10-Q

UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

Washington, DC  20549

FORM 10-Q

☒ Quarterly Report Pursuant to Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934

For the quarterly period ended March 31, 2022

or

☐ Transition Report Pursuant to Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934

Commission File Number: 001-09819

DYNEX CAPITAL, INC.

(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)

Virginia				52-1549373
(State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization)				(I.R.S. Employer Identification No.)
4991 Lake Brook Drive, Suite 100
Glen Allen,	Virginia			23060-9245
(Address of principal executive offices)				(Zip Code)
		(804)	217-5800
(Registrant’s telephone number, including area code)

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:
Title of each class	Trading Symbol(s)	Name of each exchange on which registered
Common Stock, par value $0.01 per share	DX	New York Stock Exchange
6.900% Series C Fixed-to-Floating Rate Cumulative Redeemable Preferred Stock, par value $0.01 per share	DXPRC	New York Stock Exchange

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days.

Yes          ☒         No           ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files).

Yes           ☒             No           ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company,” and "emerging growth company" in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

    

Large accelerated filer	☐	Accelerated filer	☒
Non-accelerated filer	☐	Smaller reporting company	☐
		Emerging growth company	☐

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act.  ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act).

Yes           ☐           No            ☒

On April 29, 2022, the registrant had 36,957,882 shares outstanding of common stock, $0.01 par value, which is the registrant’s only class of common stock.

DYNEX CAPITAL, INC.

FORM 10-Q

INDEX

			Page
PART I. FINANCIAL INFORMATION
	Item 1.	Financial Statements
		Consolidated Balance Sheets as of March 31, 2022 (unaudited) and December 31, 2021	1
		Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income for the three months ended March 31, 2022 (unaudited) and March 31, 2021 (unaudited)	2
		Consolidated Statements of Shareholders' Equity for the three months ended March 31, 2022 (unaudited) and March 31, 2021 (unaudited)	3
		Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the three months ended March 31, 2022 (unaudited) and March 31, 2021 (unaudited)	4
		Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements	5
	Item 2.	Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations	21
	Item 3.	Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk	43
	Item 4.	Controls and Procedures	47
PART II. OTHER INFORMATION
	Item 1.	Legal Proceedings	49
	Item 1A.	Risk Factors	49
	Item 2.	Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds	49
	Item 3.	Defaults Upon Senior Securities	50
	Item 4.	Mine Safety Disclosures	50
	Item 5.	Other Information	50
	Item 6.	Exhibits	50
SIGNATURES			51

i

PART I.    FINANCIAL INFORMATION

ITEM 1.     FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

DYNEX CAPITAL, INC.

CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS

($s in thousands except per share data)

	March 31, 2022		December 31, 2021
ASSETS	(unaudited)
Cash	$	456,957	$	366,023
Cash collateral posted to counterparties	114,732		55,284
Mortgage-backed securities (including pledged of $3,119,668 and $3,011,319, respectively), at fair value	3,215,017		3,181,839
Mortgage loans held for investment, at fair value	3,757		4,268
Receivable for securities pending settlement	1,491		2,771
Derivative assets	34,183		7,969
Accrued interest receivable	15,914		14,184
Other assets, net	7,171		7,400
Total assets	$	3,849,222	$	3,639,738
LIABILITIES AND SHAREHOLDERS’ EQUITY
Liabilities:
Repurchase agreements	$	2,952,802	$	2,849,916
Payable for securities pending settlement	48,046		—
Derivative liabilities	18,328		2,471
Cash collateral posted by counterparties	30,276		1,834
Accrued interest payable	1,524		1,365
Accrued dividends payable	6,672		6,541
Other liabilities	5,941		6,332
Total liabilities	3,063,589		2,868,459
Shareholders’ equity:
Preferred stock, par value $0.01 per share; 50,000,000 shares authorized; 4,460,000 and 4,460,000 shares issued and outstanding, respectively ($111,500 and $111,500 aggregate liquidation preference, respectively)	107,843		107,843
Common stock, par value $0.01 per share, 90,000,000 shares authorized; 36,957,882 and 36,665,805 shares issued and outstanding, respectively	370		367
Additional paid-in capital	1,112,628		1,107,792
Accumulated other comprehensive (loss) income	(84,611)		6,729
Accumulated deficit	(350,597)		(451,452)
Total shareholders’ equity	785,633		771,279
Total liabilities and shareholders’ equity	$	3,849,222	$	3,639,738

See notes to the consolidated financial statements.

1

DYNEX CAPITAL, INC.

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE INCOME

(unaudited)

($s in thousands except per share data)

	Three Months Ended
	March 31,
	2022		2021
Interest income	$	17,427	$	13,892
Interest expense	(1,748)		(1,633)
Net interest income	15,679		12,259
Realized gain on sale of investments, net	—		4,697
Unrealized loss on investments, net	(111,251)		(980)
Gain on derivative instruments, net	220,211		107,801
Other operating expense, net	(321)		(380)
General and administrative expenses:
Compensation and benefits	(3,466)		(3,096)
Other general and administrative	(3,643)		(2,372)
Net income	117,209		117,929
Preferred stock dividends	(1,923)		(2,559)
Preferred stock redemption charge	—		(2,987)
Net income to common shareholders	$	115,286	$	112,383
Other comprehensive income:
Unrealized loss on available-for-sale investments, net	$	(91,340)	$	(60,459)
Reclassification adjustment for realized gain on available-for-sale investments, net	—		(4,697)
Total other comprehensive loss	(91,340)		(65,156)
Comprehensive income to common shareholders	$	23,946	$	47,227
Weighted average common shares-basic	36,725,365		26,788,693
Weighted average common shares-diluted	37,111,733		26,788,693
Net income per common share-basic	$	3.14	$	4.20
Net income per common share-diluted	$	3.11	$	4.20
Dividends declared per common share	$	0.39	$	0.39

See notes to the consolidated financial statements.

2

DYNEX CAPITAL, INC.

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF SHAREHOLDERS’ EQUITY

(unaudited)

($s in thousands)

	Preferred Stock			Common Stock			Additional Paid-in Capital		Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss)		Accumulated Deficit		Total Shareholders’ Equity
	Shares	Amount		Shares	Amount
Balance as of December 31, 2021	4,460,000	$	107,843	36,665,805	$	367	$	1,107,792	$	6,729	$	(451,452)	$	771,279
Stock issuance	—	—		267,288	3		4,242		—		—		4,245
Restricted stock granted, net of amortization	—	—		40,196	—		451		—		—		451
Other share-based compensation, net of amortization	—	—		—	—		395		—		—		395
Adjustments for tax withholding on share-based compensation	—	—		(15,407)	—		(236)		—		—		(236)
Stock issuance costs	—	—		—	—		(16)		—		—		(16)
Net income	—	—		—	—		—		—		117,209		117,209
Dividends on preferred stock	—	—		—	—		—		—		(1,923)		(1,923)
Dividends on common stock	—	—		—	—		—		—		(14,431)		(14,431)
Other comprehensive loss	—	—		—	—		—		(91,340)		—		(91,340)
Balance as of March 31, 2022	4,460,000	$	107,843	36,957,882	$	370	$	1,112,628	$	(84,611)	$	(350,597)	$	785,633
Balance as of December 31, 2020	7,248,330	$	174,564	23,697,970	$	237	$	869,495	$	80,261	$	(491,104)	$	633,453
Stock issuance	—	—		7,187,500	72		128,078		—		—		128,150
Redemption of preferred stock	(2,788,330)	(66,721)		—	—		—		—		(2,987)		(69,708)
Restricted stock granted, net of amortization	—	—		16,722	—		451		—		—		451
Adjustments for tax withholding on share-based compensation	—	—		(22,623)	—		(428)		—		—		(428)
Stock issuance costs	—	—		—	—		(270)		—		—		(270)
Net income	—	—		—	—		—		—		117,929		117,929
Dividends on preferred stock	—	—		—	—		—		—		(2,559)		(2,559)
Dividends on common stock	—	—		—	—		—		—		(10,586)		(10,586)
Other comprehensive loss	—	—		—	—		—		(65,156)		—		(65,156)
Balance as of March 31, 2021	4,460,000	$	107,843	30,879,569	$	309	$	997,326	$	15,105	$	(389,307)	$	731,276

See notes to the consolidated financial statements.

3

DYNEX CAPITAL, INC.

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS

(unaudited)

($s in thousands)

	Three Months Ended
	March 31,
	2022		2021
Operating activities:
Net income	$	117,209	$	117,929
Adjustments to reconcile net income to cash provided by operating activities:
Realized gain on sale of investments, net	—		(4,697)
Unrealized loss on investments, net	111,251		980
Gain on derivative instruments, net	(220,211)		(107,801)
Amortization of investment premiums, net	27,104		30,161
Other amortization and depreciation, net	566		599
Share-based compensation expense	846		452
Increase in accrued interest receivable	(1,730)		(1,092)
Increase (decrease) in accrued interest payable	159		(992)
Change in other assets and liabilities, net	(642)		(5,350)
Net cash provided by operating activities	34,552		30,189
Investing activities:
Purchase of investments	(349,839)		(68,543)
Principal payments received on investments	86,863		118,022
Proceeds from sales of investments	—		220,194
Principal payments received on mortgage loans held for investment	512		488
Net receipts on derivatives, including terminations	259,180		78,509
Increase in cash collateral posted by counterparties	28,442		49,665
Net cash provided by investing activities	25,158		398,335
Financing activities:
Borrowings under repurchase agreements	2,197,547		4,494,067
Repayments of repurchase agreement borrowings	(2,094,661)		(4,899,141)
Principal payments on non-recourse collateralized financing	—		(118)
Proceeds from issuance of common stock	4,245		128,150
Cash paid for redemption of preferred stock	—		(69,708)
Cash paid for stock issuance costs	—		(270)
Payments related to tax withholding for share-based compensation	(236)		(428)
Dividends paid	(16,223)		(13,320)
Net cash provided by (used in) financing activities	90,672		(360,768)
Net increase in cash including cash posted to counterparties	150,382		67,756
Cash including cash posted to counterparties at beginning of period	421,307		310,360
Cash including cash posted to counterparties at end of period	$	571,689	$	378,116
Supplemental Disclosure of Cash Activity:
Cash paid for interest	$	1,589	$	2,619

See notes to the consolidated financial statements.

4

NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

DYNEX CAPITAL, INC.

(amounts in thousands except share data)

NOTE 1 – ORGANIZATION AND SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES

Organization

Dynex Capital, Inc. (“Company”) was incorporated in the Commonwealth of Virginia on December 18, 1987 and commenced operations in February 1988. The Company is an internally managed mortgage real estate investment trust, or mortgage REIT, which primarily earns income from investing on a leveraged basis in debt securities, the majority of which are specified pools of Agency mortgage-backed securities (“MBS”) consisting of residential MBS (“RMBS”), commercial MBS (“CMBS”), and CMBS interest-only (“IO”) securities and non-Agency MBS, which consist mainly of CMBS IO. Agency MBS have a guaranty of principal payment by a U.S. government-sponsored entity (“GSE”) such as Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac, which are in conservatorship and are currently supported by a senior preferred stock purchase agreement from the U.S. Treasury. Non-Agency MBS are issued by non-governmental enterprises and do not have a guaranty of principal payment. The Company also invests in other types of mortgage-related securities, such as to-be-announced securities (“TBAs” or “TBA securities”).

Basis of Presentation

The accompanying unaudited consolidated financial statements of the Company and its subsidiaries (together, “Dynex” or, as appropriate, the “Company”) have been prepared in accordance with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles (“GAAP”) for interim financial information and with the instructions to the Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q and Article 10, Rule 10-01 of Regulation S-X promulgated by the Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”). Accordingly, they do not include all of the information and notes required by GAAP for complete financial statements. In the opinion of management, all significant adjustments, consisting of normal recurring accruals, considered necessary for a fair presentation of the consolidated financial statements have been included. Operating results for the three months ended March 31, 2022 are not necessarily indicative of the results that may be expected for any other interim periods or for the entire year ending December 31, 2022. The unaudited consolidated financial statements included herein should be read in conjunction with the audited financial statements and notes thereto included in the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2021 (the “2021 Form 10-K”) filed with the SEC. 

Use of Estimates

The preparation of financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and the disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements as well as the reported amounts of revenue and expenses during the reported period. Actual results could differ from those estimates. The most significant estimates used by management include, but are not limited to, amortization of premiums and discounts and fair value measurements of its investments, including TBA securities accounted for as derivative instruments. These items are discussed further below within this note to the consolidated financial statements. The Company believes the estimates and assumptions underlying the consolidated financial statements included herein are reasonable and supportable based on the information available as of March 31, 2022.

Consolidation and Variable Interest Entities

The consolidated financial statements include the accounts of the Company and the accounts of its majority owned subsidiaries and variable interest entities (“VIE”) for which it is the primary beneficiary. All intercompany accounts and transactions have been eliminated in consolidation.

The Company consolidates a VIE if the Company is determined to be the VIE’s primary beneficiary, which is defined as the party that has both: (i) the power to control the activities that most significantly impact the VIE’s financial performance and (ii) the right to receive benefits or absorb losses that could potentially be significant to the VIE. The Company reconsiders its evaluation of whether to consolidate a VIE on an ongoing basis, based on changes in the facts and circumstances pertaining to the VIE. Though the Company invests in Agency and non-Agency MBS

5

NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

DYNEX CAPITAL, INC.

(amounts in thousands except share data)

which are generally considered to be interests in VIEs, the Company does not consolidate these entities because it does not meet the criteria to be deemed a primary beneficiary.

Income Taxes

The Company has elected to be taxed as a real estate investment trust (“REIT”) under the Internal Revenue Code of 1986 (“Tax Code”) and the corresponding provisions of state law. To qualify as a REIT, the Company must meet certain tests including investing in primarily real estate-related assets and the required distribution of at least 90% of its annual REIT taxable income to shareholders after consideration of its net operating loss (“NOL”) carryforward and not including taxable income retained in its taxable subsidiaries. As a REIT, the Company generally will not be subject to federal income tax on the amount of its income or capital gains that is distributed as dividends to shareholders.

The Company assesses its tax positions for all open tax years and determines whether the Company has any material unrecognized liabilities and records these liabilities, if any, to the extent they are deemed more likely than not to have been incurred.

Net Income (Loss) Per Common Share

The Company calculates basic net income (loss) per common share by dividing net income (loss) to common shareholders for the period by weighted-average shares of common stock outstanding for that period. Please see Note 2 for the calculation of the Company’s basic and diluted net income (loss) per common share for the periods indicated.

The Company currently has unvested restricted stock, service-based restricted stock units (“RSUs”) and performance-based stock units (“PSUs”) issued and outstanding. Upon vesting (or settlement, in the case of units), restrictions on transfer expire on each share of restricted stock, RSU, and PSU, and each such share represents one unrestricted share of common stock and included in the computation of basis net income per common share. Restricted stock awards are considered participating securities and therefore are included in the computation of basic net income per common share using the two-class method because holders of unvested shares of restricted stock are eligible to receive non-forfeitable dividends. Holders of unvested RSUs and PSUs accrue forfeitable dividend equivalent rights over the vesting period, receiving dividend payments only upon the settlement date if the requisite service-based and performance-based conditions have been achieved. As such, unvested RSUs and PSUs are excluded from the computation of basic net income per common share, but are included in the computation of diluted net income per common share unless the effect is to reduce a net loss or increase the net income per common share (also known as “anti-dilutive”).

Because the Company’s 6.900% Series C Fixed-to-Floating Rate Cumulative Redeemable Preferred Stock (the “Series C Preferred Stock”) is redeemable at the Company’s option for cash only and convertible into shares of common stock only upon a change of control of the Company (and subject to other circumstances) as described in Article IIIC of the Company’s Restated Articles of Incorporation, the effect of those shares and their related dividends were excluded from the calculation of diluted net income per common share for the periods presented.

Cash

Cash includes unrestricted demand deposits at highly rated financial institutions. The Company’s cash balances fluctuate throughout the year and may exceed Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (“FDIC”) insured limits from time to time. Although the Company bears risk to amounts in excess of those insured by the FDIC, it does not anticipate any losses as a result due to the financial position and creditworthiness of the depository institutions in which those deposits are held.

6

NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

DYNEX CAPITAL, INC.

(amounts in thousands except share data)

Cash Collateral Posted To/By Counterparties

Cash collateral posted to/by counterparties represents amounts pledged/received to cover initial and variation margin related to the Company’s financing and derivative instruments.

The following table provides a reconciliation of “cash” and “cash posted to counterparties” reported on the Company's consolidated balance sheet as of March 31, 2022 that sum to the total of the same such amounts shown on the Company’s consolidated statement of cash flows for the three months ended March 31, 2022:

	March 31, 2022
Cash	$	456,957
Cash collateral posted to counterparties	114,732
Total cash including cash posted to counterparties shown on consolidated statement of cash flows	$	571,689

Mortgage-Backed Securities

The Company’s MBS are recorded at fair value on the Company’s consolidated balance sheet. MBS purchased prior to January 1, 2021 are designated as available-for-sale (“AFS”) with changes in fair value reported in other comprehensive income (“OCI”) as an unrealized gain (loss) until the security is sold or matures. Effective January 1, 2021, the Company elected the fair value option for all MBS purchased on or after that date with changes in fair value reported in net income as “unrealized gain (loss) on investments, net” until the security is sold or matures. Upon the sale of an MBS, any unrealized gain or loss is reclassified to “realized gain (loss) on sale of investments, net” using the specific identification method. Management elected the fair value option so that GAAP net income will reflect the changes in fair value for its future purchases of MBS in a manner consistent with the presentation and timing of the changes in fair value of its derivative instruments. Electing the fair value option is increasing as an industry trend for mortgage REITs who have not elected cash flow hedge accounting. “Unrealized gain (loss) on investments, net” also includes changes in fair value for mortgage loans held for investment for which the Company elected the fair value option effective January 1, 2020.

Interest Income, Premium Amortization, and Discount Accretion. Interest income on MBS is accrued based on the outstanding principal balance (or notional balance in the case of interest-only, or “IO” securities) and their contractual terms. Premiums or discounts associated with the purchase of Agency MBS as well as any non-Agency MBS are amortized or accreted into interest income over the projected life of such securities using the effective yield method, and adjustments to premium amortization and discount accretion are made for actual cash payments. The Company’s projections of future cash payments are based on input received from external sources and internal models and may include assumptions about the amount and timing of loan prepayment rates, fluctuations in interest rates, credit losses, and other factors. On at least a quarterly basis, the Company reviews and makes any necessary adjustments to its cash flow projections and updates the yield recognized on these assets.

The Company does not currently hold any non-Agency MBS that were purchased at a discount with credit ratings of less than ‘AA’ or not rated by any of the nationally recognized credit rating agencies at the time of purchase.

Determination of MBS Fair Value. The Company estimates the fair value of the majority of its MBS based upon prices obtained from pricing services and broker quotes. The remainder of the Company’s MBS are valued by discounting the estimated future cash flows derived from cash flow models that utilize information such as the security’s coupon rate, estimated prepayment speeds, expected weighted average life, collateral composition, estimated future interest rates, expected losses, and credit enhancements as well as certain other relevant information. Please refer to Note 6 for further discussion of MBS fair value measurements.

Allowance for Credit Losses. On at least a quarterly basis, the Company evaluates any MBS designated as AFS with a fair value less than its amortized cost for credit losses. If the difference between the present value of cash flows expected to be collected on the MBS is less than its amortized cost, the difference is recorded as an allowance

7

NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

DYNEX CAPITAL, INC.

(amounts in thousands except share data)

for credit loss through net income up to and not exceeding the amount that the amortized cost exceeds current fair value. Subsequent changes in credit loss estimates are recognized in earnings in the period in which they occur. Because the majority of the Company’s investments are higher credit quality and most are guaranteed by a GSE, the Company is not likely to have an allowance for credit losses related to its MBS recorded on its consolidated balance sheet.

Repurchase Agreements

The Company’s repurchase agreements, which are used to finance its purchases of MBS, are accounted for as secured borrowings under which the Company pledges its securities as collateral to secure a loan, which is equal in value to a specified percentage of the estimated fair value of the pledged collateral. The Company retains beneficial ownership of the pledged collateral, which is disclosed parenthetically on the Company’s consolidated balance sheets. At the maturity of a repurchase agreement, the Company is required to repay the loan and concurrently receives back its pledged collateral from the lender or, with the consent of the lender, the Company may renew the agreement at the then prevailing financing rate. A repurchase agreement lender may require the Company to pledge additional collateral in the event of a decline in the fair value of the collateral pledged. Repurchase agreement financing is recourse to the Company and the assets pledged. Most of the Company’s repurchase agreements are based on the September 1996 version of the Bond Market Association Master Repurchase Agreement, which generally provides that the lender, as buyer, is responsible for obtaining collateral valuations from a generally recognized source agreed to by both the Company and the lender, or, in an instance when such source is not available, the value determination is made by the lender.

Derivative Instruments

The Company’s derivative instruments include U.S. Treasury futures, options on interest rate swaps (“swaptions”) and TBA securities, which are forward contracts for the purchase or sale of Agency RMBS on a non-specified pool basis. Derivative instruments are reported at their fair value on the Company’s consolidated balance sheet as derivative assets if in a gain position or as derivative liabilities if in a loss position, at the end of the period reported. All income/expenses and changes in fair value of derivative instruments, including gains and losses realized upon termination, maturity, or settlement are recorded in “gain (loss) on derivative instruments, net” on the Company’s consolidated statement of comprehensive income (loss). Cash receipts and payments related to derivative instruments are classified in the investing activities section of the consolidated statements of cash flows in accordance with the underlying nature or purpose of the derivative transactions.

The Company currently has short positions in U.S. Treasury futures contracts, which are valued based on exchange pricing with daily margin settlements. The Company realizes gains or losses on these contracts upon expiration at an amount equal to the difference between the current fair value of the underlying asset and the contractual price of the futures contract.

The Company’s swaptions provide the Company the right, but not an obligation, to enter into an interest rate swap at a predetermined notional amount with a stated term and pay and receive rates in the future. Swaptions are valued based on exchange pricing without daily exchanges of margin amounts. The Company may defer the premium payment until the effective date of the underlying interest rate swap agreement, recording a payable on its consolidated balance sheet. The premium payable and the fair value of the swaption are accounted for as a single unit of account. If a swaption expires unexercised, the realized loss on the swaption would be equal to the premium paid. If the swaption is exercised, the realized gain or loss on the swaption would be equal to the difference between the fair value of the underlying interest rate swap and the premium paid.

A TBA security is a forward contract (“TBA contract”) for the purchase (“long position”) or sale (“short position”) of a non-specified Agency MBS at a predetermined price with certain principal and interest terms and certain types of collateral, but the particular Agency securities to be delivered are not identified until shortly before the settlement date. The Company accounts for long and short positions in TBAs as derivative instruments because the Company cannot assert that it is probable at inception and throughout the term of an individual TBA transaction that

8

NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

DYNEX CAPITAL, INC.

(amounts in thousands except share data)

its settlement will result in physical delivery of the underlying Agency RMBS or that the individual TBA transaction will not settle in the shortest time period possible.

Please refer to Note 5 for additional information regarding the Company’s derivative instruments as well as Note 6 for information on how the fair value of these instruments is calculated.

Receivable For/Payable For Securities Pending Settlement

Receivable for/payable for securities pending settlement consists of amounts the Company is due or owed for sales of MBS and TBA securities that have not settled as of the date indicated on the consolidated balance sheet.

Share-Based Compensation

The Company’s 2020 Stock and Incentive Plan (the “2020 Plan”) reserves for issuance up to 2,300,000 common shares for eligible employees, non-employee directors, consultants, and advisors to the Company to be granted in the form of stock options, restricted stock, restricted stock units (“RSUs”), stock appreciation rights, performance-based stock units (“PSUs”), and performance-based cash awards (collectively, “awards”). As of March 31, 2022, 1,267,099 common shares are available for issuance under the 2020 Plan. Awards previously granted under the Company’s 2018 Stock and Incentive Plan (“2018 Plan”) or any other prior equity plan remain outstanding and valid in accordance with their terms, but no new awards will be granted under the 2018 Plan or any other prior equity plan.

Currently, the Company has shares of restricted stock and RSUs issued and outstanding which are treated as equity awards and recorded at their fair value using the closing stock price on the grant date. The compensation cost is recognized over the vesting period with a corresponding credit to shareholders’ equity using the straight-line method.

The Company also has PSUs issued and outstanding which contain either Company performance-based or market performance-based conditions. PSUs subject to Company performance-based conditions are initially recognized as equity at their fair value which is measured using the closing stock price on the grant date multiplied by the number of units expected to vest based on an assessment of the probability of achievement of the Company performance-based conditions as of the grant date. The grant date fair value is recognized as expense on the Company’s consolidated statements of comprehensive income within “Compensation and benefits” on a straight-line basis over the vesting period and adjusted if necessary based on any change in probability of achievement which is re-assessed as of each reporting date and on at least a quarterly basis.

PSUs subject to market performance-based conditions are recognized as equity at their grant date fair value determined through a Monte-Carlo simulation of the Company’s common stock total shareholder return (“TSR”) relative to the common stock TSR of the group of peer companies specified in the award agreement. Awards subject to market performance-based conditions are not assessed for probability of achievement and are not remeasured subsequent to issuance. The grant date fair value is recognized as expense on the Company’s consolidated statements of comprehensive income within “Compensation and benefits” on a straight-line basis over the vesting period even if the market performance-based conditions are not achieved.

The Company does not estimate forfeitures for any of its share-based compensation awards, but adjusts for actual forfeitures in the periods in which they occur. Because RSUs and PSUs have forfeitable dividend equivalent rights that are paid only upon settlement, any accrued dividend equivalent rights (“DERs”) on forfeited units are reversed with a corresponding credit to “Compensation and benefits.”

Contingencies

In the normal course of business, there may be various lawsuits, claims, and other contingencies pending against the Company. On a quarterly basis, the Company evaluates whether to establish provisions for estimated losses from those matters. The Company recognizes a liability for a contingent loss when: (a) the underlying causal event has occurred prior to the balance sheet date; (b) it is probable that a loss has been incurred; and (c) there is a reasonable

9

NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

DYNEX CAPITAL, INC.

(amounts in thousands except share data)

basis for estimating that loss. A liability is not recognized for a contingent loss when it is only possible or remotely possible that a loss has been incurred, however, possible contingent losses shall be disclosed. If the contingent loss (or an additional loss in excess of any accrual) is at least a reasonable possibility and material, then the Company discloses a reasonable estimate of the possible loss or range of loss, if such reasonable estimate can be made. If the Company cannot make a reasonable estimate of the possible material loss, or range of loss, then that fact is disclosed.

Recently Issued Accounting Pronouncements

The Company evaluates Accounting Standards Updates (“ASU”) issued by the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) on at least a quarterly basis to evaluate applicability and significance of any impact on its financial condition and results of operations. There were no accounting pronouncements issued during the three months ended March 31, 2022 that are expected to have a material impact on the Company’s financial condition or results of operations.

NOTE 2 – NET INCOME PER COMMON SHARE

Please refer to Note 1 for information regarding the Company’s treatment of its preferred stock and stock awards in the calculation of its basic and diluted net income per common share and to Note 7 for information regarding the Company’s stock award activity for the periods presented. The following table presents the computations of basic and diluted net income per common share for the periods indicated:

	Three Months Ended
	March 31,
	2022		2021
Weighted average number of common shares outstanding - basic	36,725,365		26,788,693
Incremental common shares-unvested RSUs	128,786		—
Incremental common shares-unvested PSUs	257,582		—
Weighted average number of common shares outstanding - diluted	37,111,733		26,788,693
Net income to common shareholders	$	115,286	$	112,383
Net income per common share-basic	$	3.14	$	4.20
Net income per common share-diluted	$	3.11	$	4.20

    

The Company did not have any potentially dilutive instruments outstanding during the three months ended March 31, 2021.

10

NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

DYNEX CAPITAL, INC.

(amounts in thousands except share data)

NOTE 3 – MORTGAGE-BACKED SECURITIES

The following tables present the Company’s MBS by investment type as of the dates indicated:

	March 31, 2022
	Agency RMBS		Agency CMBS		CMBS IO (1)		Non-Agency Other		Total
MBS designated as AFS:
Par value	$	1,137,360	$	171,846	$	—	$	864	$	1,310,070
Unamortized premium (discount)	36,649		2,174		252,946		(143)		291,626
Amortized cost	1,174,009		174,020		252,946		721		1,601,696
Gross unrealized gain	1,209		868		3,910		28		6,015
Gross unrealized loss	(86,458)		(1,911)		(2,214)		(43)		(90,626)
Fair value	$	1,088,760	$	172,977	$	254,642	$	706	$	1,517,085
MBS measured at fair value through net income:
Par value	$	1,773,996	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	1,773,996
Unamortized premium	28,917		—		21,332		—		50,249
Amortized cost	1,802,913		—		21,332		—		1,824,245
Gross unrealized gain	—		—		—		—		—
Gross unrealized loss	(125,118)		—		(1,195)		—		(126,313)
Fair value	$	1,677,795	$	—	$	20,137	$	—	$	1,697,932
Total as of March 31, 2022	$	2,766,555	$	172,977	$	274,779	$	706	$	3,215,017

(1) The notional balance for Agency CMBS IO measured at fair value through net income was $441,081 as of March 31, 2022. The notional balance of Agency CMBS IO and non-Agency CMBS IO designated as AFS was $9,882,225 and $7,859,450 respectively, as of March 31, 2022.

11

NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

DYNEX CAPITAL, INC.

(amounts in thousands except share data)

	December 31, 2021
	Agency RMBS		Agency CMBS		CMBS IO (1)		Non-Agency Other		Total
MBS designated as AFS:
Par value	$	1,193,951	$	174,899	$	—	$	966	$	1,369,816
Unamortized premium (discount)	38,787		2,312		276,354		(189)		317,264
Amortized cost	1,232,738		177,211		276,354		777		1,687,080
Gross unrealized gain	7,779		7,636		11,713		63		27,191
Gross unrealized loss	(19,994)		—		(426)		(42)		(20,462)
Fair value	$	1,220,523	$	184,847	$	287,641	$	798	$	1,693,809
MBS measured at fair value through net income:
Par value	$	1,445,796	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	1,445,796
Unamortized premium	35,373		—		21,843		—		57,216
Amortized cost	1,481,169		—		21,843		—		1,503,012
Gross unrealized gain	—		—		57		—		57
Gross unrealized loss	(14,917)		—		(122)		—		(15,039)
Fair value	$	1,466,252	$	—	$	21,778	$	—	$	1,488,030
Total as of December 31, 2021	$	2,686,775	$	184,847	$	309,419	$	798	$	3,181,839

(1) The notional balance of Agency CMBS IO measured at fair value through net income was $441,217 as of December 31, 2021. The notional balance of Agency CMBS IO and non-Agency CMBS IO designated as AFS was $10,189,497 and $8,635,666, respectively, as of December 31, 2021.

The majority of the Company’s MBS are pledged as collateral for the Company’s repurchase agreements, which are disclosed in Note 4. Actual maturities of MBS are affected by the contractual lives of the underlying mortgage collateral, periodic payments of principal, prepayments of principal, and the payment priority structure of the security; therefore, actual maturities are generally shorter than the securities' stated contractual maturities.

The following table presents information regarding the "realized gain on sale of investments, net" on the Company’s consolidated statements of comprehensive income for the periods indicated:

	Three Months Ended
	March 31,
	2022				2021
	Proceeds Received		Realized Gain		Proceeds Received		Realized Gain
Agency RMBS-designated as AFS	$	—	$	—	$	74,829	$	4,697
	$	—	$	—	$	74,829	$	4,697

12

NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

DYNEX CAPITAL, INC.

(amounts in thousands except share data)

The following table presents certain information for the AFS securities in an unrealized loss position as of the dates indicated:

	March 31, 2022					December 31, 2021
	Fair Value		Gross Unrealized Losses		# of Securities	Fair Value		Gross Unrealized Losses		# of Securities
Continuous unrealized loss position for less than 12 months:
Agency MBS	$	719,200	$	(47,905)	53	$	1,051,233	$	(20,118)	23
Non-Agency MBS	61,333		(1,206)		51	11,667		(247)		14
Continuous unrealized loss position for 12 months or longer:
Agency MBS	$	425,586	$	(41,409)	8	$	—	$	—	—
Non-Agency MBS	962		(106)		5	1,241		(97)		6

The unrealized losses on the Company’s MBS were the result of declines in market prices and were not credit related; therefore, the Company’s allowance for credit losses on its MBS designated as AFS was $0 as of March 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021. The principal related to Agency MBS is guaranteed by the GSEs Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac. Although the unrealized losses are not credit related, the Company assesses its ability and intent to hold any MBS with an unrealized loss until the recovery in its value. This assessment is based on the amount of the unrealized loss and significance of the related investment as well as the Company’s leverage and liquidity position. In addition, for its non-Agency MBS, the Company reviews the credit ratings, the credit characteristics of the mortgage loans collateralizing these securities, and the estimated future cash flows including projected collateral losses.

