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Fair Value Measurements (Tables)
12 Months Ended
Dec. 31, 2020
Fair Value Disclosures [Abstract]  
Assets and Liabilities Recorded at Fair Value on a Recurring Basis The following table presents information about our assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis at December 31, 2020 and 2019, and indicates the fair value hierarchy of the valuation techniques utilized to determine such fair value. Unless otherwise noted below, assets and liabilities in the following table are recorded at fair value through net income (loss).
 Fair Value Measurements on a Recurring Basis
December 31, 2020Level 1Level 2Level 3Gross
Balance
Netting(6)
Net
Balance
 (in millions)
Assets:
Trading assets, excluding derivatives:
U.S. Treasury, U.S. Government agencies and sponsored enterprises$5,145 $192 $ $5,337 $ $5,337 
Asset-backed securities:
Collateralized debt obligations 63  63  63 
Residential mortgages  15 15  15 
Student loans 65  65  65 
Debt securities issued by foreign entities7,953 18  7,971  7,971 
Equity securities6,043   6,043  6,043 
Precious metals trading 4,989  4,989  4,989 
Derivatives:(1)
Interest rate contracts15 6,637 35 6,687  6,687 
Foreign exchange contracts 18,452 15 18,467  18,467 
Equity contracts 5,051 565 5,616  5,616 
Precious metals contracts 1,323  1,323  1,323 
Credit contracts 298 69 367  367 
Other contracts(2)
  8 8  8 
Derivatives netting    (29,616)(29,616)
Total derivatives15 31,761 692 32,468 (29,616)2,852 
Securities available-for-sale:(3)
U.S. Treasury, U.S. Government agencies and sponsored enterprises22,880 12,528  35,408  35,408 
Asset-backed securities:
Home equity  27 27  27 
Other  104 104  104 
Debt securities issued by foreign entities1,942 3,191  5,133  5,133 
Loans(4)
 32  32  32 
Loans held for sale(4)
 36  36  36 
Other assets:
Equity securities 149  149  149 
Equity securities measured at net asset value(5)
   135  135 
Total assets$43,978 $53,024 $838 $97,975 $(29,616)$68,359 
Liabilities:
Domestic deposits(4)
$ $3,509 $646 $4,155 $ $4,155 
Trading liabilities, excluding derivatives727 2,312  3,039  3,039 
Derivatives:(1)
Interest rate contracts9 6,615 1 6,625  6,625 
Foreign exchange contracts 18,597 6 18,603  18,603 
Equity contracts 3,845 446 4,291  4,291 
Precious metals contracts28 1,550  1,578  1,578 
Credit contracts 291 6 297  297 
Other contracts(2)
  67 67  67 
Derivatives netting    (28,914)(28,914)
Total derivatives37 30,898 526 31,461 (28,914)2,547 
Long-term debt(4)
 10,277 448 10,725  10,725 
Total liabilities$764 $46,996 $1,620 $49,380 $(28,914)$20,466 
 Fair Value Measurements on a Recurring Basis
December 31, 2019Level 1Level 2Level 3Gross
Balance
Netting(6)
Net
Balance
 (in millions)
Assets:
Trading assets, excluding derivatives:
U.S. Treasury, U.S. Government agencies and sponsored enterprises$6,763 $38 $— $6,801 $— $6,801 
Asset-backed securities:
Collateralized debt obligations— 71 — 71 — 71 
Residential mortgages— — 17 17 — 17 
Student loans— 80 — 80 — 80 
Corporate and other domestic debt securities— — 510 510 — 510 
Debt securities issued by foreign entities10,095 221 — 10,316 — 10,316 
Equity securities5,693 — — 5,693 — 5,693 
Precious metals trading— 1,909 — 1,909 — 1,909 
Derivatives:(1)
Interest rate contracts110 12,275 10 12,395 — 12,395 
Foreign exchange contracts80 16,456 — 16,536 — 16,536 
Equity contracts— 4,922 185 5,107 — 5,107 
Precious metals contracts70 1,085 1,158 — 1,158 
Credit contracts— 1,060 79 1,139 — 1,139 
