Securities

Our securities available-for-sale and securities held-to-maturity portfolios consisted of the following:



June 30, 2015	Amortized Cost		Unrealized Gains		Unrealized Losses			Fair Value
	(in millions)
Securities available-for-sale:
U.S. Treasury	$	10,738	$	207	$	(125	)	$	10,820
U.S. Government sponsored enterprises:⁽¹⁾
Mortgage-backed securities	699		—		(13		)	686
Collateralized mortgage obligations	160		—		—			160
Direct agency obligations	4,039		178		(6		)	4,211
U.S. Government agency issued or guaranteed:
Mortgage-backed securities	11,893		53		(177		)	11,769
Collateralized mortgage obligations	564		6		(2		)	568
Obligations of U.S. states and political subdivisions	818		6		(12		)	812
Asset backed securities collateralized by:
Commercial mortgages	27		—		—			27
Home equity	91		—		(8		)	83
Other	108		—		(14		)	94
Foreign debt securities⁽²⁾	3,703		5		(16		)	3,692
Equity securities	162		3		(2		)	163
Total available-for-sale securities	$	33,002	$	458	$	(375	)	$	33,085
Securities held-to-maturity:
U.S. Government sponsored enterprises:⁽³⁾
Mortgage-backed securities	$	5,059	$	115	$	(10	)	$	5,164
U.S. Government agency issued or guaranteed:
Mortgage-backed securities	3,565		11		(14		)	3,562
Collateralized mortgage obligations	5,507		71		(8		)	5,570
Obligations of U.S. states and political subdivisions	20		1		—			21
Asset-backed securities collateralized by residential mortgages	9		1		—			10
Total held-to-maturity securities	$	14,160	$	199	$	(32	)	$	14,327



December 31, 2014	Amortized Cost		Unrealized Gains		Unrealized Losses			Fair Value
	(in millions)
Securities available-for-sale:
U.S. Treasury	$	11,793	$	276	$	(58	)	$	12,011
U.S. Government sponsored enterprises:⁽¹⁾
Mortgage-backed securities	520		5		(1		)	524
Collateralized mortgage obligations	35		—		—			35
Direct agency obligations	3,995		217		(6		)	4,206
U.S. Government agency issued or guaranteed:
Mortgage-backed securities	7,985		101		(27		)	8,059
Collateralized mortgage obligations	329		3		(2		)	330
Obligations of U.S. states and political subdivisions	661		10		(4		)	667
Asset backed securities collateralized by:
Commercial mortgages	43		—		—			43
Home equity	97		—		(8		)	89
Other	110		—		(16		)	94
Foreign debt securities⁽²⁾	3,921		6		(12		)	3,915
Equity securities	165		3		(1		)	167
Total available-for-sale securities	$	29,654	$	621	$	(135	)	$	30,140
Securities held-to-maturity:
U.S. Government sponsored enterprises:⁽³⁾
Mortgage-backed securities	$	4,868	$	120	$	(1	)	$	4,987
U.S. Government agency issued or guaranteed:
Mortgage-backed securities	3,700		53		(1		)	3,752
Collateralized mortgage obligations	4,867		54		(1		)	4,920
Obligations of U.S. states and political subdivisions	23		1		—			24
Asset-backed securities collateralized by residential mortgages	11		1		—			12
Total held-to-maturity securities	$	13,469	$	229	$	(3	)	$	13,695


⁽¹⁾	Includes securities at amortized cost of $826 million and $521 million issued or guaranteed by FNMA at June 30, 2015 and December 31, 2014, respectively, and $33 million and $34 million issued or guaranteed by the Federal Home Loan Mortgage Corporation ("FHLMC") at June 30, 2015 and December 31, 2014, respectively.


⁽²⁾	At June 30, 2015 and December 31, 2014, foreign debt securities consisted of $692 million and $689 million, respectively, of securities fully backed by foreign governments. The remainder of foreign debt securities represents public sector entity, bank or corporate debt.


⁽³⁾	Includes securities at amortized cost of $3,406 million and $3,185 million issued or guaranteed by FNMA at June 30, 2015 and December 31, 2014, respectively, and $1,653 million and $1,683 million issued and guaranteed by FHLMC at June 30, 2015 and December 31, 2014, respectively.

