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Revenue
 12 Months Ended
Dec. 31, 2020
Revenue from Contract with Customer [Abstract]  
Revenue Revenue
IDEX is an applied solutions company specializing in the manufacture of fluid and metering technologies, health and science technologies and fire, safety and other diversified products built to customers’ specifications. The Company’s products include industrial pumps, provers, compressors, flow meters, injectors, valves and related controls for use in a wide variety of process applications; precision fluidics solutions, including pumps, valves, degassing equipment, corrective tubing, fittings and complex manifolds, optical filters and specialty medical equipment and devices for use in life science applications; precision-engineered equipment for dispensing, metering and mixing paints; and engineered products for industrial and commercial markets, including fire and rescue, transportation equipment, oil and gas, electronics and communications.

Revenue is recognized when control of products or services is transferred to our customers in an amount that reflects the consideration we expect to be entitled to in exchange for transferring those products or providing those services. We account for a contract when it has approval and commitment from both parties, the rights of the parties are identified, payment terms are identified, the contract has commercial substance and collectability of the consideration is probable. We determine the appropriate revenue recognition for our contracts with customers by analyzing the type, terms and conditions of each contract or arrangement with a customer.

Disaggregation of Revenue

We have a comprehensive offering of products, including technologies, built to customers’ specifications that are sold in niche markets throughout the world. We disaggregate our revenue from contracts with customers by reporting unit and geographical region for each of our segments as we believe it best depicts how the amount, nature, timing and uncertainty of our revenue and cash flows are affected by economic factors. Revenue was attributed to geographical region based on the location of the customer. The following tables present our revenue disaggregated by reporting unit and geographical region.
Revenue by reporting unit for the years ended December 31, 2020, 2019 and 2018 was as follows:

For the Year Ended December 31,
202020192018
(In thousands)
Energy$199,980 $164,825 $163,996 
Valves107,833 118,333 113,136 
Water236,080 250,589 251,020 
Pumps265,281 331,098 324,222 
Agriculture87,130 92,183 99,178 
Intersegment elimination(830)(505)(277)
Fluid & Metering Technologies895,474 956,523 951,275 
Scientific Fluidics & Optics415,827 434,623 417,859 
Sealing Solutions207,623 200,495 200,316 
Gast122,875 133,471 126,787 
Micropump29,637 32,216 36,827 
Material Processing Technologies120,000 113,641 114,630 
Intersegment elimination(2,609)(1,823)(449)
Health & Science Technologies893,353 912,623 895,970 
Fire & Safety376,320 403,949 396,926 
BAND-IT88,065 106,624 105,785 
Dispensing98,466 116,197 134,317 
Intersegment elimination(32)(1,343)(607)
Fire & Safety/Diversified Products562,819 625,427 636,421 
Total net sales$2,351,646 $2,494,573 $2,483,666 
Revenue by geographical region for the years ended December 31, 2020, 2019 and 2018 was as follows:

For the Year Ended December 31, 2020
FMTHSTFSDPIDEX
(In thousands)
U.S.$505,757 $387,652 $269,899 $1,163,308 
North America, excluding U.S.52,822 21,319 23,202 97,343 
Europe 174,945 249,793 149,180 573,918 
Asia109,089 221,139 94,223 424,451 
Other (1)
53,691 16,059 26,347 96,097 
Intersegment elimination(830)(2,609)(32)(3,471)
Total net sales$895,474 $893,353 $562,819 $2,351,646 

For the Year Ended December 31, 2019
FMTHSTFSDPIDEX
(In thousands)
U.S.$541,994 $411,680 $303,579 $1,257,253 
North America, excluding U.S.58,256 21,735 26,328 106,319 
Europe 170,698 263,523 159,184 593,405 
Asia125,031 201,765 103,379 430,175 
Other (1)
61,049 15,743 34,300 111,092 
Intersegment elimination(505)(1,823)(1,343)(3,671)
Total net sales$956,523 $912,623 $625,427 $2,494,573 


For the Year Ended December 31, 2018
FMTHSTFSDPIDEX
(In thousands)
U.S.$540,697 $392,140 $297,717 $1,230,554 
North America, excluding U.S.57,917 18,770 28,779 105,466 
Europe 172,630 278,634 164,307 615,571 
Asia119,822 189,342 111,169 420,333 
Other (1)
60,486 17,533 35,056 113,075 
Intersegment elimination(277)(449)(607)(1,333)
Total net sales$951,275 $895,970 $636,421 $2,483,666 

(1) Other includes: South America, Middle East, Australia and Africa.

Contract Balances

The timing of revenue recognition, billings and cash collections can result in customer receivables, advance payments or billings in excess of revenue recognized. Customer receivables include both amounts billed and currently due from customers as well as unbilled amounts (contract assets) and are included in Receivables - net on our Consolidated Balance Sheets. Amounts are billed in accordance with contractual terms or as work progresses. Unbilled amounts arise when the timing of billing differs from the timing of revenue recognized, such as when contract provisions require specific milestones to be met before a customer can be billed. Unbilled amounts primarily relate to performance obligations satisfied over time when the cost-to-cost method is utilized and the revenue recognized exceeds the amount billed to the customer as there is not yet a right to invoice in accordance with contractual terms. Unbilled amounts are recorded as a contract asset when the revenue associated with the contract is recognized prior to billing and derecognized when billed in accordance with the terms of the contract. Customer receivables are recorded at face amount less an allowance for doubtful accounts. The Company maintains an
allowance for doubtful accounts for expected losses as a result of customers’ inability to make required payments. Management evaluates the aging of customer receivable balances, the financial condition of its customers, historical trends and the time outstanding of specific balances to estimate the amount of customer receivables that may not be collected in the future and records the appropriate provision.

The composition of Customer receivables was as follows:

December 31, 2020December 31, 2019
(In thousands)
Billed receivables$273,536 $286,196 
Unbilled receivables14,752 11,922 
Total customer receivables$288,288 $298,118 

Advance payments, deposits and billings in excess of revenue recognized are included in Deferred revenue which is classified as current or noncurrent based on the timing of when we expect to recognize the revenue. The current portion is included in Accrued expenses and the noncurrent portion is included in Other noncurrent liabilities on our Consolidated Balance Sheets. Advance payments and deposits represent contract liabilities and are recorded when customers remit contractual cash payments in advance of us satisfying performance obligations under contractual arrangements, including those with performance obligations satisfied over time. We generally receive advance payments from customers related to maintenance services which we recognize ratably over the service term. We also receive deposits from customers on certain orders on which we will recognize as revenue at a point in time in the future. Billings in excess of revenue recognized represent contract liabilities and primarily relate to performance obligations satisfied over time when the cost-to-cost method is utilized and revenue cannot yet be recognized as the Company has not completed the corresponding performance obligation. Contract liabilities are derecognized when revenue is recognized and the performance obligation is satisfied.

The composition of Deferred revenue was as follows:
December 31, 2020December 31, 2019
(In thousands)
Deferred revenue - current$28,374 $17,633 
Deferred revenue - noncurrent30,354 2,129 
Total deferred revenue$58,728 $19,762 

Performance Obligations

A performance obligation is a promise in a contract to transfer a distinct product or service to the customer. A contract’s transaction price is allocated to each performance obligation and recognized as revenue when, or as, the performance obligation is satisfied. For our contracts that require complex design, manufacturing and installation activities, certain performance obligations may not be separately identifiable from other performance obligations in the contract and, therefore, not distinct. As a result, the entire contract is accounted for as a single performance obligation. For our contracts that include distinct products or services that are substantially the same and have the same pattern of transfer to the customer over time, they are recognized as a series of distinct products or services. Certain of our contracts have multiple performance obligations for which we allocate the transaction price to each performance obligation using an estimate of the standalone selling price of each distinct product or service in the contract. For product sales, each product sold to a customer generally represents a distinct performance obligation. In such cases, the observable standalone sales are used to determine the standalone selling price. In certain cases, we may be required to estimate standalone selling price using the expected cost plus margin approach, under which we forecast our expected costs of satisfying a performance obligation and then add an appropriate margin for that distinct product or service.

Our performance obligations are satisfied at a point in time or over time as work progresses. Performance obligations are supported by contracts with customers that provide a framework for the nature of the distinct product or service or bundle of products and services. We define service revenue as revenue from activities that are not associated with the design, development or manufacture of a product or the delivery of a software license.

Revenue from products and services transferred to customers at a point in time approximated 95% of total revenues in each of the years ended December 31, 2020, 2019 and 2018. Revenue on these contracts is recognized when obligations under the
terms of the contract with our customer are satisfied. Generally, this occurs with the transfer of control of the asset, which is in line with shipping terms.

Revenue from products and services transferred to customers over time approximated 5% of total revenues in each of the years ended December 31, 2020, 2019 and 2018. Revenue earned by certain business units within the Water, Energy, Material Processing Technologies (“MPT”) and Dispensing reporting units is recognized over time because control transfers continuously to our customers. When accounting for over-time contracts, we use an input measure to determine the extent of progress towards completion of the performance obligation. For certain business units within the Water, Energy and MPT reporting units, revenue is recognized over time as work is performed based on the relationship between actual costs incurred to date for each contract and the total estimated costs for such contract at completion of the performance obligation (i.e. the cost-to-cost method). We believe this measure of progress best depicts the transfer of control to the customer which occurs as we incur costs on our contracts. Incurred cost represents work performed, which corresponds with the transfer of control to the customer. Contract costs include labor, material and overhead. Contract estimates are based on various assumptions to project the outcome of future events. These assumptions include labor productivity and availability; the complexity of the work to be performed; the cost and availability of materials; the performance of subcontractors; and the availability and timing of funding from the customer. Revenues, including estimated fees or profits, are recorded proportionally as costs are incurred. For certain business units within the Energy and Dispensing reporting units, revenue is recognized ratably over the contract term.

As a significant change in one or more of these estimates could affect the profitability of our contracts, we review and update our estimates regularly. Due to uncertainties inherent in the estimation process, it is reasonably possible that completion costs, including those arising from contract penalty provisions and final contract settlements, will be revised. Such revisions to costs and income are recognized in the period in which the revisions are determined as a cumulative catch-up adjustment. The impact of the adjustment on profit recorded to date on a contract is recognized in the period the adjustment is identified. Revenue and profit in future periods of contract performance are recognized using the adjusted estimate. If at any time the estimate of contract profitability indicates an anticipated loss on the contract, we recognize provisions for estimated losses on incomplete contracts in the period in which such losses are determined.

The Company records allowances for discounts and product returns at the time of sale as a reduction of revenue as such allowances can be reliably estimated based on historical experience and known trends. The Company also offers product warranties (primarily assurance-type) and accrues its estimated exposure for warranty claims at the time of sale based upon the length of the warranty period, warranty costs incurred and any other related information known to the Company.