Other contracts(2)
— — 10 10 — 10 
Derivatives netting— — — — (33,193)(33,193)
Total derivatives260 35,798 287 36,345 (33,193)3,152 
Securities available-for-sale:(3)
U.S. Treasury, U.S. Government agencies and sponsored enterprises17,532 14,702 — 32,234 — 32,234 
Asset-backed securities:
Home equity— 32 — 32 — 32 
Other— — 111 111 — 111 
Debt securities issued by foreign entities3,158 128 — 3,286 — 3,286 
Loans held for sale(4)
— 178 — 178 — 178 
Other assets:
Equity securities— 147 — 147 — 147 
Equity securities measured at net asset value(5)
— — — 136 — 136 
Total assets$43,501 $53,304 $925 $97,866 $(33,193)$64,673 
Liabilities:
Domestic deposits(4)
$— $6,435 $774 $7,209 $— $7,209 
Trading liabilities, excluding derivatives1,182 124 — 1,306 — 1,306 
Derivatives:(1)
Interest rate contracts13,570 — 13,573 — 13,573 
Foreign exchange contracts— 15,805 15,806 — 15,806 
Equity contracts— 3,955 113 4,068 — 4,068 
Precious metals contracts80 1,306 1,389 — 1,389 
Credit contracts— 1,048 20 1,068 — 1,068 
Other contracts(2)
— — 85 85 — 85 
Derivatives netting— — — — (33,900)(33,900)
Total derivatives83 35,684 222 35,989 (33,900)2,089 
Short-term borrowings(4)
— 373 — 373 — 373 
Long-term debt(4)
— 9,993 354 10,347 — 10,347 
Total liabilities$1,265 $52,609 $1,350 $55,224 $(33,900)$21,324 
(1)Includes trading derivative assets of $2,801 million and $3,055 million and trading derivative liabilities of $2,358 million and $1,929 million at December 31, 2020 and 2019, respectively, as well as derivatives held for hedging and commitments accounted for as derivatives. See Note 15, "Derivative Financial Instruments," for additional information. Excluding changes in fair value of a derivative instrument associated with a qualifying cash flow hedge, which are recognized initially in other comprehensive income, derivative assets and liabilities are recorded at fair value through net income (loss).
(2)Consists of swap agreements entered into in conjunction with the sales of Visa Class B Shares.
(3)Securities available-for-sale are recorded at fair value through other comprehensive income. Changes in the allowance for credit losses on securities available-for-sale are recorded through net income (loss).
(4)See Note 16, "Fair Value Option," for additional information. Excluding the fair value movement on fair value option liabilities attributable to our own credit spread, which is recorded in other comprehensive income, fair value option assets and liabilities are recorded at fair value through net income (loss).
(5)Investments that are measured at fair value using the net asset value per share practical expedient have not been classified in the fair value hierarchy.
(6)Represents counterparty and cash collateral netting which allow the offsetting of amounts relating to certain contracts if certain conditions are met.
Changes in Fair Value of Level 3 Assets and Liabilities The following table summarizes additional information about changes in the fair value of Level 3 assets and liabilities during 2020 and 2019. As a risk management practice, we may risk manage the Level 3 assets and liabilities, in whole or in part, using securities and derivative positions that are classified as Level 1 or Level 2 measurements within the fair value hierarchy. Since those Level 1 and Level 2 risk management positions are not included in the table below, the information provided does not reflect the effect of such risk management activities related to the Level 3 assets and liabilities.