NOTE 4 – REPURCHASE AGREEMENTS

The Company’s repurchase agreements outstanding as of March 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021 are summarized in the following tables:

	March 31, 2022						December 31, 2021
Collateral Type	Balance		Weighted Average Rate		Fair Value of Collateral Pledged		Balance		Weighted Average Rate		Fair Value of Collateral Pledged
Agency RMBS	$	2,547,808	0.26	%	$	2,688,612	$	2,408,126	0.17	%	$	2,536,094
Agency CMBS	168,173		0.25	%	171,364		176,268		0.14	%	184,847
Agency CMBS IO	164,273		0.75	%	174,532		180,912		0.68	%	192,481
Non-Agency CMBS IO	72,548		1.33	%	85,160		84,610		0.99	%	97,897
Total repurchase agreements	$	2,952,802	0.31	%	$	3,119,668	$	2,849,916	0.23	%	$	3,011,319

The Company had repurchase agreement borrowings outstanding with 22 different counterparties as of March 31, 2022, and its equity at risk did not exceed 5% with any counterparty as of that date.

The following table provides information on the remaining term to maturity and original term to maturity for the Company’s repurchase agreements as of the dates indicated:

13

NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

DYNEX CAPITAL, INC.

(amounts in thousands except share data)

	March 31, 2022					December 31, 2021
Remaining Term to Maturity	Balance		Weighted Average Rate		WAVG Original Term to Maturity	Balance		Weighted Average Rate		WAVG Original Term to Maturity
Less than 30 days	$	1,567,265	0.36	%	88	$	602,994	0.42	%	123
30 to 90 days	977,241		0.24	%	154	763,302		0.14	%	166
91 to 180 days	159,180		0.16	%	367	1,075,324		0.15	%	198
181 days to 1 year	249,116		0.38	%	365	408,296		0.30	%	366
Total	$	2,952,802	0.31	%	148	$	2,849,916	0.23	%	198

The Company has an agreement with Wells Fargo Bank, N.A. for a committed repurchase facility, which has an aggregate maximum borrowing capacity of $250,000 and a maturity date of June 8, 2023. As of March 31, 2022, the Company had $76,882 outstanding with this facility at a weighted average borrowing rate of 1.20%. The remaining repurchase facilities available to the Company are uncommitted with no guarantee of renewal or terms of renewal.

The Company’s counterparties, as set forth in the master repurchase agreement with the counterparty, require the Company to comply with various customary operating and financial covenants, including, but not limited to, minimum net worth and earnings, maximum declines in net worth in a given period, and maximum leverage requirements as well as maintaining the Company’s REIT status. In addition, some of the agreements contain cross default features, whereby default under an agreement with one lender simultaneously causes default under agreements with other lenders. To the extent that the Company fails to comply with the covenants contained in these financing agreements or is otherwise found to be in default under the terms of such agreements, the counterparty has the right to accelerate amounts due under the master repurchase agreement. The Company believes it was in full compliance with all covenants in master repurchase agreements under which there were amounts outstanding as of March 31, 2022.

The Company's repurchase agreements are subject to underlying agreements with master netting or similar arrangements, which provide for the right of offset in the event of default or in the event of bankruptcy of either party to the transactions. The Company reports its repurchase agreements to these arrangements on a gross basis. The following table presents information regarding the Company's repurchase agreements as if the Company had presented them on a net basis as of March 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021:

	Gross Amount of Recognized Liabilities		Gross Amount Offset in the Balance Sheet		Net Amount of Liabilities Presented in the Balance Sheet		Gross Amount Not Offset in the Balance Sheet (1)				Net Amount
							Financial Instruments Posted as Collateral		Cash Posted as Collateral
March 31, 2022
Repurchase agreements	$	2,952,802	$	—	$	2,952,802	$	(2,952,802)	$	—	$	—
December 31, 2021
Repurchase agreements	$	2,849,916	$	—	$	2,849,916	$	(2,849,916)	$	—	$	—

(1) Amounts disclosed for collateral received by or posted to the same counterparty include cash and the fair value of MBS up to and not exceeding the net amount of the repurchase agreement liability presented in the balance sheet. The fair value of the total collateral received by or posted to the same counterparty may exceed the amounts presented.

Please see Note 5 for information related to the Company’s derivatives, which are also subject to underlying agreements with master netting or similar arrangements.

14

NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

DYNEX CAPITAL, INC.

(amounts in thousands except share data)

NOTE 5 – DERIVATIVES

Types and Uses of Derivatives Instruments

Interest Rate Derivatives. During the three months ended March 31, 2022, the Company used short positions in U.S. Treasury futures and interest rate swaptions to mitigate the impact of changing interest rates on the fair value of its investments and its net interest earnings.

TBA Transactions. The Company purchases TBA securities as a means of investing in non-specified fixed-rate Agency RMBS and may also periodically sell TBA securities as a means of economically hedging its book value exposure to Agency RMBS. The Company holds long and short positions in TBA securities by executing a series of transactions, commonly referred to as “dollar roll” transactions, which effectively delay the settlement of a forward purchase (or sale) of a non-specified Agency RMBS by entering into an offsetting TBA position, net settling the paired-off positions in cash, and simultaneously entering into an identical TBA long (or short) position with a later settlement date. TBA securities purchased (or sold) for a forward settlement date are generally priced at a discount relative to TBA securities settling in the current month. This discount, often referred to as “drop income” represents the economic equivalent of net interest income (interest income less implied financing cost) on the underlying Agency security from trade date to settlement date. The Company accounts for all TBAs (whether net long or net short positions, or collectively “TBA dollar roll positions”) as derivative instruments because it cannot assert that it is probable at inception and throughout the term of an individual TBA transaction that its settlement will result in physical delivery of the underlying Agency RMBS, or that the individual TBA transaction will not settle in the shortest period possible.

Gain (Loss) on Derivative Instruments, Net

The table below provides detail of the Company’s “gain on derivative instruments, net” by type of derivative for the periods indicated:

	Three Months Ended
	March 31,
Type of Derivative Instrument	2022		2021
U.S. Treasury futures	$	288,934	$	95,647
Interest rate swaptions	25,438		57,763
Options on U.S. Treasury futures	—		12,617
TBA securities - long positions	(94,161)		(58,226)
Gain on derivative instruments, net	$	220,211	$	107,801

The table below summarizes information about the carrying value by type of derivative instrument on the Company’s consolidated balance sheets as of the dates indicated:

Type of Derivative Instrument	Balance Sheet Location	Purpose	March 31, 2022		December 31, 2021
Interest rate swaptions	Derivative assets	Economic hedging	$	28,640	$	3,202
TBA securities	Derivative assets	Investing	5,543		4,767
Total derivatives assets			$	34,183	$	7,969
U.S. Treasury futures	Derivative liabilities	Economic hedging	$	(9,847)	$	(2,471)
TBA securities	Derivative liabilities	Investing	(8,481)		—
Total derivatives liabilities			$	(18,328)	$	(2,471)

The following table provides details on the Company’s interest rate swaptions held as of the dates indicated:

15

NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

DYNEX CAPITAL, INC.

(amounts in thousands except share data)

	Option					Underlying Payer Swap
	Cost		Fair Value		Average Term to Expiration	Notional Amount		Average Fixed Pay Rate
As of March 31, 2022:	$	9,375	$	28,640	4 months	$	500,000	1.60%
As of December 31, 2021	$	9,375	$	3,202	7 months	$	500,000	1.60%

The following table provides details on the Company’s U.S. Treasury futures held as of the dates indicated:

	March 31, 2022					December 31, 2021:
	Notional Amount Long (Short)		Fair Value		Average Term to Expiration	Notional Amount Long (Short)		Fair Value		Average Term to Expiration
U.S. Treasury futures	$	(3,940,000)	$	(9,847)	3 months	$	(3,890,000)	$	(2,471)	3 months

The following table summarizes information about the Company's long positions in TBA securities as of the dates indicated:

	March 31, 2022		December 31, 2021
Implied market value (1)	$	1,732,654	$	1,531,188
Implied cost basis (2)	1,735,592		1,526,421
Net carrying value (3)	$	(2,938)	$	4,767

(1) Implied market value represents the estimated fair value of the underlying Agency MBS as of the date indicated.

(2) Implied cost basis represents the forward price to be paid for the underlying Agency MBS as of the date indicated.

(3) Net carrying value is the amount included on the consolidated balance sheets within “derivative assets” and “derivative liabilities” and represents the difference between the implied market value and the implied cost basis of the TBA securities as of the date indicated.

Volume of Activity

The tables below summarize changes in the Company’s derivative instruments for the three months ended March 31, 2022:

Type of Derivative Instrument	Beginning Notional Amount-Long (Short)		Additions		Settlements, Terminations, or Pair-Offs		Ending Notional Amount-Long (Short)
Interest rate swaptions	$	500,000	$	—	$	—	$	500,000
U.S. Treasury futures	(3,890,000)		(4,530,000)		4,480,000		(3,940,000)
TBA securities	1,530,000		7,813,000		(7,573,000)		1,770,000

Offsetting

The Company's derivatives are subject to underlying agreements with master netting or similar arrangements, which provide for the right of offset in the event of default or in the event of bankruptcy of either party to the transactions. The Company reports its derivative assets and liabilities subject to these arrangements on a gross basis. Please see Note 4 for information related to the Company’s repurchase agreements, which are also subject to underlying agreements with master netting or similar arrangements. The following tables present information regarding those derivative assets and liabilities subject to such arrangements as if the Company had presented them on a net basis as of March 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021:

16

NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

DYNEX CAPITAL, INC.

(amounts in thousands except share data)

	Offsetting of Assets
	Gross Amount of Recognized Assets		Gross Amount Offset in the Balance Sheet		Net Amount of Assets Presented in the Balance Sheet		Gross Amount Not Offset in the Balance Sheet (1)				Net Amount
							Financial Instruments Received as Collateral		Cash Received as Collateral
March 31, 2022
Interest rate swaptions	$	28,640	$	—	$	28,640	$	—	$	(28,640)	$	—
TBA securities	5,543		—		5,543		(5,543)		—		—
Derivative assets	$	34,183	$	—	$	34,183	$	(5,543)	$	(28,640)	$	—
December 31, 2021
Interest rate swaptions	$	3,202	$	—	$	3,202	$	—	$	(481)	$	2,721
TBA securities	4,767		—		4,767		—		(1,353)		3,414
Derivative assets	$	7,969	$	—	$	7,969	$	—	$	(1,834)	$	6,135

	Offsetting of Liabilities
	Gross Amount of Recognized Liabilities		Gross Amount Offset in the Balance Sheet		Net Amount of Liabilities Presented in the Balance Sheet		Gross Amount Not Offset in the Balance Sheet (1)				Net Amount
							Financial Instruments Posted as Collateral		Cash Posted as Collateral
March 31, 2022
U.S. Treasury futures-short positions	$	(9,847)	—		$	(9,847)	$	—	$	—	$	(9,847)
TBA securities	(8,481)		—		(8,481)		5,543		2,938		—
Derivative liabilities	$	(18,328)	$	—	$	(18,328)	$	5,543	$	2,938	$	(9,847)
December 31, 2021
U.S. Treasury futures-short positions	$	(2,471)	—		$	(2,471)	$	—	$	—	$	(2,471)
Derivative liabilities	$	(2,471)	$	—	$	(2,471)	$	—	$	—	$	(2,471)

(1) Amounts disclosed for collateral received by or posted to the same counterparty include cash and the fair value of MBS up to and not exceeding the net amount of the derivative asset or liability presented in the balance sheet. The fair value of the total collateral received by or posted to the same counterparty may exceed the amounts presented. Please refer to the consolidated balance sheets for the total fair value of financial instruments pledged as collateral for derivatives and repurchase agreements, which is shown parenthetically, and the total cash pledged or received as collateral which is disclosed in “cash collateral posted to/by counterparties.”

NOTE 6 – FAIR VALUE OF FINANCIAL INSTRUMENTS

Fair value is defined as the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date. Fair value is based on the assumptions market participants would use when pricing an asset or liability and also considers all aspects of nonperformance risk, including the entity’s own credit standing, when measuring fair value of a liability. ASC Topic 820 established a valuation hierarchy of three levels as follows:

•Level 1 – Inputs are unadjusted, quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities as of the

17

NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

DYNEX CAPITAL, INC.

(amounts in thousands except share data)

measurement date.

•Level 2 – Inputs include quoted prices in active markets for similar assets or liabilities; quoted prices in inactive markets for identical or similar assets or liabilities; or inputs either directly observable or indirectly observable through correlation with market data at the measurement date and for the duration of the instrument’s anticipated life.

•Level 3 – Unobservable inputs are supported by little or no market activity. The unobservable inputs represent management’s best estimate of how market participants would price the asset or liability at the measurement date. Consideration is given to the risk inherent in the valuation technique and the risk inherent in the inputs to the model.

The following table presents the Company’s financial instruments that are measured at fair value on the Company’s consolidated balance sheet by their valuation hierarchy levels as of the dates indicated:

	March 31, 2022								December 31, 2021
	Fair Value		Level 1		Level 2		Level 3		Fair Value		Level 1		Level 2		Level 3
Assets carried at fair value:
MBS	$	3,215,017	$	—	$	3,214,311	$	706	$	3,181,839	$	—	$	3,181,041	$	798
Mortgage loans held for investment	3,757		—		—		3,757		4,268		—		—		4,268
Derivative assets:
Interest rate swaptions	28,640		—		28,640		—		3,202		—		3,202		—
TBA securities-long position	5,543		—		5,543		—		4,767		—		4,767		—
Total assets carried at fair value	$	3,252,957	$	—	$	3,248,494	$	4,463	$	3,194,076	$	—	$	3,189,010	$	5,066
Liabilities carried at fair value:
U.S. Treasury futures	$	9,847	$	9,847	$	—	$	—	$	2,471	$	2,471	$	—	$	—
TBA securities-long position	8,481		—		8,481		—		—		—		—		—
Total liabilities carried at fair value	$	18,328	$	9,847	$	8,481	$	—	$	2,471	$	2,471	$	—	$	—

The fair value measurements for the Company's MBS are considered Level 2 when there are substantially similar securities actively trading or for which there has been recent trading activity in their respective markets and are based on prices received from pricing services and quotes from brokers. In valuing a security, the pricing service uses either a market approach, which uses observable prices and other relevant information that is generated by market transactions of identical or similar securities, or an income approach, which uses valuation techniques to convert future amounts to a single, discounted present value amount. The Company reviews the prices it receives from its pricing sources as well as the assumptions and inputs utilized by its pricing sources for reasonableness. Examples of these observable inputs and assumptions include market interest rates, credit spreads, and projected prepayment speeds, among other things.

The Company owns other non-Agency MBS and mortgage loans that are considered Level 3 assets because there has been no recent trading activity of similar instruments upon which their fair value can be measured. The fair value for these Level 3 assets is measured by discounting the estimated future cash flows derived from cash flow models using significant inputs which are determined by the Company when market observable inputs are not available. Information utilized in those pricing models include the security’s credit rating, coupon rate, estimated prepayment speeds, expected weighted average life, collateral composition, estimated future interest rates, expected

18

NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

DYNEX CAPITAL, INC.

(amounts in thousands except share data)

credit losses, and credit enhancement as well as certain other relevant information. The Company used a constant prepayment rate assumption of 10%, default rate of 2%, loss severity of 20%, and a discount rate of 7.0% in measuring the fair value of its Level 3 assets as of March 31, 2022. Significant changes in any of these inputs in isolation may result in a significantly different fair value measurement. Level 3 assets are generally most sensitive to the default rate and severity assumptions.

The activity of the Company’s Level 3 assets during the three months ended March 31, 2022 is presented in the following table:

	Three Months Ended
	March 31, 2022
	Other Non-Agency MBS		Mortgage Loans
Balance as of beginning of period	$	798	$	4,268
Change in fair value (1)	(36)		7
Principal payments	(102)		(512)
Accretion (amortization)	46		(6)
Balance as of end of period	$	706	$	3,757

(1) Change in fair value for mortgage loans is recorded within “unrealized gain (loss) on investments, net” in net income and change in fair value for other non-Agency MBS is recorded as unrealized gain (loss) in “other comprehensive income.”

U.S. Treasury futures are valued based on closing exchange prices on these contracts and are classified accordingly as Level 1 measurements. The fair value of interest rate swaptions is based on the fair value of the underlying interest rate swap and time remaining until its expiration and is carried on the balance sheet net of any deferred premium to be paid upon expiration. The fair value of TBA securities is estimated using methods similar those used to fair value the Company’s Level 2 MBS.

NOTE 7 – SHAREHOLDERS’ EQUITY AND SHARE-BASED COMPENSATION

Preferred Stock. The Company’s Board of Directors has designated 6,600,000 shares of the Company’s preferred stock for issuance as Series C Preferred Stock, of which the Company has 4,460,000 of such shares outstanding as of March 31, 2022. The Series C Preferred Stock has no stated maturity, is not subject to any sinking fund or mandatory redemption, and will remain outstanding indefinitely unless redeemed or otherwise repurchased or converted into common stock pursuant to the terms of the Series C Preferred Stock. Except under certain limited circumstances described in Article IIIC of the Company’s Restated Articles of Incorporation, the Company may not redeem the Series C Preferred Stock prior to April 15, 2025. On or after that date, the Series C Preferred Stock may be redeemed at any time and from time to time at the Company's option at a cash redemption price of $25.00 per share plus any accumulated and unpaid dividends. Because the Series C Preferred Stock is redeemable only at the option of the issuer, it is classified as equity on the Company’s consolidated balance sheet.

The Series C Preferred Stock pays a cumulative cash dividend equivalent to 6.900% of the $25.00 liquidation preference per share each year until April 15, 2025. The terms of the Series C Preferred Stock state that upon April 15, 2025 and thereafter, the Company will pay cumulative cash dividends at a percentage of the $25.00 liquidation value per share equal to an annual floating rate of 3-month LIBOR plus a spread of 5.461%. However, because 3-month LIBOR will cease to be a published rate as of June 30, 2023, the fallback provision provided in the terms of the Series C Preferred Stock will allow for the Company to appoint a third-party independent financial institution of national standing to select an industry accepted alternative base rate. The Company paid its regular quarterly dividend of $0.43125 per share of Series C Preferred Stock on April 15, 2022 to shareholders of record as of April 1, 2022.

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NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

DYNEX CAPITAL, INC.

(amounts in thousands except share data)

Common Stock. During the three months ended March 31, 2022, the Company issued 267,288 shares of its common stock through its ATM program at an aggregate value of $4,245, net of $54 in broker commissions and fees.

Share-Based Compensation. Total share-based compensation expense recognized by the Company for the three months ended March 31, 2022 was $846 compared to $452 for the three months ended March 31, 2021.

The following tables present a rollforward of share-based awards for the periods indicated:

	Three Months Ended
	March 31,
	2022			2021
Type of Award	Shares	Weighted Average Grant Date Fair Value Per Share		Shares	Weighted Average Grant Date Fair Value Per Share
Restricted stock:
Awards outstanding, beginning of period	197,804	$	15.27	281,761	$	14.74
Granted	40,196	15.19		16,722	19.03
Vested	(44,805)	17.79		(59,024)	18.02
Awards outstanding, end of period	193,195	$	14.67	239,459	$	14.23
RSUs:
Awards outstanding, beginning of period	55,019	$	19.40	—	$	—
Granted	73,767	15.19		—	—
Vested	—	—		—	—
Awards outstanding, end of period	128,786	$	16.99	—	$	—
PSUs:
Awards outstanding, beginning of period	110,040	$	19.40	—	$	—
Granted	147,542	15.19		—	—
Vested	—	—		—	—
Awards outstanding, end of period	257,582	$	16.99	—	$	—

The number of RSUs that may potentially vest will range from 0% if the recipient’s time-based vesting condition is not met to 100% if the time-based vesting condition is met. The number of PSUs that may potentially vest will range from 0% to 200% based on the achievement of the performance goals defined in the grant award. As of March 31, 2022, the Company expects 100% of all PSUs will vest. The Company has accrued for DERs of $162 and $81 for RSUs and PSUs, respectively, as of March 31, 2022 and $100 and $50, respectively as of December 31, 2021, which is included on the Company’s consolidated balance sheet within “accrued dividends payable.”

20

NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

DYNEX CAPITAL, INC.

(amounts in thousands except share data)

The following table discloses the grant date fair value of the Company’s remaining unvested awards as of March 31, 2022, which will be amortized into compensation expense over the period disclosed:

	March 31, 2022
	Remaining Compensation Cost		WAVG Period of Recognition (in Years)
Restricted stock	$	1,871	1.8
RSUs	1,833		2.5
PSUs	3,543		2.4
Total	$	7,247	2.3

ITEM 2.    MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS

The following discussion should be read in conjunction with our unaudited consolidated financial statements and the accompanying notes included in Part I, Item 1. “Financial Statements” in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q and our audited consolidated financial statements and the accompanying notes included in Part II, Item 8 in our 2021 Form 10-K. References herein to “Dynex,” the “Company,” “we,” “us,” and “our” include Dynex Capital, Inc. and its consolidated subsidiaries, unless the context otherwise requires. In addition to current and historical information, the following discussion and analysis contains forward-looking statements within the meaning of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. These statements relate to our future business, financial condition or results of operations. For a description of certain factors that may have a significant impact on our future business, financial condition or results of operations, see “Forward-Looking Statements” at the end of this discussion and analysis.

    For more information about our business including our operating policies, investment philosophy and strategy, financing and hedging strategies, and other important information, please refer to Part I, Item 1 of our 2021 Form 10-K.

EXECUTIVE OVERVIEW

During the first quarter of 2022, the markets rapidly transitioned away from the COVID-19 pandemic and began to focus more on the urgent pressure of the highest U.S. inflation experienced since the 1970s, supply chain disruptions, and macroeconomic impacts from other events, such as Russia’s war with Ukraine. Yields during the first quarter and into the second quarter experienced the fastest and the largest percentage change since 1980. Average rates on 30-year fixed rate mortgages increased to over 5% in the first quarter of 2022, the fastest increase in mortgage rates since 1985 and to levels not seen in over a decade.

The charts below show the highest and lowest U.S. Treasury and swap rates during the three months ended March 31, 2022 as well as the rates as of March 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021:    

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The movement in interest rates was accompanied by a rapid widening of nominal and option adjusted Agency RMBS spreads that have repriced in a sustained manner to levels not seen since the last quantitative tightening cycle in 2018. The table below shows the market spreads in basis points as of March 31, 2022 compared to December 31, 2021 for certain investment types in our MBS portfolio:

22

	Market Spreads as of:
Investment Type:	March 31, 2022	December 31, 2021	Increase in Spreads
Agency RMBS: (1)
2.0% coupon	10	3	7
2.5% coupon	21	11	10
3.0% coupon	34	22	12
3.5% coupon	48	6	42
4.0% coupon	60	35	25
Agency DUS (Agency CMBS) (2)	58	31	27
Freddie K AAA IO (Agency CMBS IO) (2)	150	105	45
AAA CMBS IO (Non-Agency CMBS IO) (2)	145	112	33

(1)Option adjusted spreads (“OAS”) are based on Company estimates using third-party models and market data. The Company updated the third-party model used as of March 31, 2022. OAS shown as of December 31, 2021 has been restated from the 2021 Form 10-K for comparative purposes.

(2)Data represents the spread to swap rate on newly issued securities and is sourced from JP Morgan.

First Quarter 2022 Performance Summary

We protected our book value throughout the first quarter’s challenging market environment, ending the quarter at $18.24 per common share, a $0.25 increase since December 31, 2021. We started the first quarter with our interest rate hedges positioned for an increasing interest rate environment with our investment portfolio focused in 2% and 2.5% coupons. We maintained our hedge position for higher interest rates and by the end of the first quarter of 2022, as spreads widened in higher coupons, we moved our entire TBA position from lower coupons into primarily 3.0% and 3.5% coupons. This adjustment has substantially mitigated additional spread widening, particularly in lower coupon assets, that has occurred since March 31, 2022.

Our total economic return to common shareholders for the first quarter of 2022 was $0.64, or 3.5% of beginning book value, consisting of the $0.25 increase in book value per common share and dividends declared of $0.39 per common share. Our hedge position coupled with the timing of changes we made in our Agency RMBS coupon allocation resulted in a net increase in shareholders’ equity of $7.9 million, or $0.21 of book value per common share, during the first quarter of 2022. The following table provides details about the changes in our financial position during the first quarter of 2022:

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	Net Changes in Fair Value		Comprehensive Income		Common Book Value Rollforward		Per Common Share
Common shareholders' equity, December 31, 2021 (1)					$	659,778	$	17.99
Net interest income			$	15,679
TBA drop income			9,728
G & A and other operating expenses			(7,430)
Preferred stock dividends			(1,923)
Changes in fair value:
MBS and loans	$	(202,591)
TBAs	(103,889)
U.S. Treasury futures	288,934
Interest rate swaptions	25,438
Total net change in fair value			7,892
Total comprehensive income to common shareholders					23,946		0.65
Capital transactions:
Net proceeds from stock issuance					4,839		(0.01)
Common dividends declared					(14,431)		(0.39)
Common shareholders' equity, March 31, 2022 (1)					$	674,132	$	18.24

(1)Common shareholders' equity is total shareholders' equity less the aggregate liquidation preference of the Company's preferred stock of $111,500.

Current Outlook

We believe that the global economy is transitioning from the emergency phase of government policies buffering the direct impacts of the pandemic to the post-pandemic phase where we face the consequences of massive infusions of liquidity and fiscal stimulus. This has manifested in inflationary pressure, further complicated by the war in Ukraine and the resulting sanctions and supply disruptions, the full scope of which is not yet known. With this backdrop, we continue to be alert for changes in inflation; labor market dynamics; absolute and relative rates of global and domestic growth; the psychology, messaging and actions of central banks; additional pandemic-related disruptions; and the domestic and global geopolitical environment.

We believe the MBS markets have begun pricing in the impacts of quantitative tightening already, and though a significant amount of widening has already occurred, we believe spreads could widen further as the amount of quantitative tightening being contemplated by the Federal Reserve is twice the size of that which occurred in 2018. We also expect that as the actual onset of quantitative tightening gets under way, the pricing of riskier assets such as corporate bonds, high yield, and other fixed income alternatives to MBS will be negatively impacted. As the risk-adjusted returns on Agency-guaranteed securities become more attractive versus riskier credit alternatives, MBS spreads should tighten. The timing of these events, however, is highly uncertain.

We continue to focus on preserving our shareholders’ capital as we enter an environment we believe may further pressure book value. However, we also believe we can quickly earn back any incremental book value declines given the level of returns we expect on our current and future investment portfolio and because of our capacity to increase leverage while still remaining within risk tolerances. Our decision to deploy capital and take leverage up or down will be driven by our view of the overall macroeconomic environment, which we believe remains vulnerable to unexpected shocks, and by the level of mortgage spreads, which we believe may widen even further than the attractive levels of today. Depending on the impact of developments on market conditions as mentioned above, we believe we are positioned to maintain our dividend for the balance of 2022 by adding up 2-3 turns of leverage even as funding

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costs rise as implied by the forward curve.

We are positioned for a more balanced rate path going forward with more directional RMBS spreads, meaning a higher probability that spreads will widen as rates rally and tighten in a selloff. While our hedges remain in the 10-year portion of the curve, we expect to be more active in the coming quarters in managing our hedge ratios as we see possibilities for interest rates to move both higher and lower, given the complexity of the global environment and the recent rapid move higher in interest rates across the yield curve. As such, we have diversified our coupon holdings to be more balanced with approximately 40% of our Agency RMBS portfolio in 3% and 3.5% coupons as of March 31, 2022 compared to approximately 5% as of December 31, 2021. We have entered the second quarter of 2022 with leverage at 6.1 times shareholders’ equity and a liquidity position of over $500 million, providing us with significant power to invest as opportunities arise. As the Federal Reserve steps back from being the largest non-economic buyer in the MBS market and private capital steps in, we believe we are well-positioned to attain double digit returns on our investment portfolio if our expectation for further widening of spreads materializes.

FINANCIAL CONDITION

Investment Portfolio

We remain primarily invested in Agency RMBS and TBA securities as of March 31, 2022. The following chart compares the composition of our MBS portfolio including TBA securities as of the dates indicated:

(1) Includes TBA securities at their implied market value, as if settled, of $1.7 billion and $1.5 billion as of the periods indicated, respectively. TBA securities are recorded within “derivative assets (liabilities)” on our consolidated balance sheet at their net carrying value, which represents the difference between the implied market value and the implied cost basis of the TBA security as of the date indicated.

RMBS. The amortized cost of our Agency RMBS portfolio including TBA securities increased 11% since December 31, 2021 due to our purchases of $349.8 million of 2.5% Agency RMBS and a net increase of $240.0 million in the notional amount of TBA securities as we shifted out of 1.5% and 2.0% TBAs early in the first quarter of 2022 and into 3.0% and 3.5% TBAs just prior to the end of the first quarter of 2022. Overall, the weighted average coupon on our Agency RMBS portfolio including TBA securities increased to 2.64% as of March 31, 2022 from 2.20% as of December 31, 2021. We shifted slightly higher in the coupon stack in order to mitigate the potential impact on our book value from a sudden downward rate shock. The following tables compare our fixed-rate Agency RMBS investments including TBA dollar roll positions as of the dates indicated:

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	March 31, 2022
	Par/Notional		Amortized Cost/ Implied Cost Basis (1)(3)		Fair Value (2)(3)		Weighted Average
Coupon							Loan Age (in months)(4)	3 Month CPR (4)(5)		Estimated Duration (6)
30-year fixed-rate:	($s in thousands)
2.0%	$	1,279,265	$	1,297,846	$	1,191,682	14	7.2	%	7.85
2.5%	1,483,736		1,526,332		1,421,864		14	8.3	%	7.27
4.0%	148,355		152,745		153,009		48	29.1	%	4.62
TBA 2.5%	200,000		197,750		190,578		n/a	n/a		6.86
TBA 3.0%	1,020,000		995,491		994,181		n/a	n/a		5.96
TBA 3.5%	550,000		542,352		547,895		n/a	n/a		5.04
Total	$	4,681,356	$	4,712,516	$	4,499,209	16	9.0	%	6.75

	December 31, 2021
	Par/Notional		Amortized Cost/ Implied Cost Basis (1)(3)		Fair Value (2)(3)		Weighted Average
Coupon							Loan Age (in months)(4)	3 Month CPR (4)(5)		Estimated Duration (6)
30-year fixed-rate:	($s in thousands)
2.0%	$	1,311,069	$	1,330,353	$	1,312,190	11	8.0	%	6.69
2.5%	1,165,810		1,215,841		1,199,092		15	11.3	%	5.83
4.0%	162,868		167,713		175,493		45	34.1	%	3.09
TBA 2.0%	965,000		957,600		961,080		n/a	n/a		6.54
TBA 2.5%	190,000		193,563		193,585		n/a	n/a		5.23
15-year fixed-rate:
TBA 1.5%	375,000		375,259		376,523		n/a	n/a		4.58
Total	$	4,169,747	$	4,240,329	$	4,217,963	15	11.2	%	6.01

(1) Implied cost basis of TBAs represents the forward price to be paid for the underlying Agency MBS.

(2) Fair value of TBAs is the implied market value of the underlying Agency security as of the end of the period.

(3) TBAs are included on the consolidated balance sheet within “derivative assets/liabilities” at their net carrying value which is the difference between their implied market value and implied cost basis. Please refer to Note 5 of the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information.

(4) TBAs are excluded from this calculation as they do not have a defined weighted-average loan balance or age until mortgages have been assigned to the pool.

(5) Constant prepayment rate (“CPR”) represents the 3-month CPR of Agency RMBS held as of date indicated. Securities with no prepayment history are excluded from this calculation.

(6) Duration measures the sensitivity of a security's price to the change in interest rates and represents the percent change in price of a security for a 100-basis point increase in interest rates. We calculate duration using third-party financial models and empirical data. Different models and methodologies can produce different estimates of duration for the same securities.

CMBS.

