10-Q

UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

Washington, DC  20549

FORM 10-Q

(Mark One)

☒ QUARTERLY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the quarterly period ended September 30, 2023

OR

☐ TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the transition period from                         to

Commission File No.  001-09818

ALLIANCEBERNSTEIN HOLDING L.P.

(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)

Delaware	13-3434400
(State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization)	(I.R.S. Employer Identification No.)

501 Commerce Street, Nashville, TN 37203

(Address of principal executive offices)

(Zip Code)

(615) 622-0000

(Registrant’s telephone number, including area code)

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days.

Yes ☒ No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files).

Yes ☒ No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See definition of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company,” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act. (Check one):

Large accelerated filer	☒	Accelerated filer	☐
Non-accelerated filer	☐	Smaller reporting company	☐
		Emerging growth company	☐
If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act):

Yes ☐ No ☒

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

Title of Each Class	Trading Symbol	Name of Each Exchange on Which Registered
Units Rep. Assignments of Beneficial Ownership of LP Interests in AB Holding ("Units")	AB	New York Stock Exchange

The number of units representing assignments of beneficial ownership of limited partnership interests outstanding as of September 30, 2023 was 111,796,873.*

*includes 100,000 units of general partnership interest having economic interests equivalent to the economic interests of the units representing assignments of beneficial ownership of limited partnership interests.

ALLIANCEBERNSTEIN HOLDING L.P.

Index to Form 10-Q

		Page
	Part I
	FINANCIAL INFORMATION
Item 1.	Financial Statements (Unaudited)
	Condensed Statements of Financial Condition	1
	Condensed Statements of Income	2
	Condensed Statements of Comprehensive Income	3
	Condensed Statements of Changes in Partners' Capital	4
	Condensed Statements of Cash Flows	5
	Notes to Condensed Financial Statements	6
Item 2.	Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations	12
Item 3.	Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk	15
Item 4.	Controls and Procedures	15
	Part II
	OTHER INFORMATION
Item 1.	Legal Proceedings	16
Item 1A.	Risk Factors	16
Item 2.	Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds	16
Item 3.	Defaults Upon Senior Securities	17
Item 4.	Mine Safety Disclosures	17
Item 5.	Other Information	17
Item 6.	Exhibits	18
SIGNATURE		19

Part I

FINANCIAL INFORMATION

Item 1.    Financial Statements

ALLIANCEBERNSTEIN HOLDING L.P.

Condensed Statements of Financial Condition

(in thousands, except unit amounts)

(unaudited)

	September 30, 2023		December 31, 2022
ASSETS
Investment in AB	$	1,973,046	$	2,074,626
Total assets	$	1,973,046	$	2,074,626
LIABILITIES AND PARTNERS’ CAPITAL
Liabilities:
Other liabilities	$	552	$	1,623
Total liabilities	552		1,623
Commitments and contingencies (See Note 8)
Partners’ capital:
General Partner: 100,000 general partnership units issued and outstanding	1,321		1,355
Limited partners: 111,696,873 and 113,701,097 limited partnership units issued and outstanding	2,056,961		2,160,207
AB Holding Units held by AB to fund long-term incentive compensation plans	(33,658)		(37,551)
Accumulated other comprehensive loss	(52,130)		(51,008)
Total partners’ capital	1,972,494		2,073,003
Total liabilities and partners’ capital	$	1,973,046	$	2,074,626

See Accompanying Notes to Condensed Financial Statements.

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ALLIANCEBERNSTEIN HOLDING L.P.

Condensed Statements of Income

(in thousands, except per unit amounts)

(unaudited)

	Three Months Ended September 30,				Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2023		2022		2023		2022
Equity in net income attributable to AB Unitholders	$	65,761	$	63,905	$	211,264	$	233,616
Income taxes	8,770		7,589		26,278		23,231
Net income	$	56,991	$	56,316	$	184,986	$	210,385
Net income per unit:
Basic	$	0.50	$	0.56	$	1.63	$	2.11
Diluted	$	0.50	$	0.56	$	1.63	$	2.11

See Accompanying Notes to Condensed Financial Statements.

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ALLIANCEBERNSTEIN HOLDING L.P.

Condensed Statements of Comprehensive Income

(in thousands)

(unaudited)

	Three Months Ended September 30,				Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2023		2022		2023		2022
Net income	$	56,991	$	56,316	$	184,986	$	210,385
Other comprehensive income (loss):
Foreign currency translation adjustments, before tax	(5,816)		(11,574)		(1,580)		(27,875)
Income tax (expense) benefit	(85)		284		(57)		544
Foreign currency translation adjustments, net of tax	(5,901)		(11,290)		(1,637)		(27,331)
Changes in employee benefit related items:
Amortization of prior service cost	5		(4)		10		4
Recognized actuarial gain (loss)	254		(204)		508		237
Changes in employee benefit related items	259		(208)		518		241
Income tax (expense) benefit	(1)		3		(3)		(4)
Employee benefit related items, net of tax	258		(205)		515		237
Other comprehensive income (loss)	(5,643)		(11,495)		(1,122)		(27,094)
Comprehensive income	$	51,348	$	44,821	$	183,864	$	183,291

See Accompanying Notes to Condensed Financial Statements.

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ALLIANCEBERNSTEIN HOLDING L.P.

Condensed Statements of Changes in Partners’ Capital

(in thousands)

(unaudited)

	Three Months Ended September 30,				Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2023		2022		2023		2022
General Partner’s Capital
Balance, beginning of period	$	1,332	$	1,376	$	1,355	$	1,439
Net income	51		56		163		212
Cash distributions to Unitholders	(62)		(71)		(197)		(290)
Balance, end of period	1,321		1,361		1,321		1,361
Limited Partners’ Capital
Balance, beginning of period	2,124,142		1,552,011		2,160,207		1,696,199
Net income	56,940		56,260		184,823		210,173
Cash distributions to Unitholders	(69,271)		(71,269)		(223,482)		(288,698)
Retirement of AB Holding Units	(55,168)		(2,487)		(72,592)		(114,794)
Issuance of AB Holding Units to fund long-term incentive compensation plan awards	318		995		8,005		32,452
Issuance of AB Holding Units to fund CarVal acquisition	—		132,839		—		132,839
Exercise of compensatory options to buy AB Holding Units	—		—		—		178
Balance, end of period	2,056,961		1,668,349		2,056,961		1,668,349
AB Holding Units held by AB to fund long-term incentive compensation plans
Balance, beginning of period	(35,152)		(43,546)		(37,551)		(43,309)
Change in AB Holding Units held by AB to fund long-term incentive compensation plans	1,494		3,382		3,893		3,145
Balance, end of period	(33,658)		(40,164)		(33,658)		(40,164)
Accumulated Other Comprehensive (Loss)
Balance, beginning of period	(46,487)		(48,304)		(51,008)		(32,705)
Foreign currency translation adjustment, net of tax	(5,901)		(11,290)		(1,637)		(27,331)
Changes in employee benefit related items, net of tax	258		(205)		515		237
Balance, end of period	(52,130)		(59,799)		(52,130)		(59,799)
Total Partners’ Capital	$	1,972,494	$	1,569,747	$	1,972,494	$	1,569,747

See Accompanying Notes to Condensed Financial Statements.

4

ALLIANCEBERNSTEIN HOLDING L.P.

Condensed Statements of Cash Flows

(in thousands)

(unaudited)

	Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2023		2022
Cash flows from operating activities:
Net income	$	184,986	$	210,385
Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by operating activities:
Equity in net income attributable to AB Unitholders	(211,264)		(233,616)
Cash distributions received from AB	248,529		313,438
Changes in assets and liabilities:
(Decrease) in other liabilities	(1,071)		(1,531)
Net cash provided by operating activities	221,180		288,676
Cash flows from investing activities:
Acquisition of business, net cash acquired	—		40,777
Contribution of CarVal to AB	—		(40,777)
Investments in AB with proceeds from exercise of compensatory options to buy AB Holding Units	—		(178)
Net cash used in investing activities	—		(178)
Cash flows from financing activities:
Cash distributions to Unitholders	(223,679)		(288,988)
Capital contributions from AB	2,499		312
Proceeds from exercise of compensatory options to buy AB Holding Units	—		178
Net cash used in financing activities	(221,180)		(288,498)
Change in cash and cash equivalents	—		—
Cash and cash equivalents as of beginning of period	—		—
Cash and cash equivalents as of end of period	$	—	$	—
Non-cash investing activities:
Fair value of assets acquired (less cash acquired of $40.8 million in 2022)	$	—	$	1,052,062
Fair value of liabilities assumed	—		300,381
Fair value of redeemable non-controlling interest assumed	—		13,191
Fair value of assets contributed to AB (less cash acquired of $40.8 million in 2022)	—		(1,052,062)
Fair value of liabilities contributed to AB	—		(300,381)
Fair value of redeemable non-controlling interest contributed to AB	—		(13,191)
Non-cash financing activities:
Payables recorded under contingent payment arrangements	—		227,071
Equity consideration issued/to be issued in connection with acquisition	—		552,196
Payables contributed to AB under contingent payment arrangements	—		(227,071)
Equity consideration received/to be received from AB in connection with acquisition	—		(552,196)

See Accompanying Notes to Condensed Financial Statements.

5

ALLIANCEBERNSTEIN HOLDING L.P.

Notes to Condensed Financial Statements

September 30, 2023

(unaudited)

The words “we” and “our” refer collectively to AllianceBernstein Holding L.P. (“AB Holding”) and AllianceBernstein L.P.  and its subsidiaries (“AB”), or to their officers and employees. Similarly, the word “company” refers to both AB Holding and AB. Where the context requires distinguishing between AB Holding and AB, we identify which of them is being discussed. These statements should be read in conjunction with the audited consolidated financial statements included in the Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2022.

1.    Business Description, Organization and Basis of Presentation

Business Description

AB Holding’s principal source of income and cash flow is attributable to its investment in AB limited partnership interests. The condensed financial statements and notes of AB Holding should be read in conjunction with the condensed consolidated financial statements and notes of AB included as an exhibit to this quarterly report on Form 10-Q and with AB Holding’s and AB’s audited financial statements included in AB Holding’s Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2022.

AB provides diversified investment management, research and related services globally to a broad range of clients. Its principal services include:

•Institutional Services – servicing its institutional clients, including private and public pension plans, foundations and endowments, insurance companies, central banks and governments worldwide, and affiliates such as Equitable Holdings, Inc. ("EQH") and its subsidiaries, by means of separately-managed accounts, sub-advisory relationships, structured products, collective investment trusts, mutual funds, hedge funds and other investment vehicles.

•Retail Services – servicing its retail clients, primarily by means of retail mutual funds sponsored by AB or an affiliated company, sub-advisory relationships with mutual funds sponsored by third parties, separately-managed account programs sponsored by financial intermediaries worldwide and other investment vehicles.

•Private Wealth Services – servicing its private clients, including high-net-worth individuals and families, trusts and estates, charitable foundations, partnerships, private and family corporations, and other entities, by means of separately-managed accounts, hedge funds, mutual funds and other investment vehicles.

•Bernstein Research Services – servicing institutional investors, such as pension fund, hedge fund and mutual fund managers, seeking high-quality fundamental research, quantitative services and brokerage-related services in equities and listed options.

AB also provides distribution, shareholder servicing, transfer agency services and administrative services to certain of the mutual funds it sponsors.

AB’s high-quality, in-depth research is the foundation of its asset management and private wealth management businesses. AB’s research disciplines include economic, fundamental equity, fixed income and quantitative research. In addition, AB has expertise in multi-asset strategies, wealth management, environmental, social and corporate governance ("ESG"), and alternative investments.

AB provides a broad range of investment services with expertise in:

•Actively-managed equity strategies, with global and regional portfolios across capitalization ranges, concentration ranges and investment strategies, including value, growth and core equities;

•Actively-managed traditional and unconstrained fixed income strategies, including taxable and tax-exempt strategies;

•Actively-managed alternative investments, including hedge funds, fund of funds and direct assets (e.g., direct lending, real estate and private equity);

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•Portfolios with Purpose, including actively managed, impact-focused and Responsible+ (climate-conscious, ESG leaders, change catalysts) equity, fixed income and multi-asset strategies that address the evolving objectives of our clients to invest their capital with purpose while pursuing strong investment returns;

•Multi-asset solutions and services, including dynamic asset allocation, customized target-date funds and target-risk funds; and

•Passive management, including index, ESG index and enhanced index strategies.

Organization

As of September 30, 2023, EQH owned approximately 3.6% of the issued and outstanding units representing assignments of beneficial ownership of limited partnership interests in AB Holding (“AB Holding Units”). AllianceBernstein Corporation (an indirect wholly-owned subsidiary of EQH, “General Partner”) is the general partner of both AB Holding and AB. AllianceBernstein Corporation owns 100,000 general partnership units in AB Holding and a 1.0% general partnership interest in AB.

As of September 30, 2023, the ownership structure of AB, expressed as a percentage of general and limited partnership interests, was as follows:

EQH and its subsidiaries	60.3	%
AB Holding	39.0
Unaffiliated holders	0.7
	100.0	%

Including both the general partnership and limited partnership interests in AB Holding and AB, EQH and its subsidiaries had an approximate 61.7% economic interest in AB as of September 30, 2023.

Basis of Presentation

The interim condensed financial statements have been prepared in accordance with the instructions to Form 10-Q pursuant to the rules and regulations of the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”). In the opinion of management, all adjustments, consisting only of normal recurring adjustments, necessary for a fair statement of the interim results, have been made. The preparation of the condensed financial statements requires management to make certain estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the dates of the condensed financial statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the interim reporting periods. Actual results could differ from those estimates. The condensed statement of financial condition as of December 31, 2022 was derived from audited financial statements. Certain disclosures included in the annual financial statements have been condensed or omitted from these financial statements as they are not required for interim financial statements under principles generally accepted in the United States of America ("GAAP") and the rules of the SEC.

AB Holding records its investment in AB using the equity method of accounting. AB Holding’s investment is increased to reflect its proportionate share of income of AB and decreased to reflect its proportionate share of losses of AB and cash distributions made by AB to its Unitholders. In addition, AB Holding's investment is adjusted to reflect its proportionate share of certain capital transactions of AB.

Subsequent Events

We have evaluated subsequent events through the date that these financial statements were filed with the SEC and did not identify any subsequent events that would require disclosure in these financial statements.

2.    Cash Distributions

AB Holding is required to distribute all of its Available Cash Flow, as defined in the Amended and Restated Agreement of Limited Partnership of AB Holding (“AB Holding Partnership Agreement”), to its Unitholders pro rata in accordance with their percentage interests in AB Holding. Available Cash Flow is defined as the cash distributions AB Holding receives from AB minus such amounts as the General Partner determines, in its sole discretion, should be retained by AB Holding

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for use in its business (such as the payment of taxes) or plus such amounts as the General Partner determines, in its sole discretion, should be released from previously retained cash flow.

On October 26, 2023, the General Partner declared a distribution of $0.65 per unit, representing a distribution of Available Cash Flow for the three months ended September 30, 2023. Each general partnership unit in AB Holding is entitled to receive distributions equal to those received by each AB Holding Unit. The distribution is payable on November 22, 2023 to holders of record at the close of business on November 6, 2023.

3.    Long-term Incentive Compensation Plans

AB maintains several unfunded, non-qualified long-term incentive compensation plans, under which the company grants awards of restricted AB Holding Units to its employees and members of the Board of Directors, who are not employed by AB or by any of AB’s affiliates (“Eligible Directors”).

AB funds its restricted AB Holding Unit awards either by purchasing AB Holding Units on the open market or purchasing newly-issued AB Holding Units from AB Holding, and then keeping these AB Holding Units in a consolidated rabbi trust until delivering them or retiring them. In accordance with the AB Holding Partnership Agreement, when AB purchases newly-issued AB Holding Units from AB Holding, AB Holding is required to use the proceeds it receives from AB to purchase the equivalent number of newly-issued AB Units, thus increasing its percentage ownership interest in AB. AB Holding Units held in the consolidated rabbi trust are corporate assets in the name of the trust and are available to the general creditors of AB.

Repurchases and retention of AB Holding Units for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022 consisted of the following:

	Three Months Ended September 30,				Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2023		2022		2023		2022
	(in millions)
Total amount of AB Holding Units Purchased/Retained (1)	1.8		—		2.3		2.6
Total Cash Paid for AB Holding Units Purchased/Retained (1)	$	56.9	$	1.0	$	75.7	$	107.7
Open Market Purchases of AB Holding Units Purchased (1)	1.8		—		1.8		2.3
Total Cash Paid for Open Market Purchases of AB Holding Units (1)	$	56.9	$	—	$	56.9	$	92.7

(1) Purchased on a trade date basis. The difference between open-market purchases and units retained reflects the retention of AB Holding Units from employees to fulfill statutory tax withholding requirements at the time of delivery of long-term incentive compensation awards.

Each quarter, AB considers whether to implement a plan to repurchase AB Holding Units pursuant to Rules 10b5-1 and 10b-18 under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (“Exchange Act”). A plan of this type allows a company to repurchase its shares at times when it otherwise might be prevented from doing so because of self-imposed trading blackout periods or because it possesses material non-public information. Each broker selected by AB has the authority under the terms and limitations specified in the plan to repurchase AB Holding Units on AB’s behalf. Repurchases are subject to regulations promulgated by the SEC as well as certain price, market volume and timing constraints specified in the plan. The plan adopted during the third quarter of 2023 expired at the close of business on October 25, 2023. AB may adopt plans in the future to engage in open-market purchases of AB Holding Units to help fund anticipated obligations under its incentive compensation award program and for other corporate purposes.

During the first nine months of 2023 and 2022, AB awarded to employees and Eligible Directors 0.4 million and 0.8 million restricted AB Holding Unit awards, respectively. AB used AB Holding Units repurchased during the applicable period and newly-issued AB Holding Units to fund these restricted AB Holding Unit awards.

During the first nine months of 2023 and 2022, AB Holding issued zero and 5,774 AB Holding Units, respectively, upon exercise of options to buy AB Holding Units. AB Holding used the proceeds of zero and $0.1 million, respectively, received from award recipients as payment in cash for the exercise price to purchase the equivalent number of newly-issued AB Units.

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4.    Net Income per Unit

Basic net income per unit is derived by dividing net income by the basic weighted average number of units outstanding for each period. Diluted net income per unit is derived by adjusting net income for the assumed dilutive effect of compensatory options (“Net income – diluted”) and dividing by the diluted weighted average number of units outstanding for each period.

	Three Months Ended September 30,				Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2023		2022		2023		2022
	(in thousands, except per unit amounts)
Net income – basic	$	56,991	$	56,316	$	184,986	$	210,385
Additional allocation of equity in net income attributable to AB resulting from assumed dilutive effect of compensatory options	—		—		—		2
Net income – diluted	$	56,991	$	56,316	$	184,986	$	210,387
Weighted average units outstanding – basic	113,185		100,466		113,407		99,494
Dilutive effect of compensatory options	—		—		—		2
Weighted average units outstanding – diluted	113,185		100,466		113,407		99,496
Basic net income per unit	$	0.50	$	0.56	$	1.63	$	2.11
Diluted net income per unit	$	0.50	$	0.56	$	1.63	$	2.11

There were no anti-dilutive options excluded from diluted net income in the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023 or 2022.

5. Investment in AB

Changes in AB Holding’s investment in AB during the nine-month period ended September 30, 2023 are as follows (in thousands):

Investment in AB as of December 31, 2022	$	2,074,626
Equity in net income attributable to AB Unitholders	211,264
Changes in accumulated other comprehensive income	(1,122)
Cash distributions received from AB	(248,529)
Capital contributions (from) AB	(2,499)
AB Holding Units retired	(72,592)
AB Holding Units issued to fund long-term incentive compensation plans	8,005
Change in AB Holding Units held by AB for long-term incentive compensation plans	3,893
Investment in AB as of September 30, 2023	$	1,973,046

6. Units Outstanding

Changes in AB Holding Units outstanding during the nine-month period ended September 30, 2023 are as follows:

Outstanding as of December 31, 2022	113,801,097
Units issued	226,691
Units retired	(2,230,915)
Outstanding as of September 30, 2023	111,796,873

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7.    Income Taxes

AB Holding is a publicly-traded partnership (“PTP”) for federal tax purposes and, accordingly, is not subject to federal or state corporate income taxes. However, AB Holding is subject to the 4.0% New York City unincorporated business tax (“UBT”), net of credits for UBT paid by AB, and to a 3.5% federal tax on partnership gross income from the active conduct of a trade or business. AB Holding’s partnership gross income is derived from its interest in AB.

