THE FRANKLIN TEMPLETON GROUP
                                 CODE OF ETHICS
                                       AND
                       POLICY STATEMENT ON INSIDER TRADING

                                TABLE OF CONTENTS
                                -----------------

THE FRANKLIN TEMPLETON GROUP CODE OF ETHICS                                    1
-------------------------------------------

  PART 1 - STATEMENT OF PRINCIPLES                                             1
  PART 2 - PURPOSES, AND CONSEQUENCES OF NON-COMPLIANCE                        2
  PART 3 - COMPLIANCE REQUIREMENTS FOR ALL ACCESS PERSONS                      3
  PART 4 - ADDITIONAL COMPLIANCE REQUIREMENTS APPLICABLE TO PORTFOLIO PERSONS 10
  PART 5 - REPORTING REQUIREMENTS FOR ALL ACCESS PERSONS                      13
  PART 6 - PRE-CLEARANCE REQUIREMENTS                                         17
  PART 7 - PENALTIES FOR VIOLATIONS OF THE CODE                               22
  PART 8 - A REMINDER ABOUT THE FRANKLIN TEMPLETON GROUP INSIDER TRADING
           POLICY                                                             23

FOREIGN COUNTRY SUPPLEMENTS                                                   24
---------------------------

  PART 1 - SUPPLEMENTARY STATEMENT OF REQUIREMENTS FOR CANADIAN EMPLOYEES     24


APPENDIX A: COMPLIANCE PROCEDURES, DEFINITIONS, AND OTHER ITEMS               26
----------- ---------------------------------------------------

  I.  RESPONSIBILITIES OF EACH DESIGNATED COMPLIANCE OFFICER                  27
  II. COMPILATION OF DEFINITIONS OF IMPORTANT TERMS                           33
  III.SECURITIES EXEMPT FROM THE PROHIBITED, REPORTING, AND
      PRE-CLEARANCE PROVISIONS                                                34
  IV. LEGAL REQUIREMENT                                                       35

APPENDIX B: FORMS AND SCHEDULES                                               36
----------- -------------------

  ACKNOWLEDGMENT FORM                                                         37
  SCHEDULE A: LEGAL AND COMPLIANCE OFFICERS AND PRECLEARANCE DESK TELEPHONE &
              FAX NUMBERS                                                     38

  SCHEDULE B:  SECURITIES TRANSACTION REPORT                                  39
  SCHEDULE C:  INITIAL, ANNUAL & UPDATED DISCLOSURE OF ACCESS PERSONS
               SECURITIES HOLDINGS                                            40
  SCHEDULE D:  NOTIFICATION OF SECURITIES ACCOUNT OPENING                     41
  SCHEDULE E:  NOTIFICATION OF DIRECT OR INDIRECT BENEFICIAL INTEREST         42
  SCHEDULE F:  INITIAL, ANNUAL & UPDATED DISCLOSURE OF SECURITIES ACCOUNTS    43
  SCHEDULE G:  INITIAL AND ANNUAL CERTIFICATION OF DISCRETIONARY AUTHORITY    44
  SCHEDULE H: CHECKLIST FOR PARTNERSHIPS AND SECURITIES ISSUED IN PRIVATE
              PLACEMENTS                                                      45

APPENDIX C: Investment Advisor and Broker-Dealer and Other Subsidiaries of
----------- ---------------------------------------------------------------
Franklin Resources, Inc. -  February 2001                                     47
-----------------------------------------


THE FRANKLIN TEMPLETON GROUP POLICY STATEMENT ON INSIDER TRADING               1
----------------------------------------------------------------

  A.  LEGAL REQUIREMENT                                                        1
  B.  WHO IS AN INSIDER?                                                       2
  C.  WHAT IS MATERIAL INFORMATION?                                            2
  D.  WHAT IS NON-PUBLIC INFORMATION?                                          2
  E.  BASIS FOR LIABILITY                                                      3
  F.  PENALTIES FOR INSIDER TRADING                                            3
  G.  INSIDER TRADING PROCEDURES                                               4



THE FRANKLIN TEMPLETON GROUP CODE OF ETHICS
-------------------------------------------


     Franklin Resources, Inc. and all of its subsidiaries,  and the funds in the
Franklin  Templeton  Group of Funds (the "Funds")  (collectively,  the "Franklin
Templeton  Group")  will  follow  this Code of Ethics  (the  "Code")  and Policy
Statement on Insider Trading (the "Insider Trading Policy").  Additionally,  the
subsidiaries  listed  in  Appendix  C  of  this  Code,  together  with  Franklin
Resources,  Inc.,  the  Funds,  the Fund's  investment  advisers  and  principal
underwriter,  have  adopted  the  Code  and  Insider  Trading  Policy.

PART 1 - Statement of Principles

     The Franklin Templeton Group's policy is that the interests of shareholders
and clients are paramount and come before the interests of any director, officer
or employee of the Franklin Templeton Group.1

     Personal investing  activities of all directors,  officers and employees of
the Franklin  Templeton Group should be conducted in a manner to avoid actual or
potential  conflicts  of  interest  with  the  Franklin  Templeton  Group,  Fund
shareholders, and other clients of any Franklin Templeton adviser.

     Directors, officers and employees of the Franklin Templeton Group shall use
their  positions  with  the  Franklin   Templeton   Group,  and  any  investment
opportunities  they  learn of  because  of  their  positions  with the  Franklin
Templeton  Group, in a manner  consistent  with their  fiduciary  duties for the
benefit of Fund shareholders, and clients.

---------------------
1     "Director" includes trustee.



PART 2 - Purposes, and Consequences of Non-compliance

     It is important  that you read and understand  this  document,  because its
overall  purpose is to help all of us comply  with the law and to  preserve  and
protect  the  outstanding  reputation  of the  Franklin  Templeton  Group.  This
document was adopted to comply with  Securities  and Exchange  Commission  rules
under the Investment  Company Act of 1940 ("1940 Act"), the Investment  Advisers
Act  of  1940  ("Advisers  Act"),  the  Insider  Trading  and  Securities  Fraud
Enforcement Act of 1988 ("ITSFEA"),  industry  practice and the  recommendations
contained in the ICI's Report of the Advisory Group on Personal  Investing.  Any
violation  of the  Code or  Insider  Trading  Policy,  including  engaging  in a
prohibited  transaction  or  failing  to file  required  reports,  may result in
disciplinary  action,  and, when  appropriate,  termination of employment and/or
referral to appropriate governmental agencies.


PART 3 - Compliance Requirements for All Access Persons

3.1   Who Is Covered by the Code and How Does It Work?

     The  principles  contained  in the Code must be observed by all  directors,
officers and  employees2 of the Franklin  Templeton  Group.  However,  there are
different  categories of  restrictions  on personal  investing  activities.  The
category in which you have been placed  generally  depends on your job function,
although  unique  circumstances  may result in you being  placed in a  different
category.

The Code covers the following categories of employees who are described below:

     (1)  Access Persons: Access Persons are those employees who have "access to
          information" concerning  recommendations made to a Fund or client with
          regard to the  purchase or sale of a security.  Examples of "access to
          information" would include having access to trading systems, portfolio
          accounting  systems,  research data bases or  settlement  information.
          Access Persons would typically include employees, including Management
          Trainees, in the following departments:

               fund accounting;

               investment operations;

               information services & technology;

               product management;

               legal and legal compliance

               and anyone else designated by the Director of Compliance

          In addition, you are an Access Person if you are any of the following:

               an officer or and directors of funds;

               an officer or director of an investment advisor or broker-dealer
               subsidiary in the Franklin Templeton Group;

               a person that controls those entities; and

               any  Franklin  Resources'   Proprietary   Account   ("Proprietary
               Account")3

     (2)  Portfolio  Persons:  Portfolio  Persons are a subset of Access Persons
          and are those  employees  of the  Franklin  Templeton  Group,  who, in
          connection  with his or her  regular  functions  or  duties,  makes or
          participates  in the decision to purchase or sell a security by a Fund
          in the Franklin  Templeton Group, or any other client or if his or her
          functions  relate to the  making of any  recommendations  about  those
          purchases or sales. Portfolio Persons include:

------------------------
2    The term "employee or employees" includes management  trainees,  as well as
     regular employees of the Franklin Templeton Group.

3    See Appendix A. II., for definition of "Proprietary Accounts."



               portfolio managers;

               research analysts;

               traders;

               employees  serving in equivalent  capacities  (such as Management
               Trainees);

               employees supervising the activities of Portfolio Persons; and

               anyone else designated by the Director of Compliance

     (3)  Non-Access  Persons:  If you are an employee in the Franklin Templeton
          Group AND you do not fit into any of the above  categories,  you are a
          Non-Access  Person.  Because you do not normally receive  confidential
          information  about  Fund  portfolios,  you  are  subject  only  to the
          prohibited  transaction  provisions  described in 3.4 of this Code and
          the Franklin Resources, Inc.'s Standards of Business Conduct contained
          in the Employee Handbook.

     Please contact the Legal Compliance Department if you are unsure as to what
category you fall in or whether you should be  considered to be an Access Person
or Portfolio Person.

     The Code works by prohibiting some transactions and requiring pre-clearance
and reporting of most others.  Non-Access Persons do not have to pre-clear their
security  transactions,  and,  in  most  cases,  do not  have  to  report  their
transactions. "Independent directors" need not report any securities transaction
unless you knew,  or should have known that,  during the 15-day period before or
after the  transaction,  the security was  purchased or sold or  considered  for
purchase or sale by a Fund or Franklin  Resources for a Fund. (See Section 5.2.B
below.) However,  personal investing activities of all employees and independent
directors are to be conducted in  compliance  with the  prohibited  transactions
provisions  contained in 3.4 below.  If you have any  questions  regarding  your
personal securities activity, contact the Legal Compliance Department.

3.2   What Accounts and Transactions Are Covered?

     The Code covers all of your personal  securities accounts and transactions,
as well as transactions by any of Franklin Resource's  Proprietary  Accounts. It
also  covers  all  securities  and  accounts  in  which  you  have   "beneficial
ownership." 4 A transaction  by or for the account of your spouse,  or any other
family  member living in your home is considered to be the same as a transaction
by you.  Also,  a  transaction  for any  account in which you have any  economic
interest (other than the account of an unrelated  client for which advisory fees
are received) and have or share investment  control is generally  considered the
same as a transaction by you. For example,  if you invest in a corporation  that
invests in securities and you have or share control over its  investments,  that
corporation's securities transactions are considered yours.

------------------------
4    Generally,  a person has "beneficial ownership" in a security if he or she,
     directly or indirectly, through any contract,  arrangement,  understanding,
     relationship  or  otherwise,  has or shares a direct or indirect  pecuniary
     interest in the security. There is a presumption of a pecuniary interest in
     a security  held or  acquired  by a member of a person's  immediate  family
     sharing the same household.




     However,  you are not deemed to have a pecuniary interest in any securities
held by a partnership,  corporation, trust or similar entity unless you control,
or share control of such entity, or have, or share control over its investments.
For example,  securities  transactions  of a trust or foundation in which you do
not have an economic interest (i.e., you are not the trustor or beneficiary) but
of which you are a trustee are not  considered  yours  unless you have voting or
investment  control of its  assets.  Accordingly,  each time the words  "you" or
"your"  are  used  in this  document,  they  apply  not  only  to your  personal
transactions  and accounts,  but also to all  transactions and accounts in which
you have any direct or indirect beneficial interest.  If it is not clear whether
a particular account or transaction is covered,  ask a Preclearance  Officer for
guidance.

3.3   What Securities Are Exempt From the Code of Ethics?

     You do not  need to  pre-clear  or  report  transactions  of the  following
     securities:

     (1)  securities that are direct  obligations of the U. S. Government (i.e.,
          issued or guaranteed by the U.S.  Government,  such as Treasury bills,
          notes  and  bonds,   including  U.S.  Savings  Bonds  and  derivatives
          thereof);

     (2)  high  quality  short-term  instruments,  including  but not limited to
          bankers' acceptances,  bank certificates of deposit,  commercial paper
          and repurchase agreements;

     (3)  shares of registered open-end  investment  companies ("mutual funds");
          and

     (4)  commodity  futures,  currencies,  currency  forwards  and  derivatives
          thereof.