Net unrealized gains decreased within the available-for-sale portfolio in the six months ended June 30, 2015 due primarily to rising yields on longer-term U.S. Treasury and U.S. government agency mortgage-backed securities coupled with increased investments in these securities as well as sales of U.S. Treasury securities that were in a net unrealized gain position at December 31, 2014.

The following table summarizes gross unrealized losses and related fair values as of June 30, 2015 and December 31, 2014 classified as to the length of time the losses have existed:



	One Year or Less						Greater Than One Year
June 30, 2015	Number of Securities	Gross Unrealized Losses			Aggregate Fair Value of Investment		Number of Securities	Gross Unrealized Losses			Aggregate Fair Value of Investment
	(dollars are in millions)
Securities available-for-sale:
U.S. Treasury	33	$	(114	)	$	4,322	4	$	(11	)	$	347
U.S. Government sponsored enterprises	158	(16		)	937		18	(3		)	189
U.S. Government agency issued or guaranteed	62	(171		)	6,883		9	(8		)	119
Obligations of U.S. states and political subdivisions	45	(7		)	419		21	(5		)	164
Asset backed securities	—	—			—		9	(22		)	192
Foreign debt securities	7	(16		)	2,439		1	—			196
Equity securities	1	(2		)	157		—	—			—
Securities available-for-sale	306	$	(326	)	$	15,157	62	$	(49	)	$	1,207
Securities held-to-maturity:
U.S. Government sponsored enterprises	257	$	(10	)	$	851	49	$	—		$	—
U.S. Government agency issued or guaranteed	132	(22		)	2,246		713	—			1
Obligations of U.S. states and political subdivisions	1	—			1		3	—			1
Securities held-to-maturity	390	$	(32	)	$	3,098	765	$	—		$	2



	One Year or Less						Greater Than One Year
December 31, 2014	Number of Securities	Gross Unrealized Losses			Aggregate Fair Value of Investment		Number of Securities	Gross Unrealized Losses			Aggregate Fair Value of Investment
	(dollars are in millions)
Securities available-for-sale:
U.S. Treasury	6	$	(47	)	$	3,459	4	$	(11	)	$	1,546
U.S. Government sponsored enterprises	2	(1		)	128		24	(6		)	391
U.S. Government agency issued or guaranteed	30	(20		)	2,046		10	(9		)	213
Obligations of U.S. states and political subdivisions	34	(2		)	146		23	(2		)	194
Asset backed securities	1	—			3		9	(24		)	199
Foreign debt securities	5	(9		)	1,805		3	(3		)	898
Equity securities	1	(1		)	158		—	—			—
Securities available-for-sale	79	$	(80	)	$	7,745	73	$	(55	)	$	3,441
Securities held-to-maturity:
U.S. Government sponsored enterprises	144	$	(1	)	$	394	47	$	—		$	—
U.S. Government agency issued or guaranteed	103	(2		)	985		800	—			2
Obligations of U.S. states and political subdivisions	—	—			—		3	—			1
Securities held-to-maturity	247	$	(3	)	$	1,379	850	$	—		$	3

Although the fair value of a particular security is below its amortized cost, it does not necessarily result in a credit loss and hence an other-than-temporary impairment. The decline in fair value may be caused by, among other things, the illiquidity of the market. We have reviewed the securities for which there is an unrealized loss for other-than-temporary impairment in accordance with our accounting policies, discussed further below. At June 30, 2015 and December 31, 2014, we do not consider any of our debt securities to be other-than-temporarily impaired as we expect to recover their amortized cost basis and we neither intend nor expect to be required to sell these securities prior to recovery, even if that equates to holding securities until their individual maturities. However, other-than-temporary impairments may occur in future periods if the credit quality of the securities deteriorates.

Other-Than-Temporary Impairment On a quarterly basis, we perform an assessment to determine whether there have been any events or economic circumstances to indicate that a security with an unrealized loss has suffered other-than-temporary impairment. A debt security is considered impaired if its fair value is less than its amortized cost at the reporting date. If impaired, we assess whether the impairment is other-than-temporary.