The CMBS in our investment portfolio consist mainly of Agency-issued, seasoned investments with a higher probability of appreciation in the underlying collateral versus newer issue bonds. The following table presents information about our Agency CMBS investments by weighted average life remaining until stated maturity as of the dates indicated:

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($s in thousands)	March 31, 2022						December 31, 2021
Weighted Average Life Remaining	Par Value		Amortized Cost		WAC(1)		Par Value		Amortized Cost		WAC(1)
0-2 years	$	8,923	$	9,055	4.60	%	$	5,163	$	5,231	5.47	%
2-5 years	75,083		75,215		2.97	%	67,747		67,740		2.93	%
5-7 years	63,146		64,781		3.32	%	77,287		79,255		3.40	%
7-10 years	11,752		11,886		3.46	%	11,760		11,899		3.46	%
10 years or longer	12,942		13,083		2.98	%	12,942		13,086		2.98	%
	$	171,846	$	174,020	3.22	%	$	174,899	$	177,211	3.25	%

(1) The weighted average coupon (“WAC”) is the gross interest rate of the security weighted by the outstanding par balance.

CMBS IO.

The following tables present our CMBS IO investments by year of origination as of the dates indicated:

	March 31, 2022
	Agency					Non-Agency
($s in thousands)	Amortized Cost		Fair Value		Remaining WAL (1)	Amortized Cost		Fair Value		Remaining WAL (1)
Year of Origination:
2010-2012	$	691	$	739	2	$	179	$	201	2
2013	6,668		8,083		6	4,243		4,250		7
2014	14,855		15,084		14	29,603		29,301		69
2015	20,531		21,218		19	36,025		35,831		18
2016	17,016		17,187		23	12,607		12,255		16
2017	21,384		21,528		34	5,577		5,503		26
2018	3,320		3,431		54	—		—		—
2019	77,521		77,406		52	—		—		—
2020	2,726		2,625		44	—		—		—
2021	21,332		20,137		58	—		—		—
	$	186,044	$	187,438	39	$	88,234	$	87,341	36

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	December 31, 2021
	Agency					Non-Agency
($s in thousands)	Amortized Cost		Fair Value		Remaining WAL (1)	Amortized Cost		Fair Value		Remaining WAL (1)
Year of Origination:
2010-2012	$	2,120	$	2,311	3	$	454	$	480	3
2013	9,627		11,554		7	5,562		5,668		224
2014	16,768		17,231		15	33,630		34,123		72
2015	22,558		23,571		20	39,407		40,408		20
2016	18,186		18,901		24	13,405		13,430		16
2017	22,308		23,296		36	6,216		6,452		28
2018	3,408		3,687		55	—		—		—
2019	79,858		83,656		53	—		—		—
2020	2,847		2,873		45	—		—		—
2021	21,843		21,778		61	—		—		—
	$	199,523	$	208,858	40	$	98,674	$	100,561	50

(1) Remaining weighted average life (“WAL”) represents an estimate of the number of months of contractual cash flows remaining for the investments by year of origination.

Because effective yields on CMBS IO securities are dependent upon the performance of the underlying loans, our return on these investments may be negatively impacted if the loans default, resulting in foreclosures or liquidations of the loan collateral. Non-Agency-issued securities are generally expected to have a higher risk of default than Agency CMBS IO. We mitigate this risk by investing in senior tranches of mostly AAA-rated securities where we have evaluated the credit profile of the underlying loan pool and can monitor credit performance. All of our non-Agency CMBS IO were originated prior to 2018, the majority of which we believe have had underlying property value appreciation. Non-Agency issued CMBS IO are backed by loans secured by a number of different property types, which are shown in the table below as of March 31, 2022:

	March 31, 2022
($s in thousands)	Fair Value		Percentage of Portfolio
Property Type:
Retail	$	24,719	28.3	%
Office	19,758		22.6	%
Multifamily	13,516		15.5	%
Hotel	11,546		13.2	%
Mixed use	6,379		7.3	%
Other (1)	11,423		13.1	%
Total non-Agency CMBS IO	$	87,341	100.0	%

(1) Other property types collateralizing non-Agency CMBS IO do not comprise more than 5% individually.

Repurchase Agreements 

We continue to maintain leverage within a lower range in order to reduce risk given our expectation of continued volatility in the markets. We expect our financing costs will continue to increase throughout 2022 as the markets price in expected increases in the Federal Funds Rate by the Federal Reserve. Please refer to Note 4 of the

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Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements contained within this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q as well as “Results of Operations” and “Liquidity and Capital Resources” contained within this Item 2 for additional information relating to our repurchase agreement borrowings.

Derivative Assets and Liabilities

We use derivative instruments to economically hedge our exposure to adverse changes in interest rates resulting from our ownership of primarily fixed-rate investments financed with short-term repurchase agreements. We regularly monitor and frequently adjust our hedging portfolio in response to many factors including, but not limited to, changes in our investment portfolio as well as our expectation of future interest rates, including the absolute level of rates and the slope of the yield curve versus market expectations.

During the first quarter of 2022, we removed a notional amount of $540.0 million in short positions of 5-year U.S. Treasury futures and increased our short position in 10-year U.S. Treasury futures by a net notional amount of $590.0 million. These changes were made to hedge the new assets purchased during the first quarter of 2022 and to position for the curve to steepen. Please refer to Note 5 of the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements for details on our interest rate derivative instruments as well as “Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk” in Item 3 of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q.

RESULTS OF OPERATIONS

The discussion below includes both GAAP and non-GAAP financial measures that management utilizes in its analysis of financial and operating performance. Please read the section “Non-GAAP Financial Measures” at the end of this section for additional important information about these financial measures.

The following table summarizes the results of operations for the periods indicated:

	Three Months Ended
$s in thousands	March 31, 2022		December 31, 2021		March 31, 2021
Net interest income	$	15,679	$	15,608	$	12,259
Realized gain on sale of investments, net	—		—		4,697
Unrealized loss on investments, net	(111,251)		(11,833)		(980)
Gain on derivative instruments, net	220,211		16,953		107,801
General and administrative expenses	(7,109)		(6,362)		(5,468)
Other operating expenses, net	(321)		(308)		(380)
Preferred stock dividends	(1,923)		(1,923)		(2,559)
Preferred stock redemption charges	—		—		(2,987)
Net income to common shareholders	115,286		12,135		112,383
Other comprehensive loss	(91,340)		(13,507)		(65,156)
Comprehensive income (loss) to common shareholders	$	23,946	$	(1,372)	$	47,227

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Net Interest Income for the Three Months Ended March 31, 2022 Compared to the Three Months Ended December 31, 2021

Net interest income for the three months ended March 31, 2022 remained relatively unchanged versus the prior quarter as interest income generated from a larger portfolio of higher yielding Agency RMBS due to slower prepayments offset higher financing costs resulting from the increase in Federal Funds rate. The benefit from a larger average balance of higher yielding Agency RMBS was also partially offset by a lower effective yield on Agency CMBS due to lower prepayment penalty compensation during the three months ended March 31, 2022 versus the prior quarter. The impact of slower prepayment speeds resulted in an increase of 3 basis points in the investment portfolio’s effective yield which helped to offset the 4 basis point increase in financing costs. As a result, our net interest spread declined 1 basis point for the three months ended March 31, 2022 compared to the prior quarter.

The following table presents information about our interest-earning assets and interest-bearing liabilities and their performance for the periods indicated:

	Three Months Ended
	March 31, 2022						December 31, 2021
($s in thousands)	Interest Income/Expense		Average Balance (1)(2)		Effective Yield/ Cost of Funds (3)(4)		Interest Income/Expense		Average Balance (1)(2)		Effective Yield/ Cost of Funds (3)(4)
Interest-earning assets:
Agency RMBS	$	12,486	$	2,740,991	1.82	%	$	10,927	$	2,550,329	1.71	%
Agency CMBS	1,292		175,322		2.89	%	2,217		180,728		3.34	%
CMBS IO (5)	3,557		286,390		4.34	%	3,784		304,329		4.34	%
Non-Agency MBS and other investments	92		4,925		6.35	%	123		5,449		7.24	%
Total:	$	17,427	$	3,207,628	2.11	%	$	17,051	$	3,040,835	2.08	%
Interest-bearing liabilities: (6)	(1,748)		2,806,212		(0.25)	%	(1,443)		2,701,191		(0.21)	%
Net interest income/net interest spread	$	15,679			1.86	%	$	15,608			1.87	%

(1)Average balance for assets is calculated as a simple average of the daily amortized cost and excludes unrealized gains and losses as well as securities pending settlement if applicable.

(2)Average balance for liabilities is calculated as a simple average of the daily borrowings outstanding during the period.

(3)Effective yield is calculated by dividing the sum of gross interest income and scheduled premium amortization/discount accretion (both of which are annualized for any reporting period less than 12 months) and prepayment compensation and premium amortization/discount accretion adjustments (collectively, "prepayment adjustments"), which are not annualized, by the average balance of asset type outstanding during the reporting period.

(4)Cost of funds is calculated by dividing annualized interest expense by the total average balance of borrowings outstanding during the period with an assumption of 360 days in a year.

(5)Includes Agency and non-Agency issued securities.

(6)Interest-bearing liabilities consist entirely of repurchase agreement borrowings.

Rate/Volume Analysis. The following table presents the estimated impact on our net interest income due to changes in effective yield/cost of funds (“rate”) and changes in average balance (“volume”) of our interest-earning assets and interest-bearing liabilities for the periods indicated:

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	Three Months Ended
	March 31, 2022 Compared to December 31, 2021
	Increase (Decrease) Due to Change In						Total Change in Interest Income/Expense
($s in thousands)	Rate		Volume		Prepayment Adjustments (1)
Interest-earning assets:
Agency RMBS	$	742	$	817	$	—	$	1,559
Agency CMBS	18		(64)		(879)		(925)
CMBS IO (2)	(3)		(179)		(45)		(227)
Non-Agency MBS and other investments	(12)		(15)		(4)		(31)
Change in interest income	$	745	$	559	$	(928)	$	376
Change in interest expense	281		24		—		305
Total net change in net interest income	$	464	$	535	$	(928)	$	71

(1) Prepayment adjustments represent effective interest amortization adjustments related to changes in actual prepayment speeds and prepayment compensation, net of amortization adjustments for CMBS and CMBS IO.

(2) Includes Agency and non-Agency issued securities.

Adjusted Net Interest Income. Please refer to the section “Non-GAAP Financial Measures” for additional information about this non-GAAP financial measure used by management to evaluate results of operations.

	Three Months Ended
	March 31, 2022				December 31, 2021
($s in thousands)	Amount		Rate		Amount		Rate
Net interest income	$	15,679	1.86	%	$	15,608	1.87	%
Add: TBA drop income (1) (2)	9,728		0.22	%	9,447		0.16	%
Adjusted net interest income	$	25,407	2.08	%	$	25,055	2.03	%

(1) TBA drop income is calculated by multiplying the notional amount of the TBA dollar roll positions by the difference in price between two TBA securities with the same terms but different settlement dates.

(2) The impact of TBA drop income on adjusted net interest spread includes the implied average funding cost of TBA dollar roll transactions during the periods indicated.

Adjusted net interest income was higher for the three months ended March 31, 2022 compared to the prior quarter due to an increase in TBA drop income of $0.3 million. The increase in TBA drop income was due to our shift to higher coupon TBAs during the first quarter of 2022. Our notional balance of TBA securities increased to $1.8 billion with an average coupon of 3.10% as of March 31, 2022 from $1.5 billion with an average coupon of 1.94% as of December 31, 2021. Our average balance of TBA dollar roll transactions was lower during the first quarter of 2022 compared to the prior quarter due to the shift out of TBAs with coupons of 2.0% and lower in January and early February 2022 into 3.00% and 3.50% TBAs toward the end of March 2022.

Adjusted net interest spread was 5 basis points higher for the three months ended March 31, 2022 compared to the prior quarter because the higher coupon TBAs increased the implied net interest spread on our TBA dollar roll transactions, which we estimated to be 2.47% for the three months ended March 31, 2022 compared to 2.26% for the prior quarter. The benefit of higher coupon TBAs on implied net interest spread was partially offset by a decline of 26 basis points in dollar roll specialness, which is the difference between the implied financing rate on TBA dollar roll transactions and the repurchase agreement financing rate for our specified pools of Agency RMBS. We expect dollar roll specialness to continue to decline as the Federal Reserve stops its purchases of Agency RMBS, impacting supply/demand dynamics in the market.

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Net Interest Income for the Three Months Ended March 31, 2022 Compared to the Three Months Ended March 31, 2021

Net interest income increased $3.4 million for the three months ended March 31, 2022 due primarily to a larger average balance of Agency RMBS with a higher effective yield compared to the three months ended March 31, 2021. Although the effective yield on Agency RMBS was higher, the effective yield on the total MBS portfolio for the three months ended March 31, 2022 dropped 6 basis points compared to the same quarter in the prior year because Agency RMBS, which are lower yielding assets than the remainder of the asset types in the portfolio, comprised a larger percentage of total assets during the three months ended March 31, 2022 compared to the three months ended March 31, 2021. The decline in overall effective yield was mostly offset by lower financing costs of 5 basis points for the three months ended March 31, 2022 compared to the same period in the prior year .

The following table presents information about our interest-earning assets and interest-bearing liabilities and their performance for the periods indicated:

	Three Months Ended
	March 31,
	2022						2021
($s in thousands)	Interest Income/Expense		Average Balance (1)(2)		Effective Yield/ Cost of Funds (3)(4)		Interest Income/Expense		Average Balance (1)(2)		Effective Yield/ Cost of Funds (3)(4)
Interest-earning assets:
Agency RMBS	$	12,486	$	2,740,991	1.82	%	$	7,381	$	1,821,920	1.62	%
Agency CMBS	1,292		175,322		2.89	%	1,832		238,158		2.91	%
CMBS IO (5)	3,557		286,390		4.34	%	4,516		365,891		4.33	%
Non-Agency MBS and other investments	92		4,925		6.35	%	163		7,304		7.15	%
Total:	$	17,427	$	3,207,628	2.11	%	$	13,892	$	2,433,273	2.17	%
Interest-bearing liabilities: (6)	(1,748)		2,806,212		(0.25)	%	(1,633)		$	2,158,121	(0.30)	%
Net interest income/net interest spread	$	15,679			1.86	%	$	12,259			1.87	%

(1)Average balance for assets is calculated as a simple average of the daily amortized cost and excludes unrealized gains and losses as well as securities pending settlement if applicable.

(2)Average balance for liabilities is calculated as a simple average of the daily borrowings outstanding during the period.

(3)Effective yield is calculated by dividing the sum of gross interest income and scheduled premium amortization/discount accretion (both of which are annualized for any reporting period less than 12 months) and prepayment compensation and premium amortization/discount accretion adjustments (collectively, "prepayment adjustments"), which are not annualized, by the average balance of asset type outstanding during the reporting period.

(4)Cost of funds is calculated by dividing annualized interest expense by the total average balance of borrowings outstanding during the period with an assumption of 360 days in a year.

(5)Includes Agency and non-Agency issued securities.

(6)Interest-bearing liabilities consist entirely of repurchase agreement borrowings.

Rate/Volume Analysis. The following table presents the estimated impact on our net interest income due to changes in effective yield/cost of funds (“rate”) and changes in average balance (“volume”) of our interest-earning assets and interest-bearing liabilities for the periods indicated:

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	Three Months Ended
	March 31, 2022 Compared to March 31, 2021
	Increase (Decrease) Due to Change In						Total Change in Interest Income/Expense
($s in thousands)	Rate		Volume		Prepayment Adjustments (1)
Interest-earning assets:
Agency RMBS	$	1,386	$	3,719	$	—	$	5,105
Agency CMBS	7		(449)		(98)		(540)
CMBS IO (2)	(93)		(725)		(141)		(959)
Non-Agency MBS and other investments	(18)		(42)		(11)		(71)
Change in interest income	$	1,282	$	2,503	$	(250)	$	3,535
Change in interest expense	(366)		481		—		115
Total net change in net interest income	$	1,648	$	2,022	$	(250)	$	3,420

(1) Prepayment adjustments represent effective interest amortization adjustments related to changes in actual prepayment speeds and prepayment compensation, net of amortization adjustments for CMBS and CMBS IO.

(2) Includes Agency and non-Agency issued securities.

Adjusted Net Interest Income. Please refer to the section “Non-GAAP Financial Measures” for additional information about this non-GAAP financial measure used by management to evaluate results of operations.

	Three Months Ended
	March 31,
	2022				2021
($s in thousands)	Amount		Rate		Amount		Rate
Net interest income	$	15,679	1.86	%	$	12,259	1.87	%
Add: TBA drop income (1) (2)	9,728		0.22	%	8,568		—	%
Adjusted net interest income	$	25,407	2.08	%	$	20,827	1.87	%

(1) TBA drop income is calculated by multiplying the notional amount of the TBA dollar roll positions by the difference in price between two TBA securities with the same terms but different settlement dates.

(2) The impact of TBA drop income on adjusted net interest spread includes the implied average funding cost of TBA dollar roll transactions during the periods indicated.

Adjusted net interest income increased $4.6 million for the three months ended March 31, 2022 compared to the three months ended March 31, 2021 as TBA drop income contributed an additional $1.2 million to higher net interest income of $3.4 million. TBA drop income increased due to our shift to higher coupons toward the end of the first quarter of 2022, offsetting the impact of our lower average balance of TBA dollar roll positions, which declined almost 16% during the three months ended March 31, 2022 compared to the first quarter of 2021. Dollar roll specialness increased 6 basis points for the three months ended March 31, 2022 compared to the same quarter in the prior year.

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Changes in Fair Value of Investments

Changes in the fair value of our investments result in realized and unrealized gains and losses. The fair value of our investments is impacted by a number of factors including, among others, market volatility, changes in credit spreads, spot and forward interest rates, actual and anticipated prepayments, and supply/demand dynamics which are in turn impacted by, among other things, interest rates, capital flows, economic conditions, and government policies and actions, such as purchases and sales by the Federal Reserve.

The following table provides details on unrealized gains and losses on our investments held in our portfolio for the periods indicated:

	Three Months Ended
	March 31, 2022
($s in thousands)	Unrealized Gain (Loss) on Investments, Net		Other Comprehensive Loss		Total Change in Fair Value
Agency RMBS	$	(110,201)	$	(73,034)	$	(183,235)
Agency CMBS	—		(8,679)		(8,679)
CMBS IO	(1,130)		(9,591)		(10,721)
Non-Agency other	—		(36)		(36)
Mortgage loans held for investment and other assets	80		—		80
	$	(111,251)	$	(91,340)	$	(202,591)
	Three Months Ended
	December 31, 2021
	Unrealized Gain (Loss) on Investments, Net		Other Comprehensive Loss		Total Change in Fair Value
Agency RMBS	$	(11,837)	$	(8,923)	$	(20,760)
Agency CMBS	—		(2,587)		(2,587)
CMBS IO	(54)		(1,953)		(2,007)
Non-Agency other	—		(44)		(44)
Mortgage loans held for investment and other assets	58		—		58
	$	(11,833)	$	(13,507)	$	(25,340)
	Three Months Ended
	March 31, 2021
	Unrealized Gain (Loss) on Investments, Net		Other Comprehensive Income (Loss)		Total Change in Fair Value
Agency RMBS	$	(960)	$	(60,175)	$	(61,135)
Agency CMBS	—		(7,046)		(7,046)
CMBS IO	—		2,121		2,121
Non-Agency other	—		(56)		(56)
Mortgage loans held for investment and other assets	(20)		—		(20)
	$	(980)	$	(65,156)	$	(66,136)

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As discussed in “Executive Overview”, interest rates increased and spreads widened across all asset classes during the three months ended March 31, 2022, causing the majority of our investment portfolio to decline in fair value. During the three months ended December 31, 2021, the Federal Reserve announced plans to begin tapering their purchases of Agency RMBS. As the yield curve flattened due to higher short-term and medium-term increases in interest rates and spreads widened, the fair value of the majority of our MBS declined. The decline in fair value for the majority of our MBS portfolio during the three months ended March 31, 2021 was due primarily to a steepening yield curve as longer-term interest rates increased in response to improving market conditions as the economy began its recovery from the impact of the pandemic.

Because we use derivatives to economically hedge the impact of changing interest rates on our investment portfolio (including TBA securities), we evaluate our results by comparing how much the gain (loss) on our MBS and TBAs is offset by the gain (loss) on our interest rate hedges, which are discussed below under “Gain (Loss) on Derivative Instruments, Net”. Please refer to the table below under “Gain (Loss) on Derivative Instruments, Net” which summarizes the changes in fair value of our investments and interest rate hedges.

Gain (Loss) on Derivative Instruments, Net

Gain (loss) on derivative instruments, net is comprised of unrealized gains and losses due to changes in the fair value of derivative instruments we hold during the period as well as realized gains and losses on derivatives that we terminate or that expire or mature during the period. Results in any given reporting period are generally not comparable to results of another because we frequently adjust our hedging position in any given period and because the fair value of derivative instruments are impacted by market interest rates which continuously change.

The following table provides information on our financial instruments accounted for as derivative instruments for the periods indicated:

	Three Months Ended
($s in thousands)	March 31, 2022		December 31, 2021		March 31, 2021
Change in fair value of interest rate hedges:
U.S. Treasury futures	$	288,934	$	17,542	$	95,647
Interest rate swaptions	25,438		(2,356)		57,763
Options on U.S. Treasury futures	—		—		12,617
Total gain on interest rate hedges	314,372		15,186		166,027
TBA dollar roll positions:
Change in fair value (1)	$	(103,889)	$	(7,680)	(66,794)
TBA drop income (2)	9,728		9,447		8,568
Total TBA dollar roll (loss) gain, net	(94,161)		1,767		(58,226)
Total gain on derivative instruments, net	$	220,211	$	16,953	$	107,801

(1)Changes in fair value for TBA dollar roll positions include unrealized gains (losses) from open TBA contracts and realized gains (losses) on paired off or terminated positions.

(2)TBA drop income represents a portion of the change in fair value and is calculated by multiplying the notional amount of the net TBA dollar roll positions by the difference in price between two TBA securities with the same terms but different settlement dates.

Because we use derivatives to economically hedge the impact of changing interest rates on our investment portfolio (including TBA securities), we evaluate our results by comparing how much the gain (loss) on our interest rate hedges offset the gain (loss) on our MBS and TBAs for any given period. Generally, increasing interest rates will cause a decline in the fair value of our MBS and TBAs and an increase in the fair value of our interest rate hedges. The extent to which these gains and losses offset one another depends on several factors, including, but not limited to, our asset allocation, coupon selection, type of interest rate hedges, and the timing of asset and derivative purchases, sales, maturities, and terminations.

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The following table summarizes the total change in fair value of our investments and derivative instruments for the periods indicated:

	Three Months Ended
($s in thousands)	March 31, 2022		December 31, 2021		March 31, 2021
Total change in fair value of investments	$	(202,591)	$	(25,340)	$	(66,136)
Total gain on derivative instruments, net	220,211		16,953		107,801
Total net increase (decrease) in fair value	$	17,620	$	(8,387)	$	41,665

General and Administrative Expenses

General and administrative expenses for the three months ended March 31, 2022 increased $0.7 million compared to the three months ended December 31, 2021 and increased $1.6 million compared to the three months ended March 31, 2021 due primarily to expenses related to the ongoing implementation of a new investment accounting system as well as new trading and portfolio management systems as part of a large-scale project to streamline and enhance the Company’s operating platform.

Non-GAAP Financial Measures

In addition to the Company's operating results presented in accordance with GAAP, management uses certain non-GAAP financial measures to evaluate results of the Company, which include the following: earnings available for distribution (“EAD”) to common shareholders (including per common share), adjusted net interest income and the related metric adjusted net interest spread. Because these measures are used in the Company's internal analysis of financial and operating performance, management believes that they provide greater transparency to our investors of management's view of our economic performance. Management also believes the presentation of these measures, when analyzed in conjunction with the Company's GAAP operating results, allows investors to more effectively evaluate and compare the performance of the Company to that of its peers, although the Company's presentation of its non-GAAP measures may not be comparable to other similarly-titled measures of other companies.

EAD to common shareholders is a non-GAAP metric used by the Company as a measure of the investment portfolio’s return based on the effective yield of its investments, net of financing costs and other normal recurring operating income/expenses, net. It is one of several factors our Board of Directors considers in determining the appropriate level of distributions to common shareholders. In addition to the non-GAAP reconciliation set forth below, which derives EAD to common shareholders from GAAP comprehensive income (loss) to common shareholders, EAD to common shareholders can also be determined by adjusting net interest income to include interest rate swap periodic interest benefit/cost (if any), drop income on TBA securities, general and administrative expenses, preferred dividends, and other normal recurring operating income or expense. Drop income generated by TBA dollar roll positions, which is included in "gain (loss) on derivative instruments, net" on the Company's consolidated statements of comprehensive income, is included in EAD to common shareholders and in adjusted net interest income because management views drop income as the economic equivalent of net interest income (interest income less implied financing cost) on the underlying Agency security from trade date to settlement date. For reporting periods during which the Company uses interest rate swaps to economically hedge the impact of changing interest rates on its borrowing costs from repurchase agreements, management also includes interest rate swap net periodic interest benefit/cost in adjusted net interest income because management considers such benefit/cost to represent either an offset to or an additional cost of financing in addition to GAAP interest expense. However, these non-GAAP measures do not provide a full perspective on our results of operations, and therefore, their usefulness is limited. For example, these non-GAAP measures do not include the changes in fair value of investments or changes in fair value of and costs of terminating derivative instruments used by management to economically hedge the impact of changing interest rates on the fair value of the Company’s portfolio and book value per common share. As a result, these non-GAAP measures should be considered as a supplement to, and not as a substitute for, the Company's GAAP results as reported on its consolidated statements of comprehensive income. Additionally, similarly titled non-GAAP financial

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measures used by other companies may not be computed in the same or similar fashion. Reconciliations of EAD to common shareholders and adjusted net interest income to the related GAAP financial measures are provided below.

	Three Months Ended
Reconciliations of GAAP to Non-GAAP Financial Measures:	March 31, 2022			December 31, 2021			March 31, 2021
($s in thousands except per share data)
Comprehensive income (loss) to common shareholders	$	23,946		$	(1,372)		$	47,227
Less:
Change in fair value of investments (1)	202,591			25,340			61,439
Change in fair value of derivative instruments, net (2)	(210,483)			(7,506)			(99,233)
Preferred stock redemption charge	—			—			2,987
EAD to common shareholders	$	16,054		$	16,462		$	12,420
Average common shares outstanding	36,725,365			36,565,338			26,788,693
EAD per common share	$	0.44		$	0.45		$	0.46
Net interest income	$	15,679		$	15,608		$	12,259
TBA drop income (3)	9,728			9,447			8,568
Adjusted net interest income	$	25,407		$	25,055		$	20,827
General and administrative expenses	(321)			(308)			(380)
Other operating expense, net	(7,109)			(6,362)			(5,468)
Preferred stock dividends	(1,923)			(1,923)			(2,559)
EAD to common shareholders	$	16,054		$	16,462		$	12,420
Adjusted net interest spread (4)	2.08		%	2.03		%	1.87		%

(1)Amount includes realized and unrealized gains and losses recorded in net income and other comprehensive income due to changes in the fair value of the Company’s MBS and other investments.

(2)Amount includes unrealized gains and losses from changes in fair value of derivatives and realized gains and losses on terminated derivatives and excludes TBA drop income.

(3)TBA drop income is calculated by multiplying the notional amount of the TBA dollar roll positions by the difference in price between two TBA securities with the same terms but different settlement dates.

(4)The reconciliation for adjusted net interest spread to net interest spread is shown in “Results of Operations - Adjusted Net Interest Income”.

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LIQUIDITY AND CAPITAL RESOURCES

 Our primary sources of liquidity include borrowings under repurchase arrangements and monthly principal and interest payments we receive on our investments less related amounts due on our borrowings. Additional sources may also include proceeds from the sale of investments, equity offerings, and net payments received from counterparties for derivative instruments. We use our liquidity to purchase investments and to pay our operating expenses and dividends on our common and preferred stock. We also use our liquidity to meet margin requirements for our repurchase agreements and derivative transactions, including TBA contracts, under the terms of the related agreements. We may also periodically use liquidity to repurchase shares of the Company’s stock.

Our liquidity fluctuates based on our investment activities, our leverage, capital raising activities, and changes in the fair value of our investments and derivative instruments. Our most liquid assets include unrestricted cash and cash equivalents and unencumbered Agency RMBS, CMBS, and CMBS IO. As of March 31, 2022, our most liquid assets were $549.4 million compared to $533.1 million as of December 31, 2021. We are continuing to maintain higher levels of available liquidity to protect our book value and to provide us greater financial flexibility while protecting against market volatility, which we believe is likely to continue for the long-term, especially given potential risk events on the horizon, such as the Federal Reserve’s quantitative tightening measure and the impact on global markets stemming from the war between Russia and Ukraine.

We continuously assess the adequacy of our liquidity under various scenarios based on changes in the fair value of our investments and derivative instruments due to market factors such as changes in the absolute level of interest rates and the shape of the yield curve, credit spreads, lender haircuts, and prepayment speeds. In performing these analyses, we will also consider the current state of the fixed income markets and the repurchase agreement markets in order to determine if market forces such as supply-demand imbalances or structural changes to these markets could change the liquidity of MBS or the availability of financing.

Our perception of the liquidity of our investments and market conditions significantly influence our targeted leverage. In general, our leverage will increase if we view the risk-reward opportunity of higher leverage on our capital outweighs the risk to our liquidity and book value. Our leverage, which we calculate using total liabilities plus the cost basis of TBA long positions, increased to 6.1x shareholders’ equity as of March 31, 2022 from 5.7x as of December 31, 2021 primarily as a result of an increase in our repurchase agreement borrowings, which we used to partially finance $349.8 million in Agency RMBS, as well as an increase in our investment in TBA securities of $240.0 million during the first quarter of 2022. We include the cost basis of our TBA securities in evaluating our leverage because it is possible under certain market conditions that it may be uneconomical for us to roll a TBA long position into future months, which may result in us having to take physical delivery of the underlying securities and use cash or other financing sources to fund our total purchase commitment.

Our repurchase agreement borrowings are principally uncommitted with terms renewable at the discretion of our lenders and generally have original terms to maturity of overnight to six months, though in some instances we may enter into longer-dated maturities depending on market conditions. We seek to maintain unused capacity under our existing repurchase agreement credit lines with multiple counterparties, which helps protect us in the event of a counterparty's failure to renew existing repurchase agreements. As part of our continuous evaluation of counterparty risk, we maintain our highest counterparty exposures with broker dealer subsidiaries of regulated financial institutions or primary dealers.

The following table presents information regarding the balances of our repurchase agreement borrowings as of and for the periods indicated:

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	Repurchase Agreements
($s in thousands)	Balance Outstanding As of Quarter End		Average Balance Outstanding For the Quarter Ended		Maximum Balance Outstanding During the Quarter Ended
March 31, 2022	$	2,952,802	$	2,806,212	$	2,973,475
December 31, 2021	2,849,916		2,701,191		2,873,523
September 30, 2021	2,527,065		2,529,023		2,590,185
June 30, 2021	2,321,043		2,155,200		2,415,037
March 31, 2021	2,032,089		2,158,121		2,437,163

For our repurchase agreement borrowings, we are required to post and maintain margin to the lender (i.e., collateral in excess of the repurchase agreement financing) in order to support the amount of the financing. This excess collateral is often referred to as a “haircut” and is intended to provide the lender protection against fluctuations in fair value of the collateral and/or the failure by us to repay the borrowing at maturity. Lenders have the right to change haircut requirements at maturity of the repurchase agreement and may change their haircuts based on market conditions and the perceived riskiness of the collateral pledged. If the fair value of the collateral falls below the amount required by the lender, the lender has the right to demand additional margin, or collateral, to increase the haircut back to the initial amount. These demands are referred to as “margin calls”, and if we fail to meet any margin call, our lenders have the right to terminate the repurchase agreement and sell any collateral pledged. Declines in the fair value of investments occur for any number of reasons including but not limited to changes in interest rates, changes in ratings on an investment, changes in actual or perceived liquidity of the investment, or changes in overall market risk perceptions. Additionally, Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac announce principal payments on Agency MBS in advance of their actual remittance of principal payments, and repurchase agreement lenders generally make margin calls for an amount equal to the product of their advance rate on the repurchase agreement and the announced principal payments on the Agency RMBS. A margin call made by a lender reduces our liquidity until we receive the principal payments from Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac. The weighted average haircut for our borrowings as of March 31, 2022 was consistent with prior periods, which has typically averaged less than 5% for borrowings collateralized with Agency RMBS and CMBS and between 13-16% for borrowings collateralized with CMBS IO.

