The following tables and discussions below present the more significant related party balances and the income (expense) generated by related party transactions:



At December 31,	2018		2017
	(in millions)
Assets:
Cash and due from banks	$	245	$	191
Interest bearing deposits with banks	1,000		473
Securities purchased under agreements to resell⁽¹⁾	—		1,115
Trading assets	102		63
Loans	2,274		6,750
Other⁽²⁾	169		134
Total assets	$	3,790	$	8,726
Liabilities:
Deposits	$	12,000	$	10,521
Trading liabilities	349		737
Short-term borrowings	638		1,595
Long-term debt	7,845		4,841
Other⁽²⁾	333		387
Total liabilities	$	21,165	$	18,081


⁽¹⁾	Reflects purchases of securities which other HSBC affiliates have agreed to repurchase.


⁽²⁾	Other assets and other liabilities primarily consist of derivative balances associated with hedging activities and other miscellaneous account receivables and payables.



Year Ended December 31,	2018			2017			2016
	(in millions)
Income (Expense):
Interest income	$	107		$	65		$	122
Interest expense	(367		)	(267		)	(166		)
Net interest expense	(260		)	(202		)	(44		)
Trading revenue (expense)	1,370			(615		)	(1,297		)
Servicing and other fees from HSBC affiliates:
HSBC Bank plc	176			154			156
HSBC Markets (USA) Inc. ("HMUS")	112			71			34
HSBC Finance	3			44			40
Other HSBC affiliates	65			79			59
Total servicing and other fees from HSBC affiliates	356			348			289
Gain (loss) on instruments designated at fair value and related derivatives	(1,052		)	1,108			467
Support services from HSBC affiliates:
HSBC Technology & Services (USA) ("HTSU")	(1,198		)	(1,165		)	(1,027		)
HMUS	(105		)	(121		)	(214		)
Other HSBC affiliates	(300		)	(263		)	(254		)
Total support services from HSBC affiliates	(1,603		)	(1,549		)	(1,495		)
Rental income from HSBC affiliates, net⁽¹⁾	48			54			60
Stock based compensation expense⁽²⁾	(25		)	(31		)	(39		)


⁽¹⁾	We receive rental income from our affiliates, and in some cases pay rental expense to our affiliates, for rent on certain office space. Net rental income from our affiliates is recorded as a component of occupancy expense, net in our consolidated statement of income (loss).

⁽²⁾

Employees may participate in one or more stock compensation plans sponsored by HSBC. These expenses are included in salaries and employee benefits in our consolidated statement of income (loss). Certain employees are also eligible to participate in a defined benefit pension plan and other postretirement plans sponsored by HSBC North America which are discussed in Note 20, "Pension and Other Postretirement Benefits."