AB Holding’s federal income tax is computed by multiplying certain AB qualifying revenues (primarily U.S. investment advisory fees, research payments and brokerage commissions) by AB Holding’s ownership interest in AB, multiplied by the 3.5% tax rate. AB Holding Units in AB’s consolidated rabbi trust are not considered outstanding for purposes of calculating AB Holding’s ownership interest in AB.

	Three Months Ended September 30,								Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2023			2022			% Change		2023			2022			% Change
									(in thousands)
Net income attributable to AB Unitholders	$	167,404		$	175,180		(4.4)	%	$	537,292		$	644,676		(16.7)	%
Multiplied by: weighted average equity ownership interest	39.3		%	36.5		%			39.3		%	36.2		%
Equity in net income attributable to AB Unitholders	$	65,761		$	63,905		2.9		$	211,264		$	233,616		(9.6)
AB qualifying revenues	$	689,323		$	678,682		1.6		$	2,059,866		$	2,089,206		(1.4)
Multiplied by: weighted average equity ownership interest for calculating tax	35.6		%	31.3		%			35.7		%	31.1		%
Multiplied by: federal tax	3.5		%	3.5		%			3.5		%	3.5		%
Federal income taxes	8,593			7,442					25,713			22,748
State income taxes	177			147					565			483
Total income taxes	$	8,770		$	7,589		15.6		$	26,278		$	23,231		13.1
Effective tax rate	13.3		%	11.9		%			12.4		%	9.9		%

In order to preserve AB Holding’s status as a PTP for federal income tax purposes, management ensures that AB Holding does not directly or indirectly (through AB) engage in a substantial new line of business. If AB Holding were to lose its status as a PTP, it would be subject to corporate income tax, which would reduce materially AB Holding’s net income and its quarterly distributions to AB Holding Unitholders.

8.    Commitments and Contingencies

Legal and regulatory matters described below pertain to AB and are included here due to their potential significance to AB Holding’s investment in AB.

With respect to all significant litigation matters, we consider the likelihood of a negative outcome. If we determine the likelihood of a negative outcome is probable and the amount of the loss can be reasonably estimated, we record an estimated loss for the expected outcome of the litigation. If the likelihood of a negative outcome is reasonably possible and we are able to determine an estimate of the possible loss or range of loss in excess of amounts already accrued, if any, we disclose that fact together with the estimate of the possible loss or range of loss. However, it is often difficult to predict the outcome or estimate a possible loss or range of loss because litigation is subject to inherent uncertainties, particularly when plaintiffs allege substantial or indeterminate damages. Such is also the case when the litigation is in its early stages or when the litigation is highly complex or broad in scope. In these cases, we disclose that we are unable to predict the outcome or estimate a possible loss or range of loss.

On December 14, 2022, four individual participants in the Profit Sharing Plan for Employees of AllianceBernstein L.P., (the "Plan") filed a class action complaint (the “Complaint”) in the U.S. District Court for the Southern District of New York against AB, current and former members of the Compensation and Workplace Practices Committee of the Board, and the Investment and Administrative Committees under the Plan. Plaintiffs, who seek to represent a class of all participants in

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the Plan from December 14, 2016 to the present, allege that defendants violated their fiduciary duties and engaged in prohibited transactions under the Employee Retirement Income Security Act of 1974, as amended ("ERISA") by including proprietary collective investment trusts as investment options offered under the Plan. The Complaint seeks unspecified damages, disgorgement and other equitable relief. AB is prepared to defend itself vigorously against these claims. While the ultimate outcome of this matter is currently not determinable given the matter remains in its early stages, we do not believe this litigation will have a material adverse effect on our results of operations, financial condition or liquidity.

AB may be involved in various other matters, including regulatory inquiries, administrative proceedings and litigation, some of which may allege significant damages. It is reasonably possible that AB could incur losses pertaining to these other matters, but management cannot currently estimate any such losses. Management, after consultation with legal counsel, currently believes that the outcome of any individual matter that is pending or threatened, or all of them combined, will not have a material adverse effect on our results of operations, financial condition or liquidity. However, any inquiry, proceeding or litigation has the element of uncertainty; management cannot determine whether further developments relating to any individual matter that is pending or threatened, or all of them combined, will have a material adverse effect on our results of operations, financial condition or liquidity in any future reporting period.

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Item 2.    Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations

AB Holding’s principal source of income and cash flow is attributable to its investment in AB Units. AB Holding’s interim condensed financial statements and notes and management’s discussion and analysis of financial condition and results of operations (“MD&A”) should be read in conjunction with those of AB included as an exhibit to this Form 10-Q. They also should be read in conjunction with AB’s audited financial statements and notes and MD&A included in AB Holding’s Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2022.

Results of Operations

	Three Months Ended September 30,								Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2023			2022			% Change		2023			2022			% Change
	(in thousands, except per unit amounts)
Net income attributable to AB Unitholders	$	167,404		$	175,180		(4.4)	%	$	537,292		$	644,676		(16.7)	%
Weighted average equity ownership interest	39.3		%	36.5		%			39.3		%	36.2		%
Equity in net income attributable to AB Unitholders	65,761			63,905			2.9		211,264			233,616			(9.6)
Income taxes	8,770			7,589			15.6		26,278			23,231			13.1
Net income of AB Holding	$	56,991		$	56,316		1.2		$	184,986		$	210,385		(12.1)
Diluted net income per AB Holding Unit	$	0.50		$	0.56		(10.7)		$	1.63		$	2.11		(22.7)
Distribution per AB Holding Unit(1)	$	0.65		$	0.64		1.6		$	1.92		$	2.25		(14.7)

________________________

(1)Distributions reflect the impact of AB’s non-GAAP adjustments.

AB Holding's net income for the three months ended September 30, 2023 increased $0.7 million from the three months ended September 30, 2022, primarily due to a higher weighted average equity ownership interest, partially offset by lower net income attributable to AB Unitholders. AB Holding's net income for the nine months ended September 30, 2023 decreased $25.4 million, compared to the nine months ended September 30, 2022, primarily due to lower net income attributable to AB Unitholders, partially offset by a higher weighted average equity ownership interest.

AB Holding’s partnership gross income is derived from its interest in AB. AB Holding’s income taxes, which reflect a 3.5% federal tax on its partnership gross income from the active conduct of a trade or business, are computed by multiplying certain AB qualifying revenues (primarily U.S. investment advisory fees, research payments and brokerage commissions) by AB Holding’s ownership interest in AB, multiplied by the 3.5% tax rate. AB Holding's effective tax rate was 13.3% during the three months ended September 30, 2023, compared to 11.9% during the three months ended September 30, 2022. AB Holding's effective tax rate was 12.4% during the nine months ended September 30, 2023, compared to 9.9% during the nine months ended September 30, 2022. See Note 7 to the condensed financial statements in Item 1 for the calculation of income tax expense.

Management Operating Metrics

As supplemental information, AB provides the performance measures “adjusted net revenues,” “adjusted operating income” and “adjusted operating margin,” which are the principal metrics management uses in evaluating and comparing the period-to-period operating performance of AB. Management principally uses these metrics in evaluating performance because they present a clearer picture of AB's operating performance and allow management to see long-term trends without the distortion primarily caused by long-term incentive compensation-related mark-to-market adjustments, acquisition-related expenses, interest expense and other adjustment items. Similarly, management believes that these management operating metrics help investors better understand the underlying trends in AB's results and, accordingly, provide a valuable perspective for investors. Such measures are not based on generally accepted accounting principles (“non-GAAP measures”).

We provide the non-GAAP measures "adjusted net income" and "adjusted diluted net income per unit" because our quarterly distribution per unit is typically our adjusted diluted net income per unit (which is derived from adjusted net income).

These non-GAAP measures are provided in addition to, and not as substitutes for, net revenues, operating income and operating margin, and they may not be comparable to non-GAAP measures presented by other companies. Management uses both GAAP

12

and non-GAAP measures in evaluating the company’s financial performance. The non-GAAP measures alone may pose limitations because they do not include all of AB’s revenues and expenses. Further, adjusted diluted net income per AB Holding Unit is not a liquidity measure and should not be used in place of cash flow measures. See AB’s MD&A contained in Exhibit 99.1.

The impact of these adjustments on AB Holding’s net income and diluted net income per AB Holding Unit is as follows:

	Three Months Ended September 30,						Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2023			2022			2023			2022
	(in thousands, except per Unit amounts)
AB non-GAAP adjustments 1	$	46,231		$	23,961		$	87,185		$	41,913
AB income tax (expense) on non-GAAP adjustments	(2,761)			(1,057)			(4,156)			(4,865)
AB non-GAAP adjustments, after taxes	43,470			22,904			83,029			37,048
AB Holding’s weighted average equity ownership interest in AB	39.3		%	36.5		%	39.3		%	36.2		%
Impact on AB Holding’s net income of AB non-GAAP adjustments	$	17,077		$	8,373		$	32,647		$	13,441
Net income – diluted, GAAP basis	$	56,991		$	56,316		$	184,986		$	210,387
Impact on AB Holding’s net income of AB non-GAAP adjustments	17,077			8,373			32,647			13,441
Adjusted net income – diluted	$	74,068		$	64,689		$	217,633		$	223,828
Diluted net income per AB Holding Unit, GAAP basis	$	0.50		$	0.56		$	1.63		$	2.11
Impact of AB non-GAAP adjustments	0.15			0.08			0.29			0.14
Adjusted diluted net income per AB Holding Unit	$	0.65		$	0.64		$	1.92		$	2.25

The degree to which AB's non-GAAP adjustments impact AB Holding's net income fluctuates based on AB Holding's ownership percentage in AB.

Cash Distributions

AB Holding is required to distribute all of its Available Cash Flow, as defined in the AB Holding Partnership Agreement, to its Unitholders (including the General Partner). Available Cash Flow typically is the adjusted diluted net income per unit for the quarter multiplied by the number of units outstanding at the end of the quarter. Management anticipates that Available Cash Flow will continue to be based on adjusted diluted net income per unit, unless management determines, with concurrence of the Board of Directors, that one or more adjustments made to adjusted net income should not be made with respect to the Available Cash Flow calculation. See Note 2 to the condensed financial statements in Item 1 for a description of Available Cash Flow.

Capital Resources and Liquidity

During the nine months ended September 30, 2023, net cash provided by operating activities was $221.2 million, compared to $288.7 million during the corresponding 2022 period. The decrease primarily resulted from lower cash distributions received from AB of $64.9 million.

During the nine months ended September 30, 2023, net cash used in investing activities was zero compared to $178 thousand during the corresponding 2022 period. The activity in the prior year period reflects the investments in AB with proceeds from exercises of compensatory options to buy AB Holding Units.

1 Includes all AB non-GAAP adjustments to pre-tax income.

13

During the nine months ended September 30, 2023, net cash used in financing activities was $221.2 million, compared to $288.5 million during the corresponding 2022 period. The decrease was primarily due to lower cash distributions to Unitholders of $65.3 million.

Management believes that AB Holding will have the resources it needs to meet its financial obligations as a result of the cash flow AB Holding realizes from its investment in AB.

Commitments and Contingencies

See Note 8 to the condensed financial statements in Item 1.

CAUTIONS REGARDING FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS

Certain statements provided by management in this report and in the portion of AB’s Form 10-Q attached hereto as Exhibit 99.1 are “forward-looking statements” within the meaning of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. Such forward-looking statements are subject to risks, uncertainties and other factors that could cause actual results to differ materially from future results expressed or implied by such forward-looking statements. The most significant of these factors include, but are not limited to, the following: the performance of financial markets, the investment performance of sponsored investment products and separately managed accounts, general economic conditions, industry trends, future acquisitions, integration of acquired companies, competitive conditions and government regulations, including changes in tax regulations and rates and the manner in which the earnings of publicly-traded partnerships are taxed. We caution readers to carefully consider such factors. Further, these forward-looking statements speak only as of the date on which such statements are made; we undertake no obligation to update any forward-looking statements to reflect events or circumstances after the date of such statements. For further information regarding these forward-looking statements and the factors that could cause actual results to differ, see “Risk Factors” in Part I, Item 1A of our Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2022 and Part II, Item 1A in this Form 10-Q. Any or all of the forward-looking statements that we make in our Form 10-K, this Form 10-Q, other documents we file with or furnish to the SEC, and any other public statements we issue, may turn out to be wrong. It is important to remember that other factors besides those listed in “Risk Factors” and those listed below could also adversely impact our revenues, financial condition, results of operations and business prospects.

The forward-looking statements referred to in the preceding paragraph, most of which directly affect AB but also affect AB Holding because AB Holding’s principal source of income and cash flow is attributable to its investment in AB, include statements regarding:

•Our belief that the cash flow AB Holding realizes from its investment in AB will provide AB Holding with the resources it needs to meet its financial obligations: AB Holding’s cash flow is dependent on the quarterly cash distributions it receives from AB. Accordingly, AB Holding’s ability to meet its financial obligations is dependent on AB’s cash flow from its operations, which is subject to the performance of the capital markets and other factors beyond our control.

•Our financial condition and ability to access the public and private capital markets providing adequate liquidity for our general business needs: Our financial condition is dependent on our cash flow from operations, which is subject to the performance of the capital markets, our ability to maintain and grow client assets under management and other factors beyond our control. Our ability to access public and private capital markets on reasonable terms may be limited by adverse market conditions, our firm’s credit ratings, our profitability and changes in government regulations, including tax rates and interest rates.

•The outcome of litigation: Litigation is inherently unpredictable, and excessive damage awards do occur. Though we have stated that we do not expect any pending legal proceedings to have a material adverse effect on our results of operations, financial condition or liquidity, any settlement or judgment with respect to a legal proceeding could be significant and could have such an effect.

•The possibility that we will engage in open market purchases of AB Holding Units to help fund anticipated obligations under our incentive compensation award program: The number of AB Holding Units AB may decide to buy in future periods, if any, to help fund incentive compensation awards depends on various factors, some of which are beyond our control, including the fluctuation in the price of an AB Holding Unit (NYSE: AB) and the availability of cash to make these purchases.

•Our determination that adjusted employee compensation expense, excluding the impact of performance-based fees, generally should not exceed 50% of our adjusted net revenues on an annual basis: Aggregate employee compensation

14

reflects employee performance and competitive compensation levels.  Fluctuations in our revenues and/or changes in competitive compensation levels could result in adjusted employee compensation expense exceeding 50% of our adjusted net revenues.

Item 3.    Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk

There have been no material changes in AB Holding’s market risk from the information provided under “Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk” in Part II, Item 7A of AB Holding's Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2022.

Item 4.    Controls and Procedures

Disclosure Controls and Procedures

Each of AB Holding and AB maintains a system of disclosure controls and procedures that is designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed in our reports under the Exchange Act is (i) recorded, processed, summarized and reported in a timely manner, and (ii) accumulated and communicated to management, including the Chief Executive Officer ("CEO") and the Interim Chief Financial Officer ("CFO"), to permit timely decisions regarding our disclosure.

As of the end of the period covered by this report, management carried out an evaluation, under the supervision and with the participation of the CEO and the CFO, of the effectiveness of the design and operation of the disclosure controls and procedures. Based on this evaluation, the CEO and the CFO concluded that the disclosure controls and procedures are effective.

Changes in Internal Control over Financial Reporting

No change in our internal control over financial reporting occurred during the third quarter of 2023 that materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.

15

Part II

OTHER INFORMATION

Item 1.    Legal Proceedings

See Note 8 to the condensed financial statements contained in Part I, Item 1.

Item 1A.    Risk Factors

There have been no material changes to the risk factors from those appearing in AB Holding's Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2022.

Item 2.    Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds

There were no AB Holding Units sold by AB Holding in the period covered by this report that were not registered under the Securities Act.

Each quarter, AB considers whether to implement a plan to repurchase AB Holding Units pursuant to Rules 10b5-1 and 10b-18 under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 ("Exchange Act"). The plan adopted during the third quarter of 2023 expired at the close of business on October 25, 2023. AB may adopt additional plans in the future to engage in open-market purchases of AB Holding Units to help fund anticipated obligations under the firm's incentive compensation award program and for other corporate purposes. See Note 3 to the condensed financial statements contained in Part 1, Item 1.

AB Holding Units bought by us or one of our affiliates during the third quarter of 2023 are as follows:

ISSUER PURCHASES OF EQUITY SECURITIES

Period	Total Number of AB Holding Units Purchased	Average Price Paid Per AB Holding Unit, net of Commissions		Total Number of AB Holding Units Purchased as Part of Publicly Announced Plans or Programs	Maximum Number (or Approximate Dollar Value) of AB Holding Units that May Yet Be Purchased Under the Plans or Programs
7/1/23 - 7/31/23(1)	230	$	33.62	—	—
8/1/23 - 8/31/23(2)	714,333	30.71		—	—
9/1/23 - 9/30/23(2)	1,099,556	31.82		—	—
Total	1,814,119	$	31.39	—	—

(1)During the third quarter of 2023, AB retained from employees 230 AB Holding Units to allow them to fulfill statutory withholding tax requirements at the time of distribution of long-term incentive compensation awards.

(2)During the third quarter of 2023, AB purchased 1,813,889 AB Holding Units on the open market pursuant to a Rule 10b5-1 plan to help fund anticipated obligations under our incentive compensation award program.

16

AB Units bought by us or one of our affiliates during the third quarter of 2023 are as follows:

ISSUER PURCHASES OF EQUITY SECURITIES

 

Period	Total Number of AB Units Purchased	Average Price Paid Per AB Unit, net of Commissions		Total Number of AB Units Purchased as Part of Publicly Announced Plans or Programs	Maximum Number (or Approximate Dollar Value) of AB Units that May Yet Be Purchased Under the Plans or Programs
7/1/23 - 7/31/23	—	—		—	—
8/1/23 - 8/31/23	—	—		—	—
9/1/23 - 9/30/23(1)	200	$	31.70	—	—
Total	200	$	31.70	—	—

(1)During the third quarter of 2023, AB purchased 200 AB Units in private transactions and retired them.

Item 3.    Defaults Upon Senior Securities

None.

Item 4.    Mine Safety Disclosures

None.

Item 5.    Other Information

Pursuant to item 408(a) of Regulation S-K there were no directors or officers that had adopted or terminated a 10b5-1 plan or other trading arrangement during the third quarter of 2023.

17

Item 6.    Exhibits

31.1	Certification of Mr. Bernstein furnished pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.
31.2	Certification of Mr. Siemers furnished pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.
32.1	Certification of Mr. Bernstein furnished for the purpose of complying with Rule 13a-14(b) or Rule 15d-14(b) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 and 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.
32.2	Certification of Mr. Siemers furnished for the purpose of complying with Rule 13a-14(b) or Rule 15d-14(b) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 and 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.
99.1	Part I, Items 1 through 4 of the AllianceBernstein L.P. Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended September 30, 2023.
101.INS	XBRL Instance Document - the instance document does not appear in the Interactive Data File because its XBRL tags are embedded within the Inline XBRL document.
101.SCH	XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema.
101.CAL	XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase.
101.LAB	XBRL Taxonomy Extension Label Linkbase.
101.PRE	XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase.
101.DEF	XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase.
104	The cover page from the Company’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended September 30, 2023, formatted in Inline XBRL (included in Exhibit 101).

18

SIGNATURE

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned thereunto duly authorized.