If we intend to sell the debt security or if it is more-likely-than-not that we will be required to sell the debt security before the recovery of its amortized cost basis, the impairment is considered other-than-temporary and the unrealized loss is recorded in earnings. An impairment is also considered other-than-temporary if a credit loss exists (i.e., the present value of the expected future cash flows is less than the amortized cost basis of the debt security). In the event a credit loss exists, the credit loss component of an other-than-temporary impairment is recorded in earnings while the remaining portion of the impairment loss attributable to factors other than credit loss is recognized, net of tax, in other comprehensive income (loss).

For all securities held in the available-for-sale or held-to-maturity portfolios for which unrealized losses attributed to factors other than credit existed, we do not have the intention to sell and believe will not be required to sell the securities for contractual, regulatory or liquidity reasons as of the reporting date. For a complete description of the factors considered when analyzing debt securities for impairments, see Note 5, "Securities," in our 2014 Form 10-K. There have been no material changes in our process for assessing impairment during 2015.

During the three and six months ended June 30, 2015, none of our debt securities were determined to have either initial other-than-temporary impairment or changes to previous other-than-temporary impairment estimates relating to the credit component, as such, there were no other-than-temporary impairment losses recognized related to credit loss.

During the three and six months ended June 30, 2014, none of our debt securities were determined to have initial other-than-temporary impairment while two held-to-maturity asset-backed debt securities, which were previously determined to be other-than-temporarily impaired, had changes to their other-than-temporary impairment estimates related to the credit component. The additional credit loss associated with the impaired debt securities, which reflects the excess of amortized cost over the present value of expected future cash flows, was $5 million and $7 million during the three and six months ended June 30, 2014, respectively, and was recorded as a component of net other-than-temporary impairment losses in the accompanying consolidated statement of income.

The following table summarizes the rollforward of credit losses which have been recognized in income on other-than-temporary impaired securities that we do not intend to sell nor will likely be required to sell:



	Three Months Ended June 30, 2014		Six Months Ended June 30, 2014
	(in millions)
Beginning balance of credit losses on held-to-maturity debt securities for which a portion of an other-than-temporary impairment was recognized in other comprehensive income (loss)	$	63	$	61
Increase in credit losses for which an other-than-temporary impairment was previously recognized	5		7
Ending balance of credit losses on held-to-maturity debt securities for which a portion of an other-than-temporary impairment was recognized in other comprehensive income (loss)	$	68	$	68

At June 30, 2015, we held 14 individual asset-backed securities in the available-for-sale portfolio, of which 5 were also wrapped by a monoline insurance company. The asset-backed securities backed by a monoline wrap comprised $176 million of the total aggregate fair value of asset-backed securities of $204 million at June 30, 2015. The gross unrealized losses on these monoline wrapped securities were $22 million at June 30, 2015. We did not take into consideration the value of the monoline wrap of any non-investment grade monoline insurers as of June 30, 2015 and, therefore, we only considered the financial guarantee of monoline insurers on securities for purposes of evaluating other-than-temporary impairment on securities with a fair value of $82 million.

At December 31, 2014, we held 15 individual asset-backed securities in the available-for-sale portfolio, of which 5 were also wrapped by a monoline insurance company. The asset-backed securities backed by a monoline wrap comprised $183 million of the total aggregate fair value of asset-backed securities of $226 million at December 31, 2014. The gross unrealized losses on these monoline wrapped securities were $23 million at December 31, 2014. We did not take into consideration the value of the monoline wrap of any non-investment grade monoline insurers as of December 31, 2014 and, therefore, we only considered the financial guarantee of monoline insurers on securities with a fair value of $89 million for purposes of evaluating other-than-temporary impairment.

As discussed above, certain asset-backed securities in the available-for-sale portfolio have an embedded financial guarantee provided by monoline insurers. Because the financial guarantee is not a separate and distinct contract from the asset-backed security, they are considered as a single unit of account for fair value measurement and impairment assessment purposes. The monoline insurers are regulated by the insurance commissioners of the relevant states and certain monoline insurers that write the financial guarantee contracts are public companies. In evaluating the extent of our reliance on investment grade monoline insurance companies, consideration is given to our assessment of the creditworthiness of the monoline and other market factors. We perform both a credit as well as a liquidity analysis on the monoline insurers each quarter. Our analysis also compares market-based credit default spreads, when available, to assess the appropriateness of our monoline insurer’s creditworthiness. Based on the public information available, including the regulatory reviews and actions undertaken by the state insurance commissions and the published financial results, we determine the degree of reliance to be placed on the financial guarantee policy in estimating the cash flows to be collected for the purpose of recognizing and measuring impairment loss.