Jan. 1,
2020
Total Realized / Unrealized Gains
(Losses) Included in
Purch-
ases
Issu-
ances
Settle-
ments
Transfers
Into
Level 3
Transfers
Out of
Level 3
Dec. 31,
2020
Current Period Unrealized Gains
(Losses) Still Held Included in
EarningsOther Compre-
hensive
Income
EarningsOther Compre-
hensive
Income
 (in millions)
Assets:
Trading assets, excluding derivatives:(1)
Residential mortgage asset-backed securities
$17 $(2)$ $ $ $ $ $ $15 $(2)$ 
Corporate and other domestic debt securities
510 (13)   (497)     
Derivatives, net:(2)
Interest rate contracts
10 23     1  34 23  
Foreign exchange contracts
(1)(1)    11  9 (1) 
Equity contracts72 129    (47)(37)2 119 147  
Credit contracts59 7    (3)  63 (7) 
Other contracts(3)
(75)(9)   25   (59)  
Asset-backed securities available-for-sale(4)
111  (9)  1 28  131  (9)
Total assets$703 $134 $(9)$ $ $(521)$3 $2 $312 $160 $(9)
Liabilities:
Domestic deposits(5)
$(774)$(15)$(2)$ $(43)$125 $ $63 $(646)$(20)$(2)
Long-term debt(5)
(354)(12)  (262)159 (1)22 (448)(30) 
Total liabilities$(1,128)$(27)$(2)$ $(305)$284 $(1)$85 $(1,094)$(50)$(2)
Jan. 1,
2019
Total Realized / Unrealized Gains
(Losses) Included in
Purch-
ases
Issu-
ances
Settle-
ments
Transfers
Into
Level 3
Transfers
Out of
Level 3
Dec. 31,
2019
Current Period
Unrealized Gains
(Losses) Still Held
Included in
EarningsOther Compre-
hensive
Income
EarningsOther Compre-
hensive
Income
 (in millions)
Assets:
Trading assets, excluding derivatives:(1)
Collateralized debt obligations
$100 $$— $— $— $(30)$— $(72)$— $— $— 
Residential mortgage asset-backed securities
16 — — — — — — 17 — — 
Student loan asset-backed securities
92 — — — (17)— (80)— — — 
Corporate and other domestic debt securities
1,803 — — — — (1,293)— — 510 — — 
Derivatives, net:(2)
Interest rate contracts
13 — — — — — (5)10 11 — 
Foreign exchange contracts
(1)— — — 21 (21)(4)(1)— — 
Equity contracts(52)122 — — — — 72 112 — 
Credit contracts52 (36)— — — 31 59 10 — 
Other contracts(3)
(35)(63)— — — 23 — — (75)— — 
Asset-backed securities available-for-sale(4)
107 — — — — — — 111 — 
Other assets(6)
— — — — (4)— — — — — 
Total assets$2,088 $48 $$— $— $(1,268)$(17)$(152)$703 $133 $
Liabilities:
Domestic deposits(5)
$(925)$(99)$(14)$— $(188)$236 $(7)$223 $(774)$(149)$(14)
Long-term debt(5)
(412)(43)(5)— (156)144 — 118 (354)(51)(5)
Total liabilities$(1,337)$(142)$(19)$— $(344)$380 $(7)$341 $(1,128)$(200)$(19)
(1)Gains (losses) on trading assets, excluding derivatives are included in trading revenue in the consolidated statement of income (loss).
(2)Level 3 net derivatives included derivative assets of $692 million and derivative liabilities of $526 million at December 31, 2020 and derivative assets of $287 million and derivative liabilities of $222 million at December 31, 2019. Gains (losses) on derivatives, net are predominantly included in trading revenue and gain (loss) on instruments designated at fair value and related derivatives in the consolidated statement of income (loss).
(3)Consists of swap agreements entered into in conjunction with the sales of Visa Class B Shares. Gains (losses) on these swap agreements are included in other income in the consolidated statement of income (loss).
(4)Realized gains (losses) on securities available-for-sale are included in other securities gains, net in the consolidated statement of income (loss). Changes in the allowance for credit losses on securities available-for-sale are included in the provision for credit losses in the consolidated statement of income (loss). Unrealized gains (losses) on securities available-for-sale are included in other comprehensive income.
(5)Excluding unrealized gains (losses) on fair value option liabilities attributable to our own credit spread, which are recorded in other comprehensive income, gains (losses) on fair value option liabilities are included in gain (loss) on instruments designated at fair value and related derivatives in the consolidated statement of income (loss).
(6)Represented contingent consideration receivable associated with the sale of certain private banking client relationships, which concluded in 2019. Gains (losses) associated with this transaction were included in other income in the consolidated statement of income (loss).