Date: October 26, 2023	ALLIANCEBERNSTEIN HOLDING L.P.
	By:	/s/ Bill Siemers
		Bill Siemers
		Interim Chief Financial Officer
	By:	/s/ Thomas Simeone
		Thomas Simeone
		Controller and Chief Accounting Officer

19

EX-31.1

Exhibit 31.1

I, Seth Bernstein, certify that:

1.I have reviewed this quarterly report on Form 10-Q of AllianceBernstein Holding L.P.;

2.Based on my knowledge, this report does not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary to make the statements made, in light of the circumstances under which such statements were made, not misleading with respect to the period covered by this report;

3.Based on my knowledge, the financial statements, and other financial information included in this report, fairly present in all material respects the financial condition, results of operations and cash flows of the registrant as of, and for, the periods presented in this report;

4.The registrant’s other certifying officer and I are responsible for establishing and maintaining disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e)) and internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f)) for the registrant and have:

(a)Designed such disclosure controls and procedures, or caused such disclosure controls and procedures to be designed under our supervision, to ensure that material information relating to the registrant, including its consolidated subsidiaries, is made known to us by others within those entities, particularly during the period in which this report is being prepared;

(b)Designed such internal control over financial reporting, or caused such internal control over financial reporting to be designed under our supervision, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles;

(c)Evaluated the effectiveness of the registrant’s disclosure controls and procedures and presented in this report our conclusions about the effectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures, as of the end of the period covered by this report based on such evaluation; and

(d)Disclosed in this report any change in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the registrant’s most recent fiscal quarter (the registrant’s fourth fiscal quarter in the case of an annual report) that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting; and

5.The registrant’s other certifying officer and I have disclosed, based on our most recent evaluation of internal control over financial reporting, to the registrant’s auditors and the audit committee of the registrant’s board of directors (or persons performing the equivalent functions):

(a)All significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in the design or operation of internal control over financial reporting which are reasonably likely to adversely affect the registrant’s ability to record, process, summarize and report financial information; and

(b)Any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting.

Date: October 26, 2023	/s/ Seth Bernstein
	Seth Bernstein
	President & Chief Executive Officer
	AllianceBernstein Holding L.P.

EX-31.2

Exhibit 31.2

I, Bill Siemers, certify that:

1.I have reviewed this quarterly report on Form 10-Q of AllianceBernstein Holding L.P.;

2.Based on my knowledge, this report does not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary to make the statements made, in light of the circumstances under which such statements were made, not misleading with respect to the period covered by this report;

3.Based on my knowledge, the financial statements, and other financial information included in this report, fairly present in all material respects the financial condition, results of operations and cash flows of the registrant as of, and for, the periods presented in this report;

4.The registrant’s other certifying officer and I are responsible for establishing and maintaining disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e)) and internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f)) for the registrant and have:

(a)Designed such disclosure controls and procedures, or caused such disclosure controls and procedures to be designed under our supervision, to ensure that material information relating to the registrant, including its consolidated subsidiaries, is made known to us by others within those entities, particularly during the period in which this report is being prepared;

(b)Designed such internal control over financial reporting, or caused such internal control over financial reporting to be designed under our supervision, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles;

(c)Evaluated the effectiveness of the registrant’s disclosure controls and procedures and presented in this report our conclusions about the effectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures, as of the end of the period covered by this report based on such evaluation; and

(d)Disclosed in this report any change in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the registrant’s most recent fiscal quarter (the registrant’s fourth fiscal quarter in the case of an annual report) that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting; and

5.The registrant’s other certifying officer and I have disclosed, based on our most recent evaluation of internal control over financial reporting, to the registrant’s auditors and the audit committee of the registrant’s board of directors (or persons performing the equivalent functions):

(a)All significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in the design or operation of internal control over financialreporting which are reasonably likely to adversely affect the registrant’s ability to record, process, summarize and report financial information; and

(b)Any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting.

Date: October 26, 2023	/s/ Bill Siemers
	Bill Siemers
	Interim Chief Financial Officer
	AllianceBernstein Holding L.P.

EX-32.1

Exhibit 32.1

CERTIFICATION PURSUANT TO

18 U.S.C. SECTION 1350,

AS ADOPTED PURSUANT TO

SECTION 906 OF THE SARBANES-OXLEY ACT OF 2002

In connection with the Quarterly Report of AllianceBernstein Holding L.P. (the “Company”) on Form 10-Q for the period ending September 30, 2023 to be filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on or about October 26, 2023 (the “Report”), I, Seth Bernstein, President and Chief Executive Officer of the Company, certify, for the purpose of complying with Rule 13a-14(b) or Rule 15d-14(b) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 (the “Exchange Act”) and 18 U.S.C. § 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, that:

(1)The Report fully complies with the requirements of section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Exchange Act; and

(2)The information contained in the Report fairly presents, in all material respects, the financial condition and results of operations of the Company.

Date: October 26, 2023	/s/ Seth Bernstein
	Seth Bernstein
	President & Chief Executive Officer
	AllianceBernstein Holding L.P.

EX-32.2

Exhibit 32.2

CERTIFICATION PURSUANT TO

18 U.S.C. SECTION 1350,

AS ADOPTED PURSUANT TO

SECTION 906 OF THE SARBANES-OXLEY ACT OF 2002

In connection with the Quarterly Report of AllianceBernstein Holding L.P. (the “Company”) on Form 10-Q for the period ending September 30, 2023 to be filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on or about October 26, 2023 (the “Report”), I, Bill Siemers, Interim Chief Financial Officer of the Company, certify, for the purpose of complying with Rule 13a-14(b) or 15d-14(b) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 (the “Exchange Act”) and 18 U.S.C. § 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, that:

(1)The Report fully complies with the requirements of section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Exchange Act; and

(2)The information contained in the Report fairly presents, in all material respects, the financial condition and results of operations of the Company.

Date: October 26, 2023	/s/ Bill Siemers
	Bill Siemers
	Interim Chief Financial Officer
	AllianceBernstein Holding L.P.

EX-99.1

Index

Exhibit 99.1

Part I

FINANCIAL INFORMATION

Item 1.    Financial Statements

ALLIANCEBERNSTEIN L.P.

AND SUBSIDIARIES

Condensed Consolidated Statements of Financial Condition

(in thousands, except unit amounts)

(unaudited)

	September 30, 2023		December 31, 2022
ASSETS
Cash and cash equivalents	$	922,773	$	1,130,143
Cash and securities segregated, at fair value (cost: $916,463 and $1,511,916)	927,934		1,522,431
Receivables, net:
Brokers and dealers	101,614		112,226
Brokerage clients	1,444,542		1,881,496
AB funds fees	351,063		314,247
Other fees	119,817		127,040
Investments:
Long-term incentive compensation-related	37,278		47,870
Other	200,936		169,648
Assets of consolidated company-sponsored investment funds:
Cash and cash equivalents	13,247		19,751
Investments	319,805		516,536
Other assets	14,434		44,424
Furniture, equipment and leasehold improvements, net	174,541		189,258
Goodwill	3,598,591		3,598,591
Intangible assets, net	275,913		310,203
Deferred sales commissions, net	73,186		52,250
Right-of-use assets	343,055		371,898
Assets held for sale	681,327		551,351
Other assets	184,065		179,568
Total assets	$	9,784,121	$	11,138,931

1

Index

	September 30, 2023		December 31, 2022
LIABILITIES, REDEEMABLE NON-CONTROLLING INTEREST AND CAPITAL
Liabilities:
Payables:
Brokers and dealers	$	263,988	$	389,828
Brokerage clients	2,321,128		3,322,903
AB mutual funds	1,013		162,291
Contingent consideration liability	251,522		247,309
Accounts payable and accrued expenses	163,972		173,466
Lease liabilities	391,058		427,479
Liabilities of consolidated company-sponsored investment funds	14,301		55,529
Accrued compensation and benefits	753,341		415,878
Debt	900,000		990,000
Liabilities held for sale	216,333		107,952
Total liabilities	5,276,656		6,292,635
Commitments and contingencies (See Note 12)
Redeemable non-controlling interest of consolidated entities	182,934		368,656
Capital:
General Partner	44,427		45,985
Limited partners: 283,971,597 and 285,979,913 units issued and outstanding	4,494,822		4,648,113
Receivables from affiliates	(5,240)		(4,270)
AB Holding Units held for long-term incentive compensation plans	(86,358)		(95,318)
Accumulated other comprehensive (loss)	(133,752)		(129,477)
Partners’ capital attributable to AB Unitholders	4,313,899		4,465,033
Non-redeemable non-controlling interests in consolidated entities	10,632		12,607
Total capital	4,324,531		4,477,640
Total liabilities, redeemable non-controlling interest and capital	$	9,784,121	$	11,138,931

See Accompanying Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements.

2

Index

ALLIANCEBERNSTEIN L.P.

AND SUBSIDIARIES

Condensed Consolidated Statements of Income

(in thousands, except per unit amounts)

(unaudited)

	Three Months Ended September 30,				Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2023		2022		2023		2022
Revenues:
Investment advisory and services fees	$	748,951	$	714,564	$	2,199,536	$	2,257,822
Bernstein research services	93,875		91,557		285,760		315,806
Distribution revenues	149,049		147,960		434,925		469,431
Dividend and interest income	49,889		30,437		150,761		64,424
Investment (losses)	(6,694)		(3,861)		(760)		(91,105)
Other revenues	24,484		27,096		75,349		80,201
Total revenues	1,059,554		1,007,753		3,145,571		3,096,579
Less: Broker-dealer related interest expense	27,498		20,769		80,968		32,464
Net revenues	1,032,056		986,984		3,064,603		3,064,115
Expenses:
Employee compensation and benefits	453,619		429,842		1,315,861		1,267,535
Promotion and servicing:
Distribution-related payments	155,620		152,005		454,039		486,781
Amortization of deferred sales commissions	9,585		8,341		26,506		26,678
Trade execution, marketing, T&E and other	52,289		51,594		157,057		163,225
General and administrative	145,388		154,961		434,976		480,441
Contingent payment arrangements	15,364		2,371		20,251		4,047
Interest on borrowings	13,209		5,309		41,594		9,401
Amortization of intangible assets	11,732		12,256		35,148		14,652
Total expenses	856,806		816,679		2,485,432		2,452,760
Operating income	175,250		170,305		579,171		611,355
Income taxes	10,010		5,239		31,253		28,609
Net income	165,240		165,066		547,918		582,746
Net (loss) income of consolidated entities attributable to non-controlling interests	(2,164)		(10,114)		10,626		(61,930)
Net income attributable to AB Unitholders	$	167,404	$	175,180	$	537,292	$	644,676
Net income per AB Unit:
Basic	$	0.58	$	0.64	$	1.86	$	2.35
Diluted	$	0.58	$	0.64	$	1.86	$	2.35

See Accompanying Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements.

3

Index

ALLIANCEBERNSTEIN L.P.

AND SUBSIDIARIES

Condensed Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income

(in thousands)

(unaudited)

	Three Months Ended September 30,				Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2023		2022		2023		2022
Net income	$	165,240	$	165,066	$	547,918	$	582,746
Other comprehensive (loss) income:
Foreign currency translation adjustments, before tax	(15,627)		(30,066)		(4,971)		(76,174)
Income tax benefit	(274)		907		(211)		1,542
Foreign currency translation adjustments, net of tax	(15,901)		(29,159)		(5,182)		(74,632)
Changes in employee benefit related items:
Amortization of prior service cost	6		6		18		18
Recognized actuarial gain	298		324		894		971
Changes in employee benefit related items	304		330		912		989
Income tax (expense) benefit	(1)		3		(5)		(12)
Employee benefit related items, net of tax	303		333		907		977
Other comprehensive (loss)	(15,598)		(28,826)		(4,275)		(73,655)
Less: Comprehensive (loss) income in consolidated entities attributable to non-controlling interests	(2,164)		(10,114)		10,626		(61,930)
Comprehensive income attributable to AB Unitholders	$	151,806	$	146,354	$	533,017	$	571,021

See Accompanying Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements.

4

Index

ALLIANCEBERNSTEIN L.P.

AND SUBSIDIARIES

Condensed Consolidated Statements of Changes in Partners' Capital

(in thousands)

(unaudited)

	Three Months Ended September 30,				Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2023		2022		2023		2022
General Partner’s Capital
Balance, beginning of period	$	45,233	$	40,270	$	45,985	$	42,850
Net income	1,674		1,752		5,373		6,447
Cash distributions to General Partner	(1,962)		(2,149)		(6,319)		(8,645)
Long-term incentive compensation plans activity	31		(11)		34		19
(Retirement) of AB Units, net	(549)		(14)		(646)		(823)
Issuance of AB Units for CarVal acquisition	—		1,328		—		1,328
Balance, end of period	44,427		41,176		44,427		41,176
Limited Partners' Capital
Balance, beginning of period	4,573,989		4,082,109		4,648,113		4,336,211
Net income	165,730		173,428		531,919		638,229
Cash distributions to Unitholders	(193,614)		(212,485)		(624,470)		(854,213)
Long-term incentive compensation plans activity	3,025		(1,099)		3,352		1,815
(Retirement) of AB Units, net	(54,308)		(1,537)		(64,092)		(81,626)
Issuance of AB Units for CarVal acquisition	—		131,511		—		131,511
Balance, end of period	4,494,822		4,171,927		4,494,822		4,171,927
Receivables from Affiliates
Balance, beginning of period	(5,148)		(6,235)		(4,270)		(8,333)
Long-term incentive compensation awards expense	142		134		548		474
Capital contributions (to) from AB Holding	(234)		(430)		(1,518)		1,328
Balance, end of period	(5,240)		(6,531)		(5,240)		(6,531)
AB Holding Units held for Long-term Incentive Compensation Plans
Balance, beginning of period	(89,343)		(121,697)		(95,318)		(119,470)
Purchases of AB Holding Units to fund long-term compensation plans, net	(52,175)		(838)		(70,837)		(107,295)
Retirement of AB Units, net	54,851		2,509		65,607		84,124
Long-term incentive compensation awards expense	3,600		9,176		18,561		35,952
Re-valuation of AB Holding Units held in rabbi trust	(3,291)		860		(4,371)		(3,301)
Other	—		(153)		—		(153)
Balance, end of period	(86,358)		(110,143)		(86,358)		(110,143)
Accumulated Other Comprehensive (Loss)
Balance, beginning of period	(118,154)		(135,164)		(129,477)		(90,335)
Foreign currency translation adjustment, net of tax	(15,901)		(29,159)		(5,182)		(74,632)
Changes in employee benefit related items, net of tax	303		333		907		977
Balance, end of period	(133,752)		(163,990)		(133,752)		(163,990)
Total Partners' Capital attributable to AB Unitholders	4,313,899		3,932,439		4,313,899		3,932,439

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Index

	Three Months Ended September 30,				Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2023		2022		2023		2022
Non-redeemable Non-controlling Interests in Consolidated Entities
Balance, beginning of period	10,385		—		12,607		—
CarVal Acquisition	—		11,208		—		11,208
Net income	108		—		623		—
Distributions to (from) non-controlling interests, net	139		—		(2,334)		—
Adjustment	—		—		(264)		—
Balance, end of period	10,632		11,208		10,632		11,208
Total Capital	$	4,324,531	$	3,943,647	$	4,324,531	$	3,943,647

See Accompanying Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements.

6

Index

ALLIANCEBERNSTEIN L.P. AND SUBSIDIARIES

Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows

(in thousands)

(unaudited)

	Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2023		2022
Cash flows from operating activities:
Net income	$	547,918	$	582,746
Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by operating activities:
Amortization of deferred sales commissions	26,506		26,678
Non-cash long-term incentive compensation expense	19,109		36,426
Depreciation and other amortization	68,868		44,702
Unrealized losses on investments	3,892		47,765
Unrealized (gains) losses on investments of consolidated company-sponsored investment funds	(22,413)		90,297
Non-cash lease expense	76,745		76,050
Change in estimate of contingent payment arrangements	13,115		—
Other, net	18,102		20,158
Changes in assets and liabilities:
Decrease in securities, segregated	594,497		168,835
Decrease (increase) in receivables	332,161		(224,089)
(Increase) decrease in investments	(24,726)		12,253
Decrease in investments of consolidated company-sponsored investment funds	219,144		51,108
(Increase) in deferred sales commissions	(47,442)		(6,214)
(Increase) in other assets	(53,776)		(76,810)
(Decrease) in other assets and liabilities of consolidated company-sponsored investment funds, net	(11,238)		(41,294)
(Decrease) in payables	(1,253,296)		(75,629)
(Decrease) increase in accounts payable and accrued expenses	(2,656)		1,571
Increase in accrued compensation and benefits	366,485		360,817
Cash payments to relieve operating lease liabilities	(80,678)		(82,223)
Net cash provided by operating activities	790,317		1,013,147

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Index

	Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2023		2022
Cash flows from investing activities:
Purchases of furniture, equipment and leasehold improvements	(21,399)		(36,088)
Acquisition of business, net cash acquired	—		40,282
Net cash (used in) provided by investing activities	(21,399)		4,194
Cash flows from financing activities:
(Repayment of) debt, net	(90,000)		(65,000)
(Decrease) in overdrafts payable	—		(19,746)
Distributions to General Partner and Unitholders	(630,789)		(862,858)
(Redemptions) of non-controlling interest in consolidated company-sponsored investment funds, net	(196,348)		(47,345)
Capital contributions (to) affiliates	(2,499)		(312)
Additional investments by AB Holding with proceeds from exercise of compensatory options to buy AB Holding Units	—		178
Purchases of AB Holding Units to fund long-term incentive compensation plan awards, net	(70,837)		(107,295)
Repayment of acquisition-related debt obligation	—		(42,661)
Other, net	(3,523)		(1,268)
Net cash used in financing activities	(993,996)		(1,146,307)
Effect of exchange rate changes on cash and cash equivalents	(2,240)		(89,665)
Net (decrease) in cash and cash equivalents	(227,318)		(218,631)
Cash and cash equivalents as of beginning of the period	1,309,017		1,376,026
Cash and cash equivalents as of end of the period	$	1,081,699	$	1,157,395
Non-cash investing activities:
Fair value of assets acquired (less cash acquired of $40.8 in 2022)	$	—	$	1,050,234
Fair value of deferred tax asset recorded	—		4,823
Fair value of liabilities assumed	—		300,381
Fair value of redeemable non-controlling interest assumed	—		13,191
Non-cash financing activities:
Payables recorded under contingent payment arrangements	$	—	$	229,571
Equity consideration issued/to be issued in connection with acquisition	—		552,196

See Accompanying Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements.

8

Index

ALLIANCEBERNSTEIN L.P.

AND SUBSIDIARIES

Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements

September 30, 2023

(unaudited)

The words “we” and “our” refer collectively to AllianceBernstein L.P. and its subsidiaries (“AB”), or to their officers and employees. Similarly, the word “company” refers to AB. These statements should be read in conjunction with AB’s audited consolidated financial statements included in AB’s Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2022.

1.Business Description Organization and Basis of Presentation

Business Description

We provide diversified investment management, research and related services globally to a broad range of clients. Our principal services include:

•    Institutional Services – servicing our institutional clients, including private and public pension plans, foundations and endowments, insurance companies, central banks and governments worldwide, and affiliates such as Equitable Holdings, Inc. ("EQH") and its subsidiaries, by means of separately-managed accounts, sub-advisory relationships, structured products, collective investment trusts, mutual funds, hedge funds and other investment vehicles.

•    Retail Services – servicing our retail clients, primarily by means of retail mutual funds sponsored by AB or an affiliated company, sub-advisory relationships with mutual funds sponsored by third parties, separately-managed account programs sponsored by financial intermediaries worldwide and other investment vehicles.

•    Private Wealth Services – servicing our private clients, including high-net-worth individuals and families, trusts and estates, charitable foundations, partnerships, private and family corporations, and other entities, by means of separately-managed accounts, hedge funds, mutual funds and other investment vehicles.

•Bernstein Research Services – servicing institutional investors, such as pension fund, hedge fund and mutual fund managers, seeking high-quality fundamental research, quantitative services and brokerage-related services in equities and listed options.

We also provide distribution, shareholder servicing, transfer agency services and administrative services to certain of the mutual funds we sponsor.

