Description of Business and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies (Notes)	12 Months Ended
Feb. 01, 2013
Accounting Policies [Abstract]
Description of Business and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies	NOTE 1 — DESCRIPTION OF BUSINESS AND SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES Description of Business — Dell Inc., a Delaware corporation (both individually and together with its consolidated subsidiaries, “Dell”), offers a broad range of technology solutions, including servers and networking products, storage products, services, software and peripherals, mobility products, and desktop PCs. Dell's business segments are Large Enterprise, Public, Small and Medium Business ("SMB"), and Consumer. References to the Commercial business refer to Large Enterprise, Public, and SMB. Fiscal Year — Dell's fiscal year is the 52 or 53 week period ending on the Friday nearest January 31. The fiscal year ended February 1, 2013 ("Fiscal 2013") included 52 weeks, while the fiscal years ended February 3, 2012 ("Fiscal 2012") and January 28, 2011 ("Fiscal 2011") included 53 weeks and 52 weeks, respectively. Principles of Consolidation — The accompanying consolidated financial statements include the accounts of Dell Inc. and its wholly-owned subsidiaries and have been prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (“GAAP”). All significant intercompany transactions and balances have been eliminated. Segment Realignment — In the first quarter of Fiscal 2013, Dell made certain segment realignments in order to conform to the way Dell managed segment performance through Fiscal 2013. These realignments affected all of Dell's operating segments, but primarily consisted of the transfer of small office business customers from its SMB operating segment to its Consumer segment. Dell has recast prior period amounts to provide visibility and comparability. None of these changes impact Dell's previously reported consolidated net revenue, gross margin, operating income, net income, or earnings per share. See Note 15 of the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information on Dell's operating segments. Reclassifications — Certain prior year amounts have been reclassified from accrued and other liabilities and other non-current liabilities on the Consolidated Statements of Financial Position to short-term deferred revenue and long-term deferred revenue, respectively, to conform to the current year presentation. Prior period amounts on the Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows have also been reclassified to conform to the current period presentation. Use of Estimates — The preparation of financial statements in accordance with GAAP requires the use of management's estimates. These estimates are subjective in nature and involve judgments that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities, the disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at fiscal year-end, and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the fiscal year. Actual results could differ from those estimates. Cash and Cash Equivalents — All highly liquid investments, including credit card receivables due from banks, with original maturities of 90 days or less at date of purchase, are reported at fair value and are considered to be cash equivalents. All other investments not considered to be cash equivalents are separately categorized as investments. Investments — Dell's investments are primarily in debt securities, which are classified as available-for-sale and are reported at fair value (based primarily on quoted prices and market observable inputs) using the specific identification method. Unrealized gains and losses, net of taxes, are reported as a component of stockholders’ equity. Realized gains and losses on investments are included in interest and other, net. An impairment loss will be recognized and will reduce an investment's carrying amount to its fair value when a decline in the fair value of an individual security below its cost or carrying value is determined to be other than temporary. Dell reviews its investment portfolio quarterly to determine if any investment is other than temporarily impaired. Dell determines an impairment is other than temporary when there is intent to sell the security, it is more likely than not that the security will be required to be sold before recovery in value or it is not expected to recover its entire amortized cost basis (“credit-related loss”). However, if Dell does not expect to sell a debt security, it still evaluates expected cash flows to be received and determines if a credit-related loss exists. In the event of a credit-related loss, only the amount of impairment associated with the credit-related loss is recognized in earnings. Amounts relating to factors other than credit-related losses are recorded as a component of stockholders' equity. See Note 3 of the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information. Allowance for Doubtful Accounts — Dell recognizes an allowance for losses on accounts receivable in an amount equal to the estimated probable losses net of recoveries. The allowance is based on an analysis of historical bad debt experience, current receivables aging, and expected future write-offs, as well as an assessment of specific identifiable customer accounts considered at risk or uncollectible. The expense associated with the allowance for doubtful accounts is recognized in selling, general, and administrative expenses. Financing Receivables — Financing receivables are presented net of allowance for losses and consist of customer receivables and residual interest. Customer receivables include revolving loans and fixed-term leases and loans resulting primarily from the sale of Dell products and services. Based on how Dell assesses risk and determines the appropriate allowance levels, Dell has two portfolio segments: (1) fixed-term leases and loans and (2) revolving loans. The portfolio segments are further segregated into classes based on products, customer type, and credit risk evaluation: (1) Revolving - Dell Preferred Account (“DPA”); (2) Revolving - Dell Business Credit (“DBC”); (3) Fixed-term - consumer and small commercial; and (4) Fixed-term - medium and large commercial. Fixed-term leases and loans are offered to qualified small and medium-sized businesses, large commercial accounts, governmental organizations, and educational entities. Additionally, fixed-term loans are also offered to certain individual consumer customers. Revolving loans are offered under private label credit financing programs. The DPA revolving loans programs are offered to individual consumers and the DBC revolving loan programs are offered to small and medium-sized business customers. Dell retains a residual interest in equipment leased under its fixed-term lease programs. The amount of the residual interest is established at the inception of the lease based upon estimates of the value of the equipment at the end of the lease term using historical studies, industry data, and future value-at-risk demand valuation methods. On a quarterly basis, Dell assesses the carrying amount of its recorded residual values for impairment. Anticipated declines in specific future residual values that are considered to be other-than-temporary are recorded currently in earnings. Allowance for Financing Receivables Losses Dell recognizes an allowance for losses on financing receivables in an amount equal to the probable losses net of recoveries. The allowance for losses is generally determined at the aggregate portfolio level based on a variety of factors, including historical and anticipated experience, past due receivables, receivable type, and customer risk profile. Customer account principal and interest are charged to the allowance for losses when an account is deemed to be uncollectible or generally when the account is 180 days delinquent. While Dell does not generally place financing receivables on non-accrual status during the delinquency period, accrued interest is included in the allowance for loss calculation, and therefore, Dell is adequately reserved in the event of charge off. Recoveries on receivables previously charged off as uncollectible are recorded to the allowance for financing receivables losses. The expense associated with the allowance for financing receivables losses is recognized as cost of net revenue. Both fixed and revolving receivable loss rates are affected by macro-economic conditions, including the level of GDP growth, unemployment rates, the level of commercial capital equipment investment, and the credit quality of the borrower. Asset Securitization Dell enters into securitization transactions to transfer certain financing receivables to Special Purpose Entities ("SPEs") that meet the definition of a Variable Interest Entity ("VIE"). During Fiscal 2011, Dell adopted accounting guidance that requires an entity to perform an ongoing analysis to determine whether it has a controlling financial interest in these entities. As a result of this analysis, Dell determined that it has a controlling financial interest in its SPEs, and therefore, consolidated them into Dell's Consolidated Statements of Financial Position as of January 28, 2011. The asset securitizations in these SPEs are being accounted for as secured borrowings. See Note 4 of the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information on the impact of the consolidation. Inventories — Inventories are stated at the lower of cost or market with cost being determined on a first-in, first-out