     Such  transactions  are also exempt from:  (i) the  prohibited  transaction
provisions  contained  in Part 3.4 such as  front-running;  (ii) the  additional
compliance requirements applicable to portfolio persons contained in Part 4; and
(iii) the applicable reporting requirements contained in Part 5.


3.4    Prohibited Transactions for All Access Persons

      A.    "Intent" Is Important
             --------------------

     Certain transactions described below have been determined by the courts and
the SEC to be  prohibited  by law.  The  Code  reiterates  that  these  types of
transactions  are a violation of the Statement of Principals and are prohibited.
Preclearance,  which is a cornerstone of our compliance  efforts,  cannot detect
transactions  which are dependent upon intent,  or which by their nature,  occur
before any order has been placed for a fund or client.  A Preclearance  Officer,
who is there to assist you with compliance with the Code,  cannot  guarantee any
transaction or transactions  comply with the Code or the law. The fact that your
transaction receives  preclearance,  shows evidence of good faith, but depending
upon  all  the  facts,  may not  provide  a full  and  complete  defense  to any
accusation of violation of the Code or of the law. For example,  if you executed
a transaction for which you received approval,  or if the transaction was exempt
from  preclearance  (e.g.,  a  transaction  for 100  shares or less),  would not
preclude a subsequent  finding that  front-running or scalping  occurred because
such activity are dependent upon your intent.  Intent cannot be detected  during
preclearance, but only after a review of all the facts.

     In the  final  analysis,  compliance  remains  the  responsibility  of each
individual effecting personal securities transactions.

      B.    Front-running:  Trading Ahead of a Fund or Client
            -------------------------------------------------

     You cannot  front-run any trade of a Fund or client.  The term  "front-run"
means knowingly trading before a contemplated transaction by a Fund or client of
any  Franklin  Templeton  adviser,  whether  or not your trade and the Fund's or
client's trade take place in the same market. Thus, you may not:

     (1)  purchase a  security  if you  intend,  or know of  Franklin  Templeton
          Group's intention,  to purchase that security or a related security on
          behalf of a Fund or client, or

     (2)  sell a security if you intend,  or know of Franklin  Templeton Group's
          intention,  to sell that security or a related security on behalf of a
          Fund or client.

      C.    Scalping.
            --------

     You cannot  purchase  a  security  (or its  economic  equivalent)  with the
intention of recommending  that the security be purchased for a Fund, or client,
or sell short a security  (or its  economic  equivalent)  with the  intention of
recommending  that  the  security  be sold  for a Fund or  client.  Scalping  is
prohibited whether or not you realize a profit from such transaction.

      D.    Trading Parallel to a Fund or Client
            ------------------------------------

      You cannot buy a security if you know that the same or a related
security is being bought contemporaneously by a Fund or client, or sell a
security if you know that the same or a related security is being sold
contemporaneously by a Fund or client.


      E.    Trading Against a Fund or Client
            --------------------------------

      You cannot:

     (1)  buy a security  if you know that a Fund or client is selling  the same
          or a  related  security,  or has sold the  security,  until  seven (7)
          calendar  days after the  Fund's or  client's  order has  either  been
          executed or withdrawn, or

     (2)  sell a  security  if you know that a Fund or client is buying the same
          or a related  security,  or has bought the  security  until  seven (7)
          calendar  days after the  Fund's or  client's  order has  either  been
          executed or withdrawn.

     Refer to Section I.A., "Pre-Clearance Standards," of Appendix A of the Code
for more details regarding the preclearance of personal securities transactions.

      F.   Using Proprietary Information for Personal Transactions
           -------------------------------------------------------

     You  cannot  buy or sell a  security  based on  Proprietary  Information  5
without disclosing the information and receiving written  authorization.  If you
wish to purchase or sell a security  about which you obtained such  information,
you must report all of the  information  you obtained  regarding the security to
the Appropriate Analyst(s)6,  or to the Director of Compliance for dissemination
to the Appropriate Analyst(s).

---------------------------
5    Proprietary  Information:  Information that is obtained or developed during
     the  ordinary  course of  employment  with the  Franklin  Templeton  Group,
     whether by you or someone else, and is not available to persons outside the
     Franklin Templeton Group. Examples of such Proprietary Information include,
     among other things, internal research reports,  research materials supplied
     to the Franklin Templeton Group by vendors and broker-dealers not generally
     available  to the public,  minutes of  departmental/research  meetings  and
     conference  calls,  and  communications  with company  officers  (including
     confidentiality   agreements).   Examples  of  non-Proprietary  Information
     include mass media publications (e.g., The Wall Street Journal, Forbes, and
     Fortune),  certain specialized  publications available to the public (e.g.,
     Morningstar,   Value  Line,  Standard  and  Poors),  and  research  reports
     available to the general public.

6    The Director of Compliance  is  designated on Schedule A. The  "Appropriate
     Analyst" means any securities analyst or portfolio manager, other than you,
     making  recommendations  or  investing  funds on behalf  of any  associated
     client,  who may be  reasonably  expected  to  recommend  or  consider  the
     purchase or sale of the security in question.


     You will be permitted to purchase or sell such security if the  Appropriate
Analyst(s)  confirms  to the  Preclearance  Desk that there is no  intention  to
engage in a transaction regarding the security within seven (7) calendar days on
behalf of an Associated  Client7 and you subsequently  preclear such security in
accordance with Part 6 below.

     G.   Certain  Transactions in Securities of Franklin  Resources,  Inc., and
          Affiliated Closed-end Funds, and Real Estate Investment Trusts
          ----------------------------------------------------------------------

     If  you  are  an  employee  of  Franklin  Resources,  Inc.  or  any  of its
affiliates,  including the Franklin  Templeton  Group, you cannot effect a short
sale of the  securities,  including  "short  sales  against the box" of Franklin
Resources,  Inc., or any of the Franklin or Templeton closed-end funds, Franklin
real  estate  investment  trusts  or  any  other  security  issued  by  Franklin
Resources,  Inc.  or its  affiliates.  This  prohibition  would  also  apply  to
effecting economically equivalent  transactions,  including,  but not limited to
sales of any option to buy (i.e.,  a call  option) or purchases of any option to
sell (i.e., a put option) and "swap" transactions or other derivatives. Officers
and directors of the Franklin  Templeton  Group who may be covered by Section 16
of the  Securities  Exchange Act of 1934,  are reminded  that their  obligations
under that section are in addition to their obligations under this Code.

--------------------------
7    Associated  Client:  A Fund or client whose  trading  information  would be
     available  to the access  person  during  the course of his or her  regular
     functions or duties.



PART 4 - Additional Compliance Requirements Applicable to Portfolio Persons8

4.1   Requirement to Disclose Interest and Method of Disclosure

     As a Portfolio  Person,  you must promptly disclose your direct or indirect
beneficial  interest in a security whenever you learn that the security is under
consideration  for  purchase  or sale by an  Associated  Client in the  Franklin
Templeton Group and you;

     (1) Have or share investment control of the Associated Client;

     (2) Make any  recommendation  or participate in the  determination of which
     recommendation shall be made on behalf of the Associated Client; or

     (3) Have  functions  or duties  that relate to the  determination  of which
     recommendation shall be made to the Associated Client.

     In such instances,  you must initially  disclose that  beneficial  interest
orally to the primary portfolio  manager (or other  Appropriate  Analyst) of the
Associated  Client(s)  considering  the  security,  the Director of Research and
Trading or the Director of Compliance.  Following that oral disclosure, you must
send a written  acknowledgment  of that  interest  on  Schedule  E (or on a form
containing  substantially  similar information) to the primary portfolio manager
(or other Appropriate Analyst),  with a copy to the Legal Compliance Department.


4.2 Short Sales of Securities

     You  cannot  sell  short  any  security  held by your  Associated  Clients,
including  "short  sales  against  the  box".  Additionally,  Portfolio  Persons
associated  with the Templeton  Group of Funds and clients cannot sell short any
security on the Templeton  "Bargain List".  This prohibition would also apply to
effecting economically equivalent  transactions,  including, but not limited to,
sales of uncovered  call options,  purchases of put options while not owning the
underlying  security and short sales of bonds that are  convertible  into equity
positions.

---------------------------------
8    You  are a  "Portfolio  Person"  if you  are an  employee  of the  Franklin
     Templeton Group,  and, in connection with your regular functions or duties,
     make or  participate  in the  decision  to purchase or sell a security by a
     Fund in the  Franklin  Templeton  Group,  or any  other  client  or if your
     functions relate to the making of any recommendations about those purchases
     or sales. Portfolio Persons include portfolio managers,  research analysts,
     traders,  persons  serving in  equivalent  capacities  (such as  Management
     Trainees),  persons  supervising the activities of Portfolio  Persons,  and
     anyone else so designated by the Compliance Officer.




4.3   Short Swing Trading

     Portfolio  Persons  cannot  profit from the  purchase  and sale or sale and
purchase  within sixty  calendar  days of any security,  including  derivatives.
Portfolio  Persons are responsible for transactions that may occur in margin and
option accounts and all such transactions must comply with this restriction.9

This restriction does not apply to:

     (1)  trading  within a shorter period if you do not realize a profit and if
          you do not violate any other provisions of this Code; and

     (2)  profiting on the  purchase and sale or sale and purchase  within sixty
          calendar days of the following securities:

          |X|  securities  that are direct  obligations of the U.S.  Government,
               such as Treasury bills,  notes and bonds,  and U.S. Savings Bonds
               and derivatives thereof;

          |X|  high quality short-term  instruments ("money market instruments")
               including but not limited to (i) bankers' acceptances,  (ii) U.S.
               bank  certificates of deposit;  (iii) commercial  paper; and (iv)
               repurchase agreements;

          |X|  shares of registered open-end investment companies; and

          |X|  commodity futures, currencies,  currency forwards and derivatives
               thereof.


     Calculation of profits during the 60 calendar day holding period  generally
will be based on "last-in,  first-out" ("LIFO").  Portfolio Persons may elect to
calculate  their 60 calendar  day  profits on either a LIFO or FIFO  ("first-in,
first-out") basis when there has not been any activity in such security by their
Associated Clients during the previous 60 calendar days.

----------------------------
9    This  restriction  applies equally to transactions  occurring in margin and
     option  accounts  which may not be due to direct  actions by the  Portfolio
     Person.  For example, a stock held less than 60 days that is sold to meet a
     margin call or the underlying stock of a covered call option held less than
     60 days that is called away,  would be a violation of this  restriction  if
     these transactions resulted in a profit for the Portfolio Person.

4.4   Service as a Director

     As a Portfolio  Person,  you cannot serve as a director,  trustee,  or in a
similar capacity for any company (excluding not-for-profit companies, charitable
groups,  and  eleemosynary  organizations)  unless you receive approval from the
Chief Executive  Officer of the principal  investment  adviser to the Fund(s) of
which you are a  Portfolio  Person and he/she  determines  that your  service is
consistent with the interests of the Fund(s) and its shareholders.

4.5   Securities Sold in a Public Offering

     Portfolio Persons cannot buy securities in any initial public offering,  or
a  secondary  offering  by an issuer,  including  initial  public  offerings  of
securities made by closed-end funds and real estate investment trusts advised by
the Franklin  Templeton  Group.  Purchases of open-end mutual funds are excluded
from this prohibition.

4.6   Interests in Partnerships and Securities Issued in Private Placements

     Portfolio  Persons cannot acquire  limited  partnership  interests or other
securities in private placements unless they:

     (1)  complete the Private Placement Checklist (Schedule H);

     (2)  provide  supporting  documentation  (e.g.,  a  copy  of  the  offering
          memorandum); and

     (3)  obtain approval of the appropriate Chief Investment Officer; and

     (4)  submit all documents to the Legal Compliance Department

Approval will only be granted after the Director of Compliance  consults with an
executive officer of Franklin Resources, Inc.