The collateral we post in excess of our repurchase agreement borrowing with any counterparty is also typically referred to by us as “equity at risk”, which represents the potential loss to the Company if the counterparty is unable or unwilling to return collateral securing the repurchase agreement borrowing at its maturity. The counterparties with whom we have the greatest amounts of equity at risk may vary significantly during any given period due to the short-term and generally uncommitted nature of the repurchase agreement borrowings. As of March 31, 2022, the Company had repurchase agreement amounts outstanding with 22 of its 37 available repurchase agreement counterparties and did not have more than 5% of equity at risk with any counterparty or group of related counterparties.

We have various financial and operating covenants in certain of our repurchase agreements including, among other things, requirements that we maintain minimum shareholders' equity (usually a set minimum, or a percentage of the highest amount of shareholders' equity since the date of the agreement), limits on maximum decline in shareholders' equity (expressed as a percentage decline in any given period), limits on maximum leverage (as a multiple of shareholders' equity), and requirements to maintain our status as a REIT under the Tax Code and the corresponding provisions of state law and to maintain our listing on the New York Stock Exchange. Violations of one or more of these covenants could result in the lender declaring an event of default which would result in the termination of the repurchase agreement and immediate acceleration of amounts due thereunder. In addition, some of the agreements contain cross default features, whereby default with one lender simultaneously causes default under agreements with other lenders. Violations could also restrict us from paying dividends or engaging in other transactions that are necessary for us to maintain our REIT status.

We monitor and evaluate on an ongoing basis the impact these customary financial covenants may have on our operating and financing flexibility. Currently, we do not believe we are subject to any covenants that materially restrict our financing flexibility. We were in full compliance with our debt covenants as of March 31, 2022, and we are not aware of any circumstances which could potentially result in our non-compliance in the foreseeable future.

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Derivative Instruments

Derivative instruments we enter into may require us to post initial margin at inception and daily variation margin based on subsequent changes in their fair value. Daily variation margin requirements also entitle us to receive collateral from our counterparties if the value of amounts owed to us under the derivative agreement exceeds the minimum margin requirement. The collateral posted as margin by us is typically in the form of cash. As of March 31, 2022, we had cash collateral posted to our counterparties of $114.7 million and cash collateral posted by our counterparties of $30.3 million under these agreements.

Collateral requirements for interest rate derivative instruments are typically governed by the central clearing exchange and the associated futures commission merchant, which may establish margin requirements in excess of the clearing exchange. Collateral requirements for our TBA contracts are governed by the Mortgage-Backed Securities Division ("MBSD") of the Fixed Income Clearing Corporation and, if applicable, by our third-party brokerage agreements, which may establish margin levels in excess of the MBSD. Our TBA contracts, which are subject to master securities forward transaction agreements published by the Securities Industry and Financial Markets Association as well as supplemental terms and conditions with each counterparty, generally provide that valuations for our TBA contracts and any pledged collateral are to be obtained from a generally recognized source agreed to by both parties. However, in certain circumstances, our counterparties have the sole discretion to determine the value of the TBA contract and any pledged collateral. In such instances, our counterparties are required to act in good faith in making determinations of value. In the event of a margin call, we must generally provide additional collateral on the same business day.

Dividends

As a REIT, we are required to distribute to our shareholders amounts equal to at least 90% of our REIT taxable income for each taxable year after certain deductions. When declaring dividends, our Board of Directors considers the requirements for maintaining our REIT status and maintaining compliance with dividend requirements of the Series C Preferred Stock. In addition, our Board of Directors considers, among other things, our total economic return, EAD to common shareholders, taxable income, gains and losses including carryforwards for tax purposes, the Company's long-term outlook for future performance, and trends in the investment and financing markets. We generally fund our dividend distributions through our cash flows from operations. If we make dividend distributions in excess of our operating cash flows during the period, whether for purposes of meeting our REIT distribution requirements or other strategic reasons, those distributions are generally funded either through our existing cash balances or through the return of principal from our investments (either through repayment or sale). Please refer to "Federal Income Tax Considerations" within Part I, Item 1, "Business" as well as Part I, Item 1A, “Risk Factors” of our 2021 Form 10-K for additional important information regarding dividends declared on our taxable income.

RECENT ACCOUNTING PRONOUNCEMENTS

There were no accounting pronouncements issued during the three months ended March 31, 2022 that are expected to have a material impact on the Company’s financial condition or results of operations. Please refer to Note 1 of the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements contained within Part I, Item 1 of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for additional information.

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CRITICAL ACCOUNTING ESTIMATES

The discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations are based in large part upon our consolidated financial statements, which have been prepared in accordance with GAAP. The preparation of our consolidated financial statements requires management to make estimates, judgments and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets, liabilities, revenues and expenses and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities. We base these estimates and judgments on historical experience and assumptions believed to be reasonable under current facts and circumstances. Actual results, however, may differ from the estimated amounts we have recorded.

Critical accounting estimates are defined as those that require management's most difficult, subjective or complex judgments, and which may result in materially different results under different assumptions and conditions. Our critical accounting estimates are discussed in Part II, Item 7, “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” of our 2021 Form 10-K under “Critical Accounting Estimates.” There have been no significant changes in our critical accounting estimates during the three months ended March 31, 2022.

FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS

Certain written statements in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q that are not historical facts constitute “forward-looking statements” within the meaning of Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, and Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”). Statements in this report addressing expectations, assumptions, beliefs, projections, future plans and strategies, future events, developments that we expect or anticipate will occur in the future, and future operating results, capital management, and dividend policy are forward-looking statements. Forward-looking statements are based upon management’s beliefs, assumptions, and expectations as of the date of this report regarding future events and operating performance, taking into account all information currently available to us, and are applicable only as of the date of this report. Forward-looking statements generally can be identified by use of words such as “believe”, “expect”, “anticipate”, “estimate”, “plan”, “may”, “will”, “intend”, “should”, “could” or similar expressions. We caution readers not to place undue reliance on our forward-looking statements, which are not historical facts and may be based on projections, assumptions, expectations, and anticipated events that do not materialize. Except as required by law, we are not obligated to, and do not intend to, update or revise any forward-looking statement whether as a result of new information, future events, or otherwise.

Forward-looking statements in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q may include, but are not limited to statements about:

•Our business and investment strategy including our ability to generate acceptable risk-adjusted returns and our target investment allocations, and our views on the future performance of MBS and other investments;

•Our views on the macroeconomic environment, monetary and fiscal policy, and conditions in the investment, credit, interest rate and derivatives markets;

•Our views on inflation, market interest rates and market spreads;

•Our views on the effect of actual or proposed actions of the Federal Reserve or other central banks with respect to monetary policy (including the targeted Federal Funds Rate), and the potential impact of these actions on interest rates, borrowing costs, inflation or unemployment;

•The effect of regulatory initiatives of the Federal Reserve, the Federal Housing Finance Agency, other financial regulators, and other central banks;

•Our financing strategy including our target leverage ratios, our use of TBA dollar roll transactions, and anticipated trends in financing costs including TBA dollar roll transaction costs, and our hedging strategy including changes to the derivative instruments to which we are a party, and changes to government regulation of hedging instruments and our use of these instruments;

•Our investment portfolio composition and target investments;

•Our investment portfolio performance, including the fair value, yields, and forecasted prepayment speeds of our investments;

•The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the economy, as well as certain actions taken by federal, state and local governments in response to the pandemic, and on the performance of loans underlying our investments;

•Our liquidity and ability to access financing, and the anticipated availability and cost of financing;

•Our capital stock activity including the impact of stock issuances and repurchases;

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•The amount, timing, and funding of future dividends;

•Our use of our tax NOL carryforward and other tax loss carryforwards;

•Future competition for, and availability of, investments, financing and capital;

•Estimates of future interest expenses, including related to the Company’s repurchase agreements and derivative instruments;

•The status and effect of legislative reforms and regulatory rule-making or review processes, and the status of reform efforts and other business developments in the repurchase agreement financing market;

•Market, industry and economic trends, and how these trends and related economic data may impact the behavior of market participants and financial regulators;

•Uncertainties regarding ongoing hostilities between Russia and the Ukraine and the related impacts on macroeconomic conditions, including, among other things, interest rates;

•The financial position and credit worthiness of the depository institutions in which the Company’s MBS and cash deposits are held;

•The impact of applicable tax and accounting requirements on us including our tax treatment of derivative instruments such as TBAs, interest rate swaps, options and futures;

•Our future compliance with covenants in our master repurchase agreements, ISDA agreements, and debt covenants in our other contractual agreements;

•Our reliance on a single service provider of our trading, portfolio management, risk reporting and accounting services systems;

•The implementation in a timely and cost-effective manner of our operating platform, which includes trading, portfolio management, risk reporting, and accounting services systems, and the anticipated benefits thereof; and

•Possible future effects of the COVID-19 pandemic.

Forward-looking statements are inherently subject to risks, uncertainties and other factors that could cause our actual results to differ materially from historical results or from any results expressed or implied by such forward-looking statements. Not all of these risks and other factors are known to us. New risks and uncertainties arise over time, and it is not possible to predict those events or how they may affect us. The projections, assumptions, expectations or beliefs upon which the forward-looking statements are based can also change as a result of these risks or other factors. If such a risk or other factor materializes in future periods, our business, financial condition, liquidity and results of operations may vary materially from those expressed or implied in our forward-looking statements.

While it is not possible to identify all factors that may cause actual results to differ from historical results or from any results expressed or implied by forward-looking statements, or that may cause our projections, assumptions, expectations or beliefs to change, some of those factors include the following:

•the risks and uncertainties referenced in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, especially those incorporated by reference into Part II, Item 1A, “Risk Factors,” and in particular, adverse effects of the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic and any governmental or societal responses thereto, including the efficacy, distribution, availability and adoption rates of vaccines for COVID-19 and variants thereof;

•our ability to find suitable reinvestment opportunities;

•changes in domestic economic conditions;

•geopolitical events, such as terrorism, war or other military conflict, including increased uncertainty regarding the ongoing hostility between Russia and the Ukraine and the related impact on macroeconomic conditions as a result of such conflict;

•changes in interest rates and credit spreads, including the repricing of interest-earning assets and interest-bearing liabilities;

•our investment portfolio performance particularly as it relates to cash flow, prepayment rates and credit performance;

•the impact on markets and asset prices from changes in the Federal Reserve’s policies regarding the purchases of Agency RMBS, Agency CMBS, and U.S. Treasuries;

•actual or anticipated changes in Federal Reserve monetary policy or the monetary policy of other central banks;

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•adverse reactions in U.S. financial markets related to actions of foreign central banks or the economic performance of foreign economies including in particular China, Japan, the European Union, and the United Kingdom;

•uncertainty concerning the long-term fiscal health and stability of the United States;

•the cost and availability of financing, including the future availability of financing due to changes to regulation of, and capital requirements imposed upon, financial institutions;

•the cost and availability of new equity capital;

•changes in our leverage and use of leverage;

•changes to our investment strategy, operating policies, dividend policy or asset allocations;

•the quality of performance of third-party service providers, including our sole third-party service provider for our critical operations and trade functions;

•the loss or unavailability of our third-party service provider’s service and technology that supports critical functions of our business related to our trading and borrowing activities due to outages, interruptions, or other failures;

•the level of defaults by borrowers on loans underlying MBS;

•changes in our industry;

•increased competition;

•changes in government regulations affecting our business;

•changes or volatility in the repurchase agreement financing markets and other credit markets;

•changes to the market for interest rate swaps and other derivative instruments, including changes to margin requirements on derivative instruments;

•uncertainty regarding continued government support of the U.S. financial system and U.S. housing and real estate markets, or to reform the U.S. housing finance system including the resolution of the conservatorship of Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac;

•the composition of the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve;

•the political environment in the U.S.;

•systems failures or cybersecurity incidents; and

•exposure to current and future claims and litigation.

ITEM 3.    QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK

Market risk is the exposure to losses resulting from changes in market factors. Our business strategy exposes us to a variety of market risks, including interest rate, spread, prepayment, credit, liquidity, and reinvestment risks. These risks can and do cause fluctuations in our liquidity, comprehensive income and book value as discussed below.

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Interest Rate Risk

Investing in interest-rate sensitive investments such as MBS and TBA securities subjects us to interest rate risk. Interest rate risk results from investing in securities that have a fixed coupon or when the coupon may not immediately adjust for changes in interest rates. Interest rate risk also results from the mismatch between the duration of our assets versus the duration of our liabilities and hedges. The amount of the impact will depend on the composition of our portfolio, our hedging strategy, the effectiveness of our hedging instruments as well as the magnitude and the duration of the change in interest rates.

We manage interest rate risk within tolerances set by our Board of Directors. We use interest rate hedging instruments to mitigate the impact of changing interest rates on the market value of our assets and on our interest expense from repurchase agreements used to finance our investments. Our hedging methods are based on many factors, including, but not limited to, our estimates with regard to future rates as well as expected levels of prepayments of our assets. If prepayments are slower or faster than assumed, the maturity of our investments will also differ from our expectations, which could reduce the effectiveness of our hedging strategies and may cause losses and adversely affect our cash flow. Estimates of prepayment speeds can vary significantly by investor for the same security, and therefore estimates of security and portfolio duration can vary significantly between market participants.

Because we continuously monitor market conditions, economic conditions, interest rates and other market activity and frequently adjust the composition of our investments and hedges throughout any given period, the projections provided below are limited in usefulness because the modeling assumes no changes to the composition of our investment portfolio and hedging instruments as of the dates indicated. Changes in types of our investments, the returns earned on these investments, future interest rates, credit spreads, the shape of the yield curve, the availability of financing, and/or the mix of our investments and financings including derivative instruments may cause actual results to differ significantly from the modeled results shown in the tables below. There can be no assurance that assumed events used to model the results shown below will occur, or that other events will not occur, that will affect the outcomes; therefore, the modeled results shown in the tables below and all related disclosures constitute forward-looking statements.

The table below shows the projected sensitivity of our net interest income as of the dates indicated assuming an instantaneous parallel shift in interest rates and no changes in the composition of our investment portfolio:

	Projected Change in Net Interest Income Due To
	Decrease in Interest Rates of				Increase in Interest Rates of
	50 Basis Points		25 Basis Points		25 Basis Points		50 Basis Points
March 31, 2022	67.1	%	32.6	%	(37.0)	%	(71.9)	%
December 31, 2021	(1)		8.3	%	(9.7)	%	(20.0)	%

(1) Because the Company does not assume financing rates will be less than 0%, a parallel downward shift in interest rates of 50 basis points is not presented for the portfolio as of December 31, 2021.

Because our MBS portfolio as of the periods indicated in the table above was comprised of low coupon assets at a fixed rate and the rates on our repurchase agreement borrowings adjust more frequently, a parallel increase in interest rates beyond a certain point would increase our borrowing costs with little or no benefit to our interest income. Conversely, a parallel decrease in interest rates would lower our borrowing costs without causing a decline in our interest income. The increase in projected sensitivity as of March 31, 2022 is significantly higher than the projected sensitivity as of December 31, 2021 because, as shown by the graphs in Item 2, “Executive Overview”, interest rates as of March 31, 2022 were significantly higher than interest rates as of December 31, 2021.

Management considers changes in the shape of the interest rate curves in assessing and managing portfolio interest rate risk on the market value of its investments and common equity. Because interest rates do not typically move in a parallel fashion from quarter to quarter (as can be seen by the graphs for U.S. Treasury and swap rates in Item 2, “Executive Overview”), the tables below show the projected sensitivity of the market value of our financial instruments and the percentage change in shareholders’ equity assuming instantaneous parallel shifts and non-parallel shifts in market interest rates. The overall market value sensitivity of our investments and hedges as of March 31, 2022 has declined modestly compared to that as of December 31, 2021.

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	March 31, 2022
	Parallel Decrease in Interest Rates of								Parallel Increase in Interest Rates of
	100 Basis Points				50 Basis Points				50 Basis Points				100 Basis Points
Type of Instrument (1)	% of Market Value		% of Common Equity		% of Market Value		% of Common Equity		% of Market Value		% of Common Equity		% of Market Value		% of Common Equity
RMBS	3.8	%	27.7	%	2.0	%	14.6	%	(2.1)	%	(15.7)	%	(4.3)	%	(31.9)	%
CMBS	0.2	%	1.2	%	0.1	%	0.6	%	(0.1)	%	(0.6)	%	(0.2)	%	(1.1)	%
CMBS IO	0.1	%	1.0	%	0.1	%	0.5	%	(0.1)	%	(0.5)	%	(0.1)	%	(0.9)	%
TBAs	1.7	%	12.7	%	0.9	%	6.9	%	(1.1)	%	(7.9)	%	(2.2)	%	(16.5)	%
Interest rate hedges	(7.0)	%	(51.3)	%	(3.5)	%	(25.6)	%	3.4	%	25.1	%	6.7	%	49.5	%
Total	(1.2)	%	(8.7)	%	(0.4)	%	(3.0)	%	—	%	0.4	%	(0.1)	%	(0.9)	%
	December 31, 2021
	Parallel Decrease in Interest Rates of								Parallel Increase in Interest Rates of
	100 Basis Points				50 Basis Points				50 Basis Points				100 Basis Points
Type of Instrument (1)	% of Market Value		% of Common Equity		% of Market Value		% of Common Equity		% of Market Value		% of Common Equity		% of Market Value		% of Common Equity
RMBS	2.6	%	18.6	%	1.6	%	11.1	%	(1.9)	%	(13.5)	%	(4.0)	%	(28.5)	%
CMBS	0.2	%	1.4	%	0.1	%	0.7	%	(0.1)	%	(0.7)	%	(0.2)	%	(1.3)	%
CMBS IO	0.2	%	1.1	%	0.1	%	0.6	%	(0.1)	%	(0.6)	%	(0.2)	%	(1.1)	%
TBAs	1.4	%	9.7	%	0.9	%	6.1	%	(1.1)	%	(7.5)	%	(2.3)	%	(15.9)	%
Interest rate hedges	(6.9)	%	(49.1)	%	(3.5)	%	(24.6)	%	3.5	%	24.9	%	7.0	%	49.5	%
Total	(2.5)	%	(18.3)	%	(0.8)	%	(6.1)	%	0.3	%	2.6	%	0.3	%	2.7	%

Non-Parallel Shifts		March 31, 2022				December 31, 2021
Basis Point Change in 2-year UST	Basis Point Change in 10-year UST	% of Market Value (1)		% of Common Equity		% of Market Value (1)		% of Common Equity
+25	0	0.3	%	1.9	%	0.3	%	2.5	%
+25	+50	(0.1)	%	(0.5)	%	0.2	%	1.3	%
+50	+25	0.1	%	0.9	%	0.1	%	2.5	%
+50	+100	(0.4)	%	(3.2)	%	—	%	0.1	%
0	-25	—	%	(0.3)	%	(0.2)	%	(1.2)	%
-10	-50	(0.2)	%	(1.7)	%	(0.6)	%	(4.0)	%
-25	-75	(0.7)	%	(5.0)	%	(1.3)	%	(9.0)	%

(1)Includes changes in market value of our investments and derivative instruments, including TBA securities, but excludes changes in market value of our financings which are not carried at fair value on our balance sheet due to their short-term maturities. The projections for market value do not assume any change in credit spreads.

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Spread Risk

Spread risk is the risk of loss from an increase in the market spread between the yield on an investment versus its benchmark index. Changes in market spreads represent the market's valuation of the perceived riskiness of an asset relative to risk-free rates, and widening spreads reduce the market value of our investments as market participants require additional yield to hold riskier assets. Market spreads could change based on macroeconomic or systemic factors as well as the factors specific to a particular security such as prepayment performance or credit performance. Other factors that could impact credit spreads include technical issues such as supply and demand for a particular type of security or Federal Reserve monetary policy. We do not hedge spread risk given the complexity of hedging credit spreads and in our opinion, the lack of liquid instruments available to use as hedges.

Fluctuations in spreads typically vary based on the type of investment. Sensitivity to changes in market spreads is derived from models that are dependent on various assumptions, and actual changes in market value in response to changes in market spreads could differ materially from the projected sensitivity if actual conditions differ from these assumptions.

The Company's exposure to changes to market spreads has not materially shifted for our investment portfolio as of March 31, 2022 versus our investment portfolio as of December 31, 2021. The table below shows the projected sensitivity of the market value of our investments given the indicated change in market spreads as of the dates indicated:

	March 31, 2022				December 31, 2021
	Percentage Change in				Percentage Change in
Basis Point Change in Market Spreads	Market Value of Investments (1)		% of Common Equity		Market Value of Investments (1)		% of Common Equity
+20/+50 (2)	(1.4)	%	(10.0)	%	(1.3)	%	(9.2)	%
+10	(0.7)	%	(4.8)	%	(0.6)	%	(4.4)	%
-10	0.7	%	4.8	%	0.6	%	4.4	%
-20/-50 (2)	1.4	%	10.0	%	1.3	%	9.2	%

(1) Includes changes in market value of our MBS investments, including TBA securities.

(2) Assumes a 20-basis point shift in Agency and non-Agency RMBS and CMBS and a 50-basis point shift in Agency

and non-Agency CMBS IO.

Prepayment Risk

Prepayment risk is the risk of an early, unscheduled return of principal on an investment. We are subject to prepayment risk from premiums paid on investments, which are amortized as a reduction in interest income using the effective yield method under GAAP. Our comprehensive income and book value per common share may also be negatively impacted by prepayments if the fair value of the investment materially exceeds the par balance of the underlying security. Principal prepayments on our investments are influenced by changes in market interest rates and a variety of economic, geographic, government policy and other factors beyond our control, including GSE policy with respect to loan forbearance and delinquent loan buy-outs.

We seek to manage our prepayment risk on our MBS by diversifying our investments and investing in securities which either contain loans for which the underlying borrowers have some disincentive to refinance (such as low principal balance remaining, credit characteristics of the borrower, or geographic location of the property) or have some sort of prepayment prohibition or yield maintenance as is the case with CMBS and CMBS IO. Loans underlying our CMBS and CMBS IO securities typically have some form of prepayment protection provisions (such as prepayment lock-outs) or prepayment compensation provisions (such as yield maintenance or prepayment penalties). Because CMBS IO consist of rights to interest on the underlying commercial mortgage loan pools and do not have rights to principal payments on the underlying loans, prepayment risk on these securities is particularly acute without these prepayment protection provisions. There are no prepayment protections if the loan defaults and is partially or wholly repaid earlier as a result of loss mitigation actions taken by the underlying loan servicer. Please

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refer to Item 2, “Financial Condition-CMBS IO” for additional information on the composition of the Company’s investment in CMBS IO.

Credit Risk

Credit risk is the risk that we will not receive all contractual amounts due on investments that we own due to default by the borrower or due to a deficiency in proceeds from the liquidation of the collateral securing the obligation. Credit losses on loans could result in lower or negative yields on our investments.

Agency RMBS and Agency CMBS have credit risk to the extent that Fannie Mae or Freddie Mac fails to remit payments on the MBS for which they have issued a guaranty of payment. Given the improved financial performance and conservatorship of these entities and the continued support of the U.S. government, we believe this risk is low.

Agency and non-Agency CMBS IO represent the right to excess interest and not principal on the underlying loans. These securities are exposed to the loss of investment basis in the event a loan collateralizing the security liquidates without paying yield maintenance or prepayment penalty. This will typically occur when the underlying loan is in default and proceeds from the disposition of the loan collateral are insufficient to pay the prepayment consideration. To mitigate credit risk of investing in CMBS IO, we invest in primarily AAA-rated securities in senior tranches, which means we receive the highest payment priority and are the last to absorb losses in the event of a shortfall in cash flows.  

Liquidity Risk

We have liquidity risk principally from the use of recourse repurchase agreements to finance our ownership of securities. Our repurchase agreements are renewable at the discretion of our lenders and do not contain guaranteed roll-over terms. If we fail to repay the lender at maturity, the lender has the right to immediately sell the collateral and pursue us for any shortfall if the sales proceeds are inadequate to cover the repurchase agreement financing. In addition, declines in the market value of our investments pledged as collateral for repurchase agreement borrowings and for our derivative instruments may result in counterparties initiating margin calls for additional collateral.

Our use of TBA long positions as a means of investing in and financing Agency RMBS also exposes us to liquidity risk in the event that we are unable to roll or terminate our TBA contracts prior to their settlement date. If we are unable to roll or terminate our TBA long positions, we could be required to take physical delivery of the underlying securities and settle our obligations for cash, which could negatively impact our liquidity position or force us to sell assets under adverse conditions if financing is not available to us on acceptable terms.

For further information, including how we attempt to mitigate liquidity risk and monitor our liquidity position and in particular, during the current economic crisis, please refer to “Liquidity and Capital Resources” in Item 2 of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q.

Reinvestment Risk

We are subject to reinvestment risk as a result of the prepayment, repayment and sales of our investments. In order to maintain our investment portfolio size and our earnings, we need to reinvest capital received from these events into new interest-earning assets or TBA securities, and if market yields on new investments are lower, our interest income will decline. In addition, based on market conditions, our leverage, and our liquidity profile, we may decide to not reinvest the cash flows we receive from our investment portfolio even when attractive reinvestment opportunities are available, or we may decide to reinvest in assets with lower yield but greater liquidity. If we retain capital or pay dividends to return capital to shareholders rather than reinvest capital, or if we invest capital in lower yielding assets for liquidity reasons, the size of our investment portfolio and the amount of income generated by our investment portfolio will likely decline.

ITEM 4.    CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES

Disclosure Controls and Procedures

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Our management evaluated, with the participation of our principal executive officer and principal financial officer, the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures, as defined in Exchange Act Rule 13a-15(e), as of the end of the period covered by this report. Based on that evaluation, our principal executive officer and principal financial officer concluded that our disclosure controls and procedures were effective as of March 31, 2022 to ensure that information required to be disclosed in the reports that we file or submit under the Exchange Act is recorded, processed, summarized and reported, within the time periods specified in the SEC’s rules and forms, and that such information is accumulated and communicated to our management, including our principal executive officer and principal financial officer, as appropriate, to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure.

Changes in Internal Control over Financial Reporting

There were no changes in our internal control over financial reporting during the three months ended March 31, 2022 that materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.

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PART II.    OTHER INFORMATION

ITEM 1.    LEGAL PROCEEDINGS

To the Company’s knowledge, there are no pending or threatened legal proceedings, which, in management’s opinion, individually or in the aggregate, could have a material adverse effect on the Company’s results of operations or financial condition.

ITEM 1A.    RISK FACTORS

There have been no material changes from the risk factors discussed in Part I, Item 1A, “Risk Factors” of our 2021 Form 10-K. Risks and uncertainties identified in our forward-looking statements contained in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q together with those previously disclosed in the 2021 Form 10-K or those that are presently unforeseen could result in significant adverse effects on our financial condition, results of operations and cash flows. See “Forward-Looking Statements” contained in Part I, Item 2, “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q as well as Part I, Item 1A, “Risk Factors” in our 2021 Form 10-K.

ITEM 2.    UNREGISTERED SALES OF EQUITY SECURITIES AND USE OF PROCEEDS

Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities

    The authorization by the Company’s Board of Directors to repurchase up to $40 million of the Company’s outstanding shares of common stock and up to $40 million of the Company’s Series C Preferred Stock expired on March 31, 2022. The following table summarizes repurchases of our common stock that occurred during the three months ended March 31, 2022:

Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities
	Total Number of Shares	Average Price Paid per Share		Total Number of Shares Purchased as Part of Publicly Announced Plans or Programs	Maximum Number (or Approximate Dollar Value) of Shares that May Yet Be Purchased Under the Plans or Programs
					($ in thousands)
January 1 - 31, 2022	—	$	—	—	$	39,834
February 1 - 28, 2022 (1)	13,660	—		—	39,834
March 1 - 31, 2022 (1)	1,747	—		—	39,834
	15,407	$	—	—

(1) These shares were withheld from certain employees to satisfy tax withholding obligations arising upon the vesting of restricted shares. Accordingly, these shares are not included in the calculation of approximate dollar value of shares that were available to be repurchased under the $40 million repurchase plan which expired March 31, 2022.

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ITEM 3.    DEFAULTS UPON SENIOR SECURITIES

None.

ITEM 4.    MINE SAFETY DISCLOSURES

        None.

ITEM 5.    OTHER INFORMATION

None.

ITEM 6.    EXHIBITS

Exhibit No.	Description
3.1	Restated Articles of Incorporation, effective May 14, 2021 (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 3.1 to Dynex's Current Report on Form 8-K filed May 18, 2021).
3.2	Amended and Restated Bylaws, effective as of May 11, 2021 (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 3.2 to Dynex’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed May 12, 2021).
4.1	Specimen of Common Stock Certificate (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 4.1 to Dynex's Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended September 30, 2019).
4.3	Specimen of 6.900% Series C Fixed-to-Floating Rate Cumulative Redeemable Preferred Stock Certificate (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 4.4 to Dynex's Registration Statement on Form 8-A12B filed February 18, 2020).
10.23.8	Amendment No. 8 to Master Repurchase and Securities Contract dated as of January 21, 2022 between Issued Holdings Capital Corporation, Dynex Capital, Inc. (as guarantor) and Wells Fargo Bank, N.A. (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.23.8 to Dynex’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2021).
10.41.4	Form of Performance Unit Award Agreement for Executive Officers (for awards on or after February 23, 2022) under the Dynex Capital, Inc. 2020 Stock and Incentive Plan (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.41.4 to Dynex’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2021).
10.41.5	Form of Restricted Stock Unit Award Agreement for Executive Officers (for awards on or after February 23, 2022) under the Dynex Capital, Inc. 2020 Stock and Incentive Plan (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.41.5 to Dynex’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2021).
31.1	Certification of principal executive officer pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 (filed herewith).
31.2	Certification of principal financial officer pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 (filed herewith).
32.1	Certification of principal executive officer and principal financial officer pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 (filed herewith).
101	The following materials from Dynex Capital, Inc.'s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarterly period ended March 31, 2022, formatted in iXBRL (Inline Extensible Business Reporting Language), filed herewith: (i) Consolidated Balance Sheets, (ii) Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Loss), (iii) Consolidated Statements of Shareholders’ Equity, (iv) Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows, and (v) Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements.
104	The cover page from Dynex Capital, Inc.'s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarterly period ended March 31, 2022, formatted in iXBRL (Inline Extensible Business Reporting Language) (included with Exhibit 101).

50

SIGNATURES

Pursuant to the requirements of Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized.

		DYNEX CAPITAL, INC.
Date:	May 2, 2022	/s/ Byron L. Boston
		Byron L. Boston
		Chief Executive Officer, Co-Chief Investment Officer,
		and Director
		(Principal Executive Officer)
Date:	May 2, 2022	/s/ Stephen J. Benedetti
		Stephen J. Benedetti
		Executive Vice President, Chief Financial Officer and Chief Operating Officer
		(Principal Financial Officer)

51

EX-31.1

Exhibit 31.1

CERTIFICATIONS

I, Byron L. Boston, certify that:

1.I have reviewed this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q of Dynex Capital, Inc.;

2.Based on my knowledge, this report does not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary to make the statements made, in light of the circumstances under which such statements were made, not misleading with respect to the period covered by this report;

3.Based on my knowledge, the financial statements, and other financial information included in this report, fairly present in all material respects the financial condition, results of operations and cash flows of the registrant as of, and for, the periods presented in this report;

4.The registrant's other certifying officer and I are responsible for establishing and maintaining disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e)) and internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f)) for the registrant and have:

(a)Designed such disclosure controls and procedures, or caused such disclosure controls and procedures to be designed under our supervision, to ensure that material information relating to the registrant, including its consolidated subsidiaries, is made known to us by others within those entities, particularly during the period in which this report is being prepared;

(b)Designed such internal control over financial reporting, or caused such internal control over financial reporting to be designed under our supervision, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles;

(c)Evaluated the effectiveness of the registrant's disclosure controls and procedures and presented in this report our conclusions about the effectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures, as of the end of the period covered by this report based on such evaluation; and

(d)Disclosed in this report any change in the registrant's internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the registrant's most recent fiscal quarter (the registrant's fourth fiscal quarter in the case of an annual report) that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the registrant's internal control over financial reporting; and

5.The registrant's other certifying officer and I have disclosed, based on our most recent evaluation of internal control over financial reporting, to the registrant's auditors and the audit committee of the registrant's board of directors (or persons performing the equivalent functions):

(a)All significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in the design or operation of internal control over financial reporting which are reasonably likely to adversely affect the registrant's ability to record, process, summarize and report financial information; and

(b)Any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in the registrant's internal control over financial reporting.