Our high-quality, in-depth research is the foundation of our asset management and private wealth management businesses. Our research disciplines include economic, fundamental equity, fixed income and quantitative research. In addition, we have expertise in multi-asset strategies, wealth management, environmental, social and corporate governance ("ESG"), and alternative investments.

We provide a broad range of investment services with expertise in:

•Actively-managed equity strategies, with global and regional portfolios across capitalization ranges, concentration ranges and investment strategies, including value, growth and core equities;

•Actively-managed traditional and unconstrained fixed income strategies, including taxable and tax-exempt strategies;

•Actively-managed alternative investments, including hedge funds, fund of funds and direct assets (e.g., direct lending, real estate and private equity);

•Portfolios with Purpose, including actively managed, impact-focused and Responsible+ (climate-conscious, ESG leaders, change catalysts) equity, fixed income and multi-asset strategies that address the evolving objectives of our clients to invest their capital with purpose while pursuing strong investment returns;

•Multi-asset solutions and services, including dynamic asset allocation, customized target-date funds and target-risk funds; and

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Index

•Passive management, including index, ESG index and enhanced index strategies.

Organization

As of September 30, 2023, EQH owned approximately 3.6% of the issued and outstanding units representing assignments of beneficial ownership of limited partnership interests in AllianceBernstein Holding L.P. (“AB Holding Units”). AllianceBernstein Corporation (an indirect wholly-owned subsidiary of EQH, “General Partner”) is the general partner of both AllianceBernstein Holding L.P. (“AB Holding”) and AB. AllianceBernstein Corporation owns 100,000 general partnership units in AB Holding and a 1.0% general partnership interest in AB.

As of September 30, 2023, the ownership structure of AB, including limited partnership units outstanding as well as the general partner's 1.0% interest, was as follows:

EQH and its subsidiaries	60.3	%
AB Holding	39.0
Unaffiliated holders	0.7
	100.0	%

Including both the general partnership and limited partnership interests in AB Holding and AB, EQH and its subsidiaries had an approximate 61.7% economic interest in AB as of September 30, 2023.

Basis of Presentation

The interim condensed consolidated financial statements have been prepared in accordance with the instructions to Form 10-Q pursuant to the rules and regulations of the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”). In the opinion of management, all adjustments, consisting only of normal recurring adjustments, necessary for a fair statement of the interim results, have been made. The preparation of the condensed consolidated financial statements requires management to make certain estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the dates of the condensed consolidated financial statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the interim reporting periods. Actual results could differ from those estimates. The condensed consolidated statement of financial condition as of December 31, 2022 was derived from audited financial statements. Certain disclosures included in the annual financial statements have been condensed or omitted from these financial statements as they are not required for interim financial statements under principles generally accepted in the United States of America ("GAAP") and the rules of the SEC.

Principles of Consolidation

The condensed consolidated financial statements include AB and its majority-owned and/or controlled subsidiaries, and the consolidated entities that are considered to be variable interest entities (“VIEs”) and/or voting interest entities (“VOEs”) in which AB has a controlling financial interest. Non-controlling interests on the condensed consolidated statements of financial condition include the portion of consolidated company-sponsored investment funds in which we do not have direct equity ownership. All significant inter-company transactions and balances among the consolidated entities have been eliminated.

Subsequent Events

We have evaluated subsequent events through the date that these financial statements were filed with the SEC and did not identify any subsequent events that would require disclosure in these financial statements.

2.     Significant Accounting Policies

Recently Adopted Accounting Pronouncements or Accounting Pronouncements Not Yet Adopted

During the nine months ended September 30, 2023, there have been no recently adopted accounting pronouncements or pronouncements not yet adopted that have or are expected to have a material impact on our consolidated results of operations.

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Index

3. Revenue Recognition

Revenues for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022 consisted of the following:

	Three Months Ended September 30,				Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2023		2022		2023		2022
	(in thousands)
Subject to contracts with customers:
Investment advisory and services fees
Base fees	$	720,969	$	700,809	$	2,116,668	$	2,145,307
Performance-based fees	27,982		13,755		82,868		112,515
Bernstein research services	93,875		91,557		285,760		315,806
Distribution revenues
All-in-management fees	72,240		69,717		211,877		224,337
12b-1 fees	16,388		16,594		47,321		53,547
Other distribution fees	60,421		61,649		175,727		191,547
Other revenues
Shareholder servicing fees	21,539		21,474		62,633		66,282
Other	2,861		5,383		12,354		13,210
	1,016,275		980,938		2,995,208		3,122,551
Not subject to contracts with customers:
Dividend and interest income, net of broker-dealer related interest expense	22,391		9,668		69,793		31,960
Investment (losses)	(6,694)		(3,861)		(760)		(91,105)
Other revenues	84		239		362		709
	15,781		6,046		69,395		(58,436)
Total net revenues	$	1,032,056	$	986,984	$	3,064,603	$	3,064,115

4.    Long-term Incentive Compensation Plans

We maintain several unfunded, non-qualified long-term incentive compensation plans, under which we grant annual awards to employees, generally in the fourth quarter, and to members of the Board of Directors of the General Partner, who are not employed by our company or by any of our affiliates (“Eligible Directors”).

We fund our restricted AB Holding Unit awards either by purchasing AB Holding Units on the open market or purchasing newly-issued AB Holding Units from AB Holding, and then keeping these AB Holding Units in a consolidated rabbi trust until delivering them or retiring them. In accordance with the Amended and Restated Agreement of Limited Partnership of AB (“AB Partnership Agreement”), when AB purchases newly-issued AB Holding Units from AB Holding, AB Holding is required to use the proceeds it receives from AB to purchase the equivalent number of newly-issued AB Units, thus increasing its percentage ownership interest in AB. AB Holding Units held in the consolidated rabbi trust are corporate assets in the name of the trust and are available to the general creditors of AB.

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Index

Repurchases and retention of AB Holding Units for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022 consisted of the following:

	Three Months Ended September 30,				Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2023		2022		2023		2022
	(in millions)
Total amount of AB Holding Units Purchased/Retained (1)	1.8		—		2.3		2.6
Total Cash Paid for AB Holding Units Purchased/Retained (1)	$	56.9	$	1.0	$	75.7	$	107.7
Open Market Purchases of AB Holding Units Purchased (1)	1.8		—		1.8		2.3
Total Cash Paid for Open Market Purchases of AB Holding Units (1)	$	56.9	$	—	$	56.9	$	92.7

(1) Purchased on a trade date basis. The difference between open-market purchases and units retained reflects the retention of AB Holding Units from employees to fulfill statutory tax withholding requirements at the time of delivery of long-term incentive compensation awards.

Purchases of AB Holding Units reflected on the condensed consolidated statements of cash flows are net of AB Holding Unit purchases by employees as part of a distribution reinvestment election.

Each quarter, we consider whether to implement a plan to repurchase AB Holding Units pursuant to Rules 10b5-1 and 10b-18 under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended ("Exchange Act"). A plan of this type allows a company to repurchase its shares at times when it otherwise might be prevented from doing so because of self-imposed trading blackout periods or because it possesses material non-public information. Each broker we select has the authority under the terms and limitations specified in the plan to repurchase AB Holding Units on our behalf. Repurchases are subject to regulations promulgated by the SEC as well as certain price, market volume and timing constraints specified in the plan. The plan adopted during the third quarter of 2023 expired at the close of business on October 25, 2023. We may adopt plans in the future to engage in open-market purchases of AB Holding Units to help fund anticipated obligations under our incentive compensation award program and for other corporate purposes.

During the first nine months of 2023 and 2022, we awarded to employees and Eligible Directors 0.4 million and 0.8 million restricted AB Holding Unit awards, respectively. We use AB Holding Units repurchased during the applicable period and newly-issued AB Holding Units to fund these awards.

During the first nine months of 2023 and 2022, AB Holding issued zero and 5,774 AB Holding Units, respectively, upon exercise of options to buy AB Holding Units. AB Holding used the proceeds of zero and $0.1 million, respectively, received from award recipients as payment in cash for the exercise price to purchase the equivalent number of newly-issued AB Units.

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Index

5.     Net Income per Unit

Basic net income per unit is derived by reducing net income for the 1% general partnership interest and dividing the remaining 99% by the basic weighted average number of limited partnership units outstanding for each period. Diluted net income per unit is derived by reducing net income for the 1% general partnership interest and dividing the remaining 99% by the total of the diluted weighted average number of limited partnership units outstanding for each period.

	Three Months Ended September 30,				Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2023		2022		2023		2022
	(in thousands, except per unit amounts)
Net income attributable to AB Unitholders	$	167,404	$	175,180	$	537,292	$	644,676
Weighted average limited partnership units outstanding – basic	285,360		272,646		285,584		271,675
Dilutive effect of compensatory options to buy AB Holding Units	—		—		—		2
Weighted average limited partnership units outstanding – diluted	285,360		272,646		285,584		271,677
Basic net income per AB Unit	$	0.58	$	0.64	$	1.86	$	2.35
Diluted net income per AB Unit	$	0.58	$	0.64	$	1.86	$	2.35

There were no anti-dilutive options excluded from diluted net income in the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023 or 2022.

6. Cash Distributions

AB is required to distribute all of its Available Cash Flow, as defined in the AB Partnership Agreement, to its Unitholders and to the General Partner. Available Cash Flow can be summarized as the cash flow received by AB from operations minus such amounts as the General Partner determines, in its sole discretion, should be retained by AB for use in its business, or plus such amounts as the General Partner determines, in its sole discretion, should be released from previously retained cash flow.

Typically, Available Cash Flow has been the adjusted diluted net income per unit for the quarter multiplied by the number of general and limited partnership interests at the end of the quarter. In future periods, management anticipates that Available Cash Flow will be based on adjusted diluted net income per unit, unless management determines, with the concurrence of the Board of Directors, that one or more adjustments that are made for adjusted net income should not be made with respect to the Available Cash Flow calculation.

On October 26, 2023, the General Partner declared a distribution of $0.73 per AB Unit, representing a distribution of Available Cash Flow for the three months ended September 30, 2023. The General Partner, as a result of its 1% general partnership interest, is entitled to receive 1% of each distribution. The distribution is payable on November 22, 2023 to holders of record on November 6, 2023.

7.     Cash and Securities Segregated Under Federal Regulations and Other Requirements

As of September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, $0.9 billion and $1.5 billion, respectively, of U.S. Treasury Bills were segregated in a special reserve bank custody account for the exclusive benefit of our brokerage customers under Rule 15c3-3 of the Exchange Act.

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Index

8.     Investments

Investments consist of:

	September 30, 2023		December 31, 2022
	(in thousands)
Equity securities:
Long-term incentive compensation-related	$	17,176	$	21,055
Seed capital	126,384		138,012
Investments in limited partnership hedge funds:
Long-term incentive compensation-related	20,102		26,815
Seed capital	57,331		15,711
Time deposits	7,262		7,750
Other	9,959		8,175
Total investments	$	238,214	$	217,518

Total investments related to long-term incentive compensation obligations of $37.3 million and $47.9 million as of September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively, consist of company-sponsored mutual funds and hedge funds. For long-term incentive compensation awards granted before 2009, we typically made investments in company-sponsored mutual funds and hedge funds that were notionally elected by plan participants and maintained them (and continue to maintain them) in a consolidated rabbi trust or separate custodial account. The rabbi trust and custodial account enable us to hold such investments separate from our other assets for the purpose of settling our obligations to participants. The investments held in the rabbi trust and custodial account remain available to the general creditors of AB.

The underlying investments of hedge funds in which we invest include long and short positions in equity securities, fixed income securities (including various agency and non-agency asset-based securities), currencies, commodities and derivatives (including various swaps and forward contracts). These investments are valued at quoted market prices or, where quoted market prices are not available, are fair valued based on the pricing policies and procedures of the underlying funds.

We allocate seed capital to our investment teams to help develop new products and services for our clients. A portion of our seed capital trading investments are equity and fixed income products, primarily in the form of separately-managed account portfolios, U.S. mutual funds, Luxembourg funds, Japanese investment trust management funds or Delaware business trusts. We also may allocate seed capital to investments in private equity funds. Regarding our seed capital investments, the amounts above reflect those funds in which we are not the primary beneficiary of a VIE or hold a controlling financial interest in a VOE. See Note 14, Consolidated Company-Sponsored Investment Funds, for a description of the seed capital investments that we consolidate. As of September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, our total seed capital investments were $333.4 million and $309.6 million, respectively. Seed capital investments in unconsolidated company-sponsored investment funds are valued using published net asset values or non-published net asset values if they are not listed on an active exchange but have net asset values that are comparable to funds with published net asset values and have no redemption restrictions.

In addition, we have long positions in corporate equities and long exchange-traded options traded through our options desk.

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Index

The portion of unrealized gains (losses) related to equity securities, as defined by ASC 321-10, held as of September 30, 2023 and 2022 were as follows:

	Three Months Ended September 30,				Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2023		2022		2023		2022
	(in thousands)
Net (losses) gains recognized during the period	$	(4,991)	$	2,603	$	3,456	$	(31,275)
Less: net gains recognized during the period on equity securities sold during the period	754		8,197		6,603		17,953
Unrealized (losses) recognized during the period on equity securities held	$	(5,745)	$	(5,594)	$	(3,147)	$	(49,228)

9.     Derivative Instruments

See Note 14, Consolidated Company-Sponsored Investment Funds, for disclosure of derivative instruments held by our consolidated company-sponsored investment funds.

We enter various futures, forwards, options and swaps to economically hedge certain seed capital investments.  Also, we have currency forwards that help us to economically hedge certain balance sheet exposures. In addition, our options desk trades long and short exchange-traded equity options. We do not hold any derivatives designated in a formal hedge relationship under ASC 815-10, Derivatives and Hedging.

The notional value and fair value as of September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022 for derivative instruments (excluding derivative instruments relating to our options desk trading activities discussed below) not designated as hedging instruments were as follows:

			Fair Value
	Notional Value		Derivative Assets		Derivative Liabilities
	(in thousands)
September 30, 2023:
Exchange-traded futures	$	155,467	$	2,946	$	9
Currency forwards	27,740		5,314		4,494
Interest rate swaps	19,350		671		483
Credit default swaps	170,418		13,130		5,234
Total return swaps	70,403		2,367		3
Option swaps	50,000		—		499
Total derivatives	$	493,378	$	24,428	$	10,722
December 31, 2022:
Exchange-traded futures	$	154,687	$	1,768	$	162
Currency forwards	34,597		4,446		5,047
Interest rate swaps	16,847		386		262
Credit default swaps	225,671		17,507		7,302
Total return swaps	28,742		605		933
Option swaps	50,000		—		6
Total derivatives	$	510,544	$	24,712	$	13,712

As of September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, the derivative assets and liabilities are included in both receivables and payables to brokers and dealers on our condensed consolidated statements of financial condition.

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The gains and losses for derivative instruments (excluding our options desk trading activities discussed below) for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022 recognized in investment gains (losses) in the condensed consolidated statements of income were as follows:

	Three Months Ended September 30,				Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2023		2022		2023		2022
	(in thousands)
Exchange-traded futures	$	4,622	$	9,388	$	2,022	$	23,342
Currency forwards	594		1,318		557		3,600
Interest rate swaps	93		45		144		(7)
Credit default swaps	(272)		(1,079)		(4,513)		5,358
Total return swaps	2,858		2,970		(843)		18,401
Option swaps	1,041		1,897		214		5,676
Net gains (losses) on derivative instruments	$	8,936	$	14,539	$	(2,419)	$	56,370

We may be exposed to credit-related losses in the event of non-performance by counterparties to derivative financial instruments. We minimize our counterparty exposure through a credit review and approval process. In addition, we have executed various collateral arrangements with counterparties to the over-the-counter derivative transactions that require both pledging and accepting collateral in the form of cash. As of September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, we held $13.5 million and $8.4 million, respectively, of cash collateral payable to trade counterparties. This obligation to return cash is reported in payables to brokers and dealers in our condensed consolidated statements of financial condition.

Although notional amount typically is utilized as the measure of volume in the derivatives market, it is not used as a measure of credit risk. Generally, the current credit exposure of our derivative contracts is limited to the net positive estimated fair value of derivative contracts at the reporting date after taking into consideration the existence of netting agreements and any collateral received. A derivative with positive value (a derivative asset) indicates existence of credit risk because the counterparty would owe us if the contract were closed. Alternatively, a derivative contract with negative value (a derivative liability) indicates we would owe money to the counterparty if the contract were closed. Generally, if there is more than one derivative transaction with a single counterparty, a master netting arrangement exists with respect to derivative transactions with that counterparty to provide for aggregate net settlement.

Certain of our standardized contracts for over-the-counter derivative transactions (“ISDA Master Agreements”) contain credit risk related contingent provisions pertaining to each counterparty’s credit rating. In some ISDA Master Agreements, if the counterparty’s credit rating, or in some agreements, our assets under management (“AUM”), falls below a specified threshold, either a default or a termination event permitting us or the counterparty to terminate the ISDA Master Agreement would be triggered. In all agreements that provide for collateralization, various levels of collateralization of net liability positions are applicable, depending on the credit rating of the counterparty. As of September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, we delivered $1.6 million and $4.2 million, respectively, of cash collateral into brokerage accounts. We report this cash collateral in cash and cash equivalents in our condensed consolidated statement of financial condition.

As of September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, long and short exchange-traded equity options were classified as held for sale on our condensed consolidated statement of financial condition. Our options desk provides our clients with equity derivative strategies and execution for exchange-traded options on single stocks, exchange-traded funds and indices. While predominately agency-based, the options desk may commit capital to facilitate a client’s transaction. Our options desk hedges the risks associated with this activity by taking offsetting positions in equities. For the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023, we recognized gains of $0.4 million and losses of $3.3 million, respectively, on equity options activity. For the three and nine months ended September 30, 2022, we recognized losses of $3.6 million and $13.4 million, respectively, on equity options activity. These gains and losses are recognized in investment gains (losses) in the condensed consolidated statement of income.

10.     Offsetting Assets and Liabilities

See Note 14, Consolidated Company-Sponsored Investment Funds, for disclosure of offsetting assets and liabilities of our consolidated company-sponsored investment funds.

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Offsetting of assets as of September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022 was as follows:

	Gross Amounts of Recognized Assets		Gross Amounts Offset in the Statement of Financial Condition		Net Amounts of Assets Presented in the Statement of Financial Condition		Financial Instruments Collateral		Cash Collateral Received		Net Amount
	(in thousands)
September 30, 2023:
Securities borrowed	$	47,728	$	—	$	47,728	$	(47,728)	$	—	$	—
Derivatives	$	24,428	$	—	$	24,428	$	—	$	(13,487)	$	10,941
December 31, 2022:
Securities borrowed	$	62,063	$	—	$	62,063	$	(62,058)	$	—	$	5
Derivatives	$	24,712	$	—	$	24,712	$	—	$	(8,361)	$	16,351

Offsetting of liabilities as of September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022 was as follows:

	Gross Amounts of Recognized Liabilities		Gross Amounts Offset in the Statement of Financial Condition		Net Amounts of Liabilities Presented in the Statement of Financial Condition		Financial Instruments Collateral		Cash Collateral Pledged		Net Amount
	(in thousands)
September 30, 2023:
Securities loaned	$	118,713	$	—	$	118,713	$	(115,811)	$	—	$	2,902
Derivatives	$	10,722	$	—	$	10,722	$	—	$	(1,636)	$	9,086
December 31, 2022:
Securities loaned	$	272,580	$	—	$	272,580	$	(267,053)	$	—	$	5,527
Derivatives	$	13,712	$	—	$	13,712	$	—	$	(4,158)	$	9,554

Cash collateral, whether pledged or received on derivative instruments, is not considered material and, accordingly, is not disclosed by counterparty.

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11.     Fair Value

See Note 14, Consolidated Company-Sponsored Investment Funds, for disclosure of fair value of our consolidated company-sponsored investment funds.

Fair value is defined as the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability (i.e., the “exit price”) in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date. The three broad levels of fair value hierarchy are as follows:

•    Level 1 – Quoted prices in active markets are available for identical assets or liabilities as of the reported date.