A credit downgrade to non-investment grade is key but not the only factor in determining the credit risk or the monoline insurer’s ability to fulfill its contractual obligation under the financial guarantee arrangement. Although a monoline may have been down-graded by the credit rating agencies or have been ordered to commute its operations by the insurance commissioners, it may retain the ability and the obligation to continue to pay claims in the near term. We evaluate the short-term liquidity of and the ability to pay claims by the monoline insurers in estimating the amounts of cash flows expected to be collected from specific asset-backed securities for the purpose of assessing and measuring credit loss.

Other securities gains (losses), net The following table summarizes realized gains and losses on investment securities transactions attributable to available-for-sale securities:



	Three Months Ended June 30,						Six Months Ended June 30,
	2015			2014			2015			2014
	(in millions)
Gross realized gains	$	43		$	25		$	73		$	68
Gross realized losses	(8		)	(32		)	(15		)	(53		)
Net realized gains (losses)	$	35		$	(7	)	$	58		$	15

Contractual Maturities and Yields The following table summarizes the amortized cost and fair values of securities available-for-sale and securities held-to-maturity at June 30, 2015 by contractual maturity. Expected maturities differ from contractual maturities because borrowers have the right to prepay obligations without prepayment penalties in certain cases. Securities available-for-sale amounts exclude equity securities as they do not have stated maturities. The table below also reflects the distribution of maturities of debt securities held at June 30, 2015, together with the approximate taxable equivalent yield of the portfolio. The yields shown are calculated by dividing annualized interest income, including the accretion of discounts and the amortization of premiums, by the amortized cost of securities outstanding at June 30, 2015. Yields on tax-exempt obligations have been computed on a taxable equivalent basis using applicable statutory tax rates.



	Within One Year				After One But Within Five Years				After Five But Within Ten Years				After Ten Years
Taxable Equivalent Basis	Amount		Yield		Amount		Yield		Amount		Yield		Amount		Yield
	(dollars are in millions)
Available-for-sale:
U.S. Treasury	$	—	—	%	$	3,357	.76	%	$	4,254	2.25	%	$	3,127	3.22	%
U.S. Government sponsored enterprises	—		—		2,066		3.12		1,790		2.60		1,042		3.02
U.S. Government agency issued or guaranteed	—		—		7		4.21		39		3.89		12,411		2.68
Obligations of U.S. states and political subdivisions	—		—		71		4.17		268		2.82		479		3.40
Asset backed securities	—		—		—		—		—		—		226		3.32
Foreign debt securities	406		2.35		3,297		1.34		—		—		—		—
Total amortized cost	$	406	2.35	%	$	8,798	1.56	%	$	6,351	2.38	%	$	17,285	2.83	%
Total fair value	$	406			$	8,896			$	6,471			$	17,149
Held-to-maturity:
U.S. Government sponsored enterprises	$	—	—	%	$	92	1.39	%	$	612	2.62	%	$	4,355	2.96	%
U.S. Government agency issued or guaranteed	—		—		1		7.71		45		2.91		9,026		2.35
Obligations of U.S. states and political subdivisions	2		4.76		8		3.96		6		3.82		4		5.33
Asset backed securities	—		—		—		—		—		—		9		6.53
Total amortized cost	$	2	4.76	%	$	101	1.65	%	$	663	2.65	%	$	13,394	2.55	%
Total fair value	$	2			$	102			$	669			$	13,554

Investments in Federal Home Loan Bank stock and Federal Reserve Bank stock of $331 million and $632 million, respectively, were included in other assets at June 30, 2015. Investments in Federal Home Loan Bank stock and Federal Reserve Bank stock of $108 million and $483 million, respectively, were included in other assets at December 31, 2014.