Date:	May 2, 2022	/s/ Byron L. Boston
		Byron L. Boston
		Principal Executive Officer

EX-31.2

Exhibit 31.2

CERTIFICATIONS

I, Stephen J. Benedetti, certify that:

1.I have reviewed this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q of Dynex Capital, Inc.;

2.Based on my knowledge, this report does not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary to make the statements made, in light of the circumstances under which such statements were made, not misleading with respect to the period covered by this report;

3.Based on my knowledge, the financial statements, and other financial information included in this report, fairly present in all material respects the financial condition, results of operations and cash flows of the registrant as of, and for, the periods presented in this report;

4.The registrant's other certifying officer and I are responsible for establishing and maintaining disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e)) and internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f)) for the registrant and have:

(a)Designed such disclosure controls and procedures, or caused such disclosure controls and procedures to be designed under our supervision, to ensure that material information relating to the registrant, including its consolidated subsidiaries, is made known to us by others within those entities, particularly during the period in which this report is being prepared;

(b)Designed such internal control over financial reporting, or caused such internal control over financial reporting to be designed under our supervision, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles;

(c)Evaluated the effectiveness of the registrant's disclosure controls and procedures and presented in this report our conclusions about the effectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures, as of the end of the period covered by this report based on such evaluation; and

(d)Disclosed in this report any change in the registrant's internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the registrant's most recent fiscal quarter (the registrant's fourth fiscal quarter in the case of an annual report) that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the registrant's internal control over financial reporting; and

5.The registrant's other certifying officer and I have disclosed, based on our most recent evaluation of internal control over financial reporting, to the registrant's auditors and the audit committee of the registrant's board of directors (or persons performing the equivalent functions):

(a)All significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in the design or operation of internal control over financial reporting which are reasonably likely to adversely affect the registrant's ability to record, process, summarize and report financial information; and

(b)Any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in the registrant's internal control over financial reporting.

Date:	May 2, 2022	/s/ Stephen J. Benedetti
		Stephen J. Benedetti
		Principal Financial Officer

EX-32.1

Exhibit 32.1

CERTIFICATION OF PRINCIPAL EXECUTIVE OFFICER AND PRINCIPAL FINANCIAL OFFICER

PURSUANT TO SECTION 906

In connection with the Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q of Dynex Capital, Inc. (the “Company”) for the three months ended March 31, 2022, as filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on the date hereof (the “Report”), the undersigned, as the Principal Executive Officer of the Company and the Principal Financial Officer of the Company, respectively, certify, pursuant to and for purposes of 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, that to their knowledge:

(1)The Report fully complies with the requirements of Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934; and

(2)The information contained in the Report fairly presents, in all material respects, the financial condition and results of operations of the Company.

Date:	May 2, 2022	/s/ Byron L. Boston
		Byron L. Boston
		Principal Executive Officer
Date:	May 2, 2022	/s/ Stephen J. Benedetti
		Stephen J. Benedetti
		Principal Financial Officer

XML

Document and Entity Information Document and Entity Information - $ / shares	3 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2022	Apr. 29, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021
Document Information [Line Items]
Document Type	10-Q
Document Quarterly Report	true
Document Period End Date	Mar. 31, 2022
Document Transition Report	false
Entity File Number	001-09819
Entity Registrant Name	DYNEX CAPITAL, INC.
Entity Incorporation, State or Country Code	VA
Entity Tax Identification Number	52-1549373
Entity Address, Address Line One	4991 Lake Brook Drive
Entity Address, Address Line Two	Suite 100
Entity Address, City or Town	Glen Allen,
Entity Address, State or Province	VA
Entity Address, Postal Zip Code	23060-9245
City Area Code	(804)
Local Phone Number	217-5800
Entity Current Reporting Status	Yes
Entity Interactive Data Current	Yes
Entity Filer Category	Accelerated Filer
Entity Small Business	false
Entity Emerging Growth Company	false
Entity Shell Company	false
Entity Common Stock, Shares Outstanding		36,957,882
Common Stock, Par or Stated Value Per Share	$ 0.01		$ 0.01
Entity Central Index Key	0000826675
Current Fiscal Year End Date	--12-31
Document Fiscal Year Focus	2022
Document Fiscal Period Focus	Q1
Amendment Flag	false
Common Stock
Document Information [Line Items]
Title of 12(b) Security	Common Stock, par value $0.01 per share
Trading Symbol	DX
Security Exchange Name	NYSE
Series C Preferred Stock
Document Information [Line Items]
Title of 12(b) Security	6.900% Series C Fixed-to-Floating Rate Cumulative Redeemable Preferred Stock, par value $0.01 per share
Trading Symbol	DXPRC
Security Exchange Name	NYSE

XML

Consolidated Balance Sheets - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Mar. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021
Assets [Abstract]
Cash	$ 456,957	$ 366,023
Cash collateral posted to counterparties	114,732	55,284
Mortgage-backed securities (including pledged of $3,119,668 and $3,011,319, respectively), at fair value	3,215,017	3,181,839
Mortgage loans held for investment, at fair value	3,757	4,268
Receivable for securities pending settlement	1,491	2,771
Derivative assets	34,183	7,969
Accrued interest receivable	15,914	14,184
Other assets, net	7,171	7,400
Total assets	3,849,222	3,639,738
Liabilities:
Repurchase agreements	2,952,802	2,849,916
Broker-Dealer, Payable to Other Broker-Dealer and Clearing Organization	48,046	0
Derivative liabilities	18,328	2,471
Cash collateral posted by counterparties	30,276	1,834
Accrued interest payable	1,524	1,365
Accrued dividends payable	6,672	6,541
Other liabilities	5,941	6,332
Total liabilities	3,063,589	2,868,459
Stockholders' Equity Attributable to Parent [Abstract]
Preferred stock, par value $0.01 per share; 50,000,000 shares authorized; 4,460,000 and 4,460,000 shares issued and outstanding, respectively ($111,500 and $111,500 aggregate liquidation preference, respectively)	107,843	107,843
Common stock, par value $0.01 per share, 90,000,000 shares authorized; 36,957,882 and 36,665,805 shares issued and outstanding, respectively	370	367
Additional paid-in capital	1,112,628	1,107,792
Accumulated other comprehensive (loss) income	(84,611)	6,729
Accumulated deficit	(350,597)	(451,452)
Total shareholders’ equity	785,633	771,279
Total liabilities and shareholders’ equity	$ 3,849,222	$ 3,639,738

XML

Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income - USD ($) $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2022	Mar. 31, 2021
Interest income	$ 17,427	$ 13,892
Interest expense	(1,748)	(1,633)
Net interest income	15,679	12,259
Realized gain on sale of investments, net	0	4,697
Unrealized loss on investments, net	(111,251)	(980)
Gain on derivative instruments, net	(220,211)	(107,801)
Other operating expense, net	(321)	(380)
General and administrative expenses:
Compensation and benefits	(3,466)	(3,096)
Other general and administrative	(3,643)	(2,372)
Net income	117,209	117,929
Preferred stock dividends	(1,923)	(2,559)
Preferred stock redemption charge	0	(2,987)
Net income to common shareholders	115,286	112,383
Other comprehensive income:
Unrealized loss on available-for-sale investments, net	(91,340)	(60,459)
Reclassification adjustment for realized gain on available-for-sale investments, net	0	(4,697)
Total other comprehensive loss	(91,340)	(65,156)
Comprehensive income to common shareholders	$ 23,946	$ 47,227
Weighted average common shares-basic (in shares)	36,725,365	26,788,693
Weighted average common shares-diluted (in shares)	37,111,733	26,788,693
Net income (loss) per common share-basic (in dollars per share)	$ 3.14	$ 4.20
Net income (loss) per common share-diluted (in dollars per share)	3.11	4.20
Common Stock, Dividends, Per Share, Declared	$ 0.39	$ 0.39

XML

Consolidated Statements of Shareholders' Equity Statement - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Total	Cumulative Effect, Period of Adoption, Adjusted Balance	Preferred Stock	Preferred Stock Cumulative Effect, Period of Adoption, Adjusted Balance	Preferred Stock Including Additional Paid in Capital	Preferred Stock Including Additional Paid in Capital Cumulative Effect, Period of Adoption, Adjusted Balance	Common Stock	Common Stock Cumulative Effect, Period of Adoption, Adjusted Balance	Additional Paid-in Capital	Additional Paid-in Capital Cumulative Effect, Period of Adoption, Adjusted Balance	Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss)	Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss) Cumulative Effect, Period of Adoption, Adjusted Balance	Accumulated Deficit	Accumulated Deficit Cumulative Effect, Period of Adoption, Adjusted Balance
Balance, Preferred shares outstanding (in shares) at Dec. 31, 2020				7,248,330
Balance, Common shares outstanding at Dec. 31, 2020								23,697,970
Increase (Decrease) in Stockholders' Equity [Roll Forward]
Stock issuance, shares			0				7,187,500
Stock Redeemed or Called During Period, Shares			(2,788,330)
Restricted stock granted, net of amortization							16,722
Share-based Payment Arrangement, Shares Withheld for Tax Withholding Obligation							(22,623)
Balance, Preferred shares outstanding (in shares) at Mar. 31, 2021				4,460,000
Balance, Common shares outstanding at Mar. 31, 2021								30,879,569
Balance at Dec. 31, 2020		$ 633,453				$ 174,564		$ 237		$ 869,495		$ 80,261		$ (491,104)
Increase (Decrease) in Stockholders' Equity [Roll Forward]
Stock issuance, value	$ 128,150				$ 0		$ 72		$ 128,078
Stock Redeemed or Called During Period, Value	(69,708)				(66,721)
Preferred stock redemption charge	(2,987)												$ (2,987)
Restricted stock granted, net of amortization	451						$ 0		451
Adjustments for tax withholding on share-based compensation	(428)								(428)
Stock issuance costs	(270)								(270)
Net income	117,929												117,929
Dividends on preferred stock	(2,559)												(2,559)
Dividends on common stock	(10,586)												(10,586)
Other Comprehensive Income (Loss), Net of Tax	$ (65,156)										$ (65,156)
Balance at Mar. 31, 2021		$ 731,276				$ 107,843		$ 309		$ 997,326		$ 15,105		$ (389,307)
Balance, Preferred shares outstanding (in shares) at Dec. 31, 2021	4,460,000		4,460,000
Balance, Common shares outstanding at Dec. 31, 2021	36,665,805						36,665,805
Increase (Decrease) in Stockholders' Equity [Roll Forward]
Stock issuance, shares							267,288
Restricted stock granted, net of amortization							40,196
Share-based Payment Arrangement, Shares Withheld for Tax Withholding Obligation							(15,407)
Balance, Preferred shares outstanding (in shares) at Mar. 31, 2022	4,460,000		4,460,000
Balance, Common shares outstanding at Mar. 31, 2022	36,957,882						36,957,882
Balance at Dec. 31, 2021	$ 771,279				107,843		$ 367		1,107,792		6,729		(451,452)
Increase (Decrease) in Stockholders' Equity [Roll Forward]
Stock issuance, value	4,245						3		4,242
Preferred stock redemption charge	0
Restricted stock granted, net of amortization	451								451
APIC, Share-based Payment Arrangement, Increase for Cost Recognition	395								395
Adjustments for tax withholding on share-based compensation	(236)								(236)
Stock issuance costs	(16)								(16)
Net income	117,209												117,209
Dividends on preferred stock	(1,923)												(1,923)
Dividends on common stock	(14,431)												(14,431)
Other Comprehensive Income (Loss), Net of Tax	(91,340)										(91,340)
Balance at Mar. 31, 2022	$ 785,633				$ 107,843		$ 370		$ 1,112,628		$ (84,611)		$ (350,597)

XML

Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows - USD ($) $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2022	Mar. 31, 2021
Operating activities:
Net income	$ 117,209	$ 117,929
Adjustments to reconcile net income to cash provided by operating activities:
Realized gain on sale of investments, net	0	(4,697)
Unrealized loss on investments, net	111,251	980
Gain on derivative instruments, net	(220,211)	(107,801)
Amortization of investment premiums, net	27,104	30,161
Other amortization and depreciation, net	566	599
Share-based compensation expense	846	452
Increase in accrued interest receivable	(1,730)	(1,092)
Increase (decrease) in accrued interest payable	159	(992)
Change in other assets and liabilities, net	(642)	(5,350)
Net cash provided by operating activities	34,552	30,189
Investing activities:
Purchase of investments	(349,839)	(68,543)
Principal payments received on investments	86,863	118,022
Proceeds from sales of investments	0	220,194
Principal payments received on mortgage loans held for investment	512	488
Net receipts on derivatives, including terminations	259,180	78,509
Increase in cash collateral posted by counterparties	28,442	49,665
Net cash provided by investing activities	25,158	398,335
Financing activities:
Borrowings under repurchase agreements	2,197,547	4,494,067
Repayments of repurchase agreement borrowings	(2,094,661)	(4,899,141)
Principal payments on non-recourse collateralized financing	0	(118)
Proceeds from issuance of common stock	4,245	128,150
Cash paid for redemption of preferred stock	0	(69,708)
Cash paid for stock issuance costs	0	(270)
Payments related to tax withholding for share-based compensation	(236)	(428)
Dividends paid	(16,223)	(13,320)
Net cash provided by (used in) financing activities	90,672	(360,768)
Net increase in cash including cash posted to counterparties	150,382	67,756
Cash including cash posted to counterparties at beginning of period	421,307	310,360
Cash including cash posted to counterparties at end of period	571,689	378,116
Supplemental Disclosure of Cash Activity:
Cash paid for interest	$ 1,589	$ 2,619

XML

Consolidated Balance Sheets (Parenthetical) Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Mar. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021
Preferred stock, Shares Authorized (in shares)	50,000,000	50,000,000
Preferred Stock, Shares Outstanding (in shares)	4,460,000	4,460,000
Preferred Stock, Shares Issued	4,460,000	4,460,000
Preferred Stock, Liquidation Preference, Value	$ 111,500	$ 111,500
Preferred Stock, Par or Stated Value Per Share	$ 0.01	$ 0.01
Common Stock, Shares Authorized	90,000,000	90,000,000
Common Stock, Shares, Issued	36,957,882	36,665,805
Common Stock, Shares, Outstanding	36,957,882	36,665,805
Common Stock, Par or Stated Value Per Share	$ 0.01	$ 0.01
Pledged Financial Instruments, Not Separately Reported, Securities for Repurchase Agreements	$ 3,119,668	$ 3,011,319
Repurchase agreements	$ 2,952,802	$ 2,849,916

XML

Organization and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies (Notes)

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2022

Accounting Policies [Abstract]

Organization and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies

ORGANIZATION AND SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES

Organization

Dynex Capital, Inc. (“Company”) was incorporated in the Commonwealth of Virginia on December 18, 1987 and commenced operations in February 1988. The Company is an internally managed mortgage real estate investment trust, or mortgage REIT, which primarily earns income from investing on a leveraged basis in debt securities, the majority of which are specified pools of Agency mortgage-backed securities (“MBS”) consisting of residential MBS (“RMBS”), commercial MBS (“CMBS”), and CMBS interest-only (“IO”) securities and non-Agency MBS, which consist mainly of CMBS IO. Agency MBS have a guaranty of principal payment by a U.S. government-sponsored entity (“GSE”) such as Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac, which are in conservatorship and are currently supported by a senior preferred stock purchase agreement from the U.S. Treasury. Non-Agency MBS are issued by non-governmental enterprises and do not have a guaranty of principal payment. The Company also invests in other types of mortgage-related securities, such as to-be-announced securities (“TBAs” or “TBA securities”).

Basis of Presentation

The accompanying unaudited consolidated financial statements of the Company and its subsidiaries (together, “Dynex” or, as appropriate, the “Company”) have been prepared in accordance with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles (“GAAP”) for interim financial information and with the instructions to the Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q and Article 10, Rule 10-01 of Regulation S-X promulgated by the Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”). Accordingly, they do not include all of the information and notes required by GAAP for complete financial statements. In the opinion of management, all significant adjustments, consisting of normal recurring accruals, considered necessary for a fair presentation of the consolidated financial statements have been included. Operating results for the three months ended March 31, 2022 are not necessarily indicative of the results that may be expected for any other interim periods or for the entire year ending December 31, 2022. The unaudited consolidated financial statements included herein should be read in conjunction with the audited financial statements and notes thereto included in the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2021 (the “2021 Form 10-K”) filed with the SEC. 

Use of Estimates

The preparation of financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and the disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements as well as the reported amounts of revenue and expenses during the reported period. Actual results could differ from those estimates. The most significant estimates used by management include, but are not limited to, amortization of premiums and discounts and fair value measurements of its investments, including TBA securities accounted for as derivative instruments. These items are discussed further below within this note to the consolidated financial statements. The Company believes the estimates and assumptions underlying the consolidated financial statements included herein are reasonable and supportable based on the information available as of March 31, 2022.

Consolidation and Variable Interest Entities

The consolidated financial statements include the accounts of the Company and the accounts of its majority owned subsidiaries and variable interest entities (“VIE”) for which it is the primary beneficiary. All intercompany accounts and transactions have been eliminated in consolidation.

The Company consolidates a VIE if the Company is determined to be the VIE’s primary beneficiary, which is defined as the party that has both: (i) the power to control the activities that most significantly impact the VIE’s financial performance and (ii) the right to receive benefits or absorb losses that could potentially be significant to the VIE. The Company reconsiders its evaluation of whether to consolidate a VIE on an ongoing basis, based on changes in the facts and circumstances pertaining to the VIE. Though the Company invests in Agency and non-Agency MBS

which are generally considered to be interests in VIEs, the Company does not consolidate these entities because it does not meet the criteria to be deemed a primary beneficiary.

Income Taxes

The Company has elected to be taxed as a real estate investment trust (“REIT”) under the Internal Revenue Code of 1986 (“Tax Code”) and the corresponding provisions of state law. To qualify as a REIT, the Company must meet certain tests including investing in primarily real estate-related assets and the required distribution of at least 90% of its annual REIT taxable income to shareholders after consideration of its net operating loss (“NOL”) carryforward and not including taxable income retained in its taxable subsidiaries. As a REIT, the Company generally will not be subject to federal income tax on the amount of its income or capital gains that is distributed as dividends to shareholders.

The Company assesses its tax positions for all open tax years and determines whether the Company has any material unrecognized liabilities and records these liabilities, if any, to the extent they are deemed more likely than not to have been incurred.

Net Income (Loss) Per Common Share

The Company calculates basic net income (loss) per common share by dividing net income (loss) to common shareholders for the period by weighted-average shares of common stock outstanding for that period. Please see Note 2 for the calculation of the Company’s basic and diluted net income (loss) per common share for the periods indicated.

The Company currently has unvested restricted stock, service-based restricted stock units (“RSUs”) and performance-based stock units (“PSUs”) issued and outstanding. Upon vesting (or settlement, in the case of units), restrictions on transfer expire on each share of restricted stock, RSU, and PSU, and each such share represents one unrestricted share of common stock and included in the computation of basis net income per common share. Restricted stock awards are considered participating securities and therefore are included in the computation of basic net income per common share using the two-class method because holders of unvested shares of restricted stock are eligible to receive non-forfeitable dividends. Holders of unvested RSUs and PSUs accrue forfeitable dividend equivalent rights over the vesting period, receiving dividend payments only upon the settlement date if the requisite service-based and performance-based conditions have been achieved. As such, unvested RSUs and PSUs are excluded from the computation of basic net income per common share, but are included in the computation of diluted net income per common share unless the effect is to reduce a net loss or increase the net income per common share (also known as “anti-dilutive”).

Because the Company’s 6.900% Series C Fixed-to-Floating Rate Cumulative Redeemable Preferred Stock (the “Series C Preferred Stock”) is redeemable at the Company’s option for cash only and convertible into shares of common stock only upon a change of control of the Company (and subject to other circumstances) as described in Article IIIC of the Company’s Restated Articles of Incorporation, the effect of those shares and their related dividends were excluded from the calculation of diluted net income per common share for the periods presented.

Cash

Cash includes unrestricted demand deposits at highly rated financial institutions. The Company’s cash balances fluctuate throughout the year and may exceed Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (“FDIC”) insured limits from time to time. Although the Company bears risk to amounts in excess of those insured by the FDIC, it does not anticipate any losses as a result due to the financial position and creditworthiness of the depository institutions in which those deposits are held.

Cash Collateral Posted To/By Counterparties

Cash collateral posted to/by counterparties represents amounts pledged/received to cover initial and variation margin related to the Company’s financing and derivative instruments.

The following table provides a reconciliation of “cash” and “cash posted to counterparties” reported on the Company's consolidated balance sheet as of March 31, 2022 that sum to the total of the same such amounts shown on the Company’s consolidated statement of cash flows for the three months ended March 31, 2022:

	March 31, 2022
Cash	$	456,957
Cash collateral posted to counterparties	114,732
Total cash including cash posted to counterparties shown on consolidated statement of cash flows	$	571,689

Mortgage-Backed Securities

The Company’s MBS are recorded at fair value on the Company’s consolidated balance sheet. MBS purchased prior to January 1, 2021 are designated as available-for-sale (“AFS”) with changes in fair value reported in other comprehensive income (“OCI”) as an unrealized gain (loss) until the security is sold or matures. Effective January 1, 2021, the Company elected the fair value option for all MBS purchased on or after that date with changes in fair value reported in net income as “unrealized gain (loss) on investments, net” until the security is sold or matures. Upon the sale of an MBS, any unrealized gain or loss is reclassified to “realized gain (loss) on sale of investments, net” using the specific identification method. Management elected the fair value option so that GAAP net income will reflect the changes in fair value for its future purchases of MBS in a manner consistent with the presentation and timing of the changes in fair value of its derivative instruments. Electing the fair value option is increasing as an industry trend for mortgage REITs who have not elected cash flow hedge accounting. “Unrealized gain (loss) on investments, net” also includes changes in fair value for mortgage loans held for investment for which the Company elected the fair value option effective January 1, 2020.

Interest Income, Premium Amortization, and Discount Accretion. Interest income on MBS is accrued based on the outstanding principal balance (or notional balance in the case of interest-only, or “IO” securities) and their contractual terms. Premiums or discounts associated with the purchase of Agency MBS as well as any non-Agency MBS are amortized or accreted into interest income over the projected life of such securities using the effective yield method, and adjustments to premium amortization and discount accretion are made for actual cash payments. The Company’s projections of future cash payments are based on input received from external sources and internal models and may include assumptions about the amount and timing of loan prepayment rates, fluctuations in interest rates, credit losses, and other factors. On at least a quarterly basis, the Company reviews and makes any necessary adjustments to its cash flow projections and updates the yield recognized on these assets.

The Company does not currently hold any non-Agency MBS that were purchased at a discount with credit ratings of less than ‘AA’ or not rated by any of the nationally recognized credit rating agencies at the time of purchase.

Determination of MBS Fair Value. The Company estimates the fair value of the majority of its MBS based upon prices obtained from pricing services and broker quotes. The remainder of the Company’s MBS are valued by discounting the estimated future cash flows derived from cash flow models that utilize information such as the security’s coupon rate, estimated prepayment speeds, expected weighted average life, collateral composition, estimated future interest rates, expected losses, and credit enhancements as well as certain other relevant information. Please refer to Note 6 for further discussion of MBS fair value measurements.

Allowance for Credit Losses. On at least a quarterly basis, the Company evaluates any MBS designated as AFS with a fair value less than its amortized cost for credit losses. If the difference between the present value of cash flows expected to be collected on the MBS is less than its amortized cost, the difference is recorded as an allowance

for credit loss through net income up to and not exceeding the amount that the amortized cost exceeds current fair value. Subsequent changes in credit loss estimates are recognized in earnings in the period in which they occur. Because the majority of the Company’s investments are higher credit quality and most are guaranteed by a GSE, the Company is not likely to have an allowance for credit losses related to its MBS recorded on its consolidated balance sheet.

Repurchase Agreements

The Company’s repurchase agreements, which are used to finance its purchases of MBS, are accounted for as secured borrowings under which the Company pledges its securities as collateral to secure a loan, which is equal in value to a specified percentage of the estimated fair value of the pledged collateral. The Company retains beneficial ownership of the pledged collateral, which is disclosed parenthetically on the Company’s consolidated balance sheets. At the maturity of a repurchase agreement, the Company is required to repay the loan and concurrently receives back its pledged collateral from the lender or, with the consent of the lender, the Company may renew the agreement at the then prevailing financing rate. A repurchase agreement lender may require the Company to pledge additional collateral in the event of a decline in the fair value of the collateral pledged. Repurchase agreement financing is recourse to the Company and the assets pledged. Most of the Company’s repurchase agreements are based on the September 1996 version of the Bond Market Association Master Repurchase Agreement, which generally provides that the lender, as buyer, is responsible for obtaining collateral valuations from a generally recognized source agreed to by both the Company and the lender, or, in an instance when such source is not available, the value determination is made by the lender.

Derivative Instruments

The Company’s derivative instruments include U.S. Treasury futures, options on interest rate swaps (“swaptions”) and TBA securities, which are forward contracts for the purchase or sale of Agency RMBS on a non-specified pool basis. Derivative instruments are reported at their fair value on the Company’s consolidated balance sheet as derivative assets if in a gain position or as derivative liabilities if in a loss position, at the end of the period reported. All income/expenses and changes in fair value of derivative instruments, including gains and losses realized upon termination, maturity, or settlement are recorded in “gain (loss) on derivative instruments, net” on the Company’s consolidated statement of comprehensive income (loss). Cash receipts and payments related to derivative instruments are classified in the investing activities section of the consolidated statements of cash flows in accordance with the underlying nature or purpose of the derivative transactions.

The Company currently has short positions in U.S. Treasury futures contracts, which are valued based on exchange pricing with daily margin settlements. The Company realizes gains or losses on these contracts upon expiration at an amount equal to the difference between the current fair value of the underlying asset and the contractual price of the futures contract.

The Company’s swaptions provide the Company the right, but not an obligation, to enter into an interest rate swap at a predetermined notional amount with a stated term and pay and receive rates in the future. Swaptions are valued based on exchange pricing without daily exchanges of margin amounts. The Company may defer the premium payment until the effective date of the underlying interest rate swap agreement, recording a payable on its consolidated balance sheet. The premium payable and the fair value of the swaption are accounted for as a single unit of account. If a swaption expires unexercised, the realized loss on the swaption would be equal to the premium paid. If the swaption is exercised, the realized gain or loss on the swaption would be equal to the difference between the fair value of the underlying interest rate swap and the premium paid.

A TBA security is a forward contract (“TBA contract”) for the purchase (“long position”) or sale (“short position”) of a non-specified Agency MBS at a predetermined price with certain principal and interest terms and certain types of collateral, but the particular Agency securities to be delivered are not identified until shortly before the settlement date. The Company accounts for long and short positions in TBAs as derivative instruments because the Company cannot assert that it is probable at inception and throughout the term of an individual TBA transaction that

its settlement will result in physical delivery of the underlying Agency RMBS or that the individual TBA transaction will not settle in the shortest time period possible.

Please refer to Note 5 for additional information regarding the Company’s derivative instruments as well as Note 6 for information on how the fair value of these instruments is calculated.

Receivable For/Payable For Securities Pending Settlement

Receivable for/payable for securities pending settlement consists of amounts the Company is due or owed for sales of MBS and TBA securities that have not settled as of the date indicated on the consolidated balance sheet.

Share-Based Compensation

The Company’s 2020 Stock and Incentive Plan (the “2020 Plan”) reserves for issuance up to 2,300,000 common shares for eligible employees, non-employee directors, consultants, and advisors to the Company to be granted in the form of stock options, restricted stock, restricted stock units (“RSUs”), stock appreciation rights, performance-based stock units (“PSUs”), and performance-based cash awards (collectively, “awards”). As of March 31, 2022, 1,267,099 common shares are available for issuance under the 2020 Plan. Awards previously granted under the Company’s 2018 Stock and Incentive Plan (“2018 Plan”) or any other prior equity plan remain outstanding and valid in accordance with their terms, but no new awards will be granted under the 2018 Plan or any other prior equity plan.

Currently, the Company has shares of restricted stock and RSUs issued and outstanding which are treated as equity awards and recorded at their fair value using the closing stock price on the grant date. The compensation cost is recognized over the vesting period with a corresponding credit to shareholders’ equity using the straight-line method.

The Company also has PSUs issued and outstanding which contain either Company performance-based or market performance-based conditions. PSUs subject to Company performance-based conditions are initially recognized as equity at their fair value which is measured using the closing stock price on the grant date multiplied by the number of units expected to vest based on an assessment of the probability of achievement of the Company performance-based conditions as of the grant date. The grant date fair value is recognized as expense on the Company’s consolidated statements of comprehensive income within “Compensation and benefits” on a straight-line basis over the vesting period and adjusted if necessary based on any change in probability of achievement which is re-assessed as of each reporting date and on at least a quarterly basis.

PSUs subject to market performance-based conditions are recognized as equity at their grant date fair value determined through a Monte-Carlo simulation of the Company’s common stock total shareholder return (“TSR”) relative to the common stock TSR of the group of peer companies specified in the award agreement. Awards subject to market performance-based conditions are not assessed for probability of achievement and are not remeasured subsequent to issuance. The grant date fair value is recognized as expense on the Company’s consolidated statements of comprehensive income within “Compensation and benefits” on a straight-line basis over the vesting period even if the market performance-based conditions are not achieved.

The Company does not estimate forfeitures for any of its share-based compensation awards, but adjusts for actual forfeitures in the periods in which they occur. Because RSUs and PSUs have forfeitable dividend equivalent rights that are paid only upon settlement, any accrued dividend equivalent rights (“DERs”) on forfeited units are reversed with a corresponding credit to “Compensation and benefits.”

Contingencies

In the normal course of business, there may be various lawsuits, claims, and other contingencies pending against the Company. On a quarterly basis, the Company evaluates whether to establish provisions for estimated losses from those matters. The Company recognizes a liability for a contingent loss when: (a) the underlying causal event has occurred prior to the balance sheet date; (b) it is probable that a loss has been incurred; and (c) there is a reasonable

basis for estimating that loss. A liability is not recognized for a contingent loss when it is only possible or remotely possible that a loss has been incurred, however, possible contingent losses shall be disclosed. If the contingent loss (or an additional loss in excess of any accrual) is at least a reasonable possibility and material, then the Company discloses a reasonable estimate of the possible loss or range of loss, if such reasonable estimate can be made. If the Company cannot make a reasonable estimate of the possible material loss, or range of loss, then that fact is disclosed.

Recently Issued Accounting Pronouncements

The Company evaluates Accounting Standards Updates (“ASU”) issued by the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) on at least a quarterly basis to evaluate applicability and significance of any impact on its financial condition and results of operations. There were no accounting pronouncements issued during the three months ended March 31, 2022 that are expected to have a material impact on the Company’s financial condition or results of operations.

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Net Income (Loss) Per Common Share

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2022

Earnings Per Share [Abstract]

Net Income (Loss) Per Common Share

NET INCOME PER COMMON SHARE

Please refer to Note 1 for information regarding the Company’s treatment of its preferred stock and stock awards in the calculation of its basic and diluted net income per common share and to Note 7 for information regarding the Company’s stock award activity for the periods presented. The following table presents the computations of basic and diluted net income per common share for the periods indicated:

	Three Months Ended
	March 31,
	2022		2021
Weighted average number of common shares outstanding - basic	36,725,365		26,788,693
Incremental common shares-unvested RSUs	128,786		—
Incremental common shares-unvested PSUs	257,582		—
Weighted average number of common shares outstanding - diluted	37,111,733		26,788,693
Net income to common shareholders	$	115,286	$	112,383
Net income per common share-basic	$	3.14	$	4.20
Net income per common share-diluted	$	3.11	$	4.20

    

The Company did not have any potentially dilutive instruments outstanding during the three months ended March 31, 2021.

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Mortgage-Backed Securities

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2022

Investments, Debt and Equity Securities [Abstract]

Mortgage-Backed Securities

MORTGAGE-BACKED SECURITIES

The following tables present the Company’s MBS by investment type as of the dates indicated:

	March 31, 2022
	Agency RMBS		Agency CMBS		CMBS IO (1)		Non-Agency Other		Total
MBS designated as AFS:
Par value	$	1,137,360	$	171,846	$	—	$	864	$	1,310,070
Unamortized premium (discount)	36,649		2,174		252,946		(143)		291,626
Amortized cost	1,174,009		174,020		252,946		721		1,601,696
Gross unrealized gain	1,209		868		3,910		28		6,015
Gross unrealized loss	(86,458)		(1,911)		(2,214)		(43)		(90,626)
Fair value	$	1,088,760	$	172,977	$	254,642	$	706	$	1,517,085
MBS measured at fair value through net income:
Par value	$	1,773,996	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	1,773,996
Unamortized premium	28,917		—		21,332		—		50,249
Amortized cost	1,802,913		—		21,332		—		1,824,245
Gross unrealized gain	—		—		—		—		—
Gross unrealized loss	(125,118)		—		(1,195)		—		(126,313)
Fair value	$	1,677,795	$	—	$	20,137	$	—	$	1,697,932
Total as of March 31, 2022	$	2,766,555	$	172,977	$	274,779	$	706	$	3,215,017

(1) The notional balance for Agency CMBS IO measured at fair value through net income was $441,081 as of March 31, 2022. The notional balance of Agency CMBS IO and non-Agency CMBS IO designated as AFS was $9,882,225 and $7,859,450 respectively, as of March 31, 2022.

	December 31, 2021
	Agency RMBS		Agency CMBS		CMBS IO (1)		Non-Agency Other		Total
MBS designated as AFS:
Par value	$	1,193,951	$	174,899	$	—	$	966	$	1,369,816
Unamortized premium (discount)	38,787		2,312		276,354		(189)		317,264
Amortized cost	1,232,738		177,211		276,354		777		1,687,080
Gross unrealized gain	7,779		7,636		11,713		63		27,191
Gross unrealized loss	(19,994)		—		(426)		(42)		(20,462)
Fair value	$	1,220,523	$	184,847	$	287,641	$	798	$	1,693,809
MBS measured at fair value through net income:
Par value	$	1,445,796	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	1,445,796
Unamortized premium	35,373		—		21,843		—		57,216
Amortized cost	1,481,169		—		21,843		—		1,503,012
Gross unrealized gain	—		—		57		—		57
Gross unrealized loss	(14,917)		—		(122)		—		(15,039)
Fair value	$	1,466,252	$	—	$	21,778	$	—	$	1,488,030
Total as of December 31, 2021	$	2,686,775	$	184,847	$	309,419	$	798	$	3,181,839

(1) The notional balance of Agency CMBS IO measured at fair value through net income was $441,217 as of December 31, 2021. The notional balance of Agency CMBS IO and non-Agency CMBS IO designated as AFS was $10,189,497 and $8,635,666, respectively, as of December 31, 2021.

The majority of the Company’s MBS are pledged as collateral for the Company’s repurchase agreements, which are disclosed in Note 4. Actual maturities of MBS are affected by the contractual lives of the underlying mortgage collateral, periodic payments of principal, prepayments of principal, and the payment priority structure of the security; therefore, actual maturities are generally shorter than the securities' stated contractual maturities.

The following table presents information regarding the "realized gain on sale of investments, net" on the Company’s consolidated statements of comprehensive income for the periods indicated:

	Three Months Ended
	March 31,
	2022				2021
	Proceeds Received		Realized Gain		Proceeds Received		Realized Gain
Agency RMBS-designated as AFS	$	—	$	—	$	74,829	$	4,697
	$	—	$	—	$	74,829	$	4,697

The following table presents certain information for the AFS securities in an unrealized loss position as of the dates indicated:

	March 31, 2022					December 31, 2021
	Fair Value		Gross Unrealized Losses		# of Securities	Fair Value		Gross Unrealized Losses		# of Securities
Continuous unrealized loss position for less than 12 months:
Agency MBS	$	719,200	$	(47,905)	53	$	1,051,233	$	(20,118)	23
Non-Agency MBS	61,333		(1,206)		51	11,667		(247)		14
Continuous unrealized loss position for 12 months or longer:
Agency MBS	$	425,586	$	(41,409)	8	$	—	$	—	—
Non-Agency MBS	962		(106)		5	1,241		(97)		6

The unrealized losses on the Company’s MBS were the result of declines in market prices and were not credit related; therefore, the Company’s allowance for credit losses on its MBS designated as AFS was $0 as of March 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021. The principal related to Agency MBS is guaranteed by the GSEs Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac. Although the unrealized losses are not credit related, the Company assesses its ability and intent to hold any MBS with an unrealized loss until the recovery in its value. This assessment is based on the amount of the unrealized loss and significance of the related investment as well as the Company’s leverage and liquidity position. In addition, for its non-Agency MBS, the Company reviews the credit ratings, the credit characteristics of the mortgage loans collateralizing these securities, and the estimated future cash flows including projected collateral losses.

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Repurchase Agreements

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2022

Disclosure of Repurchase Agreements [Abstract]

Repurchase agreements

REPURCHASE AGREEMENTS

The Company’s repurchase agreements outstanding as of March 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021 are summarized in the following tables:

	March 31, 2022						December 31, 2021
Collateral Type	Balance		Weighted Average Rate		Fair Value of Collateral Pledged		Balance		Weighted Average Rate		Fair Value of Collateral Pledged
Agency RMBS	$	2,547,808	0.26	%	$	2,688,612	$	2,408,126	0.17	%	$	2,536,094
Agency CMBS	168,173		0.25	%	171,364		176,268		0.14	%	184,847
Agency CMBS IO	164,273		0.75	%	174,532		180,912		0.68	%	192,481
Non-Agency CMBS IO	72,548		1.33	%	85,160		84,610		0.99	%	97,897
Total repurchase agreements	$	2,952,802	0.31	%	$	3,119,668	$	2,849,916	0.23	%	$	3,011,319

The Company had repurchase agreement borrowings outstanding with 22 different counterparties as of March 31, 2022, and its equity at risk did not exceed 5% with any counterparty as of that date.

The following table provides information on the remaining term to maturity and original term to maturity for the Company’s repurchase agreements as of the dates indicated:

	March 31, 2022					December 31, 2021
Remaining Term to Maturity	Balance		Weighted Average Rate		WAVG Original Term to Maturity	Balance		Weighted Average Rate		WAVG Original Term to Maturity
Less than 30 days	$	1,567,265	0.36	%	88	$	602,994	0.42	%	123
30 to 90 days	977,241		0.24	%	154	763,302		0.14	%	166
91 to 180 days	159,180		0.16	%	367	1,075,324		0.15	%	198
181 days to 1 year	249,116		0.38	%	365	408,296		0.30	%	366
Total	$	2,952,802	0.31	%	148	$	2,849,916	0.23	%	198

The Company has an agreement with Wells Fargo Bank, N.A. for a committed repurchase facility, which has an aggregate maximum borrowing capacity of $250,000 and a maturity date of June 8, 2023. As of March 31, 2022, the Company had $76,882 outstanding with this facility at a weighted average borrowing rate of 1.20%. The remaining repurchase facilities available to the Company are uncommitted with no guarantee of renewal or terms of renewal.

The Company’s counterparties, as set forth in the master repurchase agreement with the counterparty, require the Company to comply with various customary operating and financial covenants, including, but not limited to, minimum net worth and earnings, maximum declines in net worth in a given period, and maximum leverage requirements as well as maintaining the Company’s REIT status. In addition, some of the agreements contain cross default features, whereby default under an agreement with one lender simultaneously causes default under agreements with other lenders. To the extent that the Company fails to comply with the covenants contained in these financing agreements or is otherwise found to be in default under the terms of such agreements, the counterparty has the right to accelerate amounts due under the master repurchase agreement. The Company believes it was in full compliance with all covenants in master repurchase agreements under which there were amounts outstanding as of March 31, 2022.

The Company's repurchase agreements are subject to underlying agreements with master netting or similar arrangements, which provide for the right of offset in the event of default or in the event of bankruptcy of either party to the transactions. The Company reports its repurchase agreements to these arrangements on a gross basis. The following table presents information regarding the Company's repurchase agreements as if the Company had presented them on a net basis as of March 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021:

	Gross Amount of Recognized Liabilities		Gross Amount Offset in the Balance Sheet		Net Amount of Liabilities Presented in the Balance Sheet		Gross Amount Not Offset in the Balance Sheet (1)				Net Amount
							Financial Instruments Posted as Collateral		Cash Posted as Collateral
March 31, 2022
Repurchase agreements	$	2,952,802	$	—	$	2,952,802	$	(2,952,802)	$	—	$	—
December 31, 2021
Repurchase agreements	$	2,849,916	$	—	$	2,849,916	$	(2,849,916)	$	—	$	—

(1) Amounts disclosed for collateral received by or posted to the same counterparty include cash and the fair value of MBS up to and not exceeding the net amount of the repurchase agreement liability presented in the balance sheet. The fair value of the total collateral received by or posted to the same counterparty may exceed the amounts presented.

Please see Note 5 for information related to the Company’s derivatives, which are also subject to underlying agreements with master netting or similar arrangements.

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Derivatives

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2022

Derivative Instruments and Hedging Activities Disclosure [Abstract]

Derivatives

DERIVATIVES

Types and Uses of Derivatives Instruments

Interest Rate Derivatives. During the three months ended March 31, 2022, the Company used short positions in U.S. Treasury futures and interest rate swaptions to mitigate the impact of changing interest rates on the fair value of its investments and its net interest earnings.

TBA Transactions. The Company purchases TBA securities as a means of investing in non-specified fixed-rate Agency RMBS and may also periodically sell TBA securities as a means of economically hedging its book value exposure to Agency RMBS. The Company holds long and short positions in TBA securities by executing a series of transactions, commonly referred to as “dollar roll” transactions, which effectively delay the settlement of a forward purchase (or sale) of a non-specified Agency RMBS by entering into an offsetting TBA position, net settling the paired-off positions in cash, and simultaneously entering into an identical TBA long (or short) position with a later settlement date. TBA securities purchased (or sold) for a forward settlement date are generally priced at a discount relative to TBA securities settling in the current month. This discount, often referred to as “drop income” represents the economic equivalent of net interest income (interest income less implied financing cost) on the underlying Agency security from trade date to settlement date. The Company accounts for all TBAs (whether net long or net short positions, or collectively “TBA dollar roll positions”) as derivative instruments because it cannot assert that it is probable at inception and throughout the term of an individual TBA transaction that its settlement will result in physical delivery of the underlying Agency RMBS, or that the individual TBA transaction will not settle in the shortest period possible.

Gain (Loss) on Derivative Instruments, Net

The table below provides detail of the Company’s “gain on derivative instruments, net” by type of derivative for the periods indicated:

	Three Months Ended
	March 31,
Type of Derivative Instrument	2022		2021
U.S. Treasury futures	$	288,934	$	95,647
Interest rate swaptions	25,438		57,763
Options on U.S. Treasury futures	—		12,617
TBA securities - long positions	(94,161)		(58,226)
Gain on derivative instruments, net	$	220,211	$	107,801

The table below summarizes information about the carrying value by type of derivative instrument on the Company’s consolidated balance sheets as of the dates indicated:

Type of Derivative Instrument	Balance Sheet Location	Purpose	March 31, 2022		December 31, 2021
Interest rate swaptions	Derivative assets	Economic hedging	$	28,640	$	3,202
TBA securities	Derivative assets	Investing	5,543		4,767
Total derivatives assets			$	34,183	$	7,969
U.S. Treasury futures	Derivative liabilities	Economic hedging	$	(9,847)	$	(2,471)
TBA securities	Derivative liabilities	Investing	(8,481)		—
Total derivatives liabilities			$	(18,328)	$	(2,471)

The following table provides details on the Company’s interest rate swaptions held as of the dates indicated:

	Option					Underlying Payer Swap
	Cost		Fair Value		Average Term to Expiration	Notional Amount		Average Fixed Pay Rate
As of March 31, 2022:	$	9,375	$	28,640	4 months	$	500,000	1.60%
As of December 31, 2021	$	9,375	$	3,202	7 months	$	500,000	1.60%

The following table provides details on the Company’s U.S. Treasury futures held as of the dates indicated:

	March 31, 2022					December 31, 2021:
	Notional Amount Long (Short)		Fair Value		Average Term to Expiration	Notional Amount Long (Short)		Fair Value		Average Term to Expiration
U.S. Treasury futures	$	(3,940,000)	$	(9,847)	3 months	$	(3,890,000)	$	(2,471)	3 months

The following table summarizes information about the Company's long positions in TBA securities as of the dates indicated:

	March 31, 2022		December 31, 2021
Implied market value (1)	$	1,732,654	$	1,531,188
Implied cost basis (2)	1,735,592		1,526,421
Net carrying value (3)	$	(2,938)	$	4,767

(1) Implied market value represents the estimated fair value of the underlying Agency MBS as of the date indicated.

(2) Implied cost basis represents the forward price to be paid for the underlying Agency MBS as of the date indicated.

(3) Net carrying value is the amount included on the consolidated balance sheets within “derivative assets” and “derivative liabilities” and represents the difference between the implied market value and the implied cost basis of the TBA securities as of the date indicated.

Volume of Activity

The tables below summarize changes in the Company’s derivative instruments for the three months ended March 31, 2022:

Type of Derivative Instrument	Beginning Notional Amount-Long (Short)		Additions		Settlements, Terminations, or Pair-Offs		Ending Notional Amount-Long (Short)
Interest rate swaptions	$	500,000	$	—	$	—	$	500,000
U.S. Treasury futures	(3,890,000)		(4,530,000)		4,480,000		(3,940,000)
TBA securities	1,530,000		7,813,000		(7,573,000)		1,770,000

Offsetting

The Company's derivatives are subject to underlying agreements with master netting or similar arrangements, which provide for the right of offset in the event of default or in the event of bankruptcy of either party to the transactions. The Company reports its derivative assets and liabilities subject to these arrangements on a gross basis. Please see Note 4 for information related to the Company’s repurchase agreements, which are also subject to underlying agreements with master netting or similar arrangements. The following tables present information regarding those derivative assets and liabilities subject to such arrangements as if the Company had presented them on a net basis as of March 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021:

	Offsetting of Assets
	Gross Amount of Recognized Assets		Gross Amount Offset in the Balance Sheet		Net Amount of Assets Presented in the Balance Sheet		Gross Amount Not Offset in the Balance Sheet (1)				Net Amount
							Financial Instruments Received as Collateral		Cash Received as Collateral
March 31, 2022
Interest rate swaptions	$	28,640	$	—	$	28,640	$	—	$	(28,640)	$	—
TBA securities	5,543		—		5,543		(5,543)		—		—
Derivative assets	$	34,183	$	—	$	34,183	$	(5,543)	$	(28,640)	$	—
December 31, 2021
Interest rate swaptions	$	3,202	$	—	$	3,202	$	—	$	(481)	$	2,721
TBA securities	4,767		—		4,767		—		(1,353)		3,414
Derivative assets	$	7,969	$	—	$	7,969	$	—	$	(1,834)	$	6,135

	Offsetting of Liabilities
	Gross Amount of Recognized Liabilities		Gross Amount Offset in the Balance Sheet		Net Amount of Liabilities Presented in the Balance Sheet		Gross Amount Not Offset in the Balance Sheet (1)				Net Amount
							Financial Instruments Posted as Collateral		Cash Posted as Collateral
March 31, 2022
U.S. Treasury futures-short positions	$	(9,847)	—		$	(9,847)	$	—	$	—	$	(9,847)
TBA securities	(8,481)		—		(8,481)		5,543		2,938		—
Derivative liabilities	$	(18,328)	$	—	$	(18,328)	$	5,543	$	2,938	$	(9,847)
December 31, 2021
U.S. Treasury futures-short positions	$	(2,471)	—		$	(2,471)	$	—	$	—	$	(2,471)
Derivative liabilities	$	(2,471)	$	—	$	(2,471)	$	—	$	—	$	(2,471)

(1) Amounts disclosed for collateral received by or posted to the same counterparty include cash and the fair value of MBS up to and not exceeding the net amount of the derivative asset or liability presented in the balance sheet. The fair value of the total collateral received by or posted to the same counterparty may exceed the amounts presented. Please refer to the consolidated balance sheets for the total fair value of financial instruments pledged as collateral for derivatives and repurchase agreements, which is shown parenthetically, and the total cash pledged or received as collateral which is disclosed in “cash collateral posted to/by counterparties.”

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Fair Value of Financial Instruments

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2022

Fair Value Disclosures [Abstract]

Fair Value of Financial Instruments

FAIR VALUE OF FINANCIAL INSTRUMENTS

Fair value is defined as the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date. Fair value is based on the assumptions market participants would use when pricing an asset or liability and also considers all aspects of nonperformance risk, including the entity’s own credit standing, when measuring fair value of a liability. ASC Topic 820 established a valuation hierarchy of three levels as follows:

•Level 1 – Inputs are unadjusted, quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities as of the

measurement date.

•Level 2 – Inputs include quoted prices in active markets for similar assets or liabilities; quoted prices in inactive markets for identical or similar assets or liabilities; or inputs either directly observable or indirectly observable through correlation with market data at the measurement date and for the duration of the instrument’s anticipated life.

•Level 3 – Unobservable inputs are supported by little or no market activity. The unobservable inputs represent management’s best estimate of how market participants would price the asset or liability at the measurement date. Consideration is given to the risk inherent in the valuation technique and the risk inherent in the inputs to the model.

The following table presents the Company’s financial instruments that are measured at fair value on the Company’s consolidated balance sheet by their valuation hierarchy levels as of the dates indicated:

	March 31, 2022								December 31, 2021
	Fair Value		Level 1		Level 2		Level 3		Fair Value		Level 1		Level 2		Level 3
Assets carried at fair value:
MBS	$	3,215,017	$	—	$	3,214,311	$	706	$	3,181,839	$	—	$	3,181,041	$	798
Mortgage loans held for investment	3,757		—		—		3,757		4,268		—		—		4,268
Derivative assets:
Interest rate swaptions	28,640		—		28,640		—		3,202		—		3,202		—
TBA securities-long position	5,543		—		5,543		—		4,767		—		4,767		—
Total assets carried at fair value	$	3,252,957	$	—	$	3,248,494	$	4,463	$	3,194,076	$	—	$	3,189,010	$	5,066
Liabilities carried at fair value:
U.S. Treasury futures	$	9,847	$	9,847	$	—	$	—	$	2,471	$	2,471	$	—	$	—
TBA securities-long position	8,481		—		8,481		—		—		—		—		—
Total liabilities carried at fair value	$	18,328	$	9,847	$	8,481	$	—	$	2,471	$	2,471	$	—	$	—

The fair value measurements for the Company's MBS are considered Level 2 when there are substantially similar securities actively trading or for which there has been recent trading activity in their respective markets and are based on prices received from pricing services and quotes from brokers. In valuing a security, the pricing service uses either a market approach, which uses observable prices and other relevant information that is generated by market transactions of identical or similar securities, or an income approach, which uses valuation techniques to convert future amounts to a single, discounted present value amount. The Company reviews the prices it receives from its pricing sources as well as the assumptions and inputs utilized by its pricing sources for reasonableness. Examples of these observable inputs and assumptions include market interest rates, credit spreads, and projected prepayment speeds, among other things.

The Company owns other non-Agency MBS and mortgage loans that are considered Level 3 assets because there has been no recent trading activity of similar instruments upon which their fair value can be measured. The fair value for these Level 3 assets is measured by discounting the estimated future cash flows derived from cash flow models using significant inputs which are determined by the Company when market observable inputs are not available. Information utilized in those pricing models include the security’s credit rating, coupon rate, estimated prepayment speeds, expected weighted average life, collateral composition, estimated future interest rates, expected

credit losses, and credit enhancement as well as certain other relevant information. The Company used a constant prepayment rate assumption of 10%, default rate of 2%, loss severity of 20%, and a discount rate of 7.0% in measuring the fair value of its Level 3 assets as of March 31, 2022. Significant changes in any of these inputs in isolation may result in a significantly different fair value measurement. Level 3 assets are generally most sensitive to the default rate and severity assumptions.

The activity of the Company’s Level 3 assets during the three months ended March 31, 2022 is presented in the following table:

	Three Months Ended
	March 31, 2022
	Other Non-Agency MBS		Mortgage Loans
Balance as of beginning of period	$	798	$	4,268
Change in fair value (1)	(36)		7
Principal payments	(102)		(512)
Accretion (amortization)	46		(6)
Balance as of end of period	$	706	$	3,757

(1) Change in fair value for mortgage loans is recorded within “unrealized gain (loss) on investments, net” in net income and change in fair value for other non-Agency MBS is recorded as unrealized gain (loss) in “other comprehensive income.”

U.S. Treasury futures are valued based on closing exchange prices on these contracts and are classified accordingly as Level 1 measurements. The fair value of interest rate swaptions is based on the fair value of the underlying interest rate swap and time remaining until its expiration and is carried on the balance sheet net of any deferred premium to be paid upon expiration. The fair value of TBA securities is estimated using methods similar those used to fair value the Company’s Level 2 MBS.

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Shareholders' Equity and Share-Based Compensation (Notes)

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2022

Equity [Abstract]

Shareholders' Equity and Share-based Compensation

SHAREHOLDERS’ EQUITY AND SHARE-BASED COMPENSATION

Preferred Stock. The Company’s Board of Directors has designated 6,600,000 shares of the Company’s preferred stock for issuance as Series C Preferred Stock, of which the Company has 4,460,000 of such shares outstanding as of March 31, 2022. The Series C Preferred Stock has no stated maturity, is not subject to any sinking fund or mandatory redemption, and will remain outstanding indefinitely unless redeemed or otherwise repurchased or converted into common stock pursuant to the terms of the Series C Preferred Stock. Except under certain limited circumstances described in Article IIIC of the Company’s Restated Articles of Incorporation, the Company may not redeem the Series C Preferred Stock prior to April 15, 2025. On or after that date, the Series C Preferred Stock may be redeemed at any time and from time to time at the Company's option at a cash redemption price of $25.00 per share plus any accumulated and unpaid dividends. Because the Series C Preferred Stock is redeemable only at the option of the issuer, it is classified as equity on the Company’s consolidated balance sheet.

The Series C Preferred Stock pays a cumulative cash dividend equivalent to 6.900% of the $25.00 liquidation preference per share each year until April 15, 2025. The terms of the Series C Preferred Stock state that upon April 15, 2025 and thereafter, the Company will pay cumulative cash dividends at a percentage of the $25.00 liquidation value per share equal to an annual floating rate of 3-month LIBOR plus a spread of 5.461%. However, because 3-month LIBOR will cease to be a published rate as of June 30, 2023, the fallback provision provided in the terms of the Series C Preferred Stock will allow for the Company to appoint a third-party independent financial institution of national standing to select an industry accepted alternative base rate. The Company paid its regular quarterly dividend of $0.43125 per share of Series C Preferred Stock on April 15, 2022 to shareholders of record as of April 1, 2022.

Common Stock. During the three months ended March 31, 2022, the Company issued 267,288 shares of its common stock through its ATM program at an aggregate value of $4,245, net of $54 in broker commissions and fees.

Share-Based Compensation. Total share-based compensation expense recognized by the Company for the three months ended March 31, 2022 was $846 compared to $452 for the three months ended March 31, 2021.

The following tables present a rollforward of share-based awards for the periods indicated:

	Three Months Ended
	March 31,
	2022			2021
Type of Award	Shares	Weighted Average Grant Date Fair Value Per Share		Shares	Weighted Average Grant Date Fair Value Per Share
Restricted stock:
Awards outstanding, beginning of period	197,804	$	15.27	281,761	$	14.74
Granted	40,196	15.19		16,722	19.03
Vested	(44,805)	17.79		(59,024)	18.02
Awards outstanding, end of period	193,195	$	14.67	239,459	$	14.23
RSUs:
Awards outstanding, beginning of period	55,019	$	19.40	—	$	—
Granted	73,767	15.19		—	—
Vested	—	—		—	—
Awards outstanding, end of period	128,786	$	16.99	—	$	—
PSUs:
Awards outstanding, beginning of period	110,040	$	19.40	—	$	—
Granted	147,542	15.19		—	—
Vested	—	—		—	—
Awards outstanding, end of period	257,582	$	16.99	—	$	—

The number of RSUs that may potentially vest will range from 0% if the recipient’s time-based vesting condition is not met to 100% if the time-based vesting condition is met. The number of PSUs that may potentially vest will range from 0% to 200% based on the achievement of the performance goals defined in the grant award. As of March 31, 2022, the Company expects 100% of all PSUs will vest. The Company has accrued for DERs of $162 and $81 for RSUs and PSUs, respectively, as of March 31, 2022 and $100 and $50, respectively as of December 31, 2021, which is included on the Company’s consolidated balance sheet within “accrued dividends payable.”

The following table discloses the grant date fair value of the Company’s remaining unvested awards as of March 31, 2022, which will be amortized into compensation expense over the period disclosed:

	March 31, 2022
	Remaining Compensation Cost		WAVG Period of Recognition (in Years)
Restricted stock	$	1,871	1.8
RSUs	1,833		2.5
PSUs	3,543		2.4
Total	$	7,247	2.3

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Organization and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies (Policies)

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2022

Accounting Policies [Abstract]

Organization

OrganizationDynex Capital, Inc. (“Company”) was incorporated in the Commonwealth of Virginia on December 18, 1987 and commenced operations in February 1988. The Company is an internally managed mortgage real estate investment trust, or mortgage REIT, which primarily earns income from investing on a leveraged basis in debt securities, the majority of which are specified pools of Agency mortgage-backed securities (“MBS”) consisting of residential MBS (“RMBS”), commercial MBS (“CMBS”), and CMBS interest-only (“IO”) securities and non-Agency MBS, which consist mainly of CMBS IO. Agency MBS have a guaranty of principal payment by a U.S. government-sponsored entity (“GSE”) such as Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac, which are in conservatorship and are currently supported by a senior preferred stock purchase agreement from the U.S. Treasury. Non-Agency MBS are issued by non-governmental enterprises and do not have a guaranty of principal payment. The Company also invests in other types of mortgage-related securities, such as to-be-announced securities (“TBAs” or “TBA securities”).

Basis of Presentation

Basis of PresentationThe accompanying unaudited consolidated financial statements of the Company and its subsidiaries (together, “Dynex” or, as appropriate, the “Company”) have been prepared in accordance with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles (“GAAP”) for interim financial information and with the instructions to the Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q and Article 10, Rule 10-01 of Regulation S-X promulgated by the Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”). Accordingly, they do not include all of the information and notes required by GAAP for complete financial statements. In the opinion of management, all significant adjustments, consisting of normal recurring accruals, considered necessary for a fair presentation of the consolidated financial statements have been included. Operating results for the three months ended March 31, 2022 are not necessarily indicative of the results that may be expected for any other interim periods or for the entire year ending December 31, 2022. The unaudited consolidated financial statements included herein should be read in conjunction with the audited financial statements and notes thereto included in the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2021 (the “2021 Form 10-K”) filed with the SEC.

Use of Estimates

Use of Estimates

The preparation of financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and the disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements as well as the reported amounts of revenue and expenses during the reported period. Actual results could differ from those estimates. The most significant estimates used by management include, but are not limited to, amortization of premiums and discounts and fair value measurements of its investments, including TBA securities accounted for as derivative instruments. These items are discussed further below within this note to the consolidated financial statements. The Company believes the estimates and assumptions underlying the consolidated financial statements included herein are reasonable and supportable based on the information available as of March 31, 2022.

Consolidation and Variable Interest Entities

Consolidation and Variable Interest Entities

The consolidated financial statements include the accounts of the Company and the accounts of its majority owned subsidiaries and variable interest entities (“VIE”) for which it is the primary beneficiary. All intercompany accounts and transactions have been eliminated in consolidation.

The Company consolidates a VIE if the Company is determined to be the VIE’s primary beneficiary, which is defined as the party that has both: (i) the power to control the activities that most significantly impact the VIE’s financial performance and (ii) the right to receive benefits or absorb losses that could potentially be significant to the VIE. The Company reconsiders its evaluation of whether to consolidate a VIE on an ongoing basis, based on changes in the facts and circumstances pertaining to the VIE. Though the Company invests in Agency and non-Agency MBS

which are generally considered to be interests in VIEs, the Company does not consolidate these entities because it does not meet the criteria to be deemed a primary beneficiary.

Income Taxes

Income Taxes

The Company has elected to be taxed as a real estate investment trust (“REIT”) under the Internal Revenue Code of 1986 (“Tax Code”) and the corresponding provisions of state law. To qualify as a REIT, the Company must meet certain tests including investing in primarily real estate-related assets and the required distribution of at least 90% of its annual REIT taxable income to shareholders after consideration of its net operating loss (“NOL”) carryforward and not including taxable income retained in its taxable subsidiaries. As a REIT, the Company generally will not be subject to federal income tax on the amount of its income or capital gains that is distributed as dividends to shareholders.

The Company assesses its tax positions for all open tax years and determines whether the Company has any material unrecognized liabilities and records these liabilities, if any, to the extent they are deemed more likely than not to have been incurred.

Net Income (Loss) Per Common Share

Net Income (Loss) Per Common Share

The Company calculates basic net income (loss) per common share by dividing net income (loss) to common shareholders for the period by weighted-average shares of common stock outstanding for that period. Please see Note 2 for the calculation of the Company’s basic and diluted net income (loss) per common share for the periods indicated.

The Company currently has unvested restricted stock, service-based restricted stock units (“RSUs”) and performance-based stock units (“PSUs”) issued and outstanding. Upon vesting (or settlement, in the case of units), restrictions on transfer expire on each share of restricted stock, RSU, and PSU, and each such share represents one unrestricted share of common stock and included in the computation of basis net income per common share. Restricted stock awards are considered participating securities and therefore are included in the computation of basic net income per common share using the two-class method because holders of unvested shares of restricted stock are eligible to receive non-forfeitable dividends. Holders of unvested RSUs and PSUs accrue forfeitable dividend equivalent rights over the vesting period, receiving dividend payments only upon the settlement date if the requisite service-based and performance-based conditions have been achieved. As such, unvested RSUs and PSUs are excluded from the computation of basic net income per common share, but are included in the computation of diluted net income per common share unless the effect is to reduce a net loss or increase the net income per common share (also known as “anti-dilutive”).

Because the Company’s 6.900% Series C Fixed-to-Floating Rate Cumulative Redeemable Preferred Stock (the “Series C Preferred Stock”) is redeemable at the Company’s option for cash only and convertible into shares of common stock only upon a change of control of the Company (and subject to other circumstances) as described in Article IIIC of the Company’s Restated Articles of Incorporation, the effect of those shares and their related dividends were excluded from the calculation of diluted net income per common share for the periods presented.

Cash

Cash

Cash includes unrestricted demand deposits at highly rated financial institutions. The Company’s cash balances fluctuate throughout the year and may exceed Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (“FDIC”) insured limits from time to time. Although the Company bears risk to amounts in excess of those insured by the FDIC, it does not anticipate any losses as a result due to the financial position and creditworthiness of the depository institutions in which those deposits are held.

Cash Collateral Posted To/By Counterparties

Cash Collateral Posted To/By Counterparties

Cash collateral posted to/by counterparties represents amounts pledged/received to cover initial and variation margin related to the Company’s financing and derivative instruments.

The following table provides a reconciliation of “cash” and “cash posted to counterparties” reported on the Company's consolidated balance sheet as of March 31, 2022 that sum to the total of the same such amounts shown on the Company’s consolidated statement of cash flows for the three months ended March 31, 2022:

	March 31, 2022
Cash	$	456,957
Cash collateral posted to counterparties	114,732
Total cash including cash posted to counterparties shown on consolidated statement of cash flows	$	571,689

Mortgage-Back Securities

Mortgage-Backed Securities

The Company’s MBS are recorded at fair value on the Company’s consolidated balance sheet. MBS purchased prior to January 1, 2021 are designated as available-for-sale (“AFS”) with changes in fair value reported in other comprehensive income (“OCI”) as an unrealized gain (loss) until the security is sold or matures. Effective January 1, 2021, the Company elected the fair value option for all MBS purchased on or after that date with changes in fair value reported in net income as “unrealized gain (loss) on investments, net” until the security is sold or matures. Upon the sale of an MBS, any unrealized gain or loss is reclassified to “realized gain (loss) on sale of investments, net” using the specific identification method. Management elected the fair value option so that GAAP net income will reflect the changes in fair value for its future purchases of MBS in a manner consistent with the presentation and timing of the changes in fair value of its derivative instruments. Electing the fair value option is increasing as an industry trend for mortgage REITs who have not elected cash flow hedge accounting. “Unrealized gain (loss) on investments, net” also includes changes in fair value for mortgage loans held for investment for which the Company elected the fair value option effective January 1, 2020.