PART 5 - Reporting Requirements for All Access Persons

5.1   Reporting of Beneficial Ownership and Securities Transactions

     Compliance with the following  personal  securities  transaction  reporting
procedures is essential to enable us to meet our  responsibilities  to Funds and
other clients and to comply with  regulatory  requirements.  You are expected to
comply  with  both  the  letter  and  spirit  of these  requirements,  including
completing  and filing all reports  required  under the Code in a timely manner.


5.2 Initial Holdings and Brokerage Account Reports

A.    All Access Persons  (except Independent Directors)
      ------------------

     Every  employee  (new or  transfer)  of the  Franklin  Templeton  Group who
     becomes an Access Person, must file:

     (1)  An Acknowledgement Form;

     (2)  Schedule  C:  Initial,  Annual  &  Updated  Disclosure  of  Securities
          Holdings; and

     (3)  Schedule  F:  Initial,  Annual  &  Updated  Disclosure  of  Securities
          Accounts

     The  Acknowledgement  Form, Schedule C and Schedule F must be completed and
     returned to the Legal Compliance  Department within 10 calendar days of the
     date the employee becomes an access person.

5.3   Quarterly Transaction Reports

A.    All Access Persons  (except Independent Directors)
      ------------------

     You must report all  securities  transactions  by; (i)  providing the Legal
Compliance  Department with copies of all broker's  confirmations and statements
within 10 calendar days after the end of the calendar quarter (which may be sent
under separate  cover by the broker)  showing all  transactions  and holdings in
securities  and (ii)  certifying  by  January  30th of each  year  that you have
disclosed  all such  brokerage  accounts on  Schedule F to the Legal  Compliance
Department.   The  brokerage  statements  and  confirmations  must  include  all
transactions  in securities  in which you have, or by reason of the  transaction
acquire any direct or indirect beneficial ownership, including transactions in a
discretionary  account  and  transactions  for any account in which you have any
economic  interest and have or share  investment  control.  Also, if you acquire
securities  by any  other  method  which  is not  being  reported  to the  Legal
Compliance Department by a duplicate  confirmation statement at or near the time
of the  acquisition,  you must report that  acquisition to the Legal  Compliance
Department  on Schedule B within 10 calendar  days after you are notified of the
acquisition.  Such acquisitions include, among other things, securities acquired
by gift,  inheritance,  vesting,10 stock splits, merger or reorganization of the
issuer of the security.

     You must file these  documents  with the Legal  Compliance  Department  not
later than 10 calendar days after the end of each quarter, but you need not show
or report  transactions for any account over which you had no direct or indirect
influence or control.11 Failure to timely report  transactions is a violation of
Rule  17j-1 as well as the Code,  and may be  reported  to the  Fund's  Board of
Directors and may also result,  among other things, in denial of future personal
security transaction requests.

B.    Independent Directors
      ---------------------

     If you are a director of the  Franklin  Templeton  Group but you are not an
"interested  person"  of the  Fund,  you are not  required  to file  transaction
reports  unless you knew or should  have known  that,  during the 15-day  period
before or after a transaction, the security was purchased or sold, or considered
for purchase or sale, by a Fund or by Franklin Resources on behalf of a Fund.

--------------------------

10   You are not required to separately  report the vesting of shares or options
     of Franklin Resources,  Inc., received pursuant to a deferred  compensation
     plan as such information is already maintained.

11   See Sections 3.2 and 4.6 of the Code. Also, confirmations and statements of
     transactions in open-end mutual funds,  including mutual funds sponsored by
     the Franklin Templeton Group are not required.  See Section 3.3 above for a
     list of  other  securities  that  need  not be  reported.  If you  have any
     beneficial  ownership  in a  discretionary  account,  transactions  in that
     account  are  treated as yours and must be  reported by the manager of that
     account (see Section 6.1.C below).

5.4   Annual Reports - All Access Persons

A.    Securities Accounts Reports (except Independent Directors)

     As an access  person,  you must file a report  of all  personal  securities
accounts  on  Schedule  F, with the Legal  Compliance  Department,  annually  by
January  30th.  You must  report  the name and  description  of each  securities
account in which you have a direct or indirect  beneficial  interest,  including
securities  accounts  of a spouse and minor  children.  You must also report any
account in which you have any  economic  interest  and have or share  investment
control (e.g., trusts,  foundations,  etc.) other than an account for a Fund in,
or a client of, the Franklin Templeton Group.

B.   Securities  Holdings  Reports (except Independent Directors)

     You must file a report of personal  securities holdings on Schedule C, with
the Legal  Compliance  Department,  by January  30th of each year.  This  report
should include all of your securities holdings,  including any security acquired
by a transaction,  gift,  inheritance,  vesting, merger or reorganization of the
issuer of the  security,  in which you have any  direct or  indirect  beneficial
ownership,  including securities holdings in a discretionary account and for any
account in which you have any  economic  interest  and have or share  investment
control.  Your securities  holding  information  must be current as of a date no
more than 30 days  before the  report is  submitted.  You may  attach  copies of
year-end brokerage statements to the Schedule C in lieu of listing each security
position on the schedule.

C.   Certification of Compliance With the Code of Ethics (including  Independent
     Directors)

     All  access  persons,  including  independent  directors,  will be asked to
certify that they will comply with the Franklin Templeton Group's Code of Ethics
and Policy Statement on Insider Trading by filing the  Acknowledgment  Form with
the Legal Compliance  Department within 10 business days of receipt of the Code.
Thereafter,  you will be asked to certify that you have  complied  with the Code
during the preceding year by filing a similar  Acknowledgment Form by January 30
of each year.

5.5  Brokerage  Accounts and  Confirmations of Securities  Transactions  (except
     Independent Directors)

     If you are an access person , in the Franklin Templeton Group, before or at
a time  contemporaneous  with  opening a  brokerage  account  with a  registered
broker-dealer,  or a bank,  or placing an initial order for the purchase or sale
of securities with that broker-dealer or bank, you must:

     (1)  notify the Legal  Compliance  Department,  in writing,  by  completing
          Schedule D or by providing substantially similar information; and

     (2)  notify the institution  with which the account is opened,  in writing,
          of your association with the Franklin Templeton Group.

     The Compliance  Department  will request the institution in writing to send
to it duplicate  copies of  confirmations  and statements  for all  transactions
effected in the account simultaneously with their mailing to you.

     If you have an existing  account on the effective date of this Code or upon
becoming an access  person,  you must comply within 10 days with  conditions (1)
and (2) above.


PART 6 - Pre-clearance Requirements

6.1   Prior Approval of Securities Transactions

      A.    Length of Approval
            ------------------

     Unless you are  covered by  Paragraph  D below,  you cannot buy or sell any
security,  without first  contacting a Preclearance  Officer by fax,  phone,  or
e-mail and obtaining his or her approval. A clearance is good until the close of
the business day  following  the day clearance is granted but may be extended in
special circumstances, shortened or rescinded, as explained in Appendix A.

      B.    Securities Not Requiring Preclearance
            -------------------------------------

     The securities enumerated below do not require preclearance under the Code.
However, all other provisions of the Code apply, including,  but not limited to:
(i)  the  prohibited  transaction  provisions  contained  in  Part  3.4  such as
front-running;   (ii)  the  additional  compliance  requirements  applicable  to
portfolio  persons   contained  in  Part  4,  (iii)  the  applicable   reporting
requirements  contained in Part 5; and (iv) insider  trading  prohibitions.

You need not pre-clear transactions in the following securities:

     (1)  Mutual Funds. Transactions in shares of any registered open-end mutual
          fund;

     (2)  Franklin Resources,  Inc., and its Affiliates.  Purchases and sales of
          securities  of  Franklin  Resources,  Inc.,  closed-end  funds  of the
          Franklin  Templeton Group, or real estate investment trusts advised by
          Franklin  Properties Inc., as these securities  cannot be purchased on
          behalf of our advisory clients.12

     (3)  Small Quantities.

          o    Transactions  that do not  result in  purchases  or sales of more
               than 100 shares of any one  security,  regardless  of where it is
               traded, in any 30 day period; or

          o    Transactions  of 500 shares or less of any security listed on the
               NYSE or NASDAQ NMS in any 30 day period; or

          o    Transactions  of 1000 shares or less of the top 50  securities by
               volume during the previous calendar quarter on the NYSE or NASDAQ
               NMS in any 30 day period.

-----------------------
12    Officers, directors and certain other key management personnel who
      perform significant policy-making functions of Franklin Resources,
      Inc., the closed-end funds, and/or real estate investment trusts may
      have ownership reporting requirements in addition to these reporting
      requirements.  Contact the Legal Compliance Department for additional
      information.  See also the "Insider Trading Policy" attached.



     However,  you may not execute any transaction,  regardless of quantity,  if
     you learn that the Funds are active in the  security.  It will be  presumed
     that you have  knowledge  of Fund  activity in the security if, among other
     things,  you are denied approval to go forward with a transaction  request.
     Transactions made pursuant to dividend  reinvestment plans ("DRIPs") do not
     require preclearance regardless of quantity or Fund activity.

     (4)  Government   Obligations.   Transactions   in  securities   issued  or
          guaranteed by the governments of the United States, Canada, the United
          Kingdom,  France,  Germany,  Switzerland,  Italy and  Japan,  or their
          agencies or instrumentalities, or derivatives thereof;

     (5)  Payroll Deduction Plans.  Securities purchased by an employee's spouse
          pursuant  to a payroll  deduction  program,  provided  the  Compliance
          Department  has been  previously  notified  in  writing  by the access
          person that the spouse will be participating in the payroll  deduction
          program.

     (6)  Employer Stock Option  Programs.  Transactions  involving the exercise
          and/or  purchase by an access person or an access  person's  spouse of
          securities pursuant to a program sponsored by a corporation  employing
          the access person or spouse.

     (7)  Pro Rata  Distributions.  Purchases effected by the exercise of rights
          issued pro rata to all holders of a class of securities or the sale of
          rights so received.

     (8)  Tender  Offers.  Transactions  in  securities  pursuant to a bona fide
          tender  offer made for any and all such  securities  to all  similarly
          situated  shareholders  in  conjunction  with  mergers,  acquisitions,
          reorganizations  and/or similar corporate  actions.  However,  tenders
          pursuant to offers for less than all outstanding securities of a class
          of securities of an issuer must be precleared.

     (9)  Not  Eligible for Funds and Clients.  Transactions  in any  securities
          that are prohibited  investments  for all Funds and clients advised by
          the entity employing the access person.

     (10) No Investment Control.  Transactions effected for an account or entity
          over  which  you do not have or share  investment  control  (i.e.,  an
          account where someone else exercises complete investment control).

     (11) No Beneficial  Ownership.  Transactions in which you do not acquire or
          dispose of direct or indirect  beneficial  ownership (i.e., an account
          where in you have no financial interest).

     Although  an access  person's  securities  transaction  may be exempt  from
pre-clearing,  such  transactions  must comply with the  prohibited  transaction
provisions of Section 3.4 above. Additionally,  you may not trade any securities
as to which you have "inside  information" (see attached The Franklin  Templeton
Group Policy Statement on Insider Trading). If you have any questions, contact a
Preclearance  Officer before engaging in the transaction.  If you have any doubt
whether you have or might  acquire  direct or indirect  beneficial  ownership or
have or share  investment  control  over an  account  or entity in a  particular
transaction,  or whether a transaction  involves a security covered by the Code,
you  should  consult  with  a  Preclearance   Officer  before  engaging  in  the
transaction.

      C.    Discretionary Accounts
            ----------------------

     You need not pre-clear  transactions in any discretionary account for which
a registered broker-dealer, a registered investment adviser, or other investment
manager acting in a similar fiduciary capacity, which is not affiliated with the
Franklin Templeton Group, exercises sole investment discretion, if the following
conditions are met:13

     (1)  The  terms  of  each  account  relationship  ("Agreement")  must be in
          writing  and  filed  with  a   Preclearance   Officer   prior  to  any
          transactions.

     (2)  Any  amendment  to each  Agreement  must be filed  with  aPreclearance
          Officer prior to its effective date.

     (3)  The Portfolio  Person  certifies to the  Compliance  Department at the
          time such account relationship commences, and annually thereafter,  as
          contained  in Schedule G of the Code that such  Portfolio  Person does
          not have direct or indirect  influence  or control  over the  account,
          other than the right to terminate the account.

     (4)  Additionally, any discretionary account that you open or maintain with
          a registered broker-dealer,  a registered investment adviser, or other
          investment manager acting in a similar fiduciary capacity must provide
          duplicate copies of confirmations  and statements for all transactions
          effected in the account simultaneously with their delivery to you., If
          your discretionary  account acquires securities which are not reported
          to  a  Preclearance   Officer  by  a  duplicate   confirmation,   such
          transaction  must be reported to a Preclearance  Officer on Schedule B
          within 10 days after you are notified of the acquisition.14

     However,  if you make any request that the  discretionary  account  manager
enter into or refrain from a specific transaction or class of transactions,  you
must first  consult with a  Preclearance  Officer and obtain  approval  prior to
making such request.

-----------------------
13   Please note that these  conditions  apply to any  discretionary  account in
     existence  prior  to the  effective  date of this  Code  or  prior  to your
     becoming an access person.  Also, the conditions  apply to  transactions in
     any discretionary  account,  including  pre-existing accounts, in which you
     have any direct or indirect beneficial ownership, even if it is not in your
     name.
14   Any  pre-existing  agreement  must be promptly  amended to comply with this
     condition.  The  required  reports  may be made in the  form of an  account
     statement if they are filed by the applicable deadline.

      D.    Directors Who Are Not Advisory Persons or Advisory Representatives
            ------------------------------------------------------------------

      You need not pre-clear any securities if:

     (1)  You are a director  of a Fund in the  Franklin  Templeton  Group and a
          director of the fund's advisor;

     (2)  You are not an "advisory person"15 of a Fund in the Franklin Templeton
          Group; and

     (3)  You are not an employee of any Fund,

      or

     (1)  You are a director of a Fund in the Franklin Templeton Group;

     (2)  You are not an "advisory  representative"16  of Franklin  Resources or
          any subsidiary; and

     (3)  You are not an employee of any Fund,

unless  you know or should  know  that,  during  the  15-day  period  before the
transaction,  the security was purchased or sold, or considered  for purchase or
sale, by a Fund or by Franklin Resources on behalf of a Fund or other client.

     Directors,   other  than  independent  Directors,   qualifying  under  this
paragraph  are  required to comply with all  applicable  provisions  of the Code
including  reporting their initial holdings and brokerage accounts in accordance
with 5.2, personal  securities  transactions and accounts in accordance with 5.3
and 5.5, and annual reports in accordance with 5.4 of the Code.

------------------------
15   An "advisory  person" of a registered  investment  company or an investment
     adviser  is  any  employee,  who in  connection  with  his  or her  regular
     functions  or  duties,  makes,  participates  in,  or  obtains  information
     regarding  the  purchase or sale of a security  by an advisory  client , or
     whose functions relate to the making of any recommendations with respect to
     such purchases or sales.  Advisory  person also includes any natural person
     in a control relationship to such company or investment adviser who obtains
     information concerning  recommendations made to such company with regard to
     the purchase or sale of a security.
16   Generally,  an  "advisory  representative"  is any  person  who  makes  any
     recommendation,   who   participates   in  the   determination   of   which
     recommendation  shall be made,  or whose  functions or duties relate to the
     determination of which  recommendation shall be made, or who, in connection
     with his duties,  obtains any information  concerning  which securities are
     being   recommended   prior  to  the   effective   dissemination   of  such
     recommendations or of the information concerning such recommendations.  See
     Section  II  of  Appendix  A  for  the  legal   definition   of   "Advisory
     Representative."


      E.    Limited Exception for Certain Proprietary Accounts
            --------------------------------------------------

     Franklin  Resources and/or its affiliates may sponsor private  partnerships
and other  pooled  investment  accounts  intended  for  distribution  to persons
unaffiliated with the Franklin Templeton Group ("affiliated  accounts").  At the
outset of  operations of such  affiliated  accounts,  Franklin  Resources or its
affiliates will likely have a significant  ownership  interest,  thereby causing
the  affiliated  account  to  be a  Proprietary  Account.  Though  considered  a
Proprietary  Account for all other purposes of this Code, an affiliated  account
need not pre-clear  any  securities  transaction  during the first full 12 month
period after its commencement of operations.

PART 7 - Penalties for Violations of the Code

     The Code is  designed  to  assure  compliance  with  applicable  law and to
maintain shareholder confidence in the Franklin Templeton Group.

     In   adopting   this  Code,   it  is  the   intention   of  the  Boards  of
Directors/Trustees,  to attempt to achieve 100% compliance with all requirements
of the Code - but it is  recognized  that this may not be  possible.  Incidental
failures to comply with the Code are not  necessarily  a violation of the law or
the  Franklin  Templeton  Group's  Statement  of  Principles.  Such  isolated or
inadvertent  violations  of the Code not  resulting in a violation of law or the
Statement of Principles  will be referred to the Director of  Compliance  and/or
management  personnel,  and disciplinary action commensurate with the violation,
if warranted, will be imposed.

     However,  if you  violate  any of the  enumerated  prohibited  transactions
contained  in Parts 3 and 4 of the  Code,  you will be  expected  to give up any
profits realized from these  transactions to Franklin  Resources for the benefit
of the affected Funds or other clients.  If Franklin  Resources cannot determine
which  Fund(s) or client(s)  were  affected,  the proceeds  will be donated to a
charity chosen by Franklin Resources. Failure to disgorge profits when requested
may  result  in  additional   disciplinary  action,   including  termination  of
employment.

     Further,  a pattern of violations that  individually do not violate the law
or Statement  of  Principles,  but which taken  together  demonstrate  a lack of
respect  for the Code of Ethics,  may result in  disciplinary  action  including
termination of  employment.  A violation of the Code resulting in a violation of
the law will be severely sanctioned, with disciplinary action including, but not
limited to,  referral of the matter to the board of  directors  of the  affected
Fund,  termination  of employment  or referral of the matter to the  appropriate
regulatory agency for civil and/or criminal investigation.

PART 8 - A Reminder About the Franklin Templeton Group Insider Trading Policy

     The Code of Ethics is primarily  concerned with  transactions in securities
held or to be  acquired  by any of the  Funds or  Franklin  Resources'  clients,
regardless  of whether those  transactions  are based on inside  information  or
actually harm a Fund or a client.

     The Insider  Trading  Policy  (attached  to this  document)  deals with the
problem of insider  trading in securities that could result in harm to a Fund, a
client,  or members of the public,  and applies to all  directors,  officers and
employees  of  any  entity  in  the  Franklin  Templeton  Group.   Although  the
requirements  of the Code and the Insider  Trading Policy are similar,  you must
comply with both.


FOREIGN COUNTRY SUPPLEMENTS
----------------------------

PART 1 - Supplementary Statement of Requirements for Canadian Employees

The Investment  Funds  Institute of Canada  ("IFIC") has implemented a new Model
Code of Ethics for  Personal  Investing  (the "IFIC  Code") to be adopted by all
IFIC members.  Certain provisions in the IFIC Code differ from the provisions of
the Franklin Templeton Group Code of Ethics (the "FT Code").  This Supplementary
Statement of  Requirements  for Canadian  Employees (the "Canadian  Supplement")
describes  certain further specific  requirements  that govern the activities of
Franklin Templeton  Investments Corp. ("FTIC"). It is important to note that the
Canadian  Supplement does not replace the FT Code but adds certain  restrictions
on trading activities which must be read in conjunction with the Code.

All  capitalized  terms in this  Canadian  Supplement,  unless  defined  in this
Canadian Supplement, have the meaning set forth in the FT Code.

Initial Public and Secondary Offerings

Access  Persons  cannot buy  securities  in any initial  public  offering,  or a
secondary  offering by an issuer.  Public  offerings of  securities  made by the
Franklin  Templeton Group,  including open-end and closed-end mutual funds, real
estate investment trusts and securities of Franklin Resources, Inc, are excluded
from this prohibition.

Note: the FT Code presently  prohibits  Portfolio Persons from buying securities
in any  initial  public  offering,  or a  secondary  offering  by an issuer (See
Section 4.5 of the FT Code).  This provision  extends Section 4.5 of the FT Code
to all Access Persons.

Interests in Partnerships and Securities issued in Private Placements

Access  Persons  and  Portfolio  Persons  cannot  acquire  limited   partnership
interests or other securities in private  placements unless they obtain approval
of the Compliance  Officer after he or she consults with an executive officer of
Franklin  Resources,  Inc. Purchases of limited  partnership  interests or other
securities in private placements will not be approved, unless in addition to the
requirements for the approval of other trades and such other requirements as the
executive  officer of Franklin  Resources,  Inc.  may  require,  the  Compliance
Officer is  satisfied  that the issuer is a "private  company" as defined in the
Securities Act (Ontario) and the Access Person has no reason to believe that the
issuer will make a public offering of its securities in the foreseeable future.

Note: the FT Code presently  prohibits as a general rule Portfolio  Persons from
buying limited  partnership  interests or other securities in private placements
(See  Section  4.6 of the FT  Code).  This  section  extends  the  ambit  of the
prohibition  to Access  Persons and limits the  exception  to the  general  rule
contained in section 4.6 of the FT Code.

Additional Requirements to Obtain Approval for Personal Trades

Prior to an Access Person obtaining approval for a personal trade he or she must
advise the Compliance Officer that he or she:

o    Does not possess material non-public information relating to the security;

o    Is not aware of any proposed trade or investment  program  relating to that
     security by any of the Franklin Templeton Group of Funds;

o    Believes that the proposed trade has not been offered because of the Access
     Person's  position in the Franklin  Templeton Group and is available to any
     market participant on the same terms;

o    Believes that the proposed  trade does not contravene any of the prohibited
     activities  set  out in  Section  3.4 of the FT  Code,  and in the  case of
     Portfolio  Persons does not violate any of the additional  requirements set
     out in Part 4 of the FT Code; and

o    Will  provide any other  information  requested by the  Compliance  Officer
     concerning the proposed personal trade.

An Access Person may contact the  Compliance  Officer by fax, phone or e-mail to
obtain his or her approval.

Note:  the method of obtaining  approval is presently set out in Section 6.1A of
the FT Code and  provides  that an Access  Person  may  contact  the  Compliance
Officer by fax, phone or e-mail.  The  additional  requirement  described  above
makes it clear that an Access  Person may  continue  to contact  the  Compliance
Officer in the same manner as before. The Access Person will have deemed to have
confirmed  compliance with the above  requirements  prior to obtaining  approval
from the Compliance Officer.



Appointment of Independent Review Person

FTIC shall  appoint an  independent  review person who will be  responsible  for
approval of all personal  trading rules and other provisions of the FT Code with
respect to FTIC and for monitoring the  administration  of the FT Code from time
to time with respect to FTIC  employees.  The Compliance  Officer will provide a
written report to the Independent Review Person, at least annually, summarizing:



o    Compliance with the FT Code for the period under review

o    Violations of the FT Code for the period under review

o    Sanctions  imposed by the  Franklin  Templeton  Group for the period  under
     review

o    Changes in procedures recommended by the FT Code

o    Any other information requested by the Independent Review Person

APPENDIX A: COMPLIANCE PROCEDURES, DEFINITIONS, AND OTHER ITEMS

     This appendix sets forth the additional responsibilities and obligations of
Compliance   Officers,   and  the   Legal/Administration   and  Legal/Compliance
Departments,  under the  Franklin  Templeton  Group  Code of Ethics  and  Policy
Statement on Insider Trading.

I. Responsibilities of Each Designated Compliance Officer

     A. Pre-Clearance Standards

          1. General Principles

     The Director of Compliance, or a Preclearance Officer, shall only permit an
access person to go forward with a proposed  security17  transaction if he or she
determines that, considering all of the facts and circumstances, the transaction
does not violate the  provisions of Rule 17j-1,  or of this Code and there is no
likelihood of harm to a client.

          2. Associated Clients

     Unless  there  are  special  circumstances  that  make  it  appropriate  to
disapprove a personal  securities  transaction  request, a Preclearance  Officer
shall consider only those securities transactions of the "Associated Clients" of
the access person,  including open and executed orders and  recommendations,  in
determining  whether to approve such a request.  "Associated  Clients" are those
Funds or clients  whose  trading  information  would be  available to the access
person during the course of his or her regular  functions or duties.  Currently,
there are three groups of  Associated  Clients:  (i) the Franklin  Mutual Series
Funds and clients advised by Franklin Mutual Advisers,  LLC ("Mutual  Clients");
(ii) the Franklin Group of Funds and the clients advised by the various Franklin
investment advisers ("Franklin Clients"); and (iii) the Templeton Group of Funds
and the clients advised by the various Templeton investment advisers ("Templeton
Clients").  Thus,  persons who have access to the trading  information of Mutual
Clients generally will be precleared solely against the securities  transactions
of the Mutual Clients,  including open and executed orders and  recommendations.
Similarly,  persons  who have  access to the  trading  information  of  Franklin
Clients or Templeton  Clients  generally  will be precleared  solely against the
securities   transactions  of  Franklin   Clients  or  Templeton   Clients,   as
appropriate.

     Certain officers of Franklin Resources, as well as legal, compliance,  fund
accounting,  investment operations and other personnel who generally have access
to trading  information of the funds and clients of the Franklin Templeton Group
during  the  course of their  regular  functions  and  duties,  will have  their
personal securities transactions precleared against executed transactions,  open
orders and recommendations of the entire Franklin Templeton Group.


17   Security  includes any option to purchase or sell, and any security that is
     exchangeable  for or  convertible  into, any security that is held or to be
     acquired by a fund.


3. Specific Standards

               (a)    Securities    Transactions    by    Funds    or    clients

     No clearance  shall be given for any transaction in any security on any day
during  which an  Associated  Client of the access  person has executed a buy or
sell order in that  security,  until seven (7) calendar days after the order has
been  executed.  Notwithstanding  a  transaction  in the  previous  seven  days,
clearance  may be granted to sell if the  security  has been  disposed of by all
Associated      Clients.

               (b) Securities under Consideration

                    Open Orders

     No clearance  shall be given for any transaction in any security on any day
which an Associated  Client of the access person has a pending buy or sell order
for such  security,  until  seven  (7)  calendar  days  after the order has been
executed.

                    Recommendations

     No clearance  shall be given for any transaction in any security on any day
on which a  recommendation  for such  security  was made by a Portfolio  Person,
until seven (7) calendar  days after the  recommendation  was made and no orders
have subsequently been executed or are pending.

               (c) Private Placements

     In  considering  requests by  Portfolio  Personnel  for approval of limited
partnerships and other private placement securities  transactions,  the Director
of  Compliance  shall consult with an executive  officer of Franklin  Resources,
Inc. In deciding whether to approve the transaction,  the Director of Compliance
and the executive officer shall take into account, among other factors,  whether
the investment  opportunity  should be reserved for a Fund or other client,  and
whether the investment  opportunity is being offered to the Portfolio  Person by
virtue  of his  or her  position  with  the  Franklin  Templeton  Group.  If the
Portfolio Person receives  clearance for the  transaction,  an investment in the
same  issuer  may only be made for a Fund or client if an  executive  officer of
Franklin  Resources,  Inc.,  who has been  informed  of the  Portfolio  Person's
pre-existing  investment  and who has no interest in the  issuer,  approves  the
transaction.

               (d) Duration of Clearance

     If a Preclearance Officer approves a proposed securities  transaction,  the
order for the  transaction  must be placed and effected by the close of the next
business day following the day approval was granted.  The Director of Compliance
may, in his or her discretion,  extend the clearance period up to seven calendar
days, beginning on the date of the approval, for a securities transaction of any
access  person who  demonstrates  that special  circumstances  make the extended
clearance period necessary and  appropriate.18 The Director of Compliance may, in
his or her discretion, after consultation with a member of senior management for
Franklin Resources, Inc., renew the approval for a particular transaction for up
to an  additional  seven  calendar  days  upon  a  similar  showing  of  special
circumstances  by the access  person.  The Director of Compliance may shorten or
rescind any  approval or renewal of approval  under this  paragraph if he or she
determines it is appropriate to do so.

18   Special  circumstances  include  but  are  not  limited  to,  for  example,
     differences  in time zones,  delays due to travel,  and the unusual size of
     proposed  trades or limit  orders.  Limit  orders  must  expire  within the
     applicable clearance period.


     B. Waivers by the Director of Compliance

     The  Director  of  Compliance  may,  in  his  or  her   discretion,   after
consultation  with an  executive  officer of  Franklin  Resources,  Inc.,  waive
compliance  by any access  person with the  provisions of the Code, if he or she
finds that such a waiver:

     (1)  is  necessary  to alleviate  undue  hardship or in view of  unforeseen
          circumstances or is otherwise appropriate under all the relevant facts
          and circumstances;

     (2)  will not be inconsistent with the purposes and objectives of the Code;

     (3)  will not  adversely  affect the  interests of advisory  clients of the
          Franklin  Templeton  Group,  the  interests of the Franklin  Templeton
          Group or its affiliates; and

     (4)  will not  result  in a  transaction  or  conduct  that  would  violate
          provisions of applicable laws or regulations.

     Any waiver shall be in writing,  shall contain a statement of the basis for
it, and a copy shall be  promptly  sent by the  Director  of  Compliance  to the
General Counsel of Franklin  Resources,  Inc.

     C. Continuing Responsibilities of the Legal Compliance Department

     A   Preclearance   Officer   shall  make  a  record  of  all  requests  for
pre-clearance  regarding the purchase or sale of a security,  including the date
of the  request,  the name of the access  person,  the  details of the  proposed
transaction,  and  whether the  request  was  approved or denied.  APreclearance
Officer shall keep a record of any waivers given, including the reasons for each
exception  and a  description  of any  potentially  conflicting  Fund or  client
transactions.  A  Preclearance  Officer  shall also  collect the signed  initial
acknowledgments  of receipt  and the  annual  acknowledgments  from each  access
person of receipt of a copy of the Code and Insider Trading  Policy,  as well as
reports, as applicable,  on Schedules B, C, D, E and F of the Code. In addition,
a  Preclearance  Officer shall request  copies of all  confirmations,  and other
information   with  respect  to  an  account  opened  and  maintained  with  the
broker-dealer  by  any  access  person  of  the  Franklin   Templeton  Group.  A
Preclearance  Officer shall  preserve  those  acknowledgments  and reports,  the
records  of  consultations  and  waivers,  and  the  confirmations,   and  other
information  for the period  required by applicable  regulation.

     A Preclearance  Officer shall review brokerage  transaction  confirmations,
account statements,  Schedules B, C, D, E, F and Private Placement Checklists of
Access Persons for compliance with the Code. The reviews shall include,  but are
not limited to;

     (1)  Comparison of brokerage  confirmations,  Schedule Bs, and/or brokerage
          statements  to  preclearance  request  worksheets  or,  if  a  private
          placement, the Private Placement Checklist;

     (2)  Comparison  of  brokerage  statements  and/or  Schedule  Fs to current
          securities holding information;

     (3)  Comparison of Schedule C to current securities account information;

     (4)  Conducting  periodic  "back-testing"  of access  person  transactions,
          Schedule  Es  and/or  Schedule  Gs in  comparison  to fund and  client
          transactions;

     A Preclearance  Officer shall evidence  review by initialing and dating the
appropriate  document.  Any  apparent  violations  of  the  Code  detected  by a
Preclearance  Officer during his or her review shall be promptly  brought to the
attention of the Director of Compliance.

     D. Periodic Responsibilities of the Legal Compliance Department

     The Legal Compliance  Department shall consult with the General Counsel and
the Human Resources Department, as the case may be, to assure that:

     (1)  Adequate  reviews and audits are conducted to monitor  compliance with
          the  reporting,   pre-clearance,   prohibited  transaction  and  other
          requirements of the Code.


     (2)  Adequate  reviews and audits are conducted to monitor  compliance with
          the  reporting,   pre-clearance,   prohibited  transaction  and  other
          requirements of the Code.


     (3)  All access persons and new employees of the Franklin  Templeton  Group
          are adequately informed and receive appropriate education and training
          as to their duties and obligations under the Code.

     (4)  There are adequate  educational,  informational and monitoring efforts
          to  ensure  that  reasonable  steps are taken to  prevent  and  detect
          unlawful  insider  trading by access  persons and to control access to
          inside information.

     (5)  Written  compliance reports are submitted to the Board of Directors of
          Franklin Resources, Inc., and the Board of each relevant Fund at least
          annually. Such reports will describe any issues arising under the Code
          or procedures  since the last report,  including,  but not limited to,
          information  about  material  violations of the Code or procedures and
          sanctions imposed in response to the material violations.

     (6)  The Legal Compliance  Department will certify at least annually to the
          Fund's  board of  directors  that the  Franklin  Templeton  Group  has
          adopted procedures reasonably necessary to prevent Access Persons from
          violating the Code, and

     (7)  Appropriate records are kept for the periods required by law.

     E. Approval by Fund's Board of Directors

     (1)  Basis for Approval

     The Board of  Directors/Trustees  must base its  approval  of the Code on a
determination that the Code contains provisions  reasonably necessary to prevent
access persons from engaging in any conduct prohibited by rule 17j-1.

     (2) New Funds

     At the time a new fund is organized,  the Legal Compliance  Department will
provide the Fund's  board of  directors,  a  certification  that the  investment
adviser and principal  underwriter have adopted procedures  reasonably necessary
to prevent Access Persons from violating the Code. Such certification will state
that the Code contains provisions reasonably necessary to prevent Access Persons
from violating the Code.

     (3) Material Changes to the Code of Ethics

     The Legal Compliance  Department will provide the Fund's board of directors
a written  description  of all  material  changes  to the Code no later than six
months after adoption of the material  change by the Franklin  Templeton  Group.

II. Compilation of Definitions of Important Terms

For purposes of the Code of Ethics and Insider Trading  Policy,  the terms below
have the following meanings:

1934 Act - The Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended.

1940 Act - The Investment Company Act of 1940, as amended.

Access Person - Each  director,  trustee,  general  partner or officer,  and any
     other person that  directly or indirectly  controls  (within the meaning of
     Section 2(a)(9) of the 1940 Act) the Franklin  Templeton Group or a person,
     including  an  Advisory  Representative,  who  has  access  to  information
     concerning  recommendations  made to a Fund or  client  with  regard to the
     purchase or sale of a security.

Advisory  Representative  - Any officer or director of Franklin  Resources;  any
     employee   who  makes  any   recommendation,   who   participates   in  the
     determination of which  recommendation shall be made, or whose functions or
     duties relate to the determination of which  recommendation  shall be made;
     any  employee  who,  in  connection  with his or her  duties,  obtains  any
     information  concerning which securities are being recommended prior to the
     effective  dissemination  of  such  recommendations  or of the  information
     concerning  such  recommendations;  and any of the  following  persons  who
     obtain  information  concerning  securities  recommendations  being made by
     Franklin   Resources   prior  to  the  effective   dissemination   of  such
     recommendations or of the information concerning such recommendations:  (i)
     any  person in a  control  relationship  to  Franklin  Resources,  (ii) any
     affiliated  person of such  controlling  person,  and (iii) any  affiliated
     person of such affiliated person.

Affiliated Person - same meaning as Section  2(a)(3) of the  Investment  Company
     Act of 1940.  An  "affiliated  person" of an  investment  company  includes
     directors, officers, employees, and the investment adviser. In addition, it
     includes  any person  owning 5% of the  company's  voting  securities,  any
     person  in  which  the  investment  company  owns 5% or more of the  voting
     securities,  and any person directly or indirectly controlling,  controlled
     by, or under common control with the company.

Appropriate Analyst - With respect to any access person,  any securities analyst
     or portfolio manager making investment  recommendations  or investing funds
     on behalf of an  Associated  Client and who may be  reasonably  expected to
     recommend or consider the purchase or sale of a security.

Associated  Client  - A Fund  or  client  whose  trading  information  would  be
     available  to the access  person  during  the course of his or her  regular
     functions or duties.

Beneficial  Ownership - Has the same  meaning as in Rule  16a-1(a)(2)  under the
     1934 Act. Generally,  a person has a beneficial  ownership in a security if
     he or she,  directly  or  indirectly,  through any  contract,  arrangement,
     understanding,  relationship  or  otherwise,  has or  shares  a  direct  or
     indirect  pecuniary  interest in the security.  There is a presumption of a
     pecuniary interest in a security held or acquired by a member of a person's
     immediate family sharing the same household.

Funds - Investment companies in the Franklin Templeton Group of Funds.

Held or to be  Acquired - A security is "held or to be  acquired"  if within the
     most recent 15 days it (i) is or has been held by a Fund,  or (ii) is being
     or has been considered by a Fund or its investment  adviser for purchase by
     the Fund.

Portfolio  Person - Any  employee  of the  Franklin  Templeton  Group,  who,  in
     connection  with  his  or  her  regular  functions  or  duties,   makes  or
     participates  in the  decision  to purchase or sell a security by a Fund in
     the  Franklin  Templeton  Group,  or  any  other  client  or if  his or her
     functions relate to the making of any recommendations about those purchases
     or sales. Portfolio Persons include portfolio managers,  research analysts,
     traders,  persons  serving in  equivalent  capacities  (such as  Management
     Trainees),  persons  supervising the activities of Portfolio  Persons,  and
     anyone else designated by the Director of Compliance

Proprietary Accounts - Any corporate account or other account including, but not
     limited  to, a limited  partnership,  a  corporate  hedge  fund,  a limited
     liability company or any other pooled investment  vehicle in which Franklin
     Resources  or its  affiliates,  owns 25 percent or more of the  outstanding
     capital  or is  entitled  to 25% or more of the  profits  or  losses in the
     account  (excluding  any asset based  investment  management  fees based on
     average periodic net assets in accounts).

Security - Any stock,  note, bond,  evidence of  indebtedness,  participation or
     interest  in any  profit-sharing  plan or limited  or general  partnership,
     investment  contract,  certificate  of deposit for a  security,  fractional
     undivided  interest in oil or gas or other mineral  rights,  any put, call,
     straddle,  option, or privilege on any security (including a certificate of
     deposit),  guarantee  of, or warrant or right to subscribe  for or purchase
     any of the  foregoing,  and in general any interest or instrument  commonly
     known as a  security,  except  commodity  futures,  currency  and  currency
     forwards.  For the purpose of this Code,  "security" does not include:  (1)
     Direct  obligations of the  Government of the United  States;  (2) Bankers'
     acceptances,  bank  certificates  of  deposit,  commercial  paper  and high
     quality short-term debt instruments,  including repurchase agreements;  and
     (3) Shares issued by open-end funds.

See  Section  III of  Appendix A for a summary  of  different  requirements  for
different types of securities.

III.  Securities  Exempt from the  Prohibited  ,  Reporting,  and  Pre-Clearance
Provisions

     A. Prohibited Transactions

     Securities  that are EXEMPT from the prohibited  transaction  provisions of
     Section 3.4 include:

     (1)  securities that are direct obligations of the U.S. Government, such as
          Treasury  bills,   notes  and  bonds,   and  U.S.  Savings  Bonds  and
          derivatives thereof;

     (2)  high  quality  short-term  instruments  ("money  market  instruments")
          including but not limited to (i) bankers' acceptances,  (ii) U.S. bank
          certificates of deposit;  (iii) commercial  paper; and (iv) repurchase
          agreements;

     (3)  shares of registered open-end investment companies;

     (4)  commodity  futures,  currencies,  currency  forwards  and  derivatives
          thereof;

     (5)  securities  that are prohibited  investments for all Funds and clients
          advised by the entity employing the access person; and

     (6)  transactions in securities  issued or guaranteed by the governments or
          their agencies or  instrumentalities  of Canada,  the United  Kingdom,
          France, Germany, Switzerland, Italy and Japan and derivatives thereof.

     B. Reporting and Preclearance

     Securities that are EXEMPT from both the reporting  requirements of Section
     5 and preclearance requirements of Section 6 of the Code include:

     (1)  securities that are direct obligations of the U.S. Government, such as
          Treasury  bills,   notes  and  bonds,   and  U.S.  Savings  Bonds  and
          derivatives thereof;

     (2)  high  quality  short-term  instruments  ("money  market  instruments")
          including but not limited to (i) bankers' acceptances,  (ii) U.S. bank
          certificates of deposit;  (iii) commercial  paper; and (iv) repurchase
          agreements;

     (3)  shares of registered open-end investment companies; and

     (4)  commodity  futures,  currencies,  currency  forwards  and  derivatives
          thereof.

IV. Legal Requirement

     Rule 17j-1 under the  Investment  Company Act of 1940 ("1940 Act") makes it
unlawful for any affiliated person of the Franklin Templeton Group in connection
with the  purchase  or sale of a security,  including  any option to purchase or
sell, and any security  convertible into or exchangeable  for, any security that
is "held or to be acquired" by a Fund in the Franklin Templeton Group:

     A. To employ any device, scheme or artifice to defraud a Fund;

     B. To make to a Fund any untrue  statement  of a  material  fact or omit to
state to a Fund a material fact necessary in order to make the statements  made,
in light of the circumstances under which they are made, not misleading;

     C. To engage in any act, practice,  or course of business which operates or
would operate as a fraud or deceit upon a Fund; or

     D. To engage in any manipulative practice with respect to a Fund.

     A security is "held or to be acquired" if within the most recent 15 days it
(i) is or has been held by a Fund, or (ii) is being or has been  considered by a
Fund or its investment adviser for purchase by the Fund. .

                         APPENDIX B: FORMS AND SCHEDULES


                               ACKNOWLEDGMENT FORM

             CODE OF ETHICS AND POLICY STATEMENT ON INSIDER TRADING

To:      Director of Compliance, Legal Compliance Department

I hereby acknowledge receipt of a copy of the Franklin Templeton Group's CODE OF
ETHICS AND POLICY STATEMENT ON INSIDER TRADING,  Amended and Restated,  December
2001, which I have read and understand.  I will comply fully with all provisions
of the Code and the Insider Trading Policy to the extent they apply to me during
the period of my employment.  Additionally, I authorize any broker-dealer,  bank
or investment adviser with whom I have securities accounts and accounts in which
I have beneficial ownership,  to provide brokerage  confirmations and statements
as required for compliance  with the Code. I further  understand and acknowledge
that any violation of the Code or Insider Trading Policy,  including engaging in
a prohibited  transaction  or failure to file reports as required (see Schedules
B,  C,  D,  E, F and  G),  may  subject  me to  disciplinary  action,  including
termination of employment.

-------------------------------------------------
Signature:
-------------------------------------------------
-------------------------------------------------
Print Name:
-------------------------------------------------
-------------------------------------------------
Title:
-------------------------------------------------
-------------------------------------------------
Department:
-------------------------------------------------
-------------------------------------------------
Location:
-------------------------------------------------
-------------------------------------------------
Date Acknowledgment was Signed:
-------------------------------------------------


RETURN TO: Legal Compliance Department, One Franklin Parkway, San Mateo.

SCHEDULE A: Legal and Compliance  Officers and Preclearance Desk Telephone & Fax
Numbers19



Legal Officer

Murray Simpson
Executive Vice President & General Counsel
Franklin Templeton Investments
One Franklin Parkway
San Mateo, CA 94403-1906
 (650) 525 -7331

Compliance Officers

Director, Global Compliance         Preclearance Officers

James M. Davis                      Stephanie Harwood, Supervisor
Franklin Templeton Investments      Lisa Del Carlo
One Franklin Parkway                Darlene Nisby
San Mateo, CA 94403-1906            Legal Compliance Department
(650) 312-2832                      Franklin Templeton Investments
                                    One Franklin Parkway
                                    San Mateo, CA 94403-1906
                                    (650) 312-3693  (telephone)
                                    (650) 312-5646  (facsimile)
                                    Preclear, Legal  (internal e-mail address)
                                    Lpreclear@frk.com  (external e-mail address)


19   As of August 2001

   SCHEDULE B:  SECURITIES TRANSACTION REPORT
   This report of personal securities transactions NOT reported by duplicate
   confirmations and brokerage statements pursuant to Section 5.3 of the Code is
   required pursuant to Rule 204-2(a) of the Investment Advisers Act of 1940 or
   Rule 17j-1(c) of the Investment Company Act of 1940. The report must be
   completed and submitted to the Compliance Department no later than 10
   calendar days after the end of the calendar quarter.. Refer to Section 5.3 of
   the Code of Ethics for further instructions.

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Trade       Buy, Sell    Security Description, including       Type of     Quantity or    Price      Broker-Dealer     Date
Date       or Other      interest rate and maturity            Security    Principal                 or Bank           Preclearance
                         (if appropriate)                      (Stock,     Amount                                      obtained
                                                               Bond,                                                   from
                                                               Option,                                                 Compliance
                                                               etc)                                                    Dept.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------


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THE REPORT OR RECORDING OF ANY TRANSACTION ABOVE SHALL NOT BE CONSTRUED AS AN ADMISSION THAT I HAVE ANY DIRECT OR INDIRECT
OWNERSHIP IN THE SECURITIES.



---------------------------              -------------------------           -----------------            ----------------------
   (PRINT NAME)                             (SIGNATURE)                          (DATE)                     (QUARTER  ENDING)

   RETURN TO: LEGAL COMPLIANCE DEPARTMENT, FRANKLIN TEMPLETON INVESTMENTS
              ONE FRANKLIN PARKWAY, SAN MATEO, CA 94403-1906



   SCHEDULE C: INITIAL, ANNUAL & UPDATED DISCLOSURE OF ACCESS PERSONS SECURITIES
   HOLDINGS
   This report shall set forth the security name or description and security
   class of each security holding in which you have a direct or indirect
   beneficial interest, including holdings by a spouse, minor children, trusts,
   foundations, and any account for which trading authority has been delegated
   to you, other than authority to trade for a Fund in or a client of the
   Franklin Templeton Group. In lieu of listing each security position below,
   you may instead attach copies of brokerage statements, sign below and return
   Schedule C and brokerage statements to the Legal Compliance Department
   within 10 days if an initial report or by January 30th of each year if an
   annual report. Refer to Sections 5.2.A and 5.4.A of the Code for additional
   filing instructions.


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Security Description
including interest          Type of Security           Quantity or          Name of
rate and maturity           (Stock, Bond,              Principal            Broker-Dealer
(if appropriate)            Option, etc.)              Amount               or Bank                 Account Number
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------


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[ ]  I DID NOT HAVE ANY PERSONAL SECURITIES HOLDINGS FOR YEAR ENDED __________________


[ ]  I HAVE ATTACHED STATEMENTS CONTAINING ALL MY PERSONAL SECURITIES HOLDINGS FOR THE YEAR ENDED _____________

   TO THE BEST OF MY KNOWLEDGE I HAVE DISCLOSED ALL OF MY SECURITIES ACCOUNTS AND/OR INVESTMENTS IN WHICH I HAVE A DIRECT OR
   INDIRECT BENEFICIAL INTEREST, INCLUDING SECURITY ACCOUNTS OF A SPOUSE, MINOR CHILDREN, TRUSTS, FOUNDATIONS, AND ANY ACCOUNT FOR
   WHICH TRADING AUTHORITY HAS BEEN DELEGATED AN UNAFFILIATED PARTY.


---------------------------              -------------------------           -----------------            ----------------------
    PRINT NAME                              SIGNATURE                            DATE                          YEAR ENDED



* Securities that are EXEMPT from being
   reported on Schedule C include: (i) securities that are direct obligations of
   the U.S. Government, such as Treasury bills, notes and bonds, and U.S.
   Savings Bonds and derivatives thereof; (ii) high quality short-term
   instruments ("money market instruments") including but not limited to
   bankers' acceptances, U.S. bank certificates of deposit; commercial paper;
   and repurchase agreements; (iii) shares of registered open-end investment
   companies; and (iv) commodity futures, currencies, currency forwards and
   derivatives thereof.


    SCHEDULE D:  NOTIFICATION OF SECURITIES ACCOUNT OPENING

   DATE:   _____________________

   TO:     Preclearance Desk
           Legal Compliance Department
           One Franklin Parkway
           San Mateo, CA 94403-1906
           (650) 312-3693
           FAX: (650) 312-5646

   FROM:   NAME:               ________________________
           DEPARTMENT:         ________________________
           LOCATION:           ________________________
           EXTENSION:          ________________________

           ARE YOU A REG. REPRESENTATIVE?    YES [ ]    NO [ ]
           ARE YOU AN ACCESS PERSON?         YES [ ]    NO [ ]

   This is to advise you that I will be opening or have opened a securities
   account with the following firm:
                PLEASE FILL OUT COMPLETELY TO EXPEDITE PROCESSING

   NAME ON ACCOUNT:  _________________________________________________________
                     (If other than employee, please state relationship i.e.,
                     spouse, son, daughter, trust, etc.)

   ACCT # OR SSN #:  _________________________________________________________

   NAME OF FIRM:     _________________________________________________________

   ATTN:             _________________________________________________________

   ADDRESS OF FIRM:  _________________________________________________________

   CITY/STATE/ZIP:   _________________________________________________________

   * All Franklin registered representatives and Access Persons, PRIOR TO
   OPENING A BROKERAGE ACCOUNT OR PLACING AN INITIAL ORDER, are required to
   notify the Legal Compliance Department and the executing broker-dealer in
   writing. This includes accounts in which the registered representative or
   access person has or will have a financial interest (e.g., a spouse's
   account) or discretionary authority (e.g., a trust account for a minor
   child).

   Upon receipt of the NOTIFICATION OF SECURITIES ACCOUNT OPENING form, the
   Legal Compliance Department will contact the broker-dealer identified above
   and request that it receive duplicate confirmations and statements of your
   brokerage account.



    SCHEDULE E: NOTIFICATION OF DIRECT OR INDIRECT BENEFICIAL INTEREST
    If you have any beneficial ownership in a security and you recommend to the
    Appropriate Analyst that the security be considered for purchase or sale
    by an Associated Client, or if you carry out a purchase or sale of that
    security for an Associated Client, you must disclose your beneficial
    ownership to the Legal Compliance Department and the Appropriate Analyst
    in writing on Schedule E (or an equivalent form containing similar
    information) before the purchase or sale, or before or simultaneously
    with the recommendation.

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                                                             Date and Method    Primary
                                            Method of        Learned that       Portfolio
               Ownership                    Acquisition      Security Under     Manager or                         Date of
Security       Type (Direct    Year         (Purch/          Consideration      Approriate      Name of Person     Verbal
Description    or Indirect)    Acquired     Gift/Other)      by Funds           Analyst         Notified           Notification
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------


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----------------------------                 -----------------------------                -------------------------
     (PRINT NAME)                                    (SIGNATURE)                                 (DATE)


      RETURN TO:  LEGAL COMPLIANCE DEPARTMENT, FRANKLIN TEMPLETON INVESTMENTS
                  ONE FRANKLIN PARKWAY, SAN MATEO, CA 94403-1906


   SCHEDULE F: INITIAL, ANNUAL & UPDATED DISCLOSURE OF SECURITIES ACCOUNTS
               -----------------------------------------------------------
      This report shall set forth the name and description of each
   securities account in which you have a direct or indirect beneficial
   interest, including securities accounts of a spouse, minor children, trusts,
   foundations, and any account for which trading authority has been delegated
   to you, other than authority to trade for a Fund in, or a client of, the
   Franklin Templeton Group. In lieu of listing each securities account below,
   you may instead attach copies of the brokerage statements, sign below and
   return Schedule F and brokerage statements to the Compliance Department.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                        NAME OF BROKERAGE     ADDRESS OF BROKERAGE FIRM,                     NAME OF
NAME(S) ON ACCOUNT      FIRM, BANK OR         BANK OR INVEST. ADVISER                        ACCOUNT
(REGISTRATION SHOWN     INVESTMENT            (STREET, CITY , STATE           ACCOUNT        EXECUTIVE/
ON STATEMENT)           ADVISER               AND ZIP CODE)                   NUMBER         REPRESENTATIVE
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------


----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------


----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------


----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------


 TO THE BEST OF MY KNOWLEDGE I HAVE DISCLOSED ALL OF MY SECURITIES ACCOUNTS IN WHICH I HAVE A DIRECT OR INDIRECT BENEFICIAL
 INTEREST, INCLUDING SECURITY ACCOUNTS OF A SPOUSE, MINOR CHILDREN, TRUSTS, FOUNDATIONS, AND ANY ACCOUNT FOR WHICH TRADING
 AUTHORITY HAS BEEN DELEGATED TO ME.


---------------------------             -----------------------            ----------------         --------------------
    PRINT NAME                                SIGNATURE                         DATE                     YEAR ENDED


RETURN TO: LEGAL COMPLIANCE DEPARTMENT, FRANKLIN TEMPLETON INVESTMENTS
           ONE FRANKLIN PARKWAY, SAN MATEO, CA 94403-1906


   SCHEDULE G:  INITIAL AND ANNUAL CERTIFICATION OF DISCRETIONARY AUTHORITY

   This report shall set forth the account name or description in which you have
   a direct or indirect beneficial interest, including holdings by a spouse,
   minor children, trusts, foundations, and as to which trading authority has
   been delegated by you to an unaffiliated registered broker-dealer, registered
   investment adviser, or other investment manager acting in a similar fiduciary
   capacity, who exercises sole investment discretion.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                                            TYPE OF OWNERSHIP
NAME(S) AS SHOWN ON           NAME/DESCRIPTION OF BROKERAGE FIRM,           DIRECT OWNERSHIP (DO)              ACCOUNT NUMBER
ACCOUNT OR INVESTMENT         BANK, INVESTMENT ADVISER OR INVESTMENT        INDIRECT OWNERSHIP (IO)            (IF APPLICABLE)
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------


----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------


----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------


----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------


TO THE BEST OF MY KNOWLEDGE I HAVE DISCLOSED ALL OF MY SECURITIES ACCOUNTS AND/OR INVESTMENTS IN WHICH I HAVE A DIRECT OR INDIRECT
BENEFICIAL INTEREST, INCLUDING SECURITY ACCOUNTS OF A SPOUSE, MINOR CHILDREN, TRUSTS, FOUNDATIONS, AND ANY ACCOUNT FOR WHICH
TRADING AUTHORITY HAS BEEN DELEGATED AN UNAFFILIATED PARTY. FURTHER, I CERTIFY THAT I DO NOT HAVE ANY DIRECT OR INDIRECT INFLUENCE
OR CONTROL OVER THE ACCOUNTS LISTED ABOVE.


-------------------------          --------------------------          ----------------------         ---------------------
      PRINT NAME                           SIGNATURE                           DATE                         YEAR ENDED


RETURN TO: LEGAL COMPLIANCE DEPARTMENT, FRANKLIN TEMPLETON INVESTMENTS
           ONE FRANKLIN PARKWAY, SAN MATEO, CA 94403-190


   SCHEDULE H:  CHECKLIST FOR INVESTMENTS IN PARTNERSHIPS AND SECURITIES
   ISSUED IN PRIVATE PLACEMENTS

   GENERAL INSTRUCTIONS: In considering requests by Access Persons for approval
   of limited partnerships and other private placement securities transactions,
   the Director of Compliance shall consult with an executive officer of
   Franklin Resources, Inc. In deciding whether to approve the transaction, the
   Director of Compliance and the executive officer shall take into account,
   among other factors, whether the investment opportunity should be reserved
   for a Fund or other client, and whether the investment opportunity is being
   offered to the access person by virtue of his or her position with the
   Franklin Templeton Group. IF THE ACCESS PERSON RECEIVES CLEARANCE FOR THE
   TRANSACTION, AN INVESTMENT IN THE SAME ISSUER MAY ONLY BE MADE FOR A FUND OR
   CLIENT IF AN EXECUTIVE OFFICER OF FRANKLIN RESOURCES, INC., WHO HAS BEEN
   INFORMED OF THE ACCESS PERSON'S PRE-EXISTING INVESTMENT AND WHO HAS NO
   INTEREST IN THE ISSUER, APPROVES THE TRANSACTION.

   IN ORDER TO PROCESS YOUR REQUEST, PLEASE PROVIDE THE FOLLOWING INFORMATION:


1)    Name/Description of proposed investment: ______________________________


2)    Proposed Investment Amount:              ______________________________


3) Please attach pages of the offering memorandum (or other documents)
   summarizing the investment opportunity, including:
   a) Name of the partnership/hedge fund/issuer;
   b) Name of the general partner, location & telephone number;
   c) Summary of the offering; including the total amount the offering/issuer;
   d) Percentage your investment will represent of the total offering;
   e) Plan of distribution; and
   f) Investment objective and strategy,

   PLEASE RESPOND TO THE FOLLOWING QUESTIONS:
4) Was this investment opportunity presented to you in your capacity as a
   portfolio manager, trader or research analyst? If no, please explain the
   relationship, if any, you have to the issuer or principals of the issuer.




5) Is this investment opportunity suitable for any fund/client that you advise?
   If yes, why isn't the investment being made on behalf of the fund/client? If
   no, why isn't the investment opportunity suitable for the fund/clients?




6) Do any of the fund/clients that you advise presently hold securities of the
   issuer of this proposed investment (e.g., common stock, preferred stock,
   corporate debt, loan participations, partnership interests, etc)? If yes,
   please provide the names of the funds/clients and security description.




7) Do you presently have or will you have any managerial role with the
   company/issuer as a result of your investment? If yes, please explain in
   detail your responsibilities, including any compensation you will receive.




8) Will you have any investment control or input to the investment decision
   making process?




9) If applicable, will you receive reports of portfolio holdings? If yes, when
   and how frequently will these be provided?




Reminder: Personal securities transactions that do not generate brokerage
confirmations must be reported to the Legal Compliance Department on Schedule B
within 10 calendar days after you are notified.