•    Level 2 – Quoted prices in markets that are not active or other pricing inputs that are either directly or indirectly observable as of the reported date.

•    Level 3 – Prices or valuation techniques that are both significant to the fair value measurement and unobservable as of the reported date. These financial instruments do not have two-way markets and are measured using management’s best estimate of fair value, where the inputs into the determination of fair value require significant management judgment or estimation.

Assets and Liabilities Measured at Fair Value on a Recurring Basis

Valuation of our financial instruments by pricing observability levels as of September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022 was as follows (in thousands):

	Level 1		Level 2		Level 3		NAV Expedient(1)		Other		Total
September 30, 2023:
Money markets	$	171,192	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	171,192
Securities segregated (U.S. Treasury Bills)	—		927,934		—		—		—		927,934
Derivatives	2,945		21,483		—		—		—		24,428
Investments:
Equity securities	116,893		25,077		122		1,468		—		143,560
Limited partnership hedge funds(2)	—		—		—		—		77,433		77,433
Time deposits(3)	—		—		—		—		7,262		7,262
Other investments	6,987		—		—		—		2,972		9,959
Total investments	123,880		25,077		122		1,468		87,667		238,214
Total assets measured at fair value	$	298,017	$	974,494	$	122	$	1,468	$	87,667	$	1,361,768
Derivatives	$	10	$	10,712	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	10,722
Contingent payment arrangements	—		—		251,522		—		—		251,522
Total liabilities measured at fair value	$	10	$	10,712	$	251,522	$	—	$	—	$	262,244

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	Level 1		Level 2		Level 3		NAV Expedient(1)		Other		Total
December 31, 2022:
Money markets	$	95,521	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	95,521
Securities segregated (U.S. Treasury Bills)	—		1,521,705		—		—		—		1,521,705
Derivatives	1,768		22,944		—		—		—		24,712
Investments:
Equity securities	129,655		27,799		129		1,484		—		159,067
Limited partnership hedge funds(2)	—		—		—		—		42,526		42,526
Time deposits(3)	—		—		—		—		7,750		7,750
Other investments	6,689		—		—		—		1,486		8,175
Total investments	136,344		27,799		129		1,484		51,762		217,518
Total assets measured at fair value	$	233,633	$	1,572,448	$	129	$	1,484	$	51,762	$	1,859,456
Derivatives	$	162	$	13,550	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	13,712
Contingent payment arrangements	—		—		247,309		—		—		247,309
Total liabilities measured at fair value	$	162	$	13,550	$	247,309	$	—	$	—	$	261,021

(1) Investments measured at fair value using NAV (or its equivalent) as a practical expedient.

(2) Investments in equity method investees that are not measured at fair value in accordance with GAAP.

(3) Investments carried at amortized cost that are not measured at fair value in accordance with GAAP.

Other investments included in Level 1 of the fair value hierarchy include our investment in a mutual fund measured at fair value ($7.0 million and $6.7 million as of September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively). Other investments not measured at fair value include (i) investment in a start-up company that does not have a readily available fair value (this investment was $0.3 million as of both September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022) and (ii) broker dealer exchange memberships that are not measured at fair value in accordance with GAAP ($2.7 million and $1.2 million as of September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively).

We provide below a description of the fair value methodologies used for instruments measured at fair value, as well as the general classification of such instruments pursuant to the valuation hierarchy:

•    Money markets: We invest excess cash in various money market funds that are valued based on quoted prices in active markets; these are included in Level 1 of the valuation hierarchy.

•    Treasury Bills: We hold U.S. Treasury Bills, which are primarily segregated in a special reserve bank custody account as required by Rule 15c3-3 of the Exchange Act. These securities are valued based on quoted yields in secondary markets and are included in Level 2 of the valuation hierarchy.

•    Equity securities: Our equity securities consist principally of company-sponsored mutual funds with NAVs and various separately-managed portfolios consisting primarily of equity and fixed income mutual funds with quoted prices in active markets, which are included in Level 1 of the valuation hierarchy. In addition, some securities are valued based on observable inputs from recognized pricing vendors, which are included in Level 2 of the valuation hierarchy.

•    Derivatives: We hold exchange-traded futures with counterparties that are included in Level 1 of the valuation hierarchy. In addition, we also hold currency forward contracts, interest rate swaps, credit default swaps, option swaps and total return swaps with counterparties that are valued based on observable inputs from recognized pricing vendors, which are included in Level 2 of the valuation hierarchy.

•    Contingent payment arrangements: Contingent payment arrangements relate to contingent payment liabilities associated with various acquisitions. At each reporting date, we estimate the fair values of the contingent consideration expected to be paid based upon probability-weighted AUM and revenue projections, using unobservable market data inputs, which are included in Level 3 of the valuation hierarchy.

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During the nine months ended September 30, 2023 there were no transfers between Level 2 and Level 3 securities.

The change in carrying value associated with Level 3 financial instruments carried at fair value, classified as equity securities, is as follows:

	Three Months Ended September 30,				Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2023		2022		2023		2022
	(in thousands)
Balance as of beginning of period	$	121	$	119	$	129	$	126
Unrealized gains (losses), net	1		1		(7)		(6)
Balance as of end of period	$	122	$	120	$	122	$	120

Realized and unrealized gains and losses on Level 3 financial instruments are recorded in investment gains and losses in the condensed consolidated statements of income.

Our acquisitions may include contingent consideration arrangements as part of the purchase price. The change in carrying value associated with Level 3 financial instruments carried at fair value, classified as contingent payment arrangements, is as follows:

	Three Months Ended September 30,				Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2023		2022		2023		2022
	(in thousands)
Balance as of beginning of period	$	249,854	$	42,436	$	247,309	$	38,260
Addition	—		227,071		—		229,571
Accretion	2,249		3,638		7,136		5,314
Change in estimate (1)	13,115		—		13,115		—
Payments	—		—		(792)		—
Held for sale reclassification (1)	(13,696)		—		(15,246)		—
Balance as of end of period	$	251,522	$	273,145	$	251,522	$	273,145

(1) For the three months ended September 30, 2023 we recorded a $13.1 million change in estimate associated with the acquisition of Autonomous LLC which is included in held for sale liabilities on the condensed consolidated statement of financial condition.

As of September 30, 2023, the expected revenue growth rates ranged from 2.0% to 83.9%, with a weighted average of 10.3%, calculated using cumulative revenues and range of revenue growth rates. The discount rates range from 1.9% to 10.4%, with a weighted average of 4.6%, calculated using total contingent liabilities and range of discount rates. In the third quarter of 2022 we acquired CarVal and recorded a contingent consideration liability of $227.1 million. As of September 30, 2022, including the CarVal acquisition, the expected revenue growth rates ranged from 2.0% to 83.9%, with a weighted average of 11.5%, calculated using cumulative revenues and a range of revenue growth rates (excluding revenue growth from additional AUM contributed in the year of acquisition). The discount rates ranged from 1.9% to 10.4%, with a weighted average of 4.5%, calculated using total contingent liabilities and range of discount rates.

Assets and Liabilities Measured at Fair Value on a Nonrecurring Basis

We did not have any material assets or liabilities that were measured at fair value for impairment on a nonrecurring basis during the nine months ended September 30, 2023 or during the year ended December 31, 2022.

12.     Commitments and Contingencies

Legal Proceedings

With respect to all significant litigation matters, we consider the likelihood of a negative outcome. If we determine the likelihood of a negative outcome is probable and the amount of the loss can be reasonably estimated, we record an

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estimated loss for the expected outcome of the litigation. If the likelihood of a negative outcome is reasonably possible and we are able to determine an estimate of the possible loss or range of loss in excess of amounts already accrued, if any, we disclose that fact together with the estimate of the possible loss or range of loss. However, it is often difficult to predict the outcome or estimate a possible loss or range of loss because litigation is subject to inherent uncertainties, particularly when plaintiffs allege substantial or indeterminate damages. Such is also the case when the litigation is in its early stages or when the litigation is highly complex or broad in scope. In these cases, we disclose that we are unable to predict the outcome or estimate a possible loss or range of loss.

On December 14, 2022, four individual participants in the Profit Sharing Plan for Employees of AllianceBernstein L.P., (the "Plan") filed a class action complaint (the “Complaint”) in the U.S. District Court for the Southern District of New York against AB, current and former members of the Compensation and Workplace Practices Committee of the Board, and the Investment and Administrative Committees under the Plan. Plaintiffs, who seek to represent a class of all participants in the Plan from December 14, 2016 to the present, allege that defendants violated their fiduciary duties and engaged in prohibited transactions under the Employee Retirement Income Security Act of 1974, as amended ("ERISA"), by including proprietary collective investment trusts as investment options offered under the Plan. The Complaint seeks unspecified damages, disgorgement and other equitable relief. AB is prepared to defend itself vigorously against these claims. While the ultimate outcome of this matter is currently not determinable given the matter remains in its early stages, we do not believe this litigation will have a material adverse effect on our results of operations, financial condition or liquidity.

AB may be involved in various other matters, including regulatory inquiries, administrative proceedings and litigation, some of which may allege significant damages. It is reasonably possible that we could incur losses pertaining to these other matters, but we cannot currently estimate any such losses. Management, after consultation with legal counsel, currently believes that the outcome of any other individual matter that is pending or threatened, or all of them combined, will not have a material adverse effect on our results of operations, financial condition or liquidity. However, any inquiry, proceeding or litigation has an element of uncertainty; management cannot determine whether further developments relating to any other individual matter that is pending or threatened, or all of them combined, will have a material adverse effect on our results of operation, financial condition or liquidity in any future reporting period.

13.     Leases

We lease office space, furniture and office equipment under various operating and financing leases. Our current leases have remaining lease terms of one year to 15 years, some of which include options to extend the leases for up to five years, and some of which include options to terminate the leases within one year. Since 2010, we have sub-leased over one million square feet of office space.

Leases included in the condensed consolidated statement of financial condition as of September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022 were as follows:

	Classification	September 30, 2023		December 31, 2022
		(in thousands)
Operating Leases
Operating lease right-of-use assets	Right-of-use assets	$	331,269	$	360,092
Operating lease liabilities	Lease liabilities	379,212		415,539
Finance Leases
Property and equipment, gross	Right-of-use assets	20,732		18,116
Amortization of right-of-use assets	Right-of-use assets	(8,946)		(6,310)
Property and equipment, net		11,786		11,806
Finance lease liabilities	Lease liabilities	11,846		11,940

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The components of lease expense included in the condensed consolidated statement of income as of September 30, 2023 and September 30, 2022 were as follows:

		Three Months Ended September 30,				Nine Months Ended September 30,
	Classification	2023		2022		2023		2022
		(in thousands)
Operating lease cost	General and administrative	$	23,611	$	24,491	$	70,895	$	73,076
Financing lease cost:
Amortization of right-of-use assets	General and administrative	1,248		1,021		3,527		2,845
Interest on lease liabilities	Interest expense	96		50		249		143
Total finance lease cost		1,344		1,071		3,776		2,988
Variable lease cost (1)	General and administrative	9,445		9,970		25,744		30,125
Sublease income	General and administrative	(8,300)		(8,296)		(25,301)		(26,167)
Net lease cost		$	26,100	$	27,236	$	75,114	$	80,022

(1) Variable lease expense includes operating expenses, real estate taxes and employee parking.

The sub-lease income represents all revenues received from sub-tenants. It is primarily fixed base rental payments combined with variable reimbursements such as operating expenses, real estate taxes and employee parking. The vast majority of sub-tenant income is derived from our New York metro sub-tenant agreements. Sub-tenant income related to base rent is recorded on a straight-line basis. 

Maturities of lease liabilities were as follows:

	Operating Leases		Financing Leases		Total
Year ending December 31,	(in thousands)
2023 (excluding the nine months ended September 30, 2023)	$	24,167	$	1,117	$	25,284
2024	110,237		4,265		114,502
2025	41,901		3,836		45,737
2026	40,076		2,405		42,481
2027	37,444		741		38,185
Thereafter	163,211		67		163,278
Total lease payments	417,036		12,431		429,467
Less interest	(37,824)		(585)
Present value of lease liabilities	$	379,212	$	11,846

We have signed a lease that commences in 2024, relating to approximately 166,000 square feet of space in New York City. Our estimated total base rent obligation (excluding taxes, operating expenses and utilities) over the 20-year lease term is approximately $393.0 million.

Lease term and discount rate:
Weighted average remaining lease term (years):
Operating leases	7.30
Finance leases	3.07
Weighted average discount rate:
Operating leases	2.8	%
Finance leases	3.0	%

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Supplemental non-cash activity related to leases was as follows:

	Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2023	2022
	(in thousands)
Right-of-use assets obtained in exchange for lease obligations(1):
Operating leases	32,867	32,862
Finance leases	3,516	6,414

(1) Represents non-cash activity and, accordingly, is not reflected in the condensed consolidated statement of cash flows.

14. Consolidated Company-Sponsored Investment Funds

We regularly provide seed capital to new company-sponsored investment funds. As such, we may consolidate or de-consolidate a variety of company-sponsored investment funds each quarter. Due to the similarity of risks related to our involvement with each company-sponsored investment fund, disclosures required under the VIE model are aggregated, such as disclosures regarding the carrying amount and classification of assets.

We are not required to provide financial support to company-sponsored investment funds, and only the assets of such funds are available to settle each fund's own liabilities. Our exposure to loss regarding consolidated company-sponsored investment funds is limited to our investment in, and our management fee earned from, such funds. Equity and debt holders of such funds have no recourse to AB’s assets or to the general credit of AB.

The balances of consolidated VIEs and VOEs included in our condensed consolidated statements of financial condition were as follows:

	September 30, 2023						December 31, 2022
	(in thousands)
	VIEs		VOEs		Total		VIEs		VOEs		Total
Cash and cash equivalents	$	13,247	$	—	$	13,247	$	19,751	$	—	$	19,751
Investments	297,386		22,419		319,805		516,536		—		516,536
Other assets	13,516		918		14,434		44,424		—		44,424
Total assets	$	324,149	$	23,337	$	347,486	$	580,711	$	—	$	580,711
Liabilities	$	13,363	$	938	$	14,301	$	55,529	$	—	$	55,529
Redeemable non-controlling interest	176,307		6,627		182,934		368,656		—		368,656
Partners' capital attributable to AB Unitholders	134,479		15,772		150,251		156,526		—		156,526
Total liabilities, redeemable non-controlling interest and partners' capital	$	324,149	$	23,337	$	347,486	$	580,711	$	—	$	580,711

During the nine-month period ended September 30, 2023, we deconsolidated three funds in which we had a seed investment of approximately $40.6 million as of December 31, 2022, due to no longer having a controlling financial interest.

Changes in the redeemable non-controlling interest balance during the nine-month period ended September 30, 2023 are as follows (in thousands):

Redeemable non-controlling interest as of December 31, 2022	$	368,656
Deconsolidated funds	(196,277)
Changes in third-party seed investments in consolidated funds	10,555
Redeemable non-controlling interest as of September 30, 2023	$	182,934

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Fair Value

Cash and cash equivalents include cash on hand, demand deposits, overnight commercial paper and highly liquid investments with original maturities of three months or less. Due to the short-term nature of these instruments, the recorded value has been determined to approximate fair value.

Valuation of consolidated company-sponsored investment funds' financial instruments by pricing observability levels as of September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022 was as follows (in thousands):

	Level 1		Level 2		Level 3		Total
September 30, 2023:
Investments - VIEs	$	50,467	$	246,919	$	—	$	297,386
Investments - VOEs	22,419		—		—		22,419
Derivatives - VIEs	343		1,568		—		1,911
Total assets measured at fair value	$	73,229	$	248,487	$	—	$	321,716
Derivatives - VIEs	1,192		2,549		—		3,741
Total liabilities measured at fair value	$	1,192	$	2,549	$	—	$	3,741
December 31, 2022:
Investments - VIEs	$	129,706	$	386,830	$	—	$	516,536
Derivatives - VIEs	1,529		6,023		—		7,552
Total assets measured at fair value	$	131,235	$	392,853	$	—	$	524,088
Derivatives - VIEs	$	14,932	$	6,608	$	—	$	21,540
Total liabilities measured at fair value	$	14,932	$	6,608	$	—	$	21,540

See Note 11 for a description of the fair value methodologies used for instruments measured at fair value, as well as the general classification of such instruments pursuant to the valuation hierarchy.

The change in carrying value associated with Level 3 financial instruments carried at fair value within consolidated company-sponsored investment funds was as follows:

	Three Months Ended September 30,				Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2023		2022		2023		2022
	(in thousands)
Balance as of beginning of period	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	3,357
Deconsolidated funds	—		—		—		(3,351)
Transfers (out)	—		—		—		(6)
Purchases	—		—		—		248
Sales	—		—		—		(248)
Balance as of end of period	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—

The Level 3 securities primarily consist of corporate bonds that are vendor priced with no ratings available, bank loans, non-agency collateralized mortgage obligations and asset-backed securities.

Transfers into and out of all levels of the fair value hierarchy are reflected at end-of-period fair values. Realized and unrealized gains and losses on Level 3 financial instruments are recorded in investment gains and losses in the condensed consolidated statements of income.

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Derivative Instruments

As of September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, the VIEs held $1.8 million and $14.0 million (net), respectively, of futures, forwards and swaps within their portfolios. For the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023, we recognized $3.3 million and $2.9 million of losses, respectively, on these derivatives. For the three and nine months ended September 30, 2022, we recognized $4.9 million and $10.1 million of losses, respectively, on these derivatives. These gains and losses are recognized in investment gains (losses) in the condensed consolidated statements of income.

As of September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, the VIEs held $0.6 million and $2.7 million, respectively, of cash collateral payable to trade counterparties. This obligation to return cash is reported in the liabilities of consolidated company-sponsored investment funds in our condensed consolidated statements of financial condition.

As of September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, the VIEs delivered $3.3 million and $5.4 million, respectively, of cash collateral into brokerage accounts. The VIEs report this cash collateral in the consolidated company-sponsored investment funds cash and cash equivalents in our condensed consolidated statements of financial condition.

As of September 30, 2023, the VOEs held no futures, forwards, options or swaps within their portfolios.

As of September 30, 2023, the VOEs held no cash collateral payable to trade counterparties.

As of September 30, 2023, the VOEs delivered no cash collateral in brokerage accounts.

Offsetting Assets and Liabilities

Offsetting of derivative assets of consolidated company-sponsored investment funds as of September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022 was as follows:

	Gross Amounts of Recognized Assets		Gross Amounts Offset in the Statement of Financial Condition		Net Amounts of Assets Presented in the Statement of Financial Condition		Financial Instruments Collateral		Cash Collateral Received		Net Amount
	(in thousands)
September 30, 2023:
Derivatives - VIEs	$	1,911	$	—	$	1,911	$	—	$	(621)	$	1,290
December 31, 2022:
Derivatives - VIEs	$	7,552	$	—	$	7,552	$	—	$	(2,731)	$	4,821

Offsetting of derivative liabilities of consolidated company-sponsored investment funds as of September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022 was as follows:

	Gross Amounts of Recognized Liabilities		Gross Amounts Offset in the Statement of Financial Condition		Net Amounts of Liabilities Presented in the Statement of Financial Condition		Financial Instruments Collateral		Cash Collateral Pledged		Net Amount
	(in thousands)
September 30, 2023:
Derivatives - VIEs	$	3,741	$	—	$	3,741	$	—	$	(3,337)	$	404
December 31, 2022:
Derivatives - VIEs	$	21,540	$	—	$	21,540	$	—	$	(5,444)	$	16,096

Cash collateral, whether pledged or received on derivative instruments, is not considered material and, accordingly, is not disclosed by counterparty.

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Non-Consolidated VIEs

As of September 30, 2023, the net assets of company-sponsored investment products that are non-consolidated VIEs are approximately $54.9 billion, and our maximum risk of loss is our investment of $11.0 million in these VIEs and our advisory fee receivables from these VIEs is $99.3 million. As of December 31, 2022, the net assets of company-sponsored investment products that were non-consolidated VIEs was approximately $46.4 billion; our maximum risk of loss was our investment of $5.7 million in these VIEs and our advisory fees receivable from these VIEs was $54.2 million.

15.     Units Outstanding

Changes in AB Units outstanding during the nine-month period ended September 30, 2023 were as follows:

Outstanding as of December 31, 2022	285,979,913
Units issued	226,691
Units retired(1)	(2,235,007)
Outstanding as of September 30, 2023	283,971,597

(1) During the nine months ended September 30, 2023, we purchased 4,092 AB Units in private transactions and retired them.

16.     Debt

Credit Facility

AB has an $800.0 million committed, unsecured senior revolving credit facility (the “Credit Facility”) with a group of commercial banks and other lenders, which matures on October 13, 2026. The Credit Facility was amended and restated on February 9, 2023, to reflect the transition from US LIBOR, which was retired June 30, 2023, to the term Secured Overnight Financial Rate or "SOFR". Other than this immaterial change, there were no other significant changes included in the amendment. The Credit Facility provides for possible increases in the principal amount by up to an aggregate incremental amount of $200.0 million; any such increase is subject to the consent of the affected lenders. The Credit Facility is available for AB and Sanford C. Bernstein & Co., LLC ("SCB LLC") business purposes, including the support of AB’s commercial paper program. Both AB and SCB LLC can draw directly under the Credit Facility and management may draw on the Credit Facility from time to time. AB has agreed to guarantee the obligations of SCB LLC under the Credit Facility.

The Credit Facility contains affirmative, negative and financial covenants, which are customary for facilities of this type, including restrictions on dispositions of assets, restrictions on liens, a minimum interest coverage ratio and a maximum leverage ratio. As of September 30, 2023, we were in compliance with these covenants. The Credit Facility also includes customary events of default (with customary grace periods, as applicable), including provisions under which, upon the occurrence of an event of default, all outstanding loans may be accelerated and/or lender’s commitments may be terminated. Also, under such provisions, upon the occurrence of certain insolvency- or bankruptcy-related events of default, all amounts payable under the Credit Facility would automatically become immediately due and payable, and the lender’s commitments automatically would terminate.

Amounts under the Credit Facility may be borrowed, repaid and re-borrowed by us from time to time until the maturity of the facility. Voluntary prepayments and commitment reductions requested by us are permitted at any time without a fee (other than customary breakage costs relating to the prepayment of any drawn loans) upon proper notice and subject to a minimum dollar requirement. Borrowings under the Credit Facility bear interest at a rate per annum, which will be, at our option, a rate equal to an applicable margin, which is subject to adjustment based on the credit ratings of AB, plus one of the following indices: SOFR; a Prime rate; or the Federal Funds rate.

As of September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, we had no amounts outstanding under the Credit Facility. Furthermore, during the first nine months of 2023 and the full year 2022, we did not draw upon the Credit Facility.

EQH Facility

AB also has a $900.0 million committed, unsecured senior credit facility (“EQH Facility”) with EQH. The EQH Facility matures on November 4, 2024 and is available for AB's general business purposes. Borrowings under the EQH Facility generally bear interest at a rate per annum based on prevailing overnight commercial paper rates.

The EQH Facility contains affirmative, negative and financial covenants which are substantially similar to those in AB’s committed bank facilities. As of September 30, 2023, we were in compliance with these covenants. The EQH Facility also

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includes customary events of default substantially similar to those in AB’s committed bank facilities, including provisions under which, upon the occurrence of an event of default, all outstanding loans may be accelerated and/or the lender’s commitment may be terminated.

Amounts under the EQH Facility may be borrowed, repaid and re-borrowed by us from time to time until the maturity of the facility. AB or EQH may reduce or terminate the commitment at any time without penalty upon proper notice. EQH also may terminate the facility immediately upon a change of control of our general partner.

As of both September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, AB had $900.0 million outstanding under the EQH Facility, with interest rates of approximately 5.3% and 4.3%, respectively. Average daily borrowings on the EQH Facility for the first nine months of 2023 and the full year 2022 were $778.7 million and $655.2 million, respectively, with weighted average interest rates of approximately 4.8% and 1.7%, respectively.

EQH Uncommitted Facility

In addition to the EQH Facility, AB has a $300.0 million uncommitted, unsecured senior credit facility (“EQH Uncommitted Facility”) with EQH. The EQH Uncommitted Facility matures on September 1, 2024 and is available for AB's general business purposes. Borrowings under the EQH Uncommitted Facility generally bear interest at a rate per annum based on prevailing overnight commercial paper rates. The EQH Uncommitted Facility contains affirmative, negative and financial covenants which are substantially similar to those in the EQH Facility. As of September 30, 2023, we were in compliance with these covenants. As of September 30, 2023, we had no amounts outstanding under the EQH Uncommitted Facility. As of December 31, 2022, we had $90.0 million outstanding under the EQH Uncommitted Facility, with an interest rate of approximately 4.3%. Average daily borrowing on the EQH Uncommitted Facility for the first nine months of 2023 and the full year 2022 were $4.8 million and $0.7 million, respectively, with weighted average interest rates of approximately 4.6% and 4.3%, respectively.

Commercial Paper

As of September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, we had no commercial paper outstanding. The commercial paper is short term in nature, and as such, recorded value is estimated to approximate fair value (and considered a Level 2 security in the fair value hierarchy). Average daily borrowings of commercial paper during the first nine months of 2023 and full year 2022 were $277.1 million and $189.9 million, respectively, with weighted average interest rates of approximately 5.1% and 1.5%, respectively.

SCB Lines of Credit

SCB LLC currently has five uncommitted lines of credit with five financial institutions. Four of these lines of credit permit us to borrow up to an aggregate of approximately $315.0 million, with AB named as an additional borrower, while the other line has no stated limit. AB has agreed to guarantee the obligations on SCB LLC under these lines of credit. As of September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, SCB LLC had no outstanding balance on these lines of credit. Average daily borrowings during the first nine months of 2023 and full year 2022 were $1.5 million and $1.4 million, respectively, with weighted average interest rates of approximately 7.8% and 3.7%, respectively.

17. Divestitures

On November 22, 2022, AB and Société Générale (EURONEXT: SCGLY, “SocGen”), a leading European bank, announced plans to form a joint venture combining their respective cash equities and research businesses. Upon closing, AB will own a 49% interest in the joint venture and SocGen will own a 51% interest, with an option to reach 100% ownership after five years. The consummation of the joint venture is subject to customary closing conditions, including regulatory clearances. Due to the expected timing of regulatory approvals, we now expect the closing to occur in the first half of 2024.

The assets and liabilities of AB's research services business (“the disposal group”) continue to be classified as held for sale on the condensed consolidated statement of financial condition and recorded at fair value, less cost to sell. As a result of classifying these assets as held for sale, we recognized a non-cash valuation adjustment of $2.1 million and $7.6 million in general and administrative expenses on the condensed consolidated statement of income for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023, respectively, as well as $7.4 million for the three months ended December 31, 2022, to recognize the net carrying value at lower of cost or fair value, less estimated costs to sell. Approximately $4.9 million in costs to sell have been paid as of September 30, 2023.

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The following table summarizes the assets and liabilities of the disposal group classified as held for sale on the condensed consolidated statement of financial condition as of September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022:

(in thousands)	September 30, 2023		December 31, 2022
Cash and cash equivalents	$	145,679	$	159,123
Receivables, net:
Brokers and dealers	96,768		44,717
Brokerage clients	77,765		29,243
Other fees	19,860		22,988
Investments	23,941		24,507
Furniture and equipment, net	4,947		4,128
Other assets	153,127		107,764
Right-of-use assets	5,293		1,552
Intangible assets	4,271		4,903
Goodwill	159,826		159,826
Valuation adjustment (allowance) on disposal group	(10,150)		(7,400)
Total assets held for sale	$	681,327	$	551,351
Payables:
Brokers and dealers	$	70,927	$	32,983
Brokerage clients	29,281		10,232
Other liabilities	75,177		50,884
Accrued compensation and benefits	40,948		13,853
Total liabilities held for sale	$	216,333	$	107,952

As of September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, cash and cash equivalents classified as held for sale included in the condensed consolidated statement of cash flows was $145.7 million and $159.1 million, respectively.

We have determined that the exit from the sell-side research business does not represent a strategic shift that has had, or is likely to have a major effect on our consolidated results of operations. Accordingly, we have not classified the disposal group as discontinued operations. The results of operations of the disposal group up to the respective dates of sale will be included in our consolidated results of operations for all periods presented. The lower of amortized cost or fair value adjustment upon transferring these assets to held for sale was not material.

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Item 2.     Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations

Executive Overview

Our total assets under management (“AUM”) as of September 30, 2023 were $669.0 billion, down $22.5 billion, or 3.3%, compared to June 30, 2023, and up $56.3 billion, or 9.2%, compared to September 30, 2022. During the third quarter of 2023, AUM decreased due to market depreciation of $20.6 billion and net outflows of $1.9 billion (Institutional net outflows of $3.5 billion offset by Retail net inflows of $1.6 billion, while Private Wealth flows were flat).

Institutional AUM decreased $12.3 billion, or 4.0%, to $296.9 billion during the third quarter of 2023, due to market depreciation of $8.8 billion and net outflows of $3.5 billion. Gross sales increased sequentially from $1.5 billion during the second quarter of 2023 to $4.3 billion during the third quarter of 2023. Redemptions and terminations decreased sequentially from $4.0 billion to $2.7 billion.

Retail AUM decreased $7.4 billion, or 2.8%, to $259.2 billion during the third quarter of 2023, due to market depreciation of $9.0 billion, offset by net inflows of $1.6 billion. Gross sales increased sequentially from $16.5 billion during the second quarter of 2023 to $16.9 billion during the third quarter of 2023. Redemptions and terminations decreased sequentially from $14.6 billion to $13.6 billion.

Private Wealth AUM decreased $2.8 billion, or 2.4%, to $112.9 billion during the third quarter of 2023, due to market depreciation of $2.8 billion. Gross sales decreased sequentially from $4.4 billion during the second quarter of 2023 to $4.0 billion during the third quarter of 2023. Redemptions and terminations decreased sequentially from $4.5 billion to $4.0 billion.

Bernstein Research Services revenue for the third quarter of 2023 was $93.9 million, up $2.3 million, or 2.5%, compared to the third quarter of 2022. The increase was driven by a modest growth in research payments.

Net revenues for the third quarter of 2023 increased $45.1 million, or 4.6%, to $1.0 billion from $987.0 million in the third quarter of 2022. The increase was primarily due to higher investment advisory base fees of $20.2 million, higher performance-based fees of $14.2 million and higher net dividend and interest income of $12.7 million. Operating expenses for the third quarter of 2023 increased $40.1 million, or 4.9%, to $856.8 million from $816.7 million in the third quarter of 2022. The increase was primarily due to higher employee compensation and benefits expense of $23.8 million, higher contingent payment arrangements expense of $13.0 million, higher promotion and servicing expenses of $5.6 million and higher interest on borrowings of $7.9 million, partially offset by lower general and administrative expenses of $9.6 million. Our operating income increased $4.9 million, or 2.9%, to $175.3 million from $170.3 million in the third quarter of 2022 and our operating margin decreased to 17.2% in the third quarter of 2023 from 18.3% in the third quarter of 2022.

Market Commentary

Equity and fixed income markets posted declines in the third quarter as interest rates continued to rise, with the U.S. Federal Reserve raising rates yet again signaling less easing in 2024. Thirty year mortgage rates hit their highest level since 2000 and the 10-year Treasury yield rose to its highest level since 2007. The U.S. economy has weathered higher interest rates well, emboldening the Federal Reserve to tighten monetary policies aggressively. While inflation is trending lower, core inflation remains over 4%, well above the Federal Reserve’s 2% target. Meanwhile, U.S. Congress agreed on a short term government funding measure as September came to a close, postponing a government shutdown.

In the U.K., inflation remains high and interest rates are likely to rise further in the fourth quarter. The European Central Bank raised rates in September and regional recession fears are acute, particularly as German manufacturing suffers from sluggish Chinese demand. China’s growth continues to disappoint, primarily reflecting a longer term secular slowdown amid waning consumer and business confidence, housing sector imbalances and little sign of government stimulus.

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Relationship with EQH and its Subsidiaries

EQH (our parent company) and its subsidiaries are our largest client. EQH is collaborating with AB in order to improve the risk-adjusted yield for the General Accounts of EQH's insurance subsidiaries by investing additional assets at AB, including the utilization of AB's higher-fee, longer-duration alternative offerings. In mid-2021, Equitable Financial Life Insurance Company, a subsidiary of EQH ("Equitable Financial"), agreed to provide an initial $10 billion in permanent capital1 to build out AB's private illiquid offerings, including private alternatives and private placements. Deployment of this initial capital commitment is approximately 80% completed and is expected to continue over the next year. In addition, during the second quarter of 2023, EQH committed to provide an additional $10 billion in permanent capital, which will begin following the completion of the initial $10 billion commitment. We expect this anticipated capital from Equitable Financial will continue to accelerate both organic and inorganic growth in our private alternatives business, allowing us to continue to deliver for our clients, employees, unitholders and other stakeholders. For example, included in the initial $10 billion commitment by EQH is $750 million in capital to be deployed through AB CarVal.

Assets Under Management

Assets under management by distribution channel are as follows:

	As of September 30,
	2023		2022		$ Change		% Change
	(in billions)
Institutions	$	296.9	$	279.4	$	17.5	6.3	%
Retail	259.2		232.3		26.9		11.6
Private Wealth	112.9		101.0		11.9		11.7
Total	$	669.0	$	612.7	$	56.3	9.2	%

Assets under management by investment service are as follows:

	As of September 30,
	2023		2022		$ Change		% Change
	(in billions)
Equity
Actively Managed	$	226.8	$	202.9	$	23.9	11.8	%
Passively Managed(1)	56.0		52.1		3.9		7.5
Total Equity	282.8		255.0		27.8		10.9
Fixed Income
Actively Managed
Taxable	195.0		187.2		7.8		4.2
Tax–exempt	55.6		51.9		3.7		7.0
	250.6		239.1		11.5		4.8
Passively Managed(1)	9.4		9.5		(0.1)		(0.9)
Total Fixed Income	260.0		248.6		11.4		4.6
Alternatives/Multi-Asset Solutions(2)
Actively Managed	118.6		103.8		14.8		14.2
Passively Managed(1)	7.6		5.3		2.3		41.8
Total Alternatives/Multi-Asset Solutions	126.2		109.1		17.1		15.6
Total	$	669.0	$	612.7	$	56.3	9.2	%

(1)Includes index and enhanced index services.

(2)Includes certain multi-asset solutions and services not included in equity or fixed income services.

1 Permanent capital means investment capital of indefinite duration, which may be withdrawn under certain conditions. Although Equitable Financial has indicated its intention over time to provide this investment capital to AB, which is mutually beneficial to both firms, it has no binding commitment to do so.

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Changes in assets under management for the three-month, nine-month and twelve-month periods ended September 30, 2023 are as follows:

	Distribution Channel
	Institutions		Retail		Private Wealth		Total
	(in billions)
Balance as of June 30, 2023	$	309.2	$	266.6	$	115.7	$	691.5
Long-term flows:
Sales/new accounts	4.3		16.9		4.0		25.2
Redemptions/terminations	(2.7)		(13.6)		(4.0)		(20.3)
Cash flow/unreinvested dividends	(5.1)		(1.7)		—		(6.8)
Net long-term (outflows) inflows	(3.5)		1.6		—		(1.9)
Market depreciation	(8.8)		(9.0)		(2.8)		(20.6)
Net change	(12.3)		(7.4)		(2.8)		(22.5)
Balance as of September 30, 2023	$	296.9	$	259.2	$	112.9	$	669.0
Balance as of December 31, 2022	$	297.3	$	242.9	$	106.2	$	646.4
Long-term flows:
Sales/new accounts	8.8		50.2		14.2		73.2
Redemptions/terminations	(10.1)		(41.5)		(12.5)		(64.1)
Cash flow/unreinvested dividends	(8.1)		(6.2)		—		(14.3)
Net long-term (outflows) inflows	(9.4)		2.5		1.7		(5.2)
Transfers	0.1		(0.1)		—		—
Market appreciation	8.9		13.9		5.0		27.8
Net change	(0.4)		16.3		6.7		22.6
Balance as of September 30, 2023	$	296.9	$	259.2	$	112.9	$	669.0
Balance as of September 30, 2022	$	279.4	$	232.3	$	101.0	$	612.7
Long-term flows:
Sales/new accounts	21.4		64.4		18.4		104.2
Redemptions/terminations	(13.6)		(56.9)		(16.8)		(87.3)
Cash flow/unreinvested dividends	(15.5)		(8.5)		—		(24.0)
Net long-term (outflows) inflows	(7.7)		(1.0)		1.6		(7.1)
Transfers	0.1		(0.1)		—		—
Market appreciation	25.1		28.0		10.3		63.4
Net change	17.5		26.9		11.9		56.3
Balance as of September 30, 2023	$	296.9	$	259.2	$	112.9	$	669.0

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	Investment Service
	Equity Actively Managed		Equity Passively Managed(1)		Fixed Income Actively Managed - Taxable		Fixed Income Actively Managed - Tax- Exempt		Fixed Income Passively Managed(1)		Alternatives/ Multi-Asset Solutions(2)		Total
	(in billions)
Balance as of June 30, 2023	$	235.9	$	60.5	$	202.3	$	56.1	$	9.4	$	127.3	$	691.5
Long-term flows:
Sales/new accounts	10.3		0.4		7.6		3.8		0.4		2.7		25.2
Redemptions/terminations	(9.3)		—		(7.4)		(2.6)		(0.1)		(0.9)		(20.3)
Cash flow/unreinvested dividends	(1.2)		(2.8)		(2.6)		0.1		0.1		(0.4)		(6.8)
Net long-term (outflows) inflows	(0.2)		(2.4)		(2.4)		1.3		0.4		1.4		(1.9)
Market (depreciation)	(8.9)		(2.1)		(4.9)		(1.8)		(0.4)		(2.5)		(20.6)
Net change	(9.1)		(4.5)		(7.3)		(0.5)		—		(1.1)		(22.5)
Balance as of September 30, 2023	$	226.8	$	56.0	$	195.0	$	55.6	$	9.4	$	126.2	$	669.0
Balance as of December 31, 2022	$	217.9	$	53.8	$	190.3	$	52.5	$	9.4	$	122.5	$	646.4
Long-term flows:
Sales/new accounts	28.0		1.1		26.2		11.0		0.5		6.4		73.2
Redemptions/terminations	(32.8)		(0.2)		(18.9)		(7.5)		(0.3)		(4.4)		(64.1)
Cash flow/unreinvested dividends	(5.7)		(4.4)		(1.3)		0.3		0.1		(3.3)		(14.3)
Net long-term (outflows) inflows	(10.5)		(3.5)		6.0		3.8		0.3		(1.3)		(5.2)
Market appreciation (depreciation)	19.4		5.7		(1.3)		(0.7)		(0.3)		5.0		27.8
Net change	8.9		2.2		4.7		3.1		—		3.7		22.6
Balance as of September 30, 2023	$	226.8	$	56.0	$	195.0	$	55.6	$	9.4	$	126.2	$	669.0
Balance as of September 30, 2022	$	202.9	$	52.1	$	187.2	$	51.9	$	9.5	$	109.1	$	612.7
Long-term flows:
Sales/new accounts	37.3		1.2		34.5		14.7		0.5		16.0		104.2
Redemptions/terminations	(42.3)		(1.7)		(25.2)		(12.1)		(0.3)		(5.7)		(87.3)
Cash flow/unreinvested dividends	(8.1)		(5.3)		(7.3)		0.1		(0.2)		(3.2)		(24.0)
Net long-term (outflows) inflows	(13.1)		(5.8)		2.0		2.7		—		7.1		(7.1)
Market appreciation (depreciation)	37.0		9.7		5.8		1.0		(0.1)		10.0		63.4
Net change	23.9		3.9		7.8		3.7		(0.1)		17.1		56.3
Balance as of September 30, 2023	$	226.8	$	56.0	$	195.0	$	55.6	$	9.4	$	126.2	$	669.0

(1)Includes index and enhanced index services.

(2)Includes certain multi-asset solutions and services not included in equity or fixed income services

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Net long-term inflows (outflows) for actively managed investment services as compared to passively managed investment services for the three-month, nine-month and twelve-month periods ended September 30, 2023 are as follows:

	Periods Ended September 30, 2023
	Three-months		Nine-months		Twelve-months
	(in billions)
Actively Managed
Equity	$	(0.2)	$	(10.5)	$	(13.1)
Fixed Income	(1.1)		9.8		4.7
Alternatives/Multi-Asset Solutions	1.2		(1.7)		5.9
	(0.1)		(2.4)		(2.5)
Passively Managed
Equity	(2.4)		(3.5)		(5.8)
Fixed Income	0.4		0.3		—
Alternatives/Multi-Asset Solutions	0.2		0.4		1.2
	(1.8)		(2.8)		(4.6)
Total net long-term (outflows)	$	(1.9)	$	(5.2)	$	(7.1)

Average assets under management by distribution channel and investment service are as follows:

	Three Months Ended September 30,								Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2023		2022		$ Change		% Change		2023		2022		$ Change		% Change
	(in billions)								(in billions)
Distribution Channel:
Institutions	$	307.0	$	297.0	$	10.0	3.4	%	$	305.1	$	312.8	$	(7.7)	(2.5)	%
Retail	266.8		250.9		15.9		6.3		259.2		274.9		(15.7)		(5.7)
Private Wealth	115.8		106.0		9.8		9.2		112.9		111.6		1.3		1.2
Total	$	689.6	$	653.9	$	35.7	5.5	%	$	677.2	$	699.3	$	(22.1)	(3.2)	%
Investment Service:
Equity Actively Managed	$	235.8	$	222.8	$	13.0	5.9	%	$	230.7	$	245.7	$	(15.0)	(6.1)	%
Equity Passively Managed(1)	59.3		56.7		2.6		4.7		57.5		61.8		(4.3)		(7.0)
Fixed Income Actively Managed – Taxable	200.3		198.9		1.4		0.7		197.9		216.4		(18.5)		(8.5)
Fixed Income Actively Managed – Tax-exempt	56.3		53.7		2.6		4.8		55.2		54.7		0.5		0.9
Fixed Income Passively Managed(1)	9.4		11.3		(1.9)		(17.0)		9.5		12.1		(2.6)		(21.9)
Alternatives/Multi-Asset Solutions(2)	128.5		110.5		18.0		16.3		126.4		108.6		17.8		16.4
Total	$	689.6	$	653.9	$	35.7	5.5	%	$	677.2	$	699.3	$	(22.1)	(3.2)	%

(1)Includes index and enhanced index services.

(2)Includes certain multi-asset solutions and services not included in equity of fixed income services.

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Index

Our Institutional channel third quarter average AUM of $307.0 billion increased $10.0 billion, or 3.4%, compared to the third quarter of 2022, primarily due to ending AUM increasing $17.5 billion, or 6.3%, to $296.9 billion from September 30, 2022. The $17.5 billion increase in AUM resulted primarily from market appreciation of $25.1 billion, partially offset by net outflows of $7.7 billion.

Our Retail channel third quarter average AUM of $266.8 billion increased $15.9 billion, or 6.3%, compared to the third quarter of 2022, primarily due to ending AUM increasing $26.9 billion, or 11.6%, to $259.2 billion from September 30, 2022. The $26.9 billion increase resulted primarily from market appreciation of $28.0 billion, partially offset by net outflows of $1.0 billion.

Our Private Wealth channel third quarter average AUM of $115.8 billion increased $9.8 billion, or 9.2%, compared to the third quarter of 2022, primarily due to ending AUM increasing $11.9 billion, or 11.7%, to $112.9 billion from September 30, 2022. The $11.9 billion increase resulted from market appreciation of $10.3 billion and net inflows of $1.6 billion.

Absolute investment composite returns, gross of fees, and relative performance as of September 30, 2023 compared to benchmarks for certain representative Institutional equity and fixed income services are as follows:

	1-Year		3-Year(1)		5-Year(1)
Global High Income - Hedged (fixed income)
Absolute return	12.9	%	2.5	%	2.6	%
Relative return (vs. Bloomberg Barclays Global High Yield Index - Hedged)	0.7		1.6		0.4
Global Plus - Hedged (fixed income)
Absolute return	2.4		(3.2)		0.7
Relative return (vs. Bloomberg Barclays Global Aggregate Index - Hedged)	0.3		0.5		0.2
Intermediate Municipal Bonds (fixed income)
Absolute return	3.4		(0.4)		1.7
Relative return (vs. Lipper Short/Int. Blended Muni Fund Avg)	0.8		0.7		0.8
U.S. Strategic Core Plus (fixed income)
Absolute return	1.1		(4.7)		0.4
Relative return (vs. Bloomberg Barclays U.S. Aggregate Index)	0.5		0.5		0.3
Emerging Market Debt (fixed income)
Absolute return	10.2		(4.4)		(0.1)
Relative return (vs. JPM EMBI Global/JPM EMBI)	1.6		(0.2)		—
Sustainable Global Thematic (equity)
Absolute return	16.2		2.9		9.1
Relative return (vs. MSCI ACWI Index)	(4.7)		(4.0)		2.7
International Strategic Core Equity (equity)
Absolute return	18.5		3.2		2.3
Relative return (vs. MSCI EAFE Index)	(7.1)		(2.6)		(0.9)
U.S. Small & Mid Cap Value (equity)
Absolute return	12.1		15.5		4.3
Relative return (vs. Russell 2500 Value Index)	0.8		2.2		0.3
U.S. Strategic Value (equity)
Absolute return	21.1		15.7		6.8
Relative return (vs. Russell 1000 Value Index)	6.7		4.6		0.5

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Index

	1-Year	3-Year(1)	5-Year(1)
U.S. Small Cap Growth (equity)
Absolute return	11.2	(2.4)	4.0
Relative return (vs. Russell 2000 Growth Index)	1.6	(3.5)	2.5
U.S. Large Cap Growth (equity)
Absolute return	25.3	7.0	12.2
Relative return (vs. Russell 1000 Growth Index)	(2.4)	(0.9)	(0.2)
U.S. Small & Mid Cap Growth (equity)
Absolute return	10.6	(2.0)	3.9
Relative return (vs. Russell 2500 Growth Index)	—	(3.0)	(0.1)
Concentrated U.S. Growth (equity)
Absolute return	16.1	6.6	10.0
Relative return (vs. S&P 500 Index)	(5.5)	(3.6)	0.1
Select U.S. Equity (equity)
Absolute return	17.7	11.3	10.2
Relative return (vs. S&P 500 Index)	(3.9)	1.1	0.3
Strategic Equities (equity)
Absolute return	19.9	10.1	9.4
Relative return (vs. Russell 3000 Index)	(0.6)	0.8	0.2
Global Core Equity (equity)
Absolute return	22.7	6.2	6.3
Relative return (vs. MSCI ACWI Index)	1.9	(0.7)	(0.2)
U.S. Strategic Core Equity (equity)
Absolute return	21.4	10.4	9.8
Relative return (vs. S&P 500 Index)	(0.2)	0.2	(0.1)
Select U.S. Equity Long/Short (alternatives)
Absolute return	7.6	7.1	7.0
Relative return (vs. S&P 500 Index)	(14.0)	(3.0)	(2.9)
Global Strategic Core Equity (equity)
Absolute return	20.4	8.6	7.3
Relative return (vs. S&P 500 Index)	(1.5)	0.6	0.1

(1)Reflects annualized returns.

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Index

Consolidated Results of Operations

	Three Months Ended September 30,										Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2023			2022			$ Change		% Change		2023			2022			$ Change		% Change
	(in thousands, except per unit amounts)
Net revenues	$	1,032,056		$	986,984		$	45,072	4.6	%	$	3,064,603		$	3,064,115		$	488	—	%
Expenses	856,806			816,679			40,127		4.9		2,485,432			2,452,760			32,672		1.3
Operating income	175,250			170,305			4,945		2.9		579,171			611,355			(32,184)		(5.3)
Income taxes	10,010			5,239			4,771		91.1		31,253			28,609			2,644		9.2
Net income	165,240			165,066			174		0.1		547,918			582,746			(34,828)		(6.0)
Net (loss) income of consolidated entities attributable to non-controlling interests	(2,164)			(10,114)			7,950		(78.6)		10,626			(61,930)			72,556		n/m
Net income attributable to AB Unitholders	$	167,404		$	175,180		$	(7,776)	(4.4)		$	537,292		$	644,676		$	(107,384)	(16.7)
Diluted net income per AB Unit	$	0.58		$	0.64		$	(0.06)	(9.4)		$	1.86		$	2.35		$	(0.49)	(20.9)
Distributions per AB Unit	$	0.73		$	0.72		$	0.01	1.4		$	2.15		$	2.49		$	(0.34)	(13.7)
Operating margin (1)	17.2		%	18.3		%					18.6		%	22.0		%

(1)Operating income excluding net income (loss) attributable to non-controlling interests as a percentage of net revenues.

Net income attributable to AB Unitholders for the three months ended September 30, 2023 decreased $7.8 million, or 4.4%, from the three months ended September 30, 2022. The decrease primarily is due to (in millions):

Higher employee compensation and benefits expense	$	(23.8)
Higher contingent payment arrangements	(13.0)
Lower net loss of consolidated entities attributable to non-controlling interest	(8.0)
Higher interest on borrowings	(7.9)
Higher promotion and servicing expense	(5.6)
Higher income taxes	(4.8)
Higher investment losses	(2.8)
Lower other revenues	(2.6)
Higher base advisory fees	20.2
Higher performance-based fees	14.2
Higher net dividend and interest income	12.7
Lower general and administrative expenses	9.6
Higher Bernstein Research Services revenue	2.3
Other	1.7
	$	(7.8)

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Net income attributable to AB Unitholders for the nine months ended September 30, 2023 decreased $107.4 million, or 16.7%, from the nine months ended September 30, 2022. The decrease primarily is due to (in millions):

Higher net gain of consolidated entities attributable to non-controlling interest	$	(72.6)
Higher employee compensation and benefits expense	(48.3)
Lower distribution revenues	(34.5)
Higher interest on borrowings	(32.2)
Lower Bernstein Research Services revenue	(30.0)
Lower performance-based fees	(29.6)
Lower base advisory fees	(28.6)
Higher amortization of intangible assets	(20.5)
Higher contingent payment arrangements	(16.2)
Lower investment losses	90.3
Lower general and administrative expenses	45.5
Lower promotion and servicing expenses	39.1
Higher net dividend and interest income	37.8
Other	(7.6)
	$	(107.4)

Units Outstanding; Unit Repurchases

Each quarter, we consider whether to implement a plan to repurchase AB Holding Units pursuant to Rules 10b5-1 and 10b-18 under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (“Exchange Act”). A plan of this type allows a company to repurchase its shares at times when it otherwise might be prevented from doing so because of self-imposed trading blackout periods or because it possesses material non-public information. Each broker we select has the authority to repurchase AB Holding Units on our behalf in accordance with the terms and limitations specified in the plan. Repurchases are subject to regulations promulgated by the SEC, as well as certain price, market volume and timing constraints specified in the plan. The plan adopted during the third quarter of 2023 expired at the close of business on October 25, 2023. We may adopt plans in the future to engage in open-market purchases of AB Holding Units to help fund anticipated obligations under our incentive compensation award program and for other corporate purposes.

Cash Distributions

We are required to distribute all of our Available Cash Flow, as defined in the AB Partnership Agreement, to our Unitholders and the General Partner. Available Cash Flow typically is the adjusted diluted net income per unit for the quarter multiplied by the number of general and limited partnership interests at the end of the quarter. In future periods, management anticipates that Available Cash Flow will continue to be based on adjusted diluted net income per unit, unless management determines, with concurrence of the Board of Directors, that one or more adjustments that are made for adjusted net income should not be made with respect to the Available Cash Flow calculation. See Note 6 to our consolidated financial statements contained in Item 1 for a description of Available Cash Flow.

Management Operating Metrics

We are providing the non-GAAP measures “adjusted net revenues,” “adjusted operating income” and “adjusted operating margin” because they are the principal operating metrics management uses in evaluating and comparing period-to-period operating performance. Management principally uses these metrics in evaluating performance because they present a clearer picture of our operating performance and allow management to see long-term trends without the distortion primarily caused by long-term incentive compensation-related mark-to-market adjustments, acquisition-related expenses, interest expense and other adjustment items. Similarly, we believe that these management operating metrics help investors better understand the underlying trends in our results and, accordingly, provide a valuable perspective for investors.

We provide the non-GAAP measures "adjusted net income" and "adjusted diluted net income per unit" because our quarterly distribution per unit is typically our adjusted diluted net income per unit (which is derived from adjusted net income).

These non-GAAP measures are provided in addition to, and not as substitutes for, net revenues, operating income and operating

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margin, and they may not be comparable to non-GAAP measures presented by other companies. Management uses both accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America ("US GAAP") and non-GAAP measures in evaluating our financial performance. The non-GAAP measures alone may pose limitations because they do not include all of our revenues and expenses.

	Three Months Ended September 30,						Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2023			2022			2023			2022
	(in thousands, except per unit amounts)
Net revenues, US GAAP basis	$	1,032,056		$	986,984		$	3,064,603		$	3,064,115
Adjustments:
Distribution-related adjustments:
Distribution revenues	(149,049)			(147,960)			(434,925)			(469,431)
Investment advisory services fees	(16,156)			(12,385)			(45,619)			(44,027)
Pass-through adjustments:
Investment advisory services fees	(14,567)			(11,367)			(35,376)			(57,386)
Other revenues	(8,661)			(10,505)			(26,098)			(28,905)
Impact of consolidated company-sponsored funds	1,931			8,837			(11,452)			59,948
Incentive compensation-related items	238			427			(10,111)			9,806
Adjusted net revenues	$	845,792		$	814,031		$	2,501,022		$	2,534,120
Operating income, US GAAP basis	$	175,250		$	170,305		$	579,171		$	611,355
Adjustments:
Real estate	(206)			(206)			(618)			(618)
Incentive compensation-related items	1,354			622			4,064			3,030
EQH award compensation	142			133			548			472
Acquisition-related expenses	44,941			23,412			83,191			39,029
Total of non-GAAP adjustments before interest on borrowings	46,231			23,961			87,185			41,913
Interest on borrowings 1	13,209			5,309			41,594			9,401
Sub-total of non-GAAP adjustments	59,440			29,270			128,779			51,314
Less: Net (loss) income of consolidated entities attributable to non-controlling interests	(2,164)			(10,114)			10,626			(61,930)
Adjusted operating income 1	236,854			209,689			697,324			724,599
Less: Interest on borrowings	13,209			5,309			41,594			9,401
Adjusted pre-tax income	223,645			204,380			655,730			715,198
Less: Adjusted income taxes	12,770			6,296			35,409			33,474
Adjusted net income	$	210,875		$	198,084		$	620,321		$	681,724
Diluted net income per AB Unit, GAAP basis	$	0.58		$	0.64		$	1.86		$	2.35
Impact of non-GAAP adjustments	0.15			0.08			0.29			0.13
Adjusted diluted net income per AB Unit	$	0.73		$	0.72		$	2.15		$	2.48
Operating margin, GAAP basis	17.2		%	18.3		%	18.6		%	22.0		%
Impact of non-GAAP adjustments	10.8			7.5			9.3			6.6
Adjusted operating margin	28.0		%	25.8		%	27.9		%	28.6		%

Adjusted operating income for the three months ended September 30, 2023 increased $27.2 million, or 13.0%, from the three months ended September 30, 2022, primarily due to higher performance-based fees of $17.5 million, higher net dividend and

1 During the second quarter of 2023, we revised adjusted operating income to exclude interest on borrowings in order to align with our industry peer group. We have recast prior periods presentation to align with the current period presentation.

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interest income of $12.5 million and higher investment advisory base fees of $10.1 million, partially offset by investment losses in the current year compared to investment gains in the prior year of $10.0 million and higher promotion and servicing expenses of $2.5 million.

Adjusted operating income for the nine months ended September 30, 2023 decreased $27.3 million, or 3.8%, from the nine months ended September 30, 2022, primarily due to lower investment advisory base fees of $47.3 million, lower Bernstein Research Services revenue of $30.0 million and higher general and administrative expenses of $3.4 million, partially offset by higher net dividend and interest income of $42.7 million, lower employee compensation and benefits expense (excluding the impact of long-term incentive compensation-related items) of $5.6 million, lower promotion and servicing expenses of $3.4 million and higher performance-based fees of $2.6 million,

Adjusted Net Revenues

Net Revenue, as adjusted, is reduced to exclude all of the company's distribution revenues, which are recorded as a separate line item on the consolidated statement of income, as well as a portion of investment advisory services fees received that is used to pay distribution and servicing costs. For certain products, based on the distinct arrangements, certain distribution fees are collected by us and passed through to third-party client intermediaries, while for certain other products, we collect investment advisory services fees and a portion is passed through to third-party client intermediaries. In both arrangements, the third-party client intermediary owns the relationship with the client and is responsible for performing services and distributing the product to the client on our behalf. We believe offsetting distribution revenues and certain investment advisory services fees is useful for our investors and other users of our financial statements because such presentation appropriately reflects the nature of these costs as pass-through payments to third parties that perform functions on behalf of our sponsored mutual funds and/or shareholders of these funds. Distribution-related adjustments fluctuate each period based on the type of investment products sold, as well as the average AUM over the period. Also, we adjust distribution revenues for the amortization of deferred sales commissions as these costs, over time, will offset such revenues.

We adjust investment advisory and services fees and other revenues for pass through costs, primarily related to our transfer agent and shareholder servicing fees. Also, we adjust for certain investment advisory and services fees passed through to our investment advisors. These fees do not affect operating income, as such, we exclude these fees from adjusted net revenues.

We adjust for the revenue impact of consolidating company-sponsored investment funds by eliminating the consolidated company-sponsored investment funds' revenues and including AB's fees from such consolidated company-sponsored investment funds and AB's investment gains and losses on its investments in such consolidated company-sponsored investment funds that were eliminated in consolidation.

Adjusted net revenues exclude investment gains and losses and dividends and interest on employee long-term incentive compensation-related investments. Also, we adjust for certain acquisition-related pass-through performance-based fees and performance related compensation.

Adjusted Operating Income

Adjusted operating income represents operating income on a US GAAP basis excluding (1) real estate charges (credits), (2) the impact on net revenues and compensation expense of the investment gains and losses (as well as the dividends and interest) associated with employee long-term incentive compensation-related investments, (3) the equity compensation paid by EQH to certain AB executives, (4) acquisition-related expenses, (5) interest on borrowings and (6) the impact of consolidated company-sponsored investment funds.

Real estate charges (credits) incurred during the fourth quarter of 2019 through the fourth quarter of 2020, while excluded in the period in which the charges (credits) were recorded, are included ratably over the remaining applicable lease term.

Prior to 2009, a significant portion of employee compensation was in the form of long-term incentive compensation awards that were notionally invested in AB investment services and generally vested over a period of four years. AB economically hedged the exposure to market movements by purchasing and holding these investments on its balance sheet. All such investments had vested as of year-end 2012 and the investments have been delivered to the participants, except for those investments with respect to which the participant elected a long-term deferral. Fluctuation in the value of these investments, which also impacts compensation expense, is recorded within investment gains and losses on the income statement. Management believes it is useful to reflect the offset achieved from economically hedging the market exposure of these investments in the calculation of adjusted operating income and adjusted operating margin. The non-GAAP measures exclude gains and losses and dividends and interest on employee long-term incentive compensation-related investments included in revenues and compensation expense.