Interest Income, Premium Amortization, and Discount Accretion. Interest income on MBS is accrued based on the outstanding principal balance (or notional balance in the case of interest-only, or “IO” securities) and their contractual terms. Premiums or discounts associated with the purchase of Agency MBS as well as any non-Agency MBS are amortized or accreted into interest income over the projected life of such securities using the effective yield method, and adjustments to premium amortization and discount accretion are made for actual cash payments. The Company’s projections of future cash payments are based on input received from external sources and internal models and may include assumptions about the amount and timing of loan prepayment rates, fluctuations in interest rates, credit losses, and other factors. On at least a quarterly basis, the Company reviews and makes any necessary adjustments to its cash flow projections and updates the yield recognized on these assets.

The Company does not currently hold any non-Agency MBS that were purchased at a discount with credit ratings of less than ‘AA’ or not rated by any of the nationally recognized credit rating agencies at the time of purchase.

Determination of MBS Fair Value. The Company estimates the fair value of the majority of its MBS based upon prices obtained from pricing services and broker quotes. The remainder of the Company’s MBS are valued by discounting the estimated future cash flows derived from cash flow models that utilize information such as the security’s coupon rate, estimated prepayment speeds, expected weighted average life, collateral composition, estimated future interest rates, expected losses, and credit enhancements as well as certain other relevant information. Please refer to Note 6 for further discussion of MBS fair value measurements.

Allowance for Credit Losses. On at least a quarterly basis, the Company evaluates any MBS designated as AFS with a fair value less than its amortized cost for credit losses. If the difference between the present value of cash flows expected to be collected on the MBS is less than its amortized cost, the difference is recorded as an allowance

for credit loss through net income up to and not exceeding the amount that the amortized cost exceeds current fair value. Subsequent changes in credit loss estimates are recognized in earnings in the period in which they occur. Because the majority of the Company’s investments are higher credit quality and most are guaranteed by a GSE, the Company is not likely to have an allowance for credit losses related to its MBS recorded on its consolidated balance sheet.

Repurchase Agreements

Repurchase Agreements

The Company’s repurchase agreements, which are used to finance its purchases of MBS, are accounted for as secured borrowings under which the Company pledges its securities as collateral to secure a loan, which is equal in value to a specified percentage of the estimated fair value of the pledged collateral. The Company retains beneficial ownership of the pledged collateral, which is disclosed parenthetically on the Company’s consolidated balance sheets. At the maturity of a repurchase agreement, the Company is required to repay the loan and concurrently receives back its pledged collateral from the lender or, with the consent of the lender, the Company may renew the agreement at the then prevailing financing rate. A repurchase agreement lender may require the Company to pledge additional collateral in the event of a decline in the fair value of the collateral pledged. Repurchase agreement financing is recourse to the Company and the assets pledged. Most of the Company’s repurchase agreements are based on the September 1996 version of the Bond Market Association Master Repurchase Agreement, which generally provides that the lender, as buyer, is responsible for obtaining collateral valuations from a generally recognized source agreed to by both the Company and the lender, or, in an instance when such source is not available, the value determination is made by the lender.

Derivative Instruments

Derivative Instruments

The Company’s derivative instruments include U.S. Treasury futures, options on interest rate swaps (“swaptions”) and TBA securities, which are forward contracts for the purchase or sale of Agency RMBS on a non-specified pool basis. Derivative instruments are reported at their fair value on the Company’s consolidated balance sheet as derivative assets if in a gain position or as derivative liabilities if in a loss position, at the end of the period reported. All income/expenses and changes in fair value of derivative instruments, including gains and losses realized upon termination, maturity, or settlement are recorded in “gain (loss) on derivative instruments, net” on the Company’s consolidated statement of comprehensive income (loss). Cash receipts and payments related to derivative instruments are classified in the investing activities section of the consolidated statements of cash flows in accordance with the underlying nature or purpose of the derivative transactions.

The Company currently has short positions in U.S. Treasury futures contracts, which are valued based on exchange pricing with daily margin settlements. The Company realizes gains or losses on these contracts upon expiration at an amount equal to the difference between the current fair value of the underlying asset and the contractual price of the futures contract.

The Company’s swaptions provide the Company the right, but not an obligation, to enter into an interest rate swap at a predetermined notional amount with a stated term and pay and receive rates in the future. Swaptions are valued based on exchange pricing without daily exchanges of margin amounts. The Company may defer the premium payment until the effective date of the underlying interest rate swap agreement, recording a payable on its consolidated balance sheet. The premium payable and the fair value of the swaption are accounted for as a single unit of account. If a swaption expires unexercised, the realized loss on the swaption would be equal to the premium paid. If the swaption is exercised, the realized gain or loss on the swaption would be equal to the difference between the fair value of the underlying interest rate swap and the premium paid.

A TBA security is a forward contract (“TBA contract”) for the purchase (“long position”) or sale (“short position”) of a non-specified Agency MBS at a predetermined price with certain principal and interest terms and certain types of collateral, but the particular Agency securities to be delivered are not identified until shortly before the settlement date. The Company accounts for long and short positions in TBAs as derivative instruments because the Company cannot assert that it is probable at inception and throughout the term of an individual TBA transaction that

its settlement will result in physical delivery of the underlying Agency RMBS or that the individual TBA transaction will not settle in the shortest time period possible.

Please refer to Note 5 for additional information regarding the Company’s derivative instruments as well as Note 6 for information on how the fair value of these instruments is calculated.

Receivable For/Payable For Securities Pending Settlement

Receivable For/Payable For Securities Pending SettlementReceivable for/payable for securities pending settlement consists of amounts the Company is due or owed for sales of MBS and TBA securities that have not settled as of the date indicated on the consolidated balance sheet.

Share-based Compensation

Share-Based Compensation

The Company’s 2020 Stock and Incentive Plan (the “2020 Plan”) reserves for issuance up to 2,300,000 common shares for eligible employees, non-employee directors, consultants, and advisors to the Company to be granted in the form of stock options, restricted stock, restricted stock units (“RSUs”), stock appreciation rights, performance-based stock units (“PSUs”), and performance-based cash awards (collectively, “awards”). As of March 31, 2022, 1,267,099 common shares are available for issuance under the 2020 Plan. Awards previously granted under the Company’s 2018 Stock and Incentive Plan (“2018 Plan”) or any other prior equity plan remain outstanding and valid in accordance with their terms, but no new awards will be granted under the 2018 Plan or any other prior equity plan.

Currently, the Company has shares of restricted stock and RSUs issued and outstanding which are treated as equity awards and recorded at their fair value using the closing stock price on the grant date. The compensation cost is recognized over the vesting period with a corresponding credit to shareholders’ equity using the straight-line method.

The Company also has PSUs issued and outstanding which contain either Company performance-based or market performance-based conditions. PSUs subject to Company performance-based conditions are initially recognized as equity at their fair value which is measured using the closing stock price on the grant date multiplied by the number of units expected to vest based on an assessment of the probability of achievement of the Company performance-based conditions as of the grant date. The grant date fair value is recognized as expense on the Company’s consolidated statements of comprehensive income within “Compensation and benefits” on a straight-line basis over the vesting period and adjusted if necessary based on any change in probability of achievement which is re-assessed as of each reporting date and on at least a quarterly basis.

PSUs subject to market performance-based conditions are recognized as equity at their grant date fair value determined through a Monte-Carlo simulation of the Company’s common stock total shareholder return (“TSR”) relative to the common stock TSR of the group of peer companies specified in the award agreement. Awards subject to market performance-based conditions are not assessed for probability of achievement and are not remeasured subsequent to issuance. The grant date fair value is recognized as expense on the Company’s consolidated statements of comprehensive income within “Compensation and benefits” on a straight-line basis over the vesting period even if the market performance-based conditions are not achieved.

The Company does not estimate forfeitures for any of its share-based compensation awards, but adjusts for actual forfeitures in the periods in which they occur. Because RSUs and PSUs have forfeitable dividend equivalent rights that are paid only upon settlement, any accrued dividend equivalent rights (“DERs”) on forfeited units are reversed with a corresponding credit to “Compensation and benefits.”

Contingencies

Contingencies

In the normal course of business, there may be various lawsuits, claims, and other contingencies pending against the Company. On a quarterly basis, the Company evaluates whether to establish provisions for estimated losses from those matters. The Company recognizes a liability for a contingent loss when: (a) the underlying causal event has occurred prior to the balance sheet date; (b) it is probable that a loss has been incurred; and (c) there is a reasonable

basis for estimating that loss. A liability is not recognized for a contingent loss when it is only possible or remotely possible that a loss has been incurred, however, possible contingent losses shall be disclosed. If the contingent loss (or an additional loss in excess of any accrual) is at least a reasonable possibility and material, then the Company discloses a reasonable estimate of the possible loss or range of loss, if such reasonable estimate can be made. If the Company cannot make a reasonable estimate of the possible material loss, or range of loss, then that fact is disclosed.

Recently Issued Accounting Pronouncements

Recently Issued Accounting Pronouncements

The Company evaluates Accounting Standards Updates (“ASU”) issued by the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) on at least a quarterly basis to evaluate applicability and significance of any impact on its financial condition and results of operations. There were no accounting pronouncements issued during the three months ended March 31, 2022 that are expected to have a material impact on the Company’s financial condition or results of operations.

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Net Income (Loss) Per Common Share (Tables)

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2022

Earnings Per Share [Abstract]

Schedule of Earnings Per Share, Basic and Diluted

The following table presents the computations of basic and diluted net income per common share for the periods indicated:

	Three Months Ended
	March 31,
	2022		2021
Weighted average number of common shares outstanding - basic	36,725,365		26,788,693
Incremental common shares-unvested RSUs	128,786		—
Incremental common shares-unvested PSUs	257,582		—
Weighted average number of common shares outstanding - diluted	37,111,733		26,788,693
Net income to common shareholders	$	115,286	$	112,383
Net income per common share-basic	$	3.14	$	4.20
Net income per common share-diluted	$	3.11	$	4.20

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Mortgage-Backed Securities (Tables)

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2022

Investments, Debt and Equity Securities [Abstract]

Debt Securities, Available-for-sale

The following tables present the Company’s MBS by investment type as of the dates indicated:

	March 31, 2022
	Agency RMBS		Agency CMBS		CMBS IO (1)		Non-Agency Other		Total
MBS designated as AFS:
Par value	$	1,137,360	$	171,846	$	—	$	864	$	1,310,070
Unamortized premium (discount)	36,649		2,174		252,946		(143)		291,626
Amortized cost	1,174,009		174,020		252,946		721		1,601,696
Gross unrealized gain	1,209		868		3,910		28		6,015
Gross unrealized loss	(86,458)		(1,911)		(2,214)		(43)		(90,626)
Fair value	$	1,088,760	$	172,977	$	254,642	$	706	$	1,517,085
MBS measured at fair value through net income:
Par value	$	1,773,996	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	1,773,996
Unamortized premium	28,917		—		21,332		—		50,249
Amortized cost	1,802,913		—		21,332		—		1,824,245
Gross unrealized gain	—		—		—		—		—
Gross unrealized loss	(125,118)		—		(1,195)		—		(126,313)
Fair value	$	1,677,795	$	—	$	20,137	$	—	$	1,697,932
Total as of March 31, 2022	$	2,766,555	$	172,977	$	274,779	$	706	$	3,215,017

(1) The notional balance for Agency CMBS IO measured at fair value through net income was $441,081 as of March 31, 2022. The notional balance of Agency CMBS IO and non-Agency CMBS IO designated as AFS was $9,882,225 and $7,859,450 respectively, as of March 31, 2022.

	December 31, 2021
	Agency RMBS		Agency CMBS		CMBS IO (1)		Non-Agency Other		Total
MBS designated as AFS:
Par value	$	1,193,951	$	174,899	$	—	$	966	$	1,369,816
Unamortized premium (discount)	38,787		2,312		276,354		(189)		317,264
Amortized cost	1,232,738		177,211		276,354		777		1,687,080
Gross unrealized gain	7,779		7,636		11,713		63		27,191
Gross unrealized loss	(19,994)		—		(426)		(42)		(20,462)
Fair value	$	1,220,523	$	184,847	$	287,641	$	798	$	1,693,809
MBS measured at fair value through net income:
Par value	$	1,445,796	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	1,445,796
Unamortized premium	35,373		—		21,843		—		57,216
Amortized cost	1,481,169		—		21,843		—		1,503,012
Gross unrealized gain	—		—		57		—		57
Gross unrealized loss	(14,917)		—		(122)		—		(15,039)
Fair value	$	1,466,252	$	—	$	21,778	$	—	$	1,488,030
Total as of December 31, 2021	$	2,686,775	$	184,847	$	309,419	$	798	$	3,181,839

(1) The notional balance of Agency CMBS IO measured at fair value through net income was $441,217 as of December 31, 2021. The notional balance of Agency CMBS IO and non-Agency CMBS IO designated as AFS was $10,189,497 and $8,635,666, respectively, as of December 31, 2021.

Debt Securities, Trading, and Equity Securities, FV-NI

The following tables present the Company’s MBS by investment type as of the dates indicated:

	March 31, 2022
	Agency RMBS		Agency CMBS		CMBS IO (1)		Non-Agency Other		Total
MBS designated as AFS:
Par value	$	1,137,360	$	171,846	$	—	$	864	$	1,310,070
Unamortized premium (discount)	36,649		2,174		252,946		(143)		291,626
Amortized cost	1,174,009		174,020		252,946		721		1,601,696
Gross unrealized gain	1,209		868		3,910		28		6,015
Gross unrealized loss	(86,458)		(1,911)		(2,214)		(43)		(90,626)
Fair value	$	1,088,760	$	172,977	$	254,642	$	706	$	1,517,085
MBS measured at fair value through net income:
Par value	$	1,773,996	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	1,773,996
Unamortized premium	28,917		—		21,332		—		50,249
Amortized cost	1,802,913		—		21,332		—		1,824,245
Gross unrealized gain	—		—		—		—		—
Gross unrealized loss	(125,118)		—		(1,195)		—		(126,313)
Fair value	$	1,677,795	$	—	$	20,137	$	—	$	1,697,932
Total as of March 31, 2022	$	2,766,555	$	172,977	$	274,779	$	706	$	3,215,017

(1) The notional balance for Agency CMBS IO measured at fair value through net income was $441,081 as of March 31, 2022. The notional balance of Agency CMBS IO and non-Agency CMBS IO designated as AFS was $9,882,225 and $7,859,450 respectively, as of March 31, 2022.

	December 31, 2021
	Agency RMBS		Agency CMBS		CMBS IO (1)		Non-Agency Other		Total
MBS designated as AFS:
Par value	$	1,193,951	$	174,899	$	—	$	966	$	1,369,816
Unamortized premium (discount)	38,787		2,312		276,354		(189)		317,264
Amortized cost	1,232,738		177,211		276,354		777		1,687,080
Gross unrealized gain	7,779		7,636		11,713		63		27,191
Gross unrealized loss	(19,994)		—		(426)		(42)		(20,462)
Fair value	$	1,220,523	$	184,847	$	287,641	$	798	$	1,693,809
MBS measured at fair value through net income:
Par value	$	1,445,796	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	1,445,796
Unamortized premium	35,373		—		21,843		—		57,216
Amortized cost	1,481,169		—		21,843		—		1,503,012
Gross unrealized gain	—		—		57		—		57
Gross unrealized loss	(14,917)		—		(122)		—		(15,039)
Fair value	$	1,466,252	$	—	$	21,778	$	—	$	1,488,030
Total as of December 31, 2021	$	2,686,775	$	184,847	$	309,419	$	798	$	3,181,839

(1) The notional balance of Agency CMBS IO measured at fair value through net income was $441,217 as of December 31, 2021. The notional balance of Agency CMBS IO and non-Agency CMBS IO designated as AFS was $10,189,497 and $8,635,666, respectively, as of December 31, 2021.

Schedule of Realized Gain (Loss)

The following table presents information regarding the "realized gain on sale of investments, net" on the Company’s consolidated statements of comprehensive income for the periods indicated:

	Three Months Ended
	March 31,
	2022				2021
	Proceeds Received		Realized Gain		Proceeds Received		Realized Gain
Agency RMBS-designated as AFS	$	—	$	—	$	74,829	$	4,697
	$	—	$	—	$	74,829	$	4,697

Debt Securities, Available-for-sale, Unrealized Loss Position, Fair Value

The following table presents certain information for the AFS securities in an unrealized loss position as of the dates indicated:

	March 31, 2022					December 31, 2021
	Fair Value		Gross Unrealized Losses		# of Securities	Fair Value		Gross Unrealized Losses		# of Securities
Continuous unrealized loss position for less than 12 months:
Agency MBS	$	719,200	$	(47,905)	53	$	1,051,233	$	(20,118)	23
Non-Agency MBS	61,333		(1,206)		51	11,667		(247)		14
Continuous unrealized loss position for 12 months or longer:
Agency MBS	$	425,586	$	(41,409)	8	$	—	$	—	—
Non-Agency MBS	962		(106)		5	1,241		(97)		6

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Repurchase Agreements (Tables)

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2022

Disclosure of Repurchase Agreements [Abstract]

Schedule of Underlying Assets of Repurchase Agreements when Amount of Repurchase Agreements Exceeds 10 Percent of Assets

The Company’s repurchase agreements outstanding as of March 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021 are summarized in the following tables:

	March 31, 2022						December 31, 2021
Collateral Type	Balance		Weighted Average Rate		Fair Value of Collateral Pledged		Balance		Weighted Average Rate		Fair Value of Collateral Pledged
Agency RMBS	$	2,547,808	0.26	%	$	2,688,612	$	2,408,126	0.17	%	$	2,536,094
Agency CMBS	168,173		0.25	%	171,364		176,268		0.14	%	184,847
Agency CMBS IO	164,273		0.75	%	174,532		180,912		0.68	%	192,481
Non-Agency CMBS IO	72,548		1.33	%	85,160		84,610		0.99	%	97,897
Total repurchase agreements	$	2,952,802	0.31	%	$	3,119,668	$	2,849,916	0.23	%	$	3,011,319

Transfer of Certain Financial Assets Accounted for as Secured Borrowings

The following table provides information on the remaining term to maturity and original term to maturity for the Company’s repurchase agreements as of the dates indicated:

	March 31, 2022					December 31, 2021
Remaining Term to Maturity	Balance		Weighted Average Rate		WAVG Original Term to Maturity	Balance		Weighted Average Rate		WAVG Original Term to Maturity
Less than 30 days	$	1,567,265	0.36	%	88	$	602,994	0.42	%	123
30 to 90 days	977,241		0.24	%	154	763,302		0.14	%	166
91 to 180 days	159,180		0.16	%	367	1,075,324		0.15	%	198
181 days to 1 year	249,116		0.38	%	365	408,296		0.30	%	366
Total	$	2,952,802	0.31	%	148	$	2,849,916	0.23	%	198

Schedule of Repurchase Agreements on a Net Basis

The following table presents information regarding the Company's repurchase agreements as if the Company had presented them on a net basis as of March 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021:

	Gross Amount of Recognized Liabilities		Gross Amount Offset in the Balance Sheet		Net Amount of Liabilities Presented in the Balance Sheet		Gross Amount Not Offset in the Balance Sheet (1)				Net Amount
							Financial Instruments Posted as Collateral		Cash Posted as Collateral
March 31, 2022
Repurchase agreements	$	2,952,802	$	—	$	2,952,802	$	(2,952,802)	$	—	$	—
December 31, 2021
Repurchase agreements	$	2,849,916	$	—	$	2,849,916	$	(2,849,916)	$	—	$	—

(1) Amounts disclosed for collateral received by or posted to the same counterparty include cash and the fair value of MBS up to and not exceeding the net amount of the repurchase agreement liability presented in the balance sheet. The fair value of the total collateral received by or posted to the same counterparty may exceed the amounts presented.

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Derivatives (Tables)

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2022

Derivative Instruments and Hedging Activities Disclosure [Abstract]

Derivative Instruments, Gain (Loss)

The table below provides detail of the Company’s “gain on derivative instruments, net” by type of derivative for the periods indicated:

	Three Months Ended
	March 31,
Type of Derivative Instrument	2022		2021
U.S. Treasury futures	$	288,934	$	95,647
Interest rate swaptions	25,438		57,763
Options on U.S. Treasury futures	—		12,617
TBA securities - long positions	(94,161)		(58,226)
Gain on derivative instruments, net	$	220,211	$	107,801

Schedule of Derivative Instruments in Statement of Financial Position, Fair Value

The table below summarizes information about the carrying value by type of derivative instrument on the Company’s consolidated balance sheets as of the dates indicated:

Type of Derivative Instrument	Balance Sheet Location	Purpose	March 31, 2022		December 31, 2021
Interest rate swaptions	Derivative assets	Economic hedging	$	28,640	$	3,202
TBA securities	Derivative assets	Investing	5,543		4,767
Total derivatives assets			$	34,183	$	7,969
U.S. Treasury futures	Derivative liabilities	Economic hedging	$	(9,847)	$	(2,471)
TBA securities	Derivative liabilities	Investing	(8,481)		—
Total derivatives liabilities			$	(18,328)	$	(2,471)

Schedule of Interest Rate Derivatives

The following table provides details on the Company’s interest rate swaptions held as of the dates indicated:

	Option					Underlying Payer Swap
	Cost		Fair Value		Average Term to Expiration	Notional Amount		Average Fixed Pay Rate
As of March 31, 2022:	$	9,375	$	28,640	4 months	$	500,000	1.60%
As of December 31, 2021	$	9,375	$	3,202	7 months	$	500,000	1.60%

Derivatives Not Designated as Hedging Instruments

The following table provides details on the Company’s U.S. Treasury futures held as of the dates indicated:

	March 31, 2022					December 31, 2021:
	Notional Amount Long (Short)		Fair Value		Average Term to Expiration	Notional Amount Long (Short)		Fair Value		Average Term to Expiration
U.S. Treasury futures	$	(3,940,000)	$	(9,847)	3 months	$	(3,890,000)	$	(2,471)	3 months

Schedule of Notional Amounts of Outstanding Derivative Positions

The tables below summarize changes in the Company’s derivative instruments for the three months ended March 31, 2022:

Type of Derivative Instrument	Beginning Notional Amount-Long (Short)		Additions		Settlements, Terminations, or Pair-Offs		Ending Notional Amount-Long (Short)
Interest rate swaptions	$	500,000	$	—	$	—	$	500,000
U.S. Treasury futures	(3,890,000)		(4,530,000)		4,480,000		(3,940,000)
TBA securities	1,530,000		7,813,000		(7,573,000)		1,770,000

Offsetting Assets

The following table summarizes information about the Company's long positions in TBA securities as of the dates indicated:

	March 31, 2022		December 31, 2021
Implied market value (1)	$	1,732,654	$	1,531,188
Implied cost basis (2)	1,735,592		1,526,421
Net carrying value (3)	$	(2,938)	$	4,767

(1) Implied market value represents the estimated fair value of the underlying Agency MBS as of the date indicated.

(2) Implied cost basis represents the forward price to be paid for the underlying Agency MBS as of the date indicated.

(3) Net carrying value is the amount included on the consolidated balance sheets within “derivative assets” and “derivative liabilities” and represents the difference between the implied market value and the implied cost basis of the TBA securities as of the date indicated.

The following tables present information regarding those derivative assets and liabilities subject to such arrangements as if the Company had presented them on a net basis as of March 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021:

	Offsetting of Assets
	Gross Amount of Recognized Assets		Gross Amount Offset in the Balance Sheet		Net Amount of Assets Presented in the Balance Sheet		Gross Amount Not Offset in the Balance Sheet (1)				Net Amount
							Financial Instruments Received as Collateral		Cash Received as Collateral
March 31, 2022
Interest rate swaptions	$	28,640	$	—	$	28,640	$	—	$	(28,640)	$	—
TBA securities	5,543		—		5,543		(5,543)		—		—
Derivative assets	$	34,183	$	—	$	34,183	$	(5,543)	$	(28,640)	$	—
December 31, 2021
Interest rate swaptions	$	3,202	$	—	$	3,202	$	—	$	(481)	$	2,721
TBA securities	4,767		—		4,767		—		(1,353)		3,414
Derivative assets	$	7,969	$	—	$	7,969	$	—	$	(1,834)	$	6,135

Offsetting Liabilities

The following table summarizes information about the Company's long positions in TBA securities as of the dates indicated:

	March 31, 2022		December 31, 2021
Implied market value (1)	$	1,732,654	$	1,531,188
Implied cost basis (2)	1,735,592		1,526,421
Net carrying value (3)	$	(2,938)	$	4,767

(1) Implied market value represents the estimated fair value of the underlying Agency MBS as of the date indicated.

(2) Implied cost basis represents the forward price to be paid for the underlying Agency MBS as of the date indicated.

(3) Net carrying value is the amount included on the consolidated balance sheets within “derivative assets” and “derivative liabilities” and represents the difference between the implied market value and the implied cost basis of the TBA securities as of the date indicated.

	Offsetting of Liabilities
	Gross Amount of Recognized Liabilities		Gross Amount Offset in the Balance Sheet		Net Amount of Liabilities Presented in the Balance Sheet		Gross Amount Not Offset in the Balance Sheet (1)				Net Amount
							Financial Instruments Posted as Collateral		Cash Posted as Collateral
March 31, 2022
U.S. Treasury futures-short positions	$	(9,847)	—		$	(9,847)	$	—	$	—	$	(9,847)
TBA securities	(8,481)		—		(8,481)		5,543		2,938		—
Derivative liabilities	$	(18,328)	$	—	$	(18,328)	$	5,543	$	2,938	$	(9,847)
December 31, 2021
U.S. Treasury futures-short positions	$	(2,471)	—		$	(2,471)	$	—	$	—	$	(2,471)
Derivative liabilities	$	(2,471)	$	—	$	(2,471)	$	—	$	—	$	(2,471)

(1) Amounts disclosed for collateral received by or posted to the same counterparty include cash and the fair value of MBS up to and not exceeding the net amount of the derivative asset or liability presented in the balance sheet. The fair value of the total collateral received by or posted to the same counterparty may exceed the amounts presented. Please refer to the consolidated balance sheets for the total fair value of financial instruments pledged as collateral for derivatives and repurchase agreements, which is shown parenthetically, and the total cash pledged or received as collateral which is disclosed in “cash collateral posted to/by counterparties.”

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Fair Value of Financial Instruments (Tables)

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2022

Fair Value Disclosures [Abstract]

Fair Value Disclosures

FAIR VALUE OF FINANCIAL INSTRUMENTS

Fair value is defined as the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date. Fair value is based on the assumptions market participants would use when pricing an asset or liability and also considers all aspects of nonperformance risk, including the entity’s own credit standing, when measuring fair value of a liability. ASC Topic 820 established a valuation hierarchy of three levels as follows:

•Level 1 – Inputs are unadjusted, quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities as of the

measurement date.

•Level 2 – Inputs include quoted prices in active markets for similar assets or liabilities; quoted prices in inactive markets for identical or similar assets or liabilities; or inputs either directly observable or indirectly observable through correlation with market data at the measurement date and for the duration of the instrument’s anticipated life.

•Level 3 – Unobservable inputs are supported by little or no market activity. The unobservable inputs represent management’s best estimate of how market participants would price the asset or liability at the measurement date. Consideration is given to the risk inherent in the valuation technique and the risk inherent in the inputs to the model.

The following table presents the Company’s financial instruments that are measured at fair value on the Company’s consolidated balance sheet by their valuation hierarchy levels as of the dates indicated:

	March 31, 2022								December 31, 2021
	Fair Value		Level 1		Level 2		Level 3		Fair Value		Level 1		Level 2		Level 3
Assets carried at fair value:
MBS	$	3,215,017	$	—	$	3,214,311	$	706	$	3,181,839	$	—	$	3,181,041	$	798
Mortgage loans held for investment	3,757		—		—		3,757		4,268		—		—		4,268
Derivative assets:
Interest rate swaptions	28,640		—		28,640		—		3,202		—		3,202		—
TBA securities-long position	5,543		—		5,543		—		4,767		—		4,767		—
Total assets carried at fair value	$	3,252,957	$	—	$	3,248,494	$	4,463	$	3,194,076	$	—	$	3,189,010	$	5,066
Liabilities carried at fair value:
U.S. Treasury futures	$	9,847	$	9,847	$	—	$	—	$	2,471	$	2,471	$	—	$	—
TBA securities-long position	8,481		—		8,481		—		—		—		—		—
Total liabilities carried at fair value	$	18,328	$	9,847	$	8,481	$	—	$	2,471	$	2,471	$	—	$	—

The fair value measurements for the Company's MBS are considered Level 2 when there are substantially similar securities actively trading or for which there has been recent trading activity in their respective markets and are based on prices received from pricing services and quotes from brokers. In valuing a security, the pricing service uses either a market approach, which uses observable prices and other relevant information that is generated by market transactions of identical or similar securities, or an income approach, which uses valuation techniques to convert future amounts to a single, discounted present value amount. The Company reviews the prices it receives from its pricing sources as well as the assumptions and inputs utilized by its pricing sources for reasonableness. Examples of these observable inputs and assumptions include market interest rates, credit spreads, and projected prepayment speeds, among other things.

The Company owns other non-Agency MBS and mortgage loans that are considered Level 3 assets because there has been no recent trading activity of similar instruments upon which their fair value can be measured. The fair value for these Level 3 assets is measured by discounting the estimated future cash flows derived from cash flow models using significant inputs which are determined by the Company when market observable inputs are not available. Information utilized in those pricing models include the security’s credit rating, coupon rate, estimated prepayment speeds, expected weighted average life, collateral composition, estimated future interest rates, expected

credit losses, and credit enhancement as well as certain other relevant information. The Company used a constant prepayment rate assumption of 10%, default rate of 2%, loss severity of 20%, and a discount rate of 7.0% in measuring the fair value of its Level 3 assets as of March 31, 2022. Significant changes in any of these inputs in isolation may result in a significantly different fair value measurement. Level 3 assets are generally most sensitive to the default rate and severity assumptions.

The activity of the Company’s Level 3 assets during the three months ended March 31, 2022 is presented in the following table:

	Three Months Ended
	March 31, 2022
	Other Non-Agency MBS		Mortgage Loans
Balance as of beginning of period	$	798	$	4,268
Change in fair value (1)	(36)		7
Principal payments	(102)		(512)
Accretion (amortization)	46		(6)
Balance as of end of period	$	706	$	3,757

(1) Change in fair value for mortgage loans is recorded within “unrealized gain (loss) on investments, net” in net income and change in fair value for other non-Agency MBS is recorded as unrealized gain (loss) in “other comprehensive income.”

U.S. Treasury futures are valued based on closing exchange prices on these contracts and are classified accordingly as Level 1 measurements. The fair value of interest rate swaptions is based on the fair value of the underlying interest rate swap and time remaining until its expiration and is carried on the balance sheet net of any deferred premium to be paid upon expiration. The fair value of TBA securities is estimated using methods similar those used to fair value the Company’s Level 2 MBS.

