance at the time of foreclosure over the fair value of the real estate held as collateral is recognized and charged to the Consolidated Statements of Operations. Based upon Management’s evaluation of the real estate acquired through foreclosure, additional expense is recorded when necessary in an amount sufficient to reflect any declines in estimated fair value. Gains and losses recognized on the disposition of the properties are recorded as realized gains and losses in the Consolidated Statements of Operations.

Notes Receivable

Notes receivable represent collateral loans and promissory notes issued by the Company and are reported at their unpaid principal balances, adjusted for valuation allowances. Valuation allowances are established for impaired loans when it is probable that contractual principal and interest will not be collected. The valuation allowance as of December 31, 2018 and 2017 was $0. Interest accruals are analyzed based on the likelihood of repayment. The Company does not utilize a specified number of days delinquent to cause an automatic non-accrual status.

Before a new note is issued, the applicant is subject to certain criteria set forth by Company Management to ensure quality control. Once the note is approved, the Company directly funds the note to the borrower. Several of the notes have participation agreements in place, whereas the Company has reduced its investment in the note receivable by participating a portion of the note to a third party.

Similar to the mortgage loans, FSNB services several of the notes receivable. The Company, and the participants in the notes, share in the risk of loss associated with the terms of the note with the borrower, based upon their ownership percentage in the note. The Company has in place a monitoring system to provide Management with information regarding potential troubled loans.

Analysis of Investment Operations

The following table reflects the Company’s net investment income for the periods ended December 31:

	2018			2017

Fixed maturities	$	7,273,157		$	8,685,698
Equity securities		1,628,649			1,213,922
Trading securities		0			(1,061	)
Mortgage loans		1,234,115			1,191,865
Real estate		2,771,348			1,990,844
Notes receivable		979,742			1,322,675
Policy loans		646,993			664,116
Cash and cash equivalents		355,276			23,445
Short-term		18,159			1,263
Total consolidated investment income		14,907,439			15,092,767
Investment expenses		(3,704,771	)		(3,391,769	)
Consolidated net investment income	$	11,202,668		$	11,700,998

The following table presents the Company’s net realized investments gains (losses) and the change in net unrealized gains on available-for-sale investments for the periods ended December 31:

	2018			2017

Realized gains on available-for-sale investments:
Sales of fixed maturities	$	11,708,320		$	3,950,014
Sales of equity securities (1)		0			2,902,278
Sales of real estate		1,588,122			3,622,519
Other		0			0
Total realized gains		13,296,442			10,474,811
Realized losses on available-for-sale investments:
Sales of fixed maturities		(956,365	)		(72,560	)
Sales of equity securities (1)		0			0
Sales of real estate		0			(522,965	)
Other-than-temporary impairments		(300,000	)		(762,161	)
Other		0			0
Total realized losses		(1,256,365	)		(1,357,686	)
Net realized investment gains (losses)		12,040,077			9,117,125
Change in fair value of equity securities: (1)
Realized gains (losses) on equity securities sold during the period (1)		0			0
Change in fair value of equity securities held at the end of the period		10,416,758			0
Change in fair value of equity securities (1)		10,416,758			0
Net investment gains (losses)	$	22,456,835		$	9,117,125
Change in net unrealized gains (losses) on available-for-sale investments included in other comprehensive income:
Fixed maturities	$	(7,744,899	)	$	3,470,929
Equity securities (1)		0			13,703,197
Net increase (decrease)	$	(7,744,899	)	$	17,174,126

(1) Effective January 1, 2018, the Company adopted ASU No. 2016-01. As a result, equity securities are no longer classified as available-for-sale with unrealized gains and losses recognized in other comprehensive income; rather, all changes in the fair value of equity securities are now recognized in net income. Prior periods have not been restated to conform to the current presentation. See Note 1.

Other-Than-Temporary Impairments

The Company regularly reviews its investment securities for factors that may indicate that a decline in fair value of an investment is other than temporary. The factors considered by Management in its regular review to identify and recognize other-than-temporary impairment losses on fixed maturities include, but are not limited to: the length of time and extent to which the fair value has been less than cost; the Company’s intent to sell, or be required to sell, the debt security before the anticipated recovery of its remaining amortized cost basis; the financial condition and near-term prospects of the issuer; adverse changes in ratings announced by one or more rating agencies; subordinated credit support, whether the issuer of a debt security has remained current on principal and interest payments; current expected cash flows; whether the decline in fair value appears to be issuer specific or, alternatively, a reflection of general market or industry conditions, including the effect of changes in market interest rates. If the Company intends to sell a debt security, or it is more likely than not that it would be required to sell a debt security before the recovery of its amortized cost basis, the entire difference between the security’s amortized cost basis and its fair value at the balance sheet date would be recognized by a charge to other-than-temporary losses in the Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations.

Management regularly reviews its real estate portfolio in comparison to appraisal valuations and current market conditions for indications of other-than-temporary impairments. If a decline in value is judged by Management to be other-than-temporary, a loss is recognized by a charge to other-than-temporary impairment losses in the Consolidated Statements of Operations.

The other-than-temporary impairments recognized during 2017 and 2018 were taken as a result of Management's assessment and determination of value of the investments. The investments were written down to better reflect their current expected value.

Based on Management’s review of the investment portfolio, the Company recorded the following losses for other-than-temporary impairments in the Consolidated Statements of Operations for the periods ended December 31:

	2018		2017

Other than temporary impairments:
Real estate	$	300,000	$	690,000
Mortgage loans		0		72,161
Total other than temporary impairments	$	300,000	$	762,161

Investments on Deposit

The Company had investments with a fair value of $8,317,514 and $8,642,633 on deposit with various state insurance departments as of December 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively.