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SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES
3 Months Ended
Mar. 31, 2023
Accounting Policies [Abstract]  
SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES
2. SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES
SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES:
The significant accounting policies used in preparation of the Consolidated Financial Statements are disclosed in the Company's 2022 Annual Report on Form 10-K. Those significant accounting policies remain unchanged at March 31, 2023, except for the following:
Past Due and Nonaccrual Loans
Past due loans are defined as loans contractually past due 90 days or more as to principal or interest payments. Past due loans 90 days or more that remain in accrual status are considered well secured and in the process of collection.
Nonaccruing loans are those on which the accrual of interest has ceased. Loans are placed on nonaccrual status immediately if, in the opinion of the Company, collection is doubtful, or when principal or interest is past due 90 days or more and the loan is not well secured and in the process of collection. Interest accrued but not collected at the date a loan is placed on nonaccrual status is reversed and charged against interest income. In addition, the amortization of net deferred loan fees is suspended when a loan is placed on nonaccrual status. Subsequent cash receipts are applied either to the outstanding principal balance or recorded as interest income, depending on the Company’s assessment of the ultimate collectability of principal and interest. Loans are returned to accrual status when the Company assesses that the borrower has the ability to make all principal and interest payments in accordance with the terms of the loan (i.e., a consistent repayment record, generally six consecutive payments, has been demonstrated).
For loans greater than 90 days past due, unless loans are well-secured and collection is imminent, their respective reserves are generally charged off once the loss has been confirmed. Expected recoveries do not exceed the aggregate of amounts previously charged off and expected to be charged off.
A loan, for which the terms have been modified in the current reporting period in the form of principal forgiveness, an interest rate reduction, an other than-insignificant payment delay, or a term extension to a borrower experiencing financial difficulty, is considered a troubled loan. The assessment of whether a borrower is experiencing financial difficulty is made on the date of a modification.
Principal balances are generally not forgiven when a loan is modified as a troubled loan. Nonaccruing troubled loans remain in nonaccrual status until there has been a period of sustained repayment performance demonstrated and repayment is reasonably assured. Since the effect of most troubled loans are already included in the Company’s estimate of expected credit losses, a change to the allowance for credit losses is generally not recorded upon modification.
For additional detail regarding past due and nonaccrual loans, see Note 7.
Allowance for Credit Losses - Loans and Leases
The Company establishes its allowance in accordance with guidance provided in ASC 326, Financial Instruments - Credit Losses. The allowance for credit losses includes quantitative and qualitative factors that comprise the Company's current estimate of expected credit losses, including the Company's portfolio mix and segmentation, modeling methodology, historical loss experience, relevant available information from internal and external sources relating to qualitative adjustment factors, prepayment speeds and reasonable and supportable forecasts about future economic conditions.
The Company's portfolio segments, established based on similar risk characteristics and loss behaviors, are:
Commercial Loans: Commercial and industrial - real estate secured, commercial and industrial - non-real estate secured, owner-occupied commercial, commercial mortgages, construction and commercial small business leases, and
Residential and Consumer Loans: Residential mortgage, equity secured lines and loans, installment loans, unsecured lines of credit, originated education loans and previously acquired education loans.
Expected credit losses are net of expected recoveries and estimated over the contractual term, adjusted for expected prepayments. The contractual term excludes any extensions, renewals and modifications unless they are not unconditionally cancellable. Expected recoveries do not exceed the aggregate of amounts previously charged-off and expected to be charged-off. Expected prepayments are based on historical experience and considers adjustments for current and future economic conditions.
The allowance includes two primary components: (i) an allowance established on loans which share similar risk characteristics collectively evaluated for credit losses (collective basis) and (ii) an allowance established on loans which do not share similar risk characteristics with any loan segment and are individually evaluated for credit losses (individual basis).
Loans that share similar risk characteristics are collectively reviewed for credit loss and are evaluated based on historical loss experience, adjusted for current economic conditions and future economic forecasts. Estimated losses are determined differently for commercial and residential and consumer loans, and each portfolio segment is further segmented by internally assessed risk ratings.
The Company uses a single scenario third-party economic forecast to adjust the calculated historical loss rates of the portfolio segments to incorporate the effects of current and future economic conditions. The Company's economic forecast considers the general health of the economy, the interest rate environment, real estate pricing and market risk. The Company's forecast extends out 6 quarters (the forecast period) and reverts to the historical loss rates on a straight-line basis over 4 quarters (the reversion period) as it believes this to be reasonable and supportable in the current environment. The economic forecast and reversion periods will be evaluated periodically by the Company and updated as appropriate.
The historical loss rates for commercial loans are estimated by determining the probability of default (PD) and expected loss given default (LGD) and are applied to the loans' exposure at default. The probability of default is calculated based on the historical rate of migration to an event of credit loss during the look-back period. The historical loss rates for consumer loans is calculated based on average net loss rates over the same look-back period. The current look-back period is 49 quarters which ensures historical loss rates are adequately considering losses within a full credit cycle.
Loans that do not share similar risk characteristics with any loan segments are evaluated on an individual basis. These loans, which may include troubled loans, are not included in the collective basis evaluation. When it is probable the Company will not collect all principal and interest due according to their contractual terms, which is assessed based on the credit characteristics of the loan and/or payment status, these loans are individually reviewed and measured for potential credit loss.
The amount of the potential credit loss is measured using any of the following three methods: (i) the present value of expected future cash flows discounted at the loan’s effective interest rate; (ii) the fair value of collateral if the loan is collateral dependent; or (iii) the loan’s observable market price. If the measured fair value of the loan is less than the amortized cost basis of the loan, an allowance for credit loss is recorded.
For collateral dependent loans, the expected credit losses at the individual asset level are the difference between the collateral's fair value (less cost to sell) and the amortized cost.
Qualitative adjustment factors consider various internal and external conditions which are allocated among loan segments and take into consideration:
Current underwriting policies, staff and portfolio concentrations,
Risk rating accuracy, credit and administration,
Internal risk emergence (including internal trends of delinquency, and criticized loans by segment),
Economic forecasts and conditions - locally and nationally (including market trends impacting collateral values), which is separate from or in addition to the third-party economic forecast described above, and
Competitive environment, as it could impact loan structure and underwriting.
These factors are based on their relative standing compared to the period in which historical losses are used in quantitative reserve estimates and current directional trends, and reasonable and supportable forecasts. Qualitative factors can add to or subtract from quantitative reserves.
The Company's loan officers and risk managers meet at least quarterly to discuss and review the conditions and risks associated with individual problem loans. In addition, various regulatory agencies periodically review the Company's loan ratings and allowance for credit losses and the Bank's internal loan review department performs recurring loan reviews.
Accrued interest receivable on loans is excluded from the estimate of credit losses and is included in Accrued interest receivable on the unaudited Consolidated Statements of Financial Condition.
For additional detail regarding the allowance for credit losses and the provision for credit losses, see Note 7.
RECENT ACCOUNTING PRONOUNCEMENTS
The following accounting pronouncement was adopted by the Company during the three months ended March 31, 2023:
ASU No. 2022-02, Financial Instruments – Credit Losses (Topic 326): Troubled Debt Restructurings and Vintage Disclosures: In March 2022, the FASB issued ASU No. 2022-02, Financial Instruments – Credit Losses (Topic 326): Troubled Debt Restructurings and Vintage Disclosures. The guidance eliminates the accounting guidance for troubled debt restructurings by creditors (ASC 310-40) while enhancing disclosure requirements for certain loan refinancings and restructurings by creditors when a borrower is experiencing financial difficulty. The guidance also requires that an entity disclose current-period write-offs by year of origination for financing receivables and net investments in leases within the scope of Topic 326. The Company adopted this guidance prospectively on January 1, 2023. For further details on the impact of the adoption and accounting policies, see updated Significant Accounting Policies, as described above, and troubled loans disclosures in Note 7 - Allowance for Credit Losses and Credit Quality Information.
Accounting Guidance Pending Adoption as of March 31, 2023
ASU No. 2023-01, Leases (Topic 842) Common Control Agreements: In March 2023, the FASB issued ASU No. 2023-01, Leases (Topic 842) Common Control Agreements. The amendment clarifies the accounting for leasehold improvements associated with common control leases by allowing the lessee to amortize the leasehold improvements over the useful life of the common control group’s use of the underlying asset, regardless of the lease term. The guidance is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2023. Early adoption is permitted. Adoption is required on a modified retrospective basis, consistent with the Company's adoption of Topic 842. The Company does not expect this update to have a material impact on the Consolidated Financial Statements.
ASU No. 2023-02, Investments—Equity Method and Joint Ventures (Topic 323) Accounting for Investments in Tax Credit Structures Using the Proportional Amortization Method: In March 2023, The FASB issued ASU 2023-02, Investments—Equity Method and Joint Ventures (Topic 323) Accounting for Investments in Tax Credit Structures Using the Proportional Amortization Method. The amendments permit reporting entities to elect to account for any equity investments in a tax credit program using the proportional amortization method if certain conditions are met. The amendments are effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2023. Early adoption is permitted. Adoption is required on a prospective, modified retrospective, or retrospective basis depending on the amendment. The Company does not expect this update to have a material impact on the Consolidated Financial Statements.