Schedule of Fair Value, Assets and Liabilities Measured on Recurring Basis

The following table presents the Company’s financial instruments that are measured at fair value on the Company’s consolidated balance sheet by their valuation hierarchy levels as of the dates indicated:

	March 31, 2022								December 31, 2021
	Fair Value		Level 1		Level 2		Level 3		Fair Value		Level 1		Level 2		Level 3
Assets carried at fair value:
MBS	$	3,215,017	$	—	$	3,214,311	$	706	$	3,181,839	$	—	$	3,181,041	$	798
Mortgage loans held for investment	3,757		—		—		3,757		4,268		—		—		4,268
Derivative assets:
Interest rate swaptions	28,640		—		28,640		—		3,202		—		3,202		—
TBA securities-long position	5,543		—		5,543		—		4,767		—		4,767		—
Total assets carried at fair value	$	3,252,957	$	—	$	3,248,494	$	4,463	$	3,194,076	$	—	$	3,189,010	$	5,066
Liabilities carried at fair value:
U.S. Treasury futures	$	9,847	$	9,847	$	—	$	—	$	2,471	$	2,471	$	—	$	—
TBA securities-long position	8,481		—		8,481		—		—		—		—		—
Total liabilities carried at fair value	$	18,328	$	9,847	$	8,481	$	—	$	2,471	$	2,471	$	—	$	—

Fair Value, Assets Measured on Recurring Basis, Unobservable Input Reconciliation

The activity of the Company’s Level 3 assets during the three months ended March 31, 2022 is presented in the following table:

	Three Months Ended
	March 31, 2022
	Other Non-Agency MBS		Mortgage Loans
Balance as of beginning of period	$	798	$	4,268
Change in fair value (1)	(36)		7
Principal payments	(102)		(512)
Accretion (amortization)	46		(6)
Balance as of end of period	$	706	$	3,757

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Shareholders' Equity and Share-Based Compensation (Tables)

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2022

Equity [Abstract]

Schedule of Share-based Compensation, Restricted Stock and Restricted Stock Units Activity

The following tables present a rollforward of share-based awards for the periods indicated:

	Three Months Ended
	March 31,
	2022			2021
Type of Award	Shares	Weighted Average Grant Date Fair Value Per Share		Shares	Weighted Average Grant Date Fair Value Per Share
Restricted stock:
Awards outstanding, beginning of period	197,804	$	15.27	281,761	$	14.74
Granted	40,196	15.19		16,722	19.03
Vested	(44,805)	17.79		(59,024)	18.02
Awards outstanding, end of period	193,195	$	14.67	239,459	$	14.23
RSUs:
Awards outstanding, beginning of period	55,019	$	19.40	—	$	—
Granted	73,767	15.19		—	—
Vested	—	—		—	—
Awards outstanding, end of period	128,786	$	16.99	—	$	—
PSUs:
Awards outstanding, beginning of period	110,040	$	19.40	—	$	—
Granted	147,542	15.19		—	—
Vested	—	—		—	—
Awards outstanding, end of period	257,582	$	16.99	—	$	—

Disclosure of Share-based Compensation Arrangements by Share-based Payment Award

The following table discloses the grant date fair value of the Company’s remaining unvested awards as of March 31, 2022, which will be amortized into compensation expense over the period disclosed:

	March 31, 2022
	Remaining Compensation Cost		WAVG Period of Recognition (in Years)
Restricted stock	$	1,871	1.8
RSUs	1,833		2.5
PSUs	3,543		2.4
Total	$	7,247	2.3

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Organization and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Mar. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021	Mar. 31, 2021	Dec. 31, 2020
Accounting Policies [Abstract]
Cash	$ 456,957	$ 366,023
Cash collateral posted to counterparties	114,732	55,284
Total cash including cash posted to counterparties shown on consolidated statement of cash flows	$ 571,689	$ 421,307	$ 378,116	$ 310,360

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Net Income (Loss) Per Common Share (Details) - USD ($) $ / shares in Units, $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2022	Mar. 31, 2021
Earnings Per Share, Diluted, by Common Class, Including Two Class Method [Line Items]
Weighted average common shares-basic (in shares)	36,725,365	26,788,693
Weighted average common shares-diluted (in shares)	37,111,733	26,788,693
Net (loss) income to common stockholders	$ 115,286	$ 112,383
Net income (loss) per common share-basic (in dollars per share)	$ 3.14	$ 4.20
Net income (loss) per common share-diluted (in dollars per share)	$ 3.11	$ 4.20
Restricted Stock Units (RSUs) [Member]
Earnings Per Share, Diluted, by Common Class, Including Two Class Method [Line Items]
Incremental common shares - unvested (in shares)	128,786	0
Performance Shares [Member]
Earnings Per Share, Diluted, by Common Class, Including Two Class Method [Line Items]
Incremental common shares - unvested (in shares)	257,582	0

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Mortgage-Backed Securities - Investment Type (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended	12 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021
MBS designated as AFS:
Par value	$ 1,310,070	$ 1,369,816
Unamortized premium (discount)	(291,626)	(317,264)
Amortized cost	1,601,696	1,687,080
Gross unrealized gain	6,015	27,191
Gross unrealized loss	(90,626)	(20,462)
Fair value	1,517,085	1,693,809
MBS measured at fair value through net income:
Par value	1,773,996	1,445,796
Unamortized premium	(291,626)	(317,264)
Amortized cost	1,824,245	1,503,012
Gross unrealized gain	0	57
Gross unrealized loss	(126,313)	(15,039)
Fair value	1,697,932	1,488,030
Total as of March 31, 2022	3,215,017	3,181,839
Fair Value Option
MBS designated as AFS:
Unamortized premium (discount)	(50,249)	(57,216)
MBS measured at fair value through net income:
Unamortized premium	(50,249)	(57,216)
Agency RMBS-designated as AFS
MBS designated as AFS:
Par value	1,137,360	1,193,951
Unamortized premium (discount)	(36,649)	(38,787)
Amortized cost	1,174,009	1,232,738
Gross unrealized gain	1,209	7,779
Gross unrealized loss	(86,458)	(19,994)
Fair value	1,088,760	1,220,523
MBS measured at fair value through net income:
Par value	1,773,996	1,445,796
Unamortized premium	(36,649)	(38,787)
Amortized cost	1,802,913	1,481,169
Gross unrealized gain	0	0
Gross unrealized loss	(125,118)	(14,917)
Fair value	1,677,795	1,466,252
Total as of March 31, 2022	2,766,555	2,686,775
Agency RMBS-designated as AFS | Fair Value Option
MBS designated as AFS:
Unamortized premium (discount)	(28,917)	(35,373)
MBS measured at fair value through net income:
Unamortized premium	(28,917)	(35,373)
Agency CMBS-designated as AFS
MBS designated as AFS:
Par value	171,846	174,899
Unamortized premium (discount)	(2,174)	(2,312)
Amortized cost	174,020	177,211
Gross unrealized gain	868	7,636
Gross unrealized loss	(1,911)	0
Fair value	172,977	184,847
MBS measured at fair value through net income:
Par value		0
Unamortized premium	(2,174)	(2,312)
Amortized cost		0
Gross unrealized gain		0
Gross unrealized loss		0
Fair value		0
Total as of March 31, 2022	172,977	184,847
Agency CMBS-designated as AFS | Fair Value Option
MBS designated as AFS:
Unamortized premium (discount)		0
MBS measured at fair value through net income:
Unamortized premium		0
Agency CMBS IO -designated as AFS
MBS designated as AFS:
Par value	0	0
Unamortized premium (discount)	(252,946)	(276,354)
Amortized cost	252,946	276,354
Gross unrealized gain	3,910	11,713
Gross unrealized loss	(2,214)	(426)
Fair value	254,642	287,641
MBS measured at fair value through net income:
Unamortized premium	(252,946)	(276,354)
Amortized cost	21,332	21,843
Gross unrealized gain	0	57
Gross unrealized loss	(1,195)	(122)
Fair value	20,137	21,778
Total as of March 31, 2022	274,779	309,419
Notional balance for interest only securities		10,189,497
Agency CMBS IO -designated as AFS | Fair Value Option
MBS designated as AFS:
Unamortized premium (discount)	(21,332)	(21,843)
MBS measured at fair value through net income:
Par value	0	0
Unamortized premium	(21,332)	(21,843)
Non-Agency MBS
MBS designated as AFS:
Par value	864	966
Unamortized premium (discount)	(143)	(189)
Amortized cost	721	777
Gross unrealized gain	28	63
Gross unrealized loss	(43)	(42)
Fair value	706	798
MBS measured at fair value through net income:
Par value		0
Unamortized premium	(143)	(189)
Amortized cost		0
Gross unrealized gain		0
Gross unrealized loss		0
Fair value		0
Total as of March 31, 2022	706	798
Notional balance for interest only securities	7,859,450	8,635,666
Non-Agency MBS | Fair Value Option
MBS designated as AFS:
Unamortized premium (discount)		0
MBS measured at fair value through net income:
Unamortized premium		0
Agency Securities
MBS measured at fair value through net income:
Notional balance for interest only securities	9,882,225
Agency Securities | Fair Value Option
MBS measured at fair value through net income:
Notional balance for interest only securities	$ 441,081	$ 441,217

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Mortgage-Backed Securities - Realize Gain (Loss) on Investments (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2022	Mar. 31, 2021
Investments [Line Items]
Proceeds Received	$ 0	$ 74,829
Realized Gain (Loss)	0	4,697
Agency MBS | Agency RMBS-designated as AFS
Investments [Line Items]
Proceeds Received	0	74,829
Realized Gain (Loss)	$ 0	$ 4,697

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Mortgage-Backed Securities - Gross Unrealized Losses (Details)	Mar. 31, 2022 USD ($) plantiff	Dec. 31, 2021 USD ($) plantiff
Investments [Line Items]
Allowance for credit loss	$ 0	$ 0
Agency MBS
Investments [Line Items]
Fair value, Less than 12 Months	719,200,000	1,051,233,000
Gross Unrealized Losses, Less than 12 Month	$ (47,905,000)	$ (20,118,000)
Number of Securities, Less than 12 Months | plantiff	53	23
Fair value, 12 Months or Longer	$ 425,586,000	$ 0
Gross Unrealized Losses, 12 Months or Longer	$ (41,409,000)	$ 0
Number of Securities, 12 Months or Longer	8	0
Non-Agency MBS
Investments [Line Items]
Fair value, Less than 12 Months	$ 61,333,000	$ 11,667,000
Gross Unrealized Losses, Less than 12 Month	$ (1,206,000)	$ (247,000)
Number of Securities, Less than 12 Months	51	14
Fair value, 12 Months or Longer	$ 962,000	$ 1,241,000
Gross Unrealized Losses, 12 Months or Longer	$ (106,000)	$ (97,000)
Number of Securities, 12 Months or Longer | plantiff	5	6

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Repurchase Agreements (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Mar. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021
Assets and Associated Liabilities of Transfers Accounted for as Secured Borrowings [Line Items]
Balance	$ 2,952,802	$ 2,849,916
Weighted Average Rate	0.31%	0.23%
Fair Value of Collateral Pledged	$ 3,119,668	$ 3,011,319
Receivable for securities pending settlement	1,491	2,771
Agency RMBS-designated as AFS | Agency MBS
Assets and Associated Liabilities of Transfers Accounted for as Secured Borrowings [Line Items]
Balance	$ 2,547,808	$ 2,408,126
Weighted Average Rate	0.26%	0.17%
Fair Value of Collateral Pledged	$ 2,688,612	$ 2,536,094
Agency CMBS-designated as AFS | Agency MBS
Assets and Associated Liabilities of Transfers Accounted for as Secured Borrowings [Line Items]
Balance	$ 168,173	$ 176,268
Weighted Average Rate	0.25%	0.14%
Fair Value of Collateral Pledged	$ 171,364	$ 184,847
Agency CMBS IO -designated as AFS | Agency MBS
Assets and Associated Liabilities of Transfers Accounted for as Secured Borrowings [Line Items]
Balance	$ 164,273	$ 180,912
Weighted Average Rate	0.75%	0.68%
Fair Value of Collateral Pledged	$ 174,532	$ 192,481
Agency CMBS IO -designated as AFS | Non-Agency MBS
Assets and Associated Liabilities of Transfers Accounted for as Secured Borrowings [Line Items]
Balance	$ 72,548	$ 84,610
Weighted Average Rate	1.33%	0.99%
Fair Value of Collateral Pledged	$ 85,160	$ 97,897

XML

Repurchase Agreements - Remaining Term to Maturity (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Mar. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021
Assets and Associated Liabilities of Transfers Accounted for as Secured Borrowings [Line Items]
Balance	$ 2,952,802	$ 2,849,916
Weighted Average Rate	0.31%	0.23%
WAVG Original Term to Maturity	148	198
Less than 30 days
Assets and Associated Liabilities of Transfers Accounted for as Secured Borrowings [Line Items]
Balance	$ 1,567,265	$ 602,994
Weighted Average Rate	0.36%	0.42%
WAVG Original Term to Maturity	88	123
30 to 90 days
Assets and Associated Liabilities of Transfers Accounted for as Secured Borrowings [Line Items]
Balance	$ 977,241	$ 763,302
Weighted Average Rate	0.24%	0.14%
WAVG Original Term to Maturity	154	166
91 to 180 days
Assets and Associated Liabilities of Transfers Accounted for as Secured Borrowings [Line Items]
Balance	$ 159,180	$ 1,075,324
Weighted Average Rate	0.16%	0.15%
WAVG Original Term to Maturity	367	198
181 days to 1 year
Assets and Associated Liabilities of Transfers Accounted for as Secured Borrowings [Line Items]
Balance	$ 249,116	$ 408,296
Weighted Average Rate	0.38%	0.30%
WAVG Original Term to Maturity	365	366

XML

Repurchase Agreements - Narrative (Details) $ in Thousands	Mar. 31, 2022 USD ($) counterparty
Disclosure of Repurchase Agreements [Abstract]
Number of counterparties | counterparty	22
Maximum borrowing capacity	$ 250,000
Line of credit outstanding	$ 76,882
Weighted average interest rate	1.20%

XML

Repurchase Agreements - Offsetting (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands		Mar. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021
Offsetting [Abstract]
Gross Amount of Recognized Liabilities			$ 2,849,916
Gross Amount Offset in the Balance Sheet		$ 0	0
Net Amount of Liabilities Presented in the Balance Sheet		2,952,802	2,849,916
Financial Instruments Posted as Collateral	[1]	(2,952,802)	(2,849,916)
Cash Posted as Collateral		0	0
Net Amount		$ 0	$ 0

[1] Amounts disclosed for collateral received by or posted to the same counterparty include cash and the fair value of MBS up to and not exceeding the net amount of the repurchase agreement liability presented in the balance sheet. The fair value of the total collateral received by or posted to the same counterparty may exceed the amounts presented.

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Derivatives - Gain (loss) on Derivative Instruments , Net (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2022	Mar. 31, 2021
Derivative [Line Items]
Gain on derivative instruments, net	$ 220,211	$ 107,801
U.S. Treasury futures
Derivative [Line Items]
Gain on derivative instruments, net	288,934	95,647
Interest rate swaptions
Derivative [Line Items]
Gain on derivative instruments, net	25,438	57,763
Options on U.S. Treasury futures
Derivative [Line Items]
Gain on derivative instruments, net	0	12,617
Interest rate swaps
Derivative [Line Items]
Gain on derivative instruments, net	220,211	107,801
Long position | TBA securities
Derivative [Line Items]
Gain on derivative instruments, net	$ (94,161)	$ (58,226)

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Derivatives - Derivative Information about Carrying Value by Type on the Balance Sheet Location (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Mar. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021
Derivative [Line Items]
Total derivatives assets	$ 34,183	$ 7,969
Total derivatives liabilities	(18,328)	(2,471)
Interest rate swaptions
Derivative [Line Items]
Total derivatives assets	28,640	3,202
Interest rate swaptions | Not Designated as Hedging Instrument, Economic Hedge
Derivative [Line Items]
Total derivatives assets	28,640	3,202
TBA securities | Not Designated as Hedging Instrument, Trading | Long position
Derivative [Line Items]
Total derivatives assets	5,543	4,767
Total derivatives liabilities	(8,481)	0
U.S. Treasury futures | Short position
Derivative [Line Items]
Total derivatives liabilities		(2,471)
U.S. Treasury futures | Not Designated as Hedging Instrument, Economic Hedge | Short position
Derivative [Line Items]
Total derivatives liabilities	$ (9,847)	$ (2,471)

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Derivatives - Schedule of Interest Rate Swaptions (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended		12 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2022	Mar. 31, 2021	Dec. 31, 2021
Derivative [Line Items]
Fair Value	$ 34,183		$ 7,969
Interest rate swaptions
Derivative [Line Items]
Fair Value	28,640		3,202
Interest rate swaptions | Not Designated as Hedging Instrument, Economic Hedge
Derivative [Line Items]
Cost	9,375		9,375
Fair Value	28,640		3,202
Notional Amount	$ 500,000		$ 500,000
Average Fixed Pay Rate	1.60%		1.60%
Average Term to Expiration	4 months	7 months
U.S. Treasury futures | Not Designated as Hedging Instrument, Economic Hedge | Short position
Derivative [Line Items]
Average Term to Expiration	3 months		3 months

XML

Derivatives - Schedule of Futures and Options (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended	12 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021
Derivative [Line Items]
Derivative liability, at fair value	$ (18,328)	$ (2,471)
U.S. Treasury futures | Short position
Derivative [Line Items]
Derivative liability, at fair value		$ (2,471)
U.S. Treasury futures | Not Designated as Hedging Instrument, Economic Hedge | Short position
Derivative [Line Items]
Average Term to Expiration	3 months	3 months
Derivative liability, notional amount	$ (3,940,000)	$ (3,890,000)
Derivative liability, at fair value	$ (9,847)	$ (2,471)

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Derivatives - Schedule of Long Positions in TBA (Details) - TBA securities - Not Designated as Hedging Instrument, Trading - Long position - USD ($) $ in Thousands		Mar. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021
Derivative [Line Items]
Implied market value, TBA	[1]	$ 1,732,654	$ 1,531,188
Implied cost basis, TBA	[2]	1,735,592	1,526,421
Derivative, Fair Value, Net	[3]	$ (2,938)	$ 4,767

[1] Implied market value represents the estimated fair value of the underlying Agency MBS as of the date indicated

[2] Implied cost basis represents the forward price to be paid for the underlying Agency MBS as of the date indicated.

[3] Net carrying value is the amount included on the consolidated balance sheets within “derivative assets” and “derivative liabilities” and represents the difference between the implied market value and the implied cost basis of the TBA securities as of the date indicated.

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Derivatives Volume of Activity (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021
Not Designated as Hedging Instrument, Economic Hedge | Interest rate swaptions
Derivative [Line Items]
Derivative, Notional Amount	$ (500,000)	$ (500,000)
Additions	0
Not Designated as Hedging Instrument, Economic Hedge | U.S. Treasury futures | Short position
Derivative [Line Items]
Derivative, Notional Amount	(3,940,000)	(3,890,000)
Additions	(4,530,000)
Settlements, Terminations, or Pair-Offs	(4,480,000)
Not Designated as Hedging Instrument, Trading | TBA securities | Long position
Derivative [Line Items]
Derivative, Notional Amount	(1,770,000)	$ (1,530,000)
Additions	(7,813,000)
Settlements, Terminations, or Pair-Offs	$ (7,573,000)

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Derivatives Offsetting Assets (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands		Mar. 31, 2022		Dec. 31, 2021
Offsetting Assets [Line Items]
Gross Amount of Recognized Assets		$ 34,183		$ 7,969
Gross Amount Offset in the Balance Sheet		0		0
Net Amount of Assets Presented in the Balance Sheet		34,183		7,969
Financial Instruments Received as Collateral		(5,543)		0	[1]
Cash collateral posted by counterparties	[1]	28,640		1,834
Net Amount		0		6,135
Interest rate swaptions
Offsetting Assets [Line Items]
Gross Amount of Recognized Assets		28,640		3,202
Gross Amount Offset in the Balance Sheet		0		0
Net Amount of Assets Presented in the Balance Sheet		28,640		3,202
Financial Instruments Received as Collateral		0		0	[1]
Cash collateral posted by counterparties		28,640	[1]	(481)
Net Amount		0		2,721
Long position | TBA securities
Offsetting Assets [Line Items]
Gross Amount of Recognized Assets		5,543		4,767
Gross Amount Offset in the Balance Sheet		0		0
Net Amount of Assets Presented in the Balance Sheet		5,543		4,767
Financial Instruments Received as Collateral		(5,543)		0	[1]
Cash collateral posted by counterparties		0		1,353	[1]
Net Amount		$ 0		$ 3,414

[1] Amounts disclosed for collateral received by or posted to the same counterparty include cash and the fair value of MBS up to and not exceeding the net amount of the derivative asset or liability presented in the balance sheet. The fair value of the total collateral received by or posted to the same counterparty may exceed the amounts presented. Please refer to the consolidated balance sheets for the total fair value of financial instruments pledged as collateral for derivatives and repurchase agreements, which is shown parenthetically, and the total cash pledged or received as collateral which is disclosed in “cash collateral posted to/by counterparties.”

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Derivatives Offsetting Liabilities (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands		Mar. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021
Offsetting Liabilities [Line Items]
Gross Amount of Recognized Liabilities		$ (18,328)	$ (2,471)
Gross Amount Offset in the Balance Sheet		0	0
Net Amount of Liabilities Presented in the Balance Sheet		18,328	2,471
Financial Instruments Posted as Collateral		5,543	0	[1]
Cash Posted as Collateral	[1]	2,938	0
Net Amount		9,847	2,471
U.S. Treasury futures | Short position
Offsetting Liabilities [Line Items]
Gross Amount of Recognized Liabilities		9,847	(2,471)
Gross Amount Offset in the Balance Sheet		0	0
Net Amount of Liabilities Presented in the Balance Sheet		(9,847)	2,471
Financial Instruments Posted as Collateral		0	0
Cash Posted as Collateral		0	0	[1]
Net Amount		(9,847)	$ 2,471
TBA securities | Long position
Offsetting Liabilities [Line Items]
Gross Amount of Recognized Liabilities		8,481
Gross Amount Offset in the Balance Sheet		0
Net Amount of Liabilities Presented in the Balance Sheet		(8,481)
Financial Instruments Posted as Collateral		5,543
Cash Posted as Collateral		2,938
Net Amount		$ 0

[1] Amounts disclosed for collateral received by or posted to the same counterparty include cash and the fair value of MBS up to and not exceeding the net amount of the derivative asset or liability presented in the balance sheet. The fair value of the total collateral received by or posted to the same counterparty may exceed the amounts presented. Please refer to the consolidated balance sheets for the total fair value of financial instruments pledged as collateral for derivatives and repurchase agreements, which is shown parenthetically, and the total cash pledged or received as collateral which is disclosed in “cash collateral posted to/by counterparties.”

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Fair Value of Financial Instruments (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Mar. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021
Fair Value, Assets and Liabilities Measured on Recurring and Nonrecurring Basis [Line Items]
Net Amount of Assets Presented in the Balance Sheet	$ 34,183	$ 7,969
Net Amount of Liabilities Presented in the Balance Sheet	18,328	2,471
Fair Value, Measurements, Recurring
Fair Value, Assets and Liabilities Measured on Recurring and Nonrecurring Basis [Line Items]
MBS	3,215,017	3,181,839
Mortgage loans held for investment, at fair value	3,757	4,268
Total assets carried at fair value	3,252,957	3,194,076
Total liabilities carried at fair value	18,328	2,471
Fair Value, Measurements, Recurring | Level 1
Fair Value, Assets and Liabilities Measured on Recurring and Nonrecurring Basis [Line Items]
MBS	0	0
Mortgage loans held for investment, at fair value	0	0
Total assets carried at fair value	0	0
Total liabilities carried at fair value	9,847	2,471
Fair Value, Measurements, Recurring | Level 2
Fair Value, Assets and Liabilities Measured on Recurring and Nonrecurring Basis [Line Items]
MBS	3,214,311	3,181,041
Mortgage loans held for investment, at fair value	0	0
Total assets carried at fair value	3,248,494	3,189,010
Total liabilities carried at fair value	8,481	0
Fair Value, Measurements, Recurring | Level 3
Fair Value, Assets and Liabilities Measured on Recurring and Nonrecurring Basis [Line Items]
MBS	706	798
Mortgage loans held for investment, at fair value	3,757	4,268
Total assets carried at fair value	4,463	5,066
Total liabilities carried at fair value	0	0
Fair Value, Measurements, Recurring | Interest rate swaptions
Fair Value, Assets and Liabilities Measured on Recurring and Nonrecurring Basis [Line Items]
Net Amount of Assets Presented in the Balance Sheet	28,640	3,202
Fair Value, Measurements, Recurring | Interest rate swaptions | Level 1
Fair Value, Assets and Liabilities Measured on Recurring and Nonrecurring Basis [Line Items]
Net Amount of Assets Presented in the Balance Sheet	0	0
Fair Value, Measurements, Recurring | Interest rate swaptions | Level 2
Fair Value, Assets and Liabilities Measured on Recurring and Nonrecurring Basis [Line Items]
Net Amount of Assets Presented in the Balance Sheet	28,640	3,202
Fair Value, Measurements, Recurring | Interest rate swaptions | Level 3
Fair Value, Assets and Liabilities Measured on Recurring and Nonrecurring Basis [Line Items]
Net Amount of Assets Presented in the Balance Sheet	0	0
Fair Value, Measurements, Recurring | U.S. Treasury futures
Fair Value, Assets and Liabilities Measured on Recurring and Nonrecurring Basis [Line Items]
Net Amount of Liabilities Presented in the Balance Sheet	9,847	2,471
Fair Value, Measurements, Recurring | U.S. Treasury futures | Level 1
Fair Value, Assets and Liabilities Measured on Recurring and Nonrecurring Basis [Line Items]
Net Amount of Liabilities Presented in the Balance Sheet	9,847	2,471
Fair Value, Measurements, Recurring | U.S. Treasury futures | Level 2
Fair Value, Assets and Liabilities Measured on Recurring and Nonrecurring Basis [Line Items]
Net Amount of Liabilities Presented in the Balance Sheet	0	0
Fair Value, Measurements, Recurring | U.S. Treasury futures | Level 3
Fair Value, Assets and Liabilities Measured on Recurring and Nonrecurring Basis [Line Items]
Net Amount of Liabilities Presented in the Balance Sheet	0	0
Fair Value, Measurements, Recurring | TBA securities | Long position
Fair Value, Assets and Liabilities Measured on Recurring and Nonrecurring Basis [Line Items]
Net Amount of Assets Presented in the Balance Sheet	5,543	4,767
Net Amount of Liabilities Presented in the Balance Sheet	8,481	0
Fair Value, Measurements, Recurring | TBA securities | Level 1 | Long position
Fair Value, Assets and Liabilities Measured on Recurring and Nonrecurring Basis [Line Items]
Net Amount of Assets Presented in the Balance Sheet	0	0
Net Amount of Liabilities Presented in the Balance Sheet	0	0
Fair Value, Measurements, Recurring | TBA securities | Level 2 | Long position
Fair Value, Assets and Liabilities Measured on Recurring and Nonrecurring Basis [Line Items]
Net Amount of Assets Presented in the Balance Sheet	5,543	4,767
Net Amount of Liabilities Presented in the Balance Sheet	8,481	0
Fair Value, Measurements, Recurring | TBA securities | Level 3 | Long position
Fair Value, Assets and Liabilities Measured on Recurring and Nonrecurring Basis [Line Items]
Net Amount of Assets Presented in the Balance Sheet	0	0
Net Amount of Liabilities Presented in the Balance Sheet	$ 0	$ 0

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Fair Value of Financial Instruments - Narrative (Details)	Mar. 31, 2022
Measurement Input, Prepayment Rate
Fair Value, Assets and Liabilities Measured on Recurring and Nonrecurring Basis [Line Items]
Measurement Input	0.10
AFS, Measurement Input	0.10
Measurement Input, Default Rate
Fair Value, Assets and Liabilities Measured on Recurring and Nonrecurring Basis [Line Items]
Measurement Input	0.02
AFS, Measurement Input	0.02
Measurement Input, Loss Severity
Fair Value, Assets and Liabilities Measured on Recurring and Nonrecurring Basis [Line Items]
Measurement Input	0.20
AFS, Measurement Input	0.20
Measurement Input, Discount Rate
Fair Value, Assets and Liabilities Measured on Recurring and Nonrecurring Basis [Line Items]
Measurement Input	0.070
AFS, Measurement Input	0.070

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Fair Value of Financial Instruments Level 3 (Details) $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2022 USD ($)
Non-Agency MBS
Fair Value, Assets Measured on Recurring Basis, Unobservable Input Reconciliation, Calculation [Roll Forward]
Balance at the beginning of the period	$ 798
Change in fair value	36	[1]
Principal payments	(102)
Balance at the end of the period	706
Non-Agency MBS | Accretion (amortization)
Fair Value, Assets Measured on Recurring Basis, Unobservable Input Reconciliation, Calculation [Roll Forward]
Accretion (amortization)	46
Loans Receivable
Fair Value, Assets Measured on Recurring Basis, Unobservable Input Reconciliation, Calculation [Roll Forward]
Balance at the beginning of the period	4,268
Change in fair value	(7)	[1]
Principal payments	(512)
Balance at the end of the period	3,757
Loans Receivable | Accretion (amortization)
Fair Value, Assets Measured on Recurring Basis, Unobservable Input Reconciliation, Calculation [Roll Forward]
Accretion (amortization)	$ (6)

[1] Change in fair value for mortgage loans is recorded within “unrealized gain (loss) on investments, net” in net income and change in fair value for other non-Agency MBS is recorded as unrealized gain (loss) in “other comprehensive income.”

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Shareholders' Equity - Narrative (Details) - USD ($) $ / shares in Units, $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2022	Mar. 31, 2021	Dec. 31, 2021
Class of Stock [Line Items]
Preferred stock, shares authorized (in shares)	50,000,000		50,000,000
Preferred stock, shares outstanding (in shares)	4,460,000		4,460,000
Stock issuance costs	$ 0	$ 270
Share-based compensation expense	846	$ 452
ATM Offering
Class of Stock [Line Items]
Stock issuance costs	$ 54
Number of shares issued in transaction (in shares)	267,288
Consideration received on transaction	$ 4,245
Series C Preferred Stock
Class of Stock [Line Items]
Preferred stock, shares authorized (in shares)	6,600,000
Preferred stock, shares outstanding (in shares)	4,460,000
Liquidation preference per share (in dollars per share)	$ 25.00
Dividend rate, percent	6.90%
Dividends declared (in dollars per share)	$ 0.43125
Series C Preferred Stock | London Interbank Offered Rate (LIBOR)
Class of Stock [Line Items]
Dividend payment rate, basis spread on variable rate	5.461%

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Shareholders' Equity and Share-Based Compensation Share-based Compensation (Details) - USD ($) $ / shares in Units, $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2022	Mar. 31, 2021	Dec. 31, 2021
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award, Equity Instruments Other than Options, Nonvested, Weighted Average Grant Date Fair Value [Abstract]
Share-based incentive plan, number of shares authorized for issuance	2,300,000
Number of shares available for grant (in shares)	1,267,099
Accrued dividends payable	$ 6,672		$ 6,541
Restricted Stock [Member]
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award, Equity Instruments Other than Options, Nonvested, Number of Shares [Rollforward]
Awards outstanding, beginning of period (in shares)	197,804	281,761
Granted (in shares)	40,196	16,722
Vested (in shares)	(44,805)	(59,024)
Awards outstanding, end of period (in shares)	193,195	239,459
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award, Equity Instruments Other than Options, Nonvested, Weighted Average Grant Date Fair Value [Abstract]
Awards outstanding, beginning of period (in dollars per share)	$ 15.27	$ 14.74
Granted (in dollars per share)	15.19	19.03
Vested (in dollars per share)	17.79	18.02
Awards outstanding, end of period (in dollars per share)	$ 14.67	$ 14.23
Restricted Stock Units (RSUs) [Member]
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award, Equity Instruments Other than Options, Nonvested, Number of Shares [Rollforward]
Awards outstanding, beginning of period (in shares)	55,019	0
Granted (in shares)	73,767	0
Vested (in shares)	0	0
Awards outstanding, end of period (in shares)	128,786	0
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award, Equity Instruments Other than Options, Nonvested, Weighted Average Grant Date Fair Value [Abstract]
Awards outstanding, beginning of period (in dollars per share)	$ 19.40	$ 0
Granted (in dollars per share)	15.19	0
Vested (in dollars per share)	0	0
Awards outstanding, end of period (in dollars per share)	$ 16.99	$ 0
Accrued dividends payable	$ 162		100
Performance Shares [Member]
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award, Equity Instruments Other than Options, Nonvested, Number of Shares [Rollforward]
Awards outstanding, beginning of period (in shares)	110,040	0
Granted (in shares)	147,542	0
Vested (in shares)	0	0
Awards outstanding, end of period (in shares)	257,582	0
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award, Equity Instruments Other than Options, Nonvested, Weighted Average Grant Date Fair Value [Abstract]
Awards outstanding, beginning of period (in dollars per share)	$ 19.40	$ 0
Granted (in dollars per share)	15.19	0
Vested (in dollars per share)	0	0
Awards outstanding, end of period (in dollars per share)	$ 16.99	$ 0
Accrued dividends payable	$ 81		$ 50

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Shareholders' Equity and Share-Based Compensation - Schedule of Remaining Unvested Awards (Details) $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2022 USD ($)
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award [Line Items]
Remaining Compensation Cost	$ 7,247
WAVG Period of Recognition (in Years)	2 years 3 months 18 days
Restricted Stock [Member]
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award [Line Items]
Remaining Compensation Cost	$ 1,871
WAVG Period of Recognition (in Years)	1 year 9 months 18 days
Restricted Stock Units (RSUs) [Member]
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award [Line Items]
Remaining Compensation Cost	$ 1,833
WAVG Period of Recognition (in Years)	2 years 6 months
Performance Shares [Member]
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award [Line Items]
Remaining Compensation Cost	$ 3,543
WAVG Period of Recognition (in Years)	2 years 4 months 24 days