             -------------------------------
                   Name of Access Person


             -------------------------------        ------------------------
                  Access Person Signature                     Date


Approved by: __________________________________     ________________________
             Chief Investment Officer Signature               Date


------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                           LEGAL COMPLIANCE USE ONLY
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
DATE RECEIVED: ___________________

DATE ENTERED IN LOTUS NOTES: ___________________

DATE FORWARDED FRI EXECUTIVE OFFICER: _____________________


PRECLEARED:     YES [ ]     NO [ ]      (ATTACHED E-MAIL) DATE:  _____________


DATE ENTERED IN APII:  ____________________
------------------------------------------------------------------------------




   APPENDIX C: INVESTMENT ADVISOR AND BROKER-DEALER AND OTHER SUBSIDIARIES OF
   ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
                    FRANKLIN RESOURCES, INC. - FEBRUARY 2001
                    ----------------------------------------
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Franklin Advisers, Inc.                                       IA         Franklin Templeton Investment Corp. (Canada)   IA
Franklin Advisory Services, LLC                               IA         Templeton/Franklin Investment Services, Inc.   IA/BD
Franklin Investment Advisory Services, Inc.                   IA         Templeton Investment Counsel, LLC              IA
Franklin Private Client Group, Inc., Inc.                     IA         Templeton Asset Management, Ltd.               IA/FIA
Franklin Mutual Advisers, LLC                                 IA         Franklin Templeton Investments Japan Ltd.      FIA
Franklin Properties, Inc.                                     REA        Closed Joint-Stock Company Tempelton (Russia)  FIA
Franklin/Templeton Distributors, Inc.                         BD         Templeton Unit Trust Management Ltd. (UK)      FBD
Franklin Assets Management (Propriety Ltd.)                   IA         Orion Fund Management Ltd.                     FIA
Templeton (Switzerland), Ltd.                                 FBD        Templeton Global Advisors Ltd. (Bahamas)       IA
Franklin Templeton Investments (Asia) Ltd.                    FBD        Tempelton Asset Management (India) Pvt. Ltd.   FIA/FBD
Franklin Templeton Investments Corp. (UK)                     IA/FIA     Templeton Italia SIM S.p.A. (Italy)            FBD
Franklin Templeton International Services S.A. (Luxembourg)   FBD        Franklin Templeton Investment Services GmbH
Franklin Templeton Investments (Australia) Limited            FIA        (Germany)                                      FBD
Franklin/Templeton Investor Services, LLC                     TA         Templeton Funds Annuity Company                INS
Franklin Templeton Alternative Strategies, LLC                IA         FTTrust Company                                Trust Co.
                                                                         Franklin Templeton Services, LLC               BM
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Codes:
IA:    US registered investment adviser
BD:    US registered broker-dealer
FIA:   Foreign equivalent investment adviser
FBD:   Foreign equivalent broker-dealer
TA:    US registered transfer agent
BM:    Business manager to the funds
REA:   Real estate adviser
INS:   Insurance company
Trust: Trust company


THE FRANKLIN TEMPLETON GROUP POLICY STATEMENT ON INSIDER TRADING



A.       Legal Requirement

     Pursuant to the Insider  Trading and Securities  Fraud  Enforcement  Act of
1988,  it is the policy of the Franklin  Templeton  Group to forbid any officer,
director,  employee,  consultant acting in a similar  capacity,  or other person
associated with the Franklin Templeton Group from trading,  either personally or
on behalf of clients, including all client assets managed by the entities in the
Franklin  Templeton Group, on material  non-public  information or communicating
material non-public  information to others in violation of the law. This conduct
is frequently  referred to as "insider  trading." The Franklin Templeton Group's
Policy Statement on Insider Trading applies to every officer, director, employee
or other  person  associated  with the Franklin  Templeton  Group and extends to
activities  within and outside their duties with the Franklin  Templeton  Group.
Every officer, director and employee must read and retain this policy statement.
Any  questions  regarding the Franklin  Templeton  Group's  Policy  Statement on
Insider  Trading or the  Compliance  Procedures  should be referred to the Legal
Department.

     The term "insider  trading" is not defined in the federal  securities laws,
but generally is used to refer to the use of material non-public  information to
trade in securities (whether or not one is an "insider") or to communications of
material non-public information to others.

     While the law  concerning  insider  trading is not static,  it is generally
understood that the law prohibits:

     (1)  trading by an insider,  while in  possession  of  material  non-public
          information; or

     (2)  trading by a non-insider,  while in possession of material  non-public
          information,  where  the  information  either  was  disclosed  to  the
          non-insider in violation of an insider's duty to keep it  confidential
          or was misappropriated; or

     (3)  communicating material non-public information to others.

     The elements of insider trading and the penalties for such unlawful conduct
are discussed  below.  If, after reviewing this policy  statement,  you have any
questions, you should consult the Legal Department.


                       POLICY STATEMENT ON INSIDER TRADING



B. Who is an Insider?

     The concept of  "insider" is broad.  It includes  officers,  directors  and
employees of a company. In addition, a person can be a "temporary insider" if he
or she  enters  into a special  confidential  relationship  in the  conduct of a
company's affairs and as a result is given access to information  solely for the
company's purposes.  A temporary insider can include,  among others, a company's
outside  attorneys,  accountants,  consultants,  bank lending officers,  and the
employees of such organizations. In addition, an investment adviser may become a
temporary  insider  of a  company  it  advises  or for which it  performs  other
services.  According  to the U.S.  Supreme  Court,  the company  must expect the
outsider  to keep the  disclosed  non-public  information  confidential  and the
relationship  must at  least  imply  such a duty  before  the  outsider  will be
considered an insider.

C. What is Material Information?

     Trading  on inside  information  is not a basis for  liability  unless  the
information  is  material.   "Material  information"  generally  is  defined  as
information  for  which  there is a  substantial  likelihood  that a  reasonable
investor would consider it important in making his or her investment  decisions,
or information  that is reasonably  certain to have a substantial  effect on the
price of the company's  securities.  Information  that  officers,  directors and
employees  should consider  material  includes,  but is not limited to: dividend
changes, earnings estimates,  changes in previously released earnings estimates,
significant  merger or acquisition  proposals or agreements,  major  litigation,
liquidation problems, and extraordinary management developments.

     Material  information does not have to relate to a company's business.  For
example, in Carpenter v. U.S., 108 U.S. 316 (1987), the Supreme Court considered
as material certain  information  about the contents of a forthcoming  newspaper
column that was expected to affect the market price of a security. In that case,
a Wall Street  Journal  reporter was found  criminally  liable for disclosing to
others the dates that  reports on  various  companies  would  appear in the Wall
Street  Journal and whether  those reports would be favorable or not.

D. What is Non-Public Information?

     Information is non-public until it has been effectively communicated to the
marketplace. One must be able to point to some fact to show that the information
is generally public.  For example,  information found in a report filed with the
Securities and Exchange Commission  ("SEC"), or appearing in Dow Jones,  Reuters
Economic  Services,  The Wall Street  Journal or other  publications  of general
circulation would be considered public.

E. Basis for Liability

     1. Fiduciary Duty Theory

     In 1980,  the Supreme Court found that there is no general duty to disclose
before trading on material non-public  information,  but that such a duty arises
only  where  there  is a  fiduciary  relationship.  That  is,  there  must  be a
relationship  between the parties to the  transaction  such that one party has a
right to expect that the other party will not disclose  any material  non-public
information or refrain from trading. Chiarella v. U.S., 445 U.S. 22 (1980).

     In Dirks v. SEC, 463 U.S. 646 (1983),  the Supreme  Court stated  alternate
theories under which  non-insiders can acquire the fiduciary duties of insiders.
They can enter into a confidential  relationship  with the company through which
they gain  information  (e.g.,  attorneys,  accountants),  or they can acquire a
fiduciary duty to the company's  shareholders  as "tippees" if they are aware or
should have been aware that they have been given confidential  information by an
insider who has violated his fiduciary duty to the company's shareholders.

     However,  in the  "tippee"  situation,  a breach of duty occurs only if the
insider personally benefits,  directly or indirectly,  from the disclosure.  The
benefit does not have to be pecuniary but can be a gift, a reputational  benefit
that will  translate  into future  earnings,  or even evidence of a relationship
that suggests a quid pro quo.

          2. Misappropriation Theory

     Another  basis for  insider  trading  liability  is the  "misappropriation"
theory,  under which  liability is  established  when trading occurs on material
non-public information that was stolen or misappropriated from any other person.
In U.S. v. Carpenter, supra, the Court found, in 1987, a columnist defrauded The
Wall Street Journal when he stole  information  from the Wall Street Journal and
used it for  trading  in the  securities  markets.  It should be noted  that the
misappropriation  theory  can be used to  reach a  variety  of  individuals  not
previously  thought  to be  encompassed  under the  fiduciary  duty  theory.

F. Penalties for Insider Trading

     Penalties for trading on or communicating  material non-public  information
are severe,  both for  individuals  involved in such unlawful  conduct and their
employers. A person can be subject to some or all of the penalties below even if
he or she does not personally benefit from the violation. Penalties include:

     o    civil injunctions;

     o    treble damages;

     o    disgorgement of profits;

     o    jail sentences;

     o    fines for the person who  committed the violation of up to three times
          the profit gained or loss avoided,  whether or not the person actually
          benefited; and

     o    fines  for the  employer  or  other  controlling  person  of up to the
          greater of  $1,000,000  or three times the amount of the profit gained
          or loss avoided.

     In addition,  any violation of this policy  statement can result in serious
sanctions by the Franklin  Templeton  Group,  including  dismissal of any person
involved.

G. Insider Trading Procedures

     Each access person, Compliance Officer, the Risk Management Department, and
the  Legal  Department,  as the case may be,  shall  comply  with the  following
procedures.

     1. Identifying Inside Information

     Before trading for yourself or others,  including  investment  companies or
private accounts managed by the Franklin Templeton Group, in the securities of a
company about which you may have potential inside information,  ask yourself the
following questions:

     o    Is the information material?

     o    Is this  information  that an investor  would  consider  important  in
          making his or her investment decisions?

     o    Is this information that would  substantially  affect the market price
          of the securities if generally disclosed?

     o    Is the information non-public?

     o    To whom has this information been provided?

     o    Has the information been  effectively  communicated to the marketplace
          (e.g.,  published  in  Reuters,  The  Wall  Street  Journal  or  other
          publications of general circulation)?

If, after consideration of these questions, you believe that the information may
be  material  and  non-public,  or if  you  have  questions  as to  whether  the
information is material and non-public, you should take the following steps:

     (i)  Report the matter immediately to the designated Compliance Officer, or
          if he or she is not available, to the Legal Department.

     (ii) Do not  purchase  or sell the  securities  on  behalf of  yourself  or
          others,  including investment companies or private accounts managed by
          the Franklin Templeton Group.

     (iii)Do not  communicate  the  information  inside or outside the  Franklin
          Templeton  Group,  other than to the  Compliance  Officer or the Legal
          Department.

     (iv) The Compliance Officer shall immediately  contact the Legal Department
          for advice concerning any possible material, non-public information.

     (v)  After the Legal  Department  has reviewed the issue and consulted with
          the Compliance Officer,  you will be instructed either to continue the
          prohibitions  against  trading  and  communication  noted  in (ii) and
          (iii),   or  you  will  be  allowed  to  trade  and   communicate  the
          information.

     (vi) In the event the  information in your  possession is determined by the
          Legal  Department  or  the  Compliance  Officer  to  be  material  and
          non-public,  it may not be communicated to anyone,  including  persons
          within the Franklin Templeton Group,  except as provided in (i) above.
          In addition,  care should be taken so that the  information is secure.
          For example,  files  containing the  information  should be sealed and
          access to computer files containing  material  non-public  information
          should be restricted to the extent practicable.

2. Restricting Access to Other Sensitive Information

     All Franklin  Templeton Group personnel also are reminded of the need to be
careful to protect from  disclosure  other types of sensitive  information  that
they may obtain or have access to as a result of their employment or association
with the Franklin Templeton Group.

          (i) General Access Control Procedures

     The Franklin  Templeton  Group has established a process by which access to
company files that may contain  sensitive or non-public  information such as the
Bargain  List and the Source of Funds List is carefully  limited.  Since most of
the Franklin  Templeton  Group files which  contain  sensitive  information  are
stored in computers,  personal  identification  numbers,  passwords  and/or code
access numbers are  distributed  to Franklin  Templeton  Group  computer  access
persons  only.  This  activity is  monitored on an ongoing  basis.  In addition,
access to certain  areas  likely to contain  sensitive  information  is normally
restricted by access codes.