Quantitative Information about Recurring Fair Value Measurement of Assets and Liabilities Classified as Level 3
The following table presents quantitative information about the unobservable inputs used to determine the recurring fair value measurement of assets and liabilities classified as Level 3 fair value measurements at December 31, 2020 and 2019:
December 31, 2020
Financial Instrument TypeFair Value (in millions)Valuation Technique(s)Significant Unobservable InputsRange of Inputs
Weighted Average(1)
Residential mortgage asset-backed securities$15 Broker quotes or consensus pricing and, where applicable, discounted cash flowsPrepayment rates10%N/A
Conditional default rates5%N/A
Loss severity rates65%N/A
Discount margin500bpsN/A
Interest rate derivative contracts$34 Market comparable adjusted for probability to fund and, where applicable, discounted cash flows or option pricing modelProbability to fund for rate lock commitments
41% - 100%
78%
Likelihood of transaction being executed90%N/A
Interest rate yield curve
4% - 7%
6%
Foreign exchange derivative contracts(2)
$9 Option pricing modelImplied volatility of currency pairs
9% - 11%
10%
Cross-currency basis
(9)bps - 40bps
24bps
Equity derivative contracts(2)
$119 Option pricing modelEquity / Equity Index volatility
0% - 67%
27%
Equity / Equity and Equity / Index correlation
17% - 62%
30%
Equity dividend yields and forward price
(1)% - 0%
0%
Credit derivative contracts$63 Option pricing model and, where applicable, discounted cash flowsCredit default swap spreads150bpsN/A
Other derivative contracts$(59)Discounted cash flowsConversion rate1.6 timesN/A
Expected duration2 yearsN/A
Asset-backed securities available-for-sale$131 Discounted cash flowsMarket assumptions related to yields for comparable instruments4%N/A
Domestic deposits (structured deposits)(2)(3)
$(646)Option adjusted discounted cash flowsImplied volatility of currency pairs
9% - 11%
10%
Equity / Equity Index volatility
0% - 42%
15%
Equity / Equity and Equity / Index correlation
43% - 47%
45%
Long-term debt (structured notes)(2)(3)
$(448)Option adjusted discounted cash flowsImplied volatility of currency pairs
9% - 11%
10%
Equity / Equity Index volatility
0% - 67%
23%
Equity / Equity and Equity / Index correlation
32% - 62%
52%
December 31, 2019
Financial Instrument TypeFair Value (in millions)Valuation Technique(s)Significant Unobservable InputsRange of Inputs
Weighted Average(1)
Residential mortgage asset-backed securities
$17 Broker quotes or consensus pricing and, where applicable, discounted cash flowsPrepayment rates1%N/A
Conditional default rates8%N/A
Loss severity rates70%N/A
Discount margin600bpsN/A
Corporate and other domestic debt securities
$510 Discounted cash flowsSpread volatility on collateral assets4%N/A
Correlation between insurance claim shortfall and collateral value80%N/A
Interest rate derivative contracts
$10 Market comparable adjusted for probability to fund and, where applicable, discounted cash flowsProbability to fund for rate lock commitments
42% - 100%
80%
Likelihood of transaction being executed90%N/A
Foreign exchange derivative contracts(2)
$(1)Option pricing modelImplied volatility of currency pairs
6% - 11%
8%
Equity derivative contracts(2)
$72 Option pricing modelEquity / Equity Index volatility
7% - 36%
22%
Equity / Equity and Equity / Index correlation
43% - 79%
49%
Equity dividend yields
0% - 4%
2%
Credit derivative contracts$59 Option pricing model and, where applicable, discounted cash flowsCredit default swap spreads41bpsN/A
Other derivative contracts$(75)Discounted cash flowsConversion rate1.6 timesN/A
Expected duration3 yearsN/A
Asset-backed securities available-for-sale
$111 Discounted cash flowsMarket assumptions related to yields for comparable instruments
0% - 3%
2%
Domestic deposits (structured deposits)(2)(3)
$(774)Option adjusted discounted cash flowsImplied volatility of currency pairs
6% - 11%
8%
Equity / Equity Index volatility
7% - 28%
13%
Equity / Equity and Equity / Index correlation
43% - 49%
46%
Long-term debt (structured notes)(2)(3)
$(354)Option adjusted discounted cash flowsImplied volatility of currency pairs
6% - 11%
8%
Equity / Equity Index volatility
7% - 29%
16%
Equity / Equity and Equity / Index correlation
54% - 79%
64%
(1)For asset-backed securities available-for-sale, the value shown is the arithmetic average. For foreign exchange derivatives, equity derivatives, structured deposits and structured notes, weighted averages are calculated based on the fair value of the instruments. For all remaining instrument types, weighted averages are calculated based on the notional value of the instruments.
(2)We are the client-facing entity and we enter into identical but opposite derivatives to transfer the resultant risks to our affiliates. With the exception of counterparty credit risks, we are market neutral. The corresponding intra-group derivatives are presented as equity derivatives and foreign exchange derivatives in the table.
(3)Structured deposits and structured notes contain embedded derivative features whose fair value measurements contain significant Level 3 inputs. See equity and foreign exchange derivatives below for a discussion of the uncertainty of Level 3 inputs related to structured deposits and structured notes.
N/A Not Applicable
Assets and Liabilities Recorded at Fair Value on a Non Recurring Basis The following table presents the fair value hierarchy level within which the fair value of the financial and non-financial assets has been recorded at December 31, 2020 and 2019. The gains (losses) during 2020 and 2019 are also included.
 Non-Recurring Fair Value Measurements
at December 31, 2020
Total Gains (Losses) For the Year Ended December 31, 2020
  
Level 1Level 2Level 3Total
 (in millions)
Residential mortgage loans held for sale(1)
$ $4 $ $4 $ 
Consumer loans(2)
 312  312 18 
Commercial loans held for sale(3)
 68  68 (23)
Commercial loans(4)
  270 270 (169)
Real estate owned(5)
 1  1 2 
Goodwill(6)
    (784)
Leases(7)
  3 3 (92)
Total assets at fair value on a non-recurring basis
$ $385 $273 $658 $(1,048)
 Non-Recurring Fair Value Measurements
at December 31, 2019
Total Gains (Losses) For the Year Ended December 31, 2019
  
Level 1Level 2Level 3Total
 (in millions)
Residential mortgage loans held for sale(1)
$— $12 $— $12 $— 
Consumer loans(2)
— 14 — 14 (7)
Commercial loans(4)
— — 50 50 (25)
Real estate owned(5)
— — (1)
Goodwill(6)
— — 372 372 (365)
Leases(7)
— — (13)
Total assets at fair value on a non-recurring basis
$— $32 $424 $456 $(411)
(1)At December 31, 2020 and 2019, the fair value of the loans held for sale was below cost.
(2)Represents residential mortgage loans held for investment whose carrying amount was adjusted during the period based on the fair value of the underlying collateral. The increase at December 31, 2020 reflects the impact of adopting new accounting guidance which requires expected recoveries related to subsequent increases in the fair value of collateral for collateral-dependent loans to be recognized in the allowance for credit losses beginning January 1, 2020. See Note 2, "Summary of Significant Accounting Policies and New Accounting Pronouncements," for additional discussion.
(3)At December 31, 2020, the fair value of the loans held for sale was below cost.
(4)Certain commercial loans are individually assessed for impairment. We measure the credit impairment of a collateral-dependent loan based on the fair value of the collateral asset. The collateral often involves real estate properties that are illiquid due to market conditions. As a result, these loans are classified as a Level 3 fair value measurement within the fair value hierarchy.
(5)Real estate owned is required to be reported on the balance sheet net of transactions costs. The real estate owned amounts in the table above reflect the fair value unadjusted for transaction costs.
(6)During the first quarter of 2020, the goodwill allocated to our previously separate RBWM and PB businesses were both written down to $0 million. During 2019, the goodwill allocated to our previously separate RBWM business was written down to $372 million. See Note 10, "Goodwill and Other Long-Lived Assets," for further discussion of the results of our goodwill impairment testing, including the events and circumstances leading to the impairments.