basis. Adjustments to reduce the cost of inventory to its net realizable value are made, if required, for estimated excess, obsolescence, or impaired balances. Property, Plant, and Equipment — Property, plant, and equipment are carried at depreciated cost. Depreciation is provided using the straight-line method over the estimated economic lives of the assets, which range from ten to thirty years for buildings and two to five years for all other assets. Leasehold improvements are amortized over the shorter of five years or the lease term. Gains or losses related to retirements or disposition of fixed assets are recognized in the period incurred. Software Development Costs — Costs incurred in the research and development of new software products and enhancements to existing software products are expensed as incurred until technological feasibility has been established. After technological feasibility is established, any additional costs are capitalized in accordance with authoritative guidance until the product is available for general release. Software development costs incurred subsequent to a product establishing technological feasibility are usually not significant, and accordingly, no significant software development costs have been capitalized as of February 1, 2013 or February 3, 2012. Dell capitalizes eligible internal-use software development costs incurred subsequent to the completion of the preliminary project stage. Development costs are amortized over the shorter of the expected useful life of the software or five years. Costs associated with maintenance and minor enhancements to the features and functionality of Dell's website are expensed as incurred. Impairment of Long-Lived Assets — Dell reviews long-lived assets for impairment when circumstances indicate the carrying amount of an asset may not be recoverable based on the undiscounted future cash flows of the asset. If the carrying amount of the asset is determined not to be recoverable, a write-down to fair value is recorded. Fair values are determined based on quoted market values, discounted cash flows, or external appraisals, as applicable. Dell reviews long-lived assets for impairment at the individual asset or the asset group level for which the lowest level of independent cash flows can be identified. Business Combinations — Dell accounts for business combinations using the acquisition method of accounting, and accordingly, the assets and liabilities of the acquired business are recorded at their fair values at the date of acquisition. The excess of the purchase price over the estimated fair values is recorded as goodwill. Any changes in the estimated fair values of the net assets recorded for acquisitions prior to the finalization of more detailed analysis, but not to exceed one year from the date of acquisition, will change the amount of the purchase prices allocable to goodwill. Any subsequent changes to any purchase price allocations that are material to Dell's consolidated financial results will be adjusted retroactively. All acquisition costs are expensed as incurred. In-process research and development costs are recorded at fair value as an indefinite-lived intangible asset and assessed for impairment thereafter until completion, at which point the asset is amortized over its expected useful life. Separately recognized transactions associated with business combinations are generally expensed subsequent to the acquisition date. The results of operations of acquired businesses are included in the Consolidated Financial Statements from the acquisition date. Intangible Assets Including Goodwill — Identifiable intangible assets with finite lives are amortized over their estimated useful lives. They are generally amortized on a non-straight-line approach based on the associated projected cash flows in order to match the amortization pattern to the pattern in which the economic benefits of the assets are expected to be consumed. Intangible assets are reviewed for impairment if indicators of potential impairment exist. Goodwill and indefinite-lived intangible assets are tested for impairment on an annual basis in the second fiscal quarter, or sooner if an indicator of impairment occurs. Foreign Currency Translation — The majority of Dell's international sales are made by international subsidiaries, most of which have the U.S. dollar as their functional currency. Dell's subsidiaries that do not have the U.S. dollar as their functional currency translate assets and liabilities at current rates of exchange in effect at the balance sheet date. Revenue and expenses from these international subsidiaries are translated using the monthly average exchange rates in effect for the period in which the items occur. These translations resulted in cumulative foreign currency translation gains (losses) of $(68) million, $(35) million, and $39 million as of February 1, 2013, February 3, 2012, and January 28, 2011, respectively, and are included as a component of accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) in stockholders’ equity. Local currency transactions of international subsidiaries that have the U.S. dollar as the functional currency are remeasured into U.S. dollars using current rates of exchange for monetary assets and liabilities and historical rates of exchange for non-monetary assets and liabilities. Gains and losses from remeasurement of monetary assets and liabilities are included in interest and other, net. See Note 6 of the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information. Hedging Instruments — Dell uses derivative financial instruments, primarily forwards, options, and swaps, to hedge certain foreign currency and interest rate exposures. The relationships between hedging instruments and hedged items, as well as the risk management objectives and strategies for undertaking hedge transactions, are formally documented. Dell does not use derivatives for speculative purposes. All derivative instruments are recognized as either assets or liabilities in the Consolidated Statements of Financial Position and are measured at fair value. Hedge accounting is applied based upon the criteria established by accounting guidance for derivative instruments and hedging activities. Derivatives are assessed for hedge effectiveness both at the onset of the hedge and at regular intervals throughout the life of the derivative. Any hedge ineffectiveness is recognized currently in earnings as a component of interest and other, net. Dell's hedge portfolio includes derivatives designated as both cash flow and fair value hedges. For derivative instruments that are designated as cash flow hedges, hedge ineffectiveness is measured by comparing the cumulative change in the fair value of the hedge contract with the cumulative change in the fair value of the hedged item, both of which are based on forward rates. Dell records the effective portion of the gain or loss on the derivative instrument in accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) (“OCI”), as a separate component of stockholders' equity and reclassifies the gain or loss into earnings in the period during which the hedged transaction is recognized in earnings. For derivatives that are designated as fair value hedges, hedge ineffectiveness is measured by calculating the periodic change in the fair value of the hedge contract and the periodic change in the fair value of the hedged item. To the extent that these fair value changes do not fully offset each other, the difference is recorded as ineffectiveness in earnings as a component of interest and other, net. For derivatives that are not designated as hedges or do not qualify for hedge accounting treatment, Dell recognizes the change in the instrument's fair value currently in earnings as a component of interest and other, net. Cash flows from derivative instruments are presented in the same category on the Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows as the cash flows from the underlying hedged items. See Note 6 of the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements for a description of Dell's derivative financial instrument activities. Revenue Recognition — Net revenues include sales of hardware, services, software, and peripherals. Dell recognizes revenue for these products and services when it is realized or realizable and earned. Revenue is considered realized and earned when persuasive evidence of an arrangement exists; delivery has occurred or services have been rendered; Dell's fee to its customer is fixed and determinable; and collection of the resulting receivable is reasonably assured. Revenue from third-party software sales and extended warranties for third-party products, for which Dell does not meet the criteria for gross revenue recognition, is recognized on a net basis. All other revenue is recognized on a gross basis. Services revenue and cost of services revenue captions on the Consolidated Statements of Income include Dell's services, third-party software revenue, and support services related to Dell-owned software offerings. Multiple Deliverables Dell's multiple deliverable arrangements include hardware products that are sold with essential software or services such as extended warranty, installation, maintenance, and other services contracts. Dell's service contracts may include a combination of services arrangements, including support and deployment services, infrastructure, cloud and security services, and applications and business process services. The nature and terms of these multiple deliverable arrangements will vary based on the customized needs of Dell's customers. The deliverables included in Dell's multiple deliverable arrangements typically represent a separate unit of accounting. Accordingly, consideration is allocated to these deliverables based on each unit's relative selling price. The hierarchy used to determine the selling price of a deliverable is: (1) vendor specific objective evidence (“VSOE”), (2) third-party evidence of selling price (“TPE”), and (3) best estimate of the selling price (“ESP”). In instances where Dell cannot establish VSOE, Dell establishes TPE by evaluating largely similar and interchangeable competitor products or services in standalone sales to similarly situated customers. Products Revenue from the sale of products is recognized when title and risk of loss passes to the customer. Delivery is considered complete when products have been shipped to Dell's customer, title and risk of loss has transferred to the customer, and customer acceptance has been satisfied. Customer acceptance is satisfied if acceptance is obtained from the customer, if all acceptance provisions lapse, or if Dell has evidence that all acceptance provisions have been satisfied. Dell records reductions to revenue for estimated customer sales returns, rebates, and certain other customer incentive programs. These reductions to revenue are made based upon reasonable and reliable estimates that are determined by historical experience, contractual terms, and current conditions. The primary factors affecting Dell's accrual for estimated customer returns include estimated return rates as well as the number of units shipped that have a right of return that has not expired as of the balance sheet date. If returns cannot be reliably estimated, revenue is not recognized until a reliable estimate can be made or the return right lapses. Dell sells its products directly to customers as well as through other distribution channels, such as retailers, distributors, and resellers. Dell recognizes revenue on these sales when the reseller has economic substance apart from Dell; any credit risk has been identified and quantified; title and risk of loss has passed to the sales channel; the fee paid to Dell is not contingent upon resale or payment by the end user; and Dell has no further obligations related to bringing about resale or delivery. Sales through Dell's distribution channels are primarily made under agreements allowing for limited rights of return, price protection, rebates, and marketing development funds. Dell has generally limited return rights through contractual caps or has an established selling history for these arrangements. Therefore, there is sufficient data to establish reasonable and reliable estimates of returns for the majority of these sales. To the extent price protection or return rights are not limited and a reliable estimate cannot be made, all of the revenue and related costs are deferred until the product has been sold to the end-user or the rights expire. Dell records estimated reductions to revenue or an expense for distribution channel programs at the later of the offer or the time revenue is recognized. Dell defers the cost of shipped products awaiting revenue recognition until revenue is recognized. Services Services include a broad range of configurable IT and business services, including support and deployment services, infrastructure, cloud, and security services, and applications and business process services. Revenue is recognized for services contracts as earned, which is generally on a straight-line basis over the term of the contract or on a proportional performance basis as the services are rendered and Dell's obligations are fulfilled. Revenue from time and materials or cost-plus contracts is recognized as the services are performed. Revenue from fixed price contracts is recognized on a straight-line basis, unless revenue is earned and obligations are fulfilled in a different pattern. These service contracts may include provisions for cancellation, termination, refunds, or service level adjustments. These contract provisions would not have a significant impact on recognized revenue as Dell generally recognizes revenue for these contracts as the services are performed. For sales of extended warranties with a separate contract price, Dell defers revenue equal to the separately stated price. Revenue associated with undelivered elements is deferred and recorded when delivery occurs or services are provided. Revenue from extended warranty and service contracts, for which Dell is obligated to perform, is recorded as deferred revenue and subsequently recognized over the term of the contract on a straight-line basis or when the service is completed, and the costs associated with these contracts are recognized as incurred. Software Dell recognizes revenue in accordance with industry specific software accounting guidance for all software and PCS that are not essential to the functionality of the hardware. Accounting for software that is essential to the functionality of the hardware is accounted for as specified above under “Multiple Deliverables.” Dell has not established vendor specific objective evidence ("VSOE") of fair value for the undelivered elements of third-party software offerings. For the majority of Dell-owned software offerings, Dell has established VSOE to support a separation of the software license and PCS elements. VSOE of the PCS element is determined by reference to the prices customers pay for support when it is sold separately. In instances where VSOE is established, Dell recognizes revenue from the sale of software licenses at the time of initial sale, assuming all of the above criteria have been met, and revenue from the PCS element over the maintenance period. When Dell has not established VSOE to support a separation of the software license and PCS elements, the revenue and related costs are generally recognized over the term of the agreement. Other Dell records revenue from the sale of equipment under sales-type leases as product revenue in an amount equal to the present value of minimum lease payments at the inception of the lease. Sales-type leases also produce financing income, which is included in net revenue in the Consolidated Statements of Income and is recognized at consistent rates of return over the lease term. Dell also offers qualified customers revolving credit lines for the purchase of products and services offered by Dell. Financing income attributable to these revolving loans is recognized in net revenue on an accrual basis. Dell reports revenue net of any revenue-based taxes assessed by governmental authorities that are imposed on and concurrent with specific revenue-producing transactions. Standard Warranty Liabilities — Dell records warranty liabilities for its standard limited warranty at the time of sale for the estimated costs that may be incurred under its limited warranty. The liability for standard warranties is included in accrued and other current and other non-current liabilities on the Consolidated Statements of Financial Position. The specific warranty terms and conditions vary depending upon the product sold and the country in which Dell does business, but generally includes technical support, parts, and labor over a period ranging from one to three years. Factors that affect Dell's warranty liability include the number of installed units currently under warranty, historical and anticipated rates of warranty claims on those units, and cost per claim to satisfy Dell's warranty obligation. The anticipated rate of warranty claims is the primary factor impacting the estimated warranty obligation. The other factors are less significant due to the fact that the average remaining aggregate warranty period of the covered installed base is approximately 16 months, repair parts are generally already in stock or available at pre-determined prices, and labor rates are generally arranged at pre-established amounts with service providers. Warranty claims are relatively predictable based on historical experience of failure rates. If actual results differ from the estimates, Dell revises its estimated warranty liability. Each quarter, Dell reevaluates its estimates to assess the adequacy of its recorded warranty liabilities and adjusts the amounts as necessary. Deferred Revenue — Deferred revenue represents amounts received in advance for extended warranty services, amounts due or received from customers under a legally binding commitment prior to services being rendered, deferred revenue related to Dell-owned software offerings, as well as other deferred revenue. Other deferred revenue primarily consists of deferred profit on third-party software offerings. See Note 16 of the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements for further information on deferred revenue. Vendor Rebates and Settlements — Dell may receive consideration from vendors in the normal course of business. Certain of these funds are rebates of purchase price paid and others are related to reimbursement of costs incurred by Dell to sell the vendor's products. Dell recognizes a reduction of cost of goods sold and inventory if the funds are a reduction of the price of the vendor's products. If the consideration is a reimbursement of costs incurred by Dell to sell or develop the vendor's products, then the consideration is classified as a reduction of that cost in the Consolidated Statements of Income, most often operating expenses. In order to be recognized as a reduction of operating expenses, the reimbursement must be for a specific, incremental, identifiable cost incurred by Dell in selling the vendor's products or services. In addition, Dell may settle commercial disputes with vendors from time to time. Claims for loss recoveries are recognized when a loss event has occurred, recovery is considered probable, the agreement is finalized, and collectability is assured. Amounts received by Dell from vendors for loss recoveries are generally recorded as a reduction of cost of goods sold. Loss Contingencies — Dell is subject to the possibility of various losses arising in the ordinary course of business. Dell considers the likelihood of loss or impairment of an asset or the incurrence of a liability, as well as Dell's ability to reasonably estimate the amount of loss, in determining loss contingencies. An estimated loss contingency is accrued when it is probable that an asset has been impaired or a liability has been incurred and the amount of loss can be reasonably estimated. Dell regularly evaluates current information available to determine whether such accruals should be adjusted and whether new accruals are required. Shipping Costs — Dell's shipping and handling costs are included in cost of sales in the Consolidated Statements of Income. Selling, General, and Administrative — Selling expenses include items such as sales salaries and commissions, marketing and advertising costs, and contractor services. Advertising costs are expensed as incurred and were $833 million, $860 million, and $730 million, during Fiscal 2013, Fiscal 2012, and Fiscal 2011, respectively. Advertising costs are included in selling, general, and administrative expenses in the Consolidated Statements of Income. General and administrative expenses include items for Dell's administrative functions, such as finance, legal, human resources, and information technology support. These functions include costs for items such as salaries, maintenance and supplies, insurance, depreciation expense, and allowance for doubtful accounts. Research, Development, and Engineering Costs — Research, development, and engineering costs are expensed as incurred. Research, development, and engineering expenses primarily include payroll and headcount-related costs, contractor fees, infrastructure costs, and administrative expenses directly related to research and development support. Income Taxes — Deferred tax assets and liabilities are recorded based on the difference between the financial statement and tax basis of assets and liabilities using enacted tax rates in effect for the year in which the differences are expected to reverse. Dell calculates a provision for income taxes using the asset and liability method, under which deferred tax assets and liabilities are recognized by identifying the temporary differences arising from the different treatment of items for tax and accounting purposes. Dell provides valuation allowances for deferred tax assets, where appropriate. In assessing the need for a valuation allowance, Dell considers all available evidence for each jurisdiction, including past operating results, estimates of future taxable income, and the feasibility of ongoing tax planning strategies. In the event Dell determines all or part of the net deferred tax assets are not realizable in the future, Dell will make an adjustment to the valuation allowance that would be charged to earnings in the period such determination is made. The accounting guidance for uncertainties in income tax prescribes a comprehensive model for the financial statement recognition, measurement, presentation, and disclosure of uncertain tax positions taken or expected to be taken in income tax returns. Dell recognizes a tax benefit from an uncertain tax position in the financial statements only when it is more likely than not that the position will be sustained upon examination, including resolution of any related appeals or litigation processes, based on the technical merits and a consideration of the relevant taxing authority's administrative practices and precedents. Earnings Per Share — Basic earnings per share is based on the weighted-average effect of all common shares issued and outstanding, and is calculated by dividing net income by the weighted-average shares outstanding during the period. Diluted earnings per share is calculated by dividing net income by the weighted-average number of common shares used in the basic earnings per share calculation plus the number of common shares that would be issued assuming exercise or conversion of all potentially dilutive common shares outstanding. Dell excludes equity instruments from the calculation of diluted earnings per share if the effect of including such instruments is anti-dilutive. See Note 12 of the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements for further information on earnings per share. Stock-Based Compensation — Dell measures stock-based compensation expense for all share-based awards granted based on the estimated fair value of those awards at grant date. The cost of restricted stock units and performance-based restricted stock units is determined using the fair market value of Dell's common stock on the date of grant. For stock options granted under Dell's Incentive Plans, Dell typically estimates the fair value of the awards using the Black-Scholes valuation model. For stock options assumed through business acquisitions, Dell uses the lattice binomial valuation model to estimate the fair value of the assumed award. The compensation costs of stock options, restricted stock units, and awards with a cliff vesting feature are recognized net of any estimated forfeitures on a straight-line basis over the employee requisite service period. Compensation cost for performance-based awards is recognized on a graded accelerated basis net of estimated forfeitures over the requisite service period when achievement of the performance conditions is considered probable. Forfeiture rates are estimated at grant date based on historical experience and adjusted in subsequent periods for differences in actual forfeitures from those estimates. See Note 14 of the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements for further discussion of stock-based compensation. Recently Issued Accounting Pronouncements Comprehensive Income — In June 2011, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (the "FASB") issued new guidance on the presentation of comprehensive income. The new guidance eliminates the option to present components of other comprehensive income as part of the statement of changes in stockholders' equity and requires an entity to present either one continuous statement of net income and other comprehensive income or two separate, but consecutive statements. This new guidance relates only to presentation. Dell began presenting a separate Condensed Consolidated Statement of Comprehensive Income in the first quarter of Fiscal 2013. In February 2013, the FASB issued new guidance on reporting reclassifications out of accumulated other comprehensive income. This new guidance will be effective for Dell for the first quarter of the fiscal year ending January 31, 2014. Other than requiring additional disclosures, Dell does not expect this new guidance to impact Dell's Consolidated Financial Statements. Intangibles- Goodwill and Other — In September 2011, the FASB issued new guidance that simplified how entities test goodwill for impairment. After assessment of certain qualitative factors, if it is determined to be more likely than not that the fair value of a reporting unit is less than its carrying amount, entities must perform the quantitative analysis of the goodwill impairment test. Otherwise, the quantitative test becomes optional. Dell adopted this new guidance in the first quarter of Fiscal 2013. Goodwill is tested for impairment on an annual basis in the second fiscal quarter, or sooner if an indicator of impairment occurs. The adoption of this guidance did not impact Dell's Consolidated Financial Statements. See Note 8 of the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements for more information. In July 2012, the FASB issued amended guidance that simplifies how entities test indefinite-lived intangible assets other than goodwill for impairment. After assessment of certain qualitative factors, if it is determined to be more likely than not that an indefinite-lived asset is impaired, entities must perform the quantitative impairment test. Otherwise, the quantitative test becomes optional. The amended guidance is effective for annual and interim impairment tests performed for fiscal years beginning after September 15, 2012, with early adoption permitted. Dell adopted this new guidance in the third quarter of the Fiscal 2013, and the adoption did not impact Dell's Consolidated Financial Statements. Disclosures about Offsetting Assets and Liabilities — In January 2013, the FASB issued amended guidance that will enhance disclosure requirements about the nature of an entity’s right to offset and related arrangements associated with its derivative instruments, repurchase agreements, and securities lending transactions. This new guidance requires the disclosure of the gross amounts subject to rights of offset, amounts offset in accordance with the accounting standards followed, and the related net exposure. This new guidance will be effective for Dell for the first quarter of the fiscal year ending January 31, 2014. Early adoption is not permitted. Other than requiring additional disclosures, Dell does not expect this new guidance to impact Dell's Consolidated Financial Statements.

NOTE 1 — DESCRIPTION OF BUSINESS AND SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES

Description of Business — Dell Inc., a Delaware corporation (both individually and together with its consolidated subsidiaries, “Dell”), offers a broad range of technology solutions, including servers and networking products, storage products, services, software and peripherals, mobility products, and desktop PCs. Dell's business segments are Large Enterprise, Public, Small and Medium Business ("SMB"), and Consumer. References to the Commercial business refer to Large Enterprise, Public, and SMB.

Fiscal Year — Dell's fiscal year is the 52 or 53 week period ending on the Friday nearest January 31. The fiscal year ended February 1, 2013 ("Fiscal 2013") included 52 weeks, while the fiscal years ended February 3, 2012 ("Fiscal 2012") and January 28, 2011 ("Fiscal 2011") included 53 weeks and 52 weeks, respectively.

Principles of Consolidation — The accompanying consolidated financial statements include the accounts of Dell Inc. and its wholly-owned subsidiaries and have been prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (“GAAP”). All significant intercompany transactions and balances have been eliminated.

Segment Realignment — In the first quarter of Fiscal 2013, Dell made certain segment realignments in order to conform to the way Dell managed segment performance through Fiscal 2013. These realignments affected all of Dell's operating segments, but primarily consisted of the transfer of small office business customers from its SMB operating segment to its Consumer segment. Dell has recast prior period amounts to provide visibility and comparability. None of these changes impact Dell's previously reported consolidated net revenue, gross margin, operating income, net income, or earnings per share. See Note 15 of the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information on Dell's operating segments.

Reclassifications — Certain prior year amounts have been reclassified from accrued and other liabilities and other non-current liabilities on the Consolidated Statements of Financial Position to short-term deferred revenue and long-term deferred revenue, respectively, to conform to the current year presentation. Prior period amounts on the Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows have also been reclassified to conform to the current period presentation.

Use of Estimates — The preparation of financial statements in accordance with GAAP requires the use of management's estimates. These estimates are subjective in nature and involve judgments that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities, the disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at fiscal year-end, and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the fiscal year. Actual results could differ from those estimates.

Cash and Cash Equivalents — All highly liquid investments, including credit card receivables due from banks, with original maturities of 90 days or less at date of purchase, are reported at fair value and are considered to be cash equivalents. All other investments not considered to be cash equivalents are separately categorized as investments.

Investments — Dell's investments are primarily in debt securities, which are classified as available-for-sale and are reported at fair value (based primarily on quoted prices and market observable inputs) using the specific identification method. Unrealized gains and losses, net of taxes, are reported as a component of stockholders’ equity. Realized gains and losses on investments are included in interest and other, net. An impairment loss will be recognized and will reduce an investment's carrying amount to its fair value when a decline in the fair value of an individual security below its cost or carrying value is determined to be other than temporary.

Dell reviews its investment portfolio quarterly to determine if any investment is other than temporarily impaired. Dell determines an impairment is other than temporary when there is intent to sell the security, it is more likely than not that the security will be required to be sold before recovery in value or it is not expected to recover its entire amortized cost basis (“credit-related loss”). However, if Dell does not expect to sell a debt security, it still evaluates expected cash flows to be received and determines if a credit-related loss exists. In the event of a credit-related loss, only the amount of impairment associated with the credit-related loss is recognized in earnings. Amounts relating to factors other than credit-related losses are recorded as a component of stockholders' equity. See Note 3 of the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information.

Allowance for Doubtful Accounts — Dell recognizes an allowance for losses on accounts receivable in an amount equal to the estimated probable losses net of recoveries. The allowance is based on an analysis of historical bad debt experience, current receivables aging, and expected future write-offs, as well as an assessment of specific identifiable customer accounts considered at risk or uncollectible. The expense associated with the allowance for doubtful accounts is recognized in selling, general, and administrative expenses.

Financing Receivables —

Financing receivables are presented net of allowance for losses and consist of customer receivables and residual interest. Customer receivables include revolving loans and fixed-term leases and loans resulting primarily from the sale of Dell products and services. Based on how Dell assesses risk and determines the appropriate allowance levels, Dell has two portfolio segments: (1) fixed-term leases and loans and (2) revolving loans. The portfolio segments are further segregated into classes based on products, customer type, and credit risk evaluation: (1) Revolving - Dell Preferred Account (“DPA”); (2) Revolving - Dell Business Credit (“DBC”); (3) Fixed-term - consumer and small commercial; and (4) Fixed-term - medium and large commercial. Fixed-term leases and loans are offered to qualified small and medium-sized businesses, large commercial accounts, governmental organizations, and educational entities. Additionally, fixed-term loans are also offered to certain individual consumer customers. Revolving loans are offered under private label credit financing programs. The DPA revolving loans programs are offered to individual consumers and the DBC revolving loan programs are offered to small and medium-sized business customers.

Dell retains a residual interest in equipment leased under its fixed-term lease programs. The amount of the residual interest is established at the inception of the lease based upon estimates of the value of the equipment at the end of the lease term using historical studies, industry data, and future value-at-risk demand valuation methods. On a quarterly basis, Dell assesses the carrying amount of its recorded residual values for impairment. Anticipated declines in specific future residual values that are considered to be other-than-temporary are recorded currently in earnings.

Allowance for Financing Receivables Losses

Dell recognizes an allowance for losses on financing receivables in an amount equal to the probable losses net of recoveries. The allowance for losses is generally determined at the aggregate portfolio level based on a variety of factors, including historical and anticipated experience, past due receivables, receivable type, and customer risk profile. Customer account principal and interest are charged to the allowance for losses when an account is deemed to be uncollectible or generally when the account is 180 days delinquent. While Dell does not generally place financing receivables on non-accrual status during the delinquency period, accrued interest is included in the allowance for loss calculation, and therefore, Dell is adequately reserved in the event of charge off. Recoveries on receivables previously charged off as uncollectible are recorded to the allowance for financing receivables losses. The expense associated with the allowance for financing receivables losses is recognized as cost of net revenue. Both fixed and revolving receivable loss rates are affected by macro-economic conditions, including the level of GDP growth, unemployment rates, the level of commercial capital equipment investment, and the credit quality of the borrower.

Asset Securitization

Dell enters into securitization transactions to transfer certain financing receivables to Special Purpose Entities ("SPEs") that meet the definition of a Variable Interest Entity ("VIE"). During Fiscal 2011, Dell adopted accounting guidance that requires an entity to perform an ongoing analysis to determine whether it has a controlling financial interest in these entities. As a result of this analysis, Dell determined that it has a controlling financial interest in its SPEs, and therefore, consolidated them into Dell's Consolidated Statements of Financial Position as of January 28, 2011. The asset securitizations in these SPEs are being accounted for as secured borrowings. See Note 4 of the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information on the impact of the consolidation.

Inventories — Inventories are stated at the lower of cost or market with cost being determined on a first-in, first-out basis. Adjustments to reduce the cost of inventory to its net realizable value are made, if required, for estimated excess, obsolescence, or impaired balances.

Property, Plant, and Equipment — Property, plant, and equipment are carried at depreciated cost. Depreciation is provided using the straight-line method over the estimated economic lives of the assets, which range from ten to thirty years for buildings and two to five years for all other assets. Leasehold improvements are amortized over the shorter of five years or the lease term. Gains or losses related to retirements or disposition of fixed assets are recognized in the period incurred.

Software Development Costs — Costs incurred in the research and development of new software products and enhancements to existing software products are expensed as incurred until technological feasibility has been established. After technological feasibility is established, any additional costs are capitalized in accordance with authoritative guidance until the product is available for general release. Software development costs incurred subsequent to a product establishing technological feasibility are usually not significant, and accordingly, no significant software development costs have been capitalized as of February 1, 2013 or February 3, 2012.

Dell capitalizes eligible internal-use software development costs incurred subsequent to the completion of the preliminary project stage. Development costs are amortized over the shorter of the expected useful life of the software or five years. Costs associated with maintenance and minor enhancements to the features and functionality of Dell's website are expensed as incurred.

Impairment of Long-Lived Assets — Dell reviews long-lived assets for impairment when circumstances indicate the carrying amount of an asset may not be recoverable based on the undiscounted future cash flows of the asset. If the carrying amount of the asset is determined not to be recoverable, a write-down to fair value is recorded. Fair values are determined based on quoted market values, discounted cash flows, or external appraisals, as applicable. Dell reviews long-lived assets for impairment at the individual asset or the asset group level for which the lowest level of independent cash flows can be identified.

Business Combinations — Dell accounts for business combinations using the acquisition method of accounting, and accordingly, the assets and liabilities of the acquired business are recorded at their fair values at the date of acquisition. The excess of the purchase price over the estimated fair values is recorded as goodwill. Any changes in the estimated fair values of the net assets recorded for acquisitions prior to the finalization of more detailed analysis, but not to exceed one year from the date of acquisition, will change the amount of the purchase prices allocable to goodwill. Any subsequent changes to any purchase price allocations that are material to Dell's consolidated financial results will be adjusted retroactively. All acquisition costs are expensed as incurred. In-process research and development costs are recorded at fair value as an indefinite-lived intangible asset and assessed for impairment thereafter until completion, at which point the asset is amortized over its expected useful life. Separately recognized transactions associated with business combinations are generally expensed subsequent to the acquisition date. The results of operations of acquired businesses are included in the Consolidated Financial Statements from the acquisition date.

Intangible Assets Including Goodwill — Identifiable intangible assets with finite lives are amortized over their estimated useful lives. They are generally amortized on a non-straight-line approach based on the associated projected cash flows in order to match the amortization pattern to the pattern in which the economic benefits of the assets are expected to be consumed. Intangible assets are reviewed for impairment if indicators of potential impairment exist. Goodwill and indefinite-lived intangible assets are tested for impairment on an annual basis in the second fiscal quarter, or sooner if an indicator of impairment occurs.

Foreign Currency Translation — The majority of Dell's international sales are made by international subsidiaries, most of which have the U.S. dollar as their functional currency. Dell's subsidiaries that do not have the U.S. dollar as their functional currency translate assets and liabilities at current rates of exchange in effect at the balance sheet date. Revenue and expenses from these international subsidiaries are translated using the monthly average exchange rates in effect for the period in which the items occur. These translations resulted in cumulative foreign currency translation gains (losses) of $(68) million, $(35) million, and $39 million as of February 1, 2013, February 3, 2012, and January 28, 2011, respectively, and are included as a component of accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) in stockholders’ equity.

Local currency transactions of international subsidiaries that have the U.S. dollar as the functional currency are remeasured into U.S. dollars using current rates of exchange for monetary assets and liabilities and historical rates of exchange for non-monetary assets and liabilities. Gains and losses from remeasurement of monetary assets and liabilities are included in interest and other, net. See Note 6 of the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information.

Hedging Instruments — Dell uses derivative financial instruments, primarily forwards, options, and swaps, to hedge certain foreign currency and interest rate exposures. The relationships between hedging instruments and hedged items, as well as the risk management objectives and strategies for undertaking hedge transactions, are formally documented. Dell does not use derivatives for speculative purposes.

All derivative instruments are recognized as either assets or liabilities in the Consolidated Statements of Financial Position and are measured at fair value. Hedge accounting is applied based upon the criteria established by accounting guidance for derivative instruments and hedging activities. Derivatives are assessed for hedge effectiveness both at the onset of the hedge and at regular intervals throughout the life of the derivative. Any hedge ineffectiveness is recognized currently in earnings as a component of interest and other, net. Dell's hedge portfolio includes derivatives designated as both cash flow and fair value hedges.

For derivative instruments that are designated as cash flow hedges, hedge ineffectiveness is measured by comparing the cumulative change in the fair value of the hedge contract with the cumulative change in the fair value of the hedged item, both of which are based on forward rates. Dell records the effective portion of the gain or loss on the derivative instrument in accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) (“OCI”), as a separate component of stockholders' equity and reclassifies the gain or loss into earnings in the period during which the hedged transaction is recognized in earnings.

For derivatives that are designated as fair value hedges, hedge ineffectiveness is measured by calculating the periodic change in the fair value of the hedge contract and the periodic change in the fair value of the hedged item. To the extent that these fair value changes do not fully offset each other, the difference is recorded as ineffectiveness in earnings as a component of interest and other, net.

For derivatives that are not designated as hedges or do not qualify for hedge accounting treatment, Dell recognizes the change in the instrument's fair value currently in earnings as a component of interest and other, net.

Cash flows from derivative instruments are presented in the same category on the Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows as the cash flows from the underlying hedged items. See Note 6 of the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements for a description of Dell's derivative financial instrument activities.

Revenue Recognition — Net revenues include sales of hardware, services, software, and peripherals. Dell recognizes revenue for these products and services when it is realized or realizable and earned. Revenue is considered realized and earned when persuasive evidence of an arrangement exists; delivery has occurred or services have been rendered; Dell's fee to its customer is fixed and determinable; and collection of the resulting receivable is reasonably assured.

Revenue from third-party software sales and extended warranties for third-party products, for which Dell does not meet the criteria for gross revenue recognition, is recognized on a net basis. All other revenue is recognized on a gross basis.

Services revenue and cost of services revenue captions on the Consolidated Statements of Income include Dell's services, third-party software revenue, and support services related to Dell-owned software offerings.

Multiple Deliverables

Dell's multiple deliverable arrangements include hardware products that are sold with essential software or services such as extended warranty, installation, maintenance, and other services contracts. Dell's service contracts may include a combination of services arrangements, including support and deployment services, infrastructure, cloud and security services, and applications and business process services. The nature and terms of these multiple deliverable arrangements will vary based on the customized needs of Dell's customers.

The deliverables included in Dell's multiple deliverable arrangements typically represent a separate unit of accounting. Accordingly, consideration is allocated to these deliverables based on each unit's relative selling price. The hierarchy used to determine the selling price of a deliverable is: (1) vendor specific objective evidence (“VSOE”), (2) third-party evidence of selling price (“TPE”), and (3) best estimate of the selling price (“ESP”). In instances where Dell cannot establish VSOE, Dell establishes TPE by evaluating largely similar and interchangeable competitor products or services in standalone sales to similarly situated customers.

Products

Revenue from the sale of products is recognized when title and risk of loss passes to the customer. Delivery is considered complete when products have been shipped to Dell's customer, title and risk of loss has transferred to the customer, and customer acceptance has been satisfied. Customer acceptance is satisfied if acceptance is obtained from the customer, if all acceptance provisions lapse, or if Dell has evidence that all acceptance provisions have been satisfied.

Dell records reductions to revenue for estimated customer sales returns, rebates, and certain other customer incentive programs. These reductions to revenue are made based upon reasonable and reliable estimates that are determined by historical experience, contractual terms, and current conditions. The primary factors affecting Dell's accrual for estimated customer returns include estimated return rates as well as the number of units shipped that have a right of return that has not expired as of the balance sheet date. If returns cannot be reliably estimated, revenue is not recognized until a reliable estimate can be made or the return right lapses.

Dell sells its products directly to customers as well as through other distribution channels, such as retailers, distributors, and resellers. Dell recognizes revenue on these sales when the reseller has economic substance apart from Dell; any credit risk has been identified and quantified; title and risk of loss has passed to the sales channel; the fee paid to Dell is not contingent upon resale or payment by the end user; and Dell has no further obligations related to bringing about resale or delivery.

Sales through Dell's distribution channels are primarily made under agreements allowing for limited rights of return, price protection, rebates, and marketing development funds. Dell has generally limited return rights through contractual caps or has an established selling history for these arrangements. Therefore, there is sufficient data to establish reasonable and reliable estimates of returns for the majority of these sales. To the extent price protection or return rights are not limited and a reliable estimate cannot be made, all of the revenue and related costs are deferred until the product has been sold to the end-user or the rights expire. Dell records estimated reductions to revenue or an expense for distribution channel programs at the later of the offer or the time revenue is recognized.

Dell defers the cost of shipped products awaiting revenue recognition until revenue is recognized.

Services

Services include a broad range of configurable IT and business services, including support and deployment services, infrastructure, cloud, and security services, and applications and business process services. Revenue is recognized for services contracts as earned, which is generally on a straight-line basis over the term of the contract or on a proportional performance basis as the services are rendered and Dell's obligations are fulfilled. Revenue from time and materials or cost-plus contracts is recognized as the services are performed. Revenue from fixed price contracts is recognized on a straight-line basis, unless revenue is earned and obligations are fulfilled in a different pattern. These service contracts may include provisions for cancellation, termination, refunds, or service level adjustments. These contract provisions would not have a significant impact on recognized revenue as Dell generally recognizes revenue for these contracts as the services are performed.

For sales of extended warranties with a separate contract price, Dell defers revenue equal to the separately stated price. Revenue associated with undelivered elements is deferred and recorded when delivery occurs or services are provided. Revenue from extended warranty and service contracts, for which Dell is obligated to perform, is recorded as deferred revenue and subsequently recognized over the term of the contract on a straight-line basis or when the service is completed, and the costs associated with these contracts are recognized as incurred.

Software

Dell recognizes revenue in accordance with industry specific software accounting guidance for all software and PCS that are not essential to the functionality of the hardware. Accounting for software that is essential to the functionality of the hardware is accounted for as specified above under “Multiple Deliverables.” Dell has not established vendor specific objective evidence ("VSOE") of fair value for the undelivered elements of third-party software offerings. For the majority of Dell-owned software offerings, Dell has established VSOE to support a separation of the software license and PCS elements. VSOE of the PCS element is determined by reference to the prices customers pay for support when it is sold separately. In instances where VSOE is established, Dell recognizes revenue from the sale of software licenses at the time of initial sale, assuming all of the above criteria have been met, and revenue from the PCS element over the maintenance period. When Dell has not established VSOE to support a separation of the software license and PCS elements, the revenue and related costs are generally recognized over the term of the agreement.

Other

Dell records revenue from the sale of equipment under sales-type leases as product revenue in an amount equal to the present value of minimum lease payments at the inception of the lease. Sales-type leases also produce financing income, which is included in net revenue in the Consolidated Statements of Income and is recognized at consistent rates of return over the lease term. Dell also offers qualified customers revolving credit lines for the purchase of products and services offered by Dell. Financing income attributable to these revolving loans is recognized in net revenue on an accrual basis.

Dell reports revenue net of any revenue-based taxes assessed by governmental authorities that are imposed on and concurrent with specific revenue-producing transactions.

Standard Warranty Liabilities — Dell records warranty liabilities for its standard limited warranty at the time of sale for the estimated costs that may be incurred under its limited warranty. The liability for standard warranties is included in accrued and other current and other non-current liabilities on the Consolidated Statements of Financial Position. The specific warranty terms and conditions vary depending upon the product sold and the country in which Dell does business, but generally includes technical support, parts, and labor over a period ranging from one to three years. Factors that affect Dell's warranty liability include the number of installed units currently under warranty, historical and anticipated rates of warranty claims on those units, and cost per claim to satisfy Dell's warranty obligation. The anticipated rate of warranty claims is the primary factor impacting the estimated warranty obligation. The other factors are less significant due to the fact that the average remaining aggregate warranty period of the covered installed base is approximately 16 months, repair parts are generally already in stock or available at pre-determined prices, and labor rates are generally arranged at pre-established amounts with service providers. Warranty claims are relatively predictable based on historical experience of failure rates. If actual results differ from the estimates, Dell revises its estimated warranty liability. Each quarter, Dell reevaluates its estimates to assess the adequacy of its recorded warranty liabilities and adjusts the amounts as necessary.

Deferred Revenue — Deferred revenue represents amounts received in advance for extended warranty services, amounts due or received from customers under a legally binding commitment prior to services being rendered, deferred revenue related to Dell-owned software offerings, as well as other deferred revenue. Other deferred revenue primarily consists of deferred profit on third-party software offerings. See Note 16 of the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements for further information on deferred revenue.

Vendor Rebates and Settlements — Dell may receive consideration from vendors in the normal course of business. Certain of these funds are rebates of purchase price paid and others are related to reimbursement of costs incurred by Dell to sell the vendor's products. Dell recognizes a reduction of cost of goods sold and inventory if the funds are a reduction of the price of the vendor's products. If the consideration is a reimbursement of costs incurred by Dell to sell or develop the vendor's products, then the consideration is classified as a reduction of that cost in the Consolidated Statements of Income, most often operating expenses. In order to be recognized as a reduction of operating expenses, the reimbursement must be for a specific, incremental, identifiable cost incurred by Dell in selling the vendor's products or services.