(7)Beginning in 2019 and into the first quarter of 2020, we determined that we would exit certain branches and, as a result, the lease ROU assets and leasehold improvement assets associated with these branches were written down based on their estimated remaining useful lives. During 2020, we also wrote down the lease ROU assets associated with certain office space that we determined we would exit. See Note 3, "Strategic Initiatives," and Note 11, "Leases," for further discussion.
Quantitative Information about Non Recurring Fair Value Measurement of Assets and Liabilities
The following tables present quantitative information about non-recurring fair value measurements of assets and liabilities classified with Level 3 of the fair value hierarchy at December 31, 2020 and 2019:
At December 31, 2020
Financial Instrument TypeFair Value (in millions)Valuation Technique(s)Significant Unobservable InputsRange of Inputs
Weighted Average(1)
Commercial loans$270 Valuation of third party appraisal
on underlying collateral
Loss severity rates
0% - 76%
35%
At December 31, 2019
Financial Instrument TypeFair Value (in millions)Valuation Technique(s)Significant Unobservable InputsRange of Inputs
Weighted Average(1)
Commercial loans$50 Valuation of third party appraisal
on underlying collateral
Loss severity rates
9% - 100%
45%
(1)Weighted average is calculated based on the carrying value of the loans.
Additional Information Relating to Asset-Backed Securities and Collateralized Debt Obligations
The following tables provide additional information relating to our asset-backed securities, including CDOs, at December 31, 2020:
Trading asset-backed securities:
Rating of Securities:(1)
Collateral Type:Level 2Level 3Total
  (in millions)
AAA - ACollateralized debt obligations$39 $— $39 
Student loans65 — 65 
Total AAA - A104 — 104 
BBB - BCollateralized debt obligations24 — 24 
CCC - UnratedResidential mortgages - Subprime— 15 15 
$128 $15 $143 
Available-for-sale asset-backed securities:
Rating of Securities:(1)
Collateral Type:Level 3
  (in millions)
AAA - AHome equity - Alt A$27 
BBB - BOther104 
$131 
(1)We utilize S&P as the primary source of credit ratings in the tables above. If S&P ratings are not available, ratings by Moody's and Fitch are used in that order. Ratings for CDOs represent the ratings associated with the underlying collateral.
Carrying Value and Estimated Fair Value of Financial Instruments
The following table summarizes the carrying value and estimated fair value of our financial instruments, excluding financial instruments that are carried at fair value on a recurring basis, at December 31, 2020 and 2019, and their classification within the fair value hierarchy:
December 31, 2020Carrying
Value
Fair
Value
Level 1Level 2Level 3
 (in millions)
Financial assets:
Short-term financial assets, net of allowance for credit losses $15,667 $15,667 $1,302 $14,353 $12 
Federal funds sold and securities purchased under agreements to resell
35,746 35,746  35,746  
Securities held-to-maturity, net of allowance for credit losses 8,981 9,369  9,369  
Commercial loans, net of allowance for credit losses
40,785 41,417   41,417 
Commercial loans held for sale93 93  93  
Consumer loans, net of allowance for credit losses
20,256 19,865   19,865 
Residential mortgage loans held for sale208 217  217  
Financial liabilities:
Short-term financial liabilities$4,965 $4,965 $ $4,952 $13 
Deposits140,995 141,001  141,001  
Long-term debt9,254 9,720  9,720  
December 31, 2019Carrying
Value
Fair
Value
Level 1Level 2Level 3
 (in millions)
Financial assets:
Short-term financial assets$3,800 $3,800 $1,744 $2,038 $18 
Federal funds sold and securities purchased under agreements to resell
17,838 17,838 — 17,838 — 
Securities held-to-maturity13,293 13,431 — 13,431 — 
Commercial loans, net of allowance for credit losses47,704 49,252 — — 49,252 
Commercial loans held for sale34 34 — 34 — 
Consumer loans, net of allowance for credit losses20,212 19,889 — — 19,889 
Residential mortgage loans held for sale77 78 — 77 
Financial liabilities:
Short-term financial liabilities$3,304 $3,304 $— $3,286 $18 
Deposits112,484 112,425 — 112,425 — 
Long-term debt16,350 16,696 — 16,696 —