In addition, Dell may settle commercial disputes with vendors from time to time. Claims for loss recoveries are recognized when a loss event has occurred, recovery is considered probable, the agreement is finalized, and collectability is assured. Amounts received by Dell from vendors for loss recoveries are generally recorded as a reduction of cost of goods sold.

Loss Contingencies — Dell is subject to the possibility of various losses arising in the ordinary course of business. Dell considers the likelihood of loss or impairment of an asset or the incurrence of a liability, as well as Dell's ability to reasonably estimate the amount of loss, in determining loss contingencies. An estimated loss contingency is accrued when it is probable that an asset has been impaired or a liability has been incurred and the amount of loss can be reasonably estimated. Dell regularly evaluates current information available to determine whether such accruals should be adjusted and whether new accruals are required.

Shipping Costs — Dell's shipping and handling costs are included in cost of sales in the Consolidated Statements of Income.

Selling, General, and Administrative — Selling expenses include items such as sales salaries and commissions, marketing and advertising costs, and contractor services. Advertising costs are expensed as incurred and were $833 million, $860 million, and $730 million, during Fiscal 2013, Fiscal 2012, and Fiscal 2011, respectively. Advertising costs are included in selling, general, and administrative expenses in the Consolidated Statements of Income. General and administrative expenses include items for Dell's administrative functions, such as finance, legal, human resources, and information technology support. These functions include costs for items such as salaries, maintenance and supplies, insurance, depreciation expense, and allowance for doubtful accounts.

Research, Development, and Engineering Costs — Research, development, and engineering costs are expensed as incurred. Research, development, and engineering expenses primarily include payroll and headcount-related costs, contractor fees, infrastructure costs, and administrative expenses directly related to research and development support.

Income Taxes — Deferred tax assets and liabilities are recorded based on the difference between the financial statement and tax basis of assets and liabilities using enacted tax rates in effect for the year in which the differences are expected to reverse. Dell calculates a provision for income taxes using the asset and liability method, under which deferred tax assets and liabilities are recognized by identifying the temporary differences arising from the different treatment of items for tax and accounting purposes. Dell provides valuation allowances for deferred tax assets, where appropriate. In assessing the need for a valuation allowance, Dell considers all available evidence for each jurisdiction, including past operating results, estimates of future taxable income, and the feasibility of ongoing tax planning strategies. In the event Dell determines all or part of the net deferred tax assets are not realizable in the future, Dell will make an adjustment to the valuation allowance that would be charged to earnings in the period such determination is made.

The accounting guidance for uncertainties in income tax prescribes a comprehensive model for the financial statement recognition, measurement, presentation, and disclosure of uncertain tax positions taken or expected to be taken in income tax returns. Dell recognizes a tax benefit from an uncertain tax position in the financial statements only when it is more likely than not that the position will be sustained upon examination, including resolution of any related appeals or litigation processes, based on the technical merits and a consideration of the relevant taxing authority's administrative practices and precedents.

Earnings Per Share — Basic earnings per share is based on the weighted-average effect of all common shares issued and outstanding, and is calculated by dividing net income by the weighted-average shares outstanding during the period. Diluted earnings per share is calculated by dividing net income by the weighted-average number of common shares used in the basic earnings per share calculation plus the number of common shares that would be issued assuming exercise or conversion of all potentially dilutive common shares outstanding. Dell excludes equity instruments from the calculation of diluted earnings per share if the effect of including such instruments is anti-dilutive. See Note 12 of the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements for further information on earnings per share.

Stock-Based Compensation — Dell measures stock-based compensation expense for all share-based awards granted based on the estimated fair value of those awards at grant date. The cost of restricted stock units and performance-based restricted stock units is determined using the fair market value of Dell's common stock on the date of grant. For stock options granted under Dell's Incentive Plans, Dell typically estimates the fair value of the awards using the Black-Scholes valuation model. For stock options assumed through business acquisitions, Dell uses the lattice binomial valuation model to estimate the fair value of the assumed award. The compensation costs of stock options, restricted stock units, and awards with a cliff vesting feature are recognized net of any estimated forfeitures on a straight-line basis over the employee requisite service period. Compensation cost for performance-based awards is recognized on a graded accelerated basis net of estimated forfeitures over the requisite service period when achievement of the performance conditions is considered probable. Forfeiture rates are estimated at grant date based on historical experience and adjusted in subsequent periods for differences in actual forfeitures from those estimates. See Note 14 of the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements for further discussion of stock-based compensation.

Recently Issued Accounting Pronouncements

Comprehensive Income — In June 2011, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (the "FASB") issued new guidance on the presentation of comprehensive income. The new guidance eliminates the option to present components of other comprehensive income as part of the statement of changes in stockholders' equity and requires an entity to present either one continuous statement of net income and other comprehensive income or two separate, but consecutive statements. This new guidance relates only to presentation. Dell began presenting a separate Condensed Consolidated Statement of Comprehensive Income in the first quarter of Fiscal 2013. In February 2013, the FASB issued new guidance on reporting reclassifications out of accumulated other comprehensive income. This new guidance will be effective for Dell for the first quarter of the fiscal year ending January 31, 2014. Other than requiring additional disclosures, Dell does not expect this new guidance to impact Dell's Consolidated Financial Statements.

Intangibles- Goodwill and Other — In September 2011, the FASB issued new guidance that simplified how entities test goodwill for impairment. After assessment of certain qualitative factors, if it is determined to be more likely than not that the fair value of a reporting unit is less than its carrying amount, entities must perform the quantitative analysis of the goodwill impairment test. Otherwise, the quantitative test becomes optional. Dell adopted this new guidance in the first quarter of Fiscal 2013. Goodwill is tested for impairment on an annual basis in the second fiscal quarter, or sooner if an indicator of impairment occurs. The adoption of this guidance did not impact Dell's Consolidated Financial Statements. See Note 8 of the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements for more information.

In July 2012, the FASB issued amended guidance that simplifies how entities test indefinite-lived intangible assets other than goodwill for impairment. After assessment of certain qualitative factors, if it is determined to be more likely than not that an indefinite-lived asset is impaired, entities must perform the quantitative impairment test. Otherwise, the quantitative test becomes optional. The amended guidance is effective for annual and interim impairment tests performed for fiscal years beginning after September 15, 2012, with early adoption permitted. Dell adopted this new guidance in the third quarter of the Fiscal 2013, and the adoption did not impact Dell's Consolidated Financial Statements.

Disclosures about Offsetting Assets and Liabilities — In January 2013, the FASB issued amended guidance that will enhance disclosure requirements about the nature of an entity’s right to offset and related arrangements associated with its derivative instruments, repurchase agreements, and securities lending transactions. This new guidance requires the disclosure of the gross amounts subject to rights of offset, amounts offset in accordance with the accounting standards followed, and the related net exposure. This new guidance will be effective for Dell for the first quarter of the fiscal year ending January 31, 2014. Early adoption is not permitted. Other than requiring additional disclosures, Dell does not expect this new guidance to impact Dell's Consolidated Financial Statements.