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Index

The board of directors of EQH granted to Seth Bernstein, our CEO, equity awards in connection with EQH's IPO. Additionally, equity awards have been granted to Mr. Bernstein and other AB executives for their membership on the EQH Management Committee. These individuals may receive additional equity or cash compensation from EQH in the future related to their service on the Management Committee. Any awards granted to these individuals by EQH are recorded as compensation expense in AB’s consolidated statement of income. The compensation expense associated with these awards has been excluded from our non-GAAP measures because they are non-cash and are based upon EQH's, and not AB's, financial performance.

Acquisition-related expenses have been excluded because they are not considered part of our core operating results when comparing financial results from period to period and to industry peers. Acquisition-related expenses include professional fees, amortization of acquired intangible assets and certain compensation-related expenses. These expenses also include the recording of accretion expense and changes in estimates to acquisition related contingent payment arrangements. During the three months ended September 30, 2023 we recorded an expense of $26.9 million due to a change in estimate related to the contingent consideration associated with the acquisition of Autonomous LLC in 2019. The change in estimate was based upon better than expected revenues during the 2023 performance evaluation period. We recorded $13.1 million as contingent payment arrangement expense and $13.8 million as compensation and benefits expense in the condensed consolidated statement of income. The charges to compensation and benefits expense are due to certain service conditions and special awards included in the acquisition agreement.

We adjust operating income to exclude interest on borrowings in order to align with our industry peer group.

We adjust for the operating income impact of consolidating certain company-sponsored investment funds by eliminating the consolidated company-sponsored funds' revenues and expenses and including AB's revenues and expenses that were eliminated in consolidation. We also exclude the limited partner interests we do not own.

Adjusted Net Income and Adjusted Diluted Net Income per AB Unit

As previously discussed, our quarterly distribution is typically our adjusted diluted net income per unit (which is derived from adjusted net income) for the quarter multiplied by the number of general and limited partnership interests outstanding at the end of the quarter. Adjusted net income is derived from adjusted operating income less interest expense and adjusted income taxes. Adjusted income taxes, used in calculating adjusted net income, are calculated using the GAAP effective tax rate adjusted for non-GAAP income tax adjustments.

Adjusted Operating Margin

Adjusted operating margin allows us to monitor our financial performance and efficiency from period to period without the volatility noted above in our discussion of adjusted operating income and to compare our performance to industry peers on a basis that better reflects our performance in our core business. Adjusted operating margin is derived by dividing adjusted operating income by adjusted net revenues.

40

Index

Net Revenues

The components of net revenues are as follows:

	Three Months Ended September 30,								Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2023		2022		$ Change		% Change		2023		2022		$ Change		% Change
	(in thousands)								(in thousands)
Investment advisory and services fees:
Institutions:
Base fees	$	154,080	$	155,846	$	(1,766)	(1.1)	%	$	461,129	$	426,904	$	34,225	8.0	%
Performance-based fees	4,447		3,895		552		14.2		29,660		53,734		(24,074)		(44.8)
	158,527		159,741		(1,214)		(0.8)		490,789		480,638		10,151		2.1
Retail:
Base fees	326,391		319,358		7,033		2.2		953,347		1,017,999		(64,652)		(6.4)
Performance-based fees	90		30		60		200.0		97		1,080		(983)		(91.0)
	326,481		319,388		7,093		2.2		953,444		1,019,079		(65,635)		(6.4)
Private Wealth:
Base fees	240,498		225,605		14,893		6.6		702,192		700,404		1,788		0.3
Performance-based fees	23,445		9,830		13,615		138.5		53,111		57,701		(4,590)		(8.0)
	263,943		235,435		28,508		12.1		755,303		758,105		(2,802)		(0.4)
Total:
Base fees	720,969		700,809		20,160		2.9		2,116,668		2,145,307		(28,639)		(1.3)
Performance-based fees	27,982		13,755		14,227		103.4		82,868		112,515		(29,647)		(26.3)
	748,951		714,564		34,387		4.8		2,199,536		2,257,822		(58,286)		(2.6)
Bernstein Research Services	93,875		91,557		2,318		2.5		285,760		315,806		(30,046)		(9.5)
Distribution revenues	149,049		147,960		1,089		0.7		434,925		469,431		(34,506)		(7.4)
Dividend and interest income	49,889		30,437		19,452		63.9		150,761		64,424		86,337		134.0
Investment (losses)	(6,694)		(3,861)		(2,833)		73.4		(760)		(91,105)		90,345		(99.2)
Other revenues	24,484		27,096		(2,612)		(9.6)		75,349		80,201		(4,852)		(6.0)
Total revenues	1,059,554		1,007,753		51,801		5.1		3,145,571		3,096,579		48,992		1.6
Less: broker-dealer related interest expense	27,498		20,769		6,729		32.4		80,968		32,464		48,504		149.4
Net revenues	$	1,032,056	$	986,984	$	45,072	4.6		$	3,064,603	$	3,064,115	$	488	—

Investment Advisory and Services Fees

Investment advisory and services fees are the largest component of our revenues. These fees generally are calculated as a percentage of the value of AUM as of a specified date, or as a percentage of the value of average AUM for the applicable billing period, and vary with the type of investment service, the size of account and the total amount of assets we manage for a particular client. Accordingly, fee income generally increases or decreases as AUM increase or decrease and is affected by market appreciation or depreciation, the addition of new client accounts or client contributions of additional assets to existing accounts, withdrawals of assets from and termination of client accounts, purchases and redemptions of mutual fund shares, shifts of assets between accounts or products with different fee structures, and acquisitions. Our average basis points realized (investment advisory and services fees divided by average AUM) generally approximate 30 to 105 basis points for actively-managed equity services, 10 to 70 basis points for actively-managed fixed income services and 2 to 50 basis points for

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Index

passively-managed services. Average basis points realized for other services could range from 3 basis points for certain Institutional third party managed services to over 190 basis points for certain Private Wealth alternative services. These ranges include all-inclusive fee arrangements (covering investment management, trade execution and other services) for our Private Wealth clients.

We calculate AUM using established policies and procedures in accordance with applicable rules. Market-based and fair valuation methods include: last sale/settle prices from an exchange for actively-traded listed equities, options and futures; evaluated bid prices from recognized pricing vendors for fixed income, asset-backed or mortgage-backed issues; and mid prices derived from market standard models with inputs from recognized pricing vendors for OTC derivatives. Internally derived fair valuation methods are used only when AUM cannot be valued using any of above valuation methods, and include discounted cash flow models or any other methodology that is validated and approved by our Valuation Committee.

The Valuation Committee, which consists of senior officers and employees, is responsible for overseeing the pricing and valuation of all investments held in client and AB portfolios. The Valuation Committee has adopted a Statement of Pricing Policies describing principles and policies that apply to pricing and valuing investments held in these portfolios. We also have a Pricing Group, which reports to the Valuation Committee and is responsible for overseeing the pricing process for all investments.

We sometimes charge our clients performance-based fees. In these situations, we charge a base advisory fee and are eligible to earn an additional performance-based fee or incentive allocation that is calculated as either a percentage of absolute investment results or a percentage of investment results in excess of a stated benchmark over a specified period of time. Some performance-based fees include a high-watermark provision, which generally provides that if a client account underperforms relative to its performance target (whether absolute or relative to a specified benchmark), it must gain back such underperformance before we can collect future performance-based fees. Therefore, if we fail to achieve our performance target for a particular period, we will not earn a performance-based fee for that period and, for accounts with a high-watermark provision, our ability to earn future performance-based fees will be impaired. We are eligible to earn performance-based fees on 9.7%, 8.8% and 0.4% of the assets we manage for institutional clients, private wealth clients and retail clients, respectively (in total, 5.9% of our AUM).

For the three months ended September 30, 2023, our investment advisory and services fees increased by $34.4 million, or 4.8%, from the three months ended September 30, 2022, due to a $20.2 million, or 2.9%, increase in base fees and a $14.2 million increase in performance-based fees. The increase in base fees is primarily due a 5.5% increase in average AUM, partially offset by a lower portfolio fee rate. Performance-based fees increased primarily due to higher performance fees earned on our Private Credit Funds, partially offset by lower performance fees earned on our U.S. Real Estate Funds.

For the nine months ended September 30, 2023, our investment advisory and services fees decreased by $58.3 million, or 2.6%, from the nine months ended September 30, 2022, due to a $29.6 million, or 26.3%, decrease in performance-based fees and a $28.6 million, or 1.3%, decrease in base fees. The decrease in base fees is primarily due to an 3.2% decrease in average AUM, partially offset by a higher portfolio fee rate. Performance-based fees decreased primarily due to lower performance fees earned on our U.S. Real Estate Funds, partially offset by higher performance fees earned on our Private Credit Funds and Global Opportunistic Credit Fund.

Institutional base fees for the three months ended September 30, 2023 increased $1.8 million, or 1.1%, from the three months ended September 30, 2022, primarily due to a 3.4% increase in average AUM, partially offset by a lower portfolio fee rate. Retail base fees for the three months ended September 30, 2023 increased $7.0 million, or 2.2%, from the three months ended September 30, 2022, primarily due to a 6.3% increase in average AUM, partially offset by a lower portfolio fee rate. Private Wealth base fees for the three months ended September 30, 2023 increased $14.9 million, or 6.6%, from the three months ended September 30, 2022, primarily due to a 9.2% increase in average AUM, partially offset by a lower portfolio fee rate.

Institutional base fees for the nine months ended September 30, 2023 increased $34.2 million, or 8.0%, from the nine months ended September 30, 2022, primarily due to a higher portfolio fee rate, partially offset by a 2.5% decrease in average AUM. Retail base fees for the nine months ended September 30, 2023 decreased $64.7 million, or 6.4%, from the nine months ended September 30, 2022, primarily due to a 5.7% decrease in average AUM. Private Wealth base fees for the nine months ended September 30, 2023 increased $1.8 million, or 0.3%, from the nine months ended September 30, 2022, primarily due to a 1.2% increase in average AUM.

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Bernstein Research Services

We earn revenues for providing investment research to, and executing brokerage transactions for, institutional clients. These clients compensate us principally by directing us to execute brokerage transactions on their behalf, for which we earn commissions, and to a lesser extent, but increasingly, by paying us directly for research through commission sharing agreements or cash payments. In the fourth quarter of 2022, AB and Société Générale (EURONEXT: SCGLY, “SocGen”), a leading European bank, announced plans to form a joint venture combining their respective cash equities and research businesses. As a result, the Bernstein Research Services business has been classified as held for sale on the condensed consolidated statement of financial condition. For further discussion, see Note 17 Divestitures.

Revenues from Bernstein Research Services for the three months ended September 30, 2023 increased $2.3 million, or 2.5%, from the three months ended September 30, 2022. The increase was driven by a modest growth in research payments. For the nine months ended September 30, 2023, Bernstein Research Services revenue decreased by $30.0 million, or 9.5%, compared to the nine months ended September 30, 2022. The decrease was driven by a significant decline in customer trading activity, partially offset by higher research payments.

Distribution Revenues

Two of our subsidiaries act as distributors and/or placement agents of company-sponsored mutual funds and receive distribution services fees from certain of those funds as full or partial reimbursement of the distribution expenses they incur. Period-over-period fluctuations of distribution revenues typically are in line with fluctuations of the corresponding average AUM of these mutual funds.

Distribution revenues for the three months ended September 30, 2023 increased $1.1 million, or 0.7%, from the three months ended September 30, 2022, primarily due to the corresponding average AUM of these mutual funds increasing 4.1%, partially offset by a decrease in the overall portfolio fee rate. For the nine months ended September 30, 2023, distribution revenues decreased $34.5 million, or 7.4%, compared to the nine months ended September 30, 2022, primarily due to a decrease in the overall portfolio fee rate.

Dividend and Interest Income and Broker-Dealer Related Interest Expense

Dividend and interest income consists primarily of investment income and interest earned on customer margin balances and U.S. Treasury Bills as well as dividend and interest income in our consolidated company-sponsored investment funds. Broker-dealer related interest expense principally reflects interest accrued on cash balances in customers’ brokerage accounts.

Dividend and interest income for the three months ended September 30, 2023 increased $19.5 million, or 63.9%, from the three months ended September 30, 2022, primarily due to higher interest earned on customer margin balances and higher interest earned on U.S. Treasury Bills. Broker-dealer related interest expense for the three months ended September 30, 2023 increased $6.7 million from the three months ended September 30, 2022, due to higher interest paid on cash balances in customers' brokerage accounts.

For the nine months ended September 30, 2023, dividend and interest income increased $86.3 million, or 134.0%, compared to the nine months ended September 30, 2022, primarily due to higher interest earned on customer margin balances and higher interest earned on U.S. Treasury Bills, partially offset by lower dividend and interest income in our consolidated company-sponsored investment funds. Broker-dealer related interest expense for the nine months ended September 30, 2023 increased $48.5 million compared to the nine months ended September 30, 2022, due to higher interest paid on cash balances in customers' brokerage accounts.

Investment Gains (Losses)

Investment gains (losses) consist primarily of realized and unrealized investment gains or losses on: (i) employee long-term incentive compensation-related investments, (ii) U.S. Treasury Bills, (iii) market-making in exchange-traded options and equities, (iv) seed capital investments, (v) derivatives and (vi) investments in our consolidated company-sponsored investment funds. Investment gains (losses) also include equity in earnings of proprietary investments in limited partnership hedge funds that we sponsor and manage.

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Investment gains (losses) are as follows:

	Three Months Ended September 30,				Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2023		2022		2023		2022
	(in thousands)
Long-term incentive compensation-related investments:
Realized gains (losses)	$	16	$	(11)	$	6,577	$	1,328
Unrealized (losses)	(724)		(1,121)		(4,095)		(11,945)
Investments held by consolidated company-sponsored investment funds:
Realized (losses)	(6,375)		(11,564)		(24,295)		(25,732)
Unrealized (losses) gains	(4,614)		(10,206)		22,413		(90,297)
Seed capital investments:
Realized gains (losses):
Seed capital and other	717		8,348		536		17,274
Derivatives	(452)		9,858		(10,411)		40,493
Unrealized (losses) gains:
Seed capital and other	(4,929)		(4,408)		974		(37,275)
Derivatives	9,475		4,712		8,124		15,922
Brokerage-related investments:
Realized (losses)	—		(183)		(466)		(1,265)
Unrealized gains (losses)	192		714		(117)		392
	$	(6,694)	$	(3,861)	$	(760)	$	(91,105)

Other Revenues

Other revenues consist of fees earned for transfer agency services provided to company-sponsored mutual funds, fees earned for administration and recordkeeping services provided to company-sponsored mutual funds and the general accounts of EQH and its subsidiaries, and other miscellaneous revenues. Other revenues for the three months ended September 30, 2023 decreased $2.6 million, or 9.6%, compared to the three months ended September 30, 2022, primarily due to lower brokerage income and mutual fund reimbursements. Other revenues for the nine months ended September 30, 2023 decreased $4.9 million, or 6.0%, compared to the nine months ended September 30, 2022, primarily due to lower shareholder servicing fees.

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Expenses

The components of expenses are as follows:

	Three Months Ended September 30,								Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2023		2022		$ Change		% Change		2023		2022		$ Change		% Change
	(in thousands)								(in thousands)
Employee compensation and benefits	$	453,619	$	429,842	$	23,777	5.5	%	$	1,315,861	$	1,267,535	$	48,326	3.8	%
Promotion and servicing:
Distribution-related payments	155,620		152,005		3,615		2.4		454,039		486,781		(32,742)		(6.7)
Amortization of deferred sales commissions	9,585		8,341		1,244		14.9		26,506		26,678		(172)		(0.6)
Trade execution, marketing, T&E and other	52,289		51,594		695		1.3		157,057		163,225		(6,168)		(3.8)
	217,494		211,940		5,554		2.6		637,602		676,684		(39,082)		(5.8)
General and administrative	145,388		154,961		(9,573)		(6.2)		434,976		480,441		(45,465)		(9.5)
Contingent payment arrangements	15,364		2,371		12,993		n/m		20,251		4,047		16,204		n/m
Interest on borrowings	13,209		5,309		7,900		148.8		41,594		9,401		32,193		n/m
Amortization of intangible assets	11,732		12,256		(524)		(4.3)		35,148		14,652		20,496		139.9
Total	$	856,806	$	816,679	$	40,127	4.9		$	2,485,432	$	2,452,760	$	32,672	1.3

Employee Compensation and Benefits

Employee compensation and benefits expense consists of base compensation (including salaries and severance), annual short-term incentive compensation awards (cash bonuses), annual long-term incentive compensation awards, commissions, fringe benefits and other employment costs (including recruitment, training, temporary help and meals).

Compensation expense as a percentage of net revenues was 44.0% and 43.6% for the three months ended September 30, 2023 and September 30, 2022, respectively. Compensation expense as a percentage of net revenues was 42.9% and 41.4% for the nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022, respectively. Compensation expense generally is determined on a discretionary basis and is primarily a function of our firm’s current-year financial performance. The amounts of incentive compensation we award are designed to motivate, reward and retain top talent while aligning our executives' interests with the interests of our Unitholders. Senior management, with the approval of the Compensation and Workplace Practices Committee of the Board of Directors of AllianceBernstein Corporation (“Compensation Committee”), periodically confirms that the appropriate metric to consider in determining the amount of incentive compensation is the ratio of adjusted employee compensation and benefits expense to adjusted net revenues. Adjusted net revenues used in the adjusted compensation ratio are the same as the adjusted annual net revenues presented as a non-GAAP measure (discussed earlier in this Item 2). Adjusted employee compensation and benefits expense is total employee compensation and benefits expense minus other employment costs such as recruitment, training, temporary help and meals (which was 1.0% of adjusted net revenues for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023, and 1.3% and 1.1% of adjusted net revenues for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2022, respectively), and excludes the impact of mark-to-market vesting expense, as well as dividends and interest expense, associated with employee incentive compensation-related investments and the amortization expense associated with the awards issued by EQH to some of our firm's executive officers relating to their roles as members of the EQH Management Committee. Senior management, with the approval of the Compensation Committee, has established as an objective that adjusted employee compensation and benefits expense, excluding the impact of performance-based fees, generally should not exceed 50.0% of our adjusted net revenues in any year, except in unexpected or unusual circumstances. Our ratio of adjusted compensation expense as a percentage of adjusted net revenues was 49.5% for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 51.0% and 49.0% for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2022, respectively.

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For the three months ended September 30, 2023, employee compensation and benefits expense increased $23.8 million, or 5.5%, compared to the three months ended September 30, 2022, primarily due to higher incentive compensation of $22.0 million and higher base compensation of $9.1 million, partially offset by lower commissions of $5.8 million. For the nine months ended September 30, 2023, employee compensation and benefits expense increased $48.3 million, or 3.8%, compared to the nine months ended September 30, 2022, primarily due to higher base compensation of $58.0 million, higher fringes of $9.2 million and higher incentive compensation of $9.0 million, partially offset by lower commissions of $25.3 million.

Promotion and Servicing

Promotion and servicing expenses include distribution-related payments to financial intermediaries for distribution of AB mutual funds and amortization of deferred sales commissions paid to financial intermediaries for the sale of back-end load shares of AB mutual funds. Also included in this expense category are costs related to trade execution and clearance, travel and entertainment, advertising and promotional materials.

Promotion and servicing expenses increased $5.6 million, or 2.6%, during the three months ended September 30, 2023 compared to the three months ended September 30, 2022. The increase was primarily due to higher distribution-related payments of $3.6 million, higher travel and entertainment expenses of $2.7 million and higher amortization of deferred sales commissions of $1.2 million, partially offset by lower trade execution expenses of $2.0 million. Promotion and servicing expenses decreased $39.1 million, or 5.8%, during the nine months ended September 30, 2023 compared to the nine months ended September 30, 2022. The decrease was primarily due to lower distribution-related payments of $32.7 million, lower trade execution expenses of $7.0 million and lower transfer fees of $4.5 million, partially offset by higher travel and entertainment expenses of $5.3 million.

General and Administrative

General and administrative expenses include portfolio services expenses, technology expenses, professional fees and office-related expenses (occupancy, communications and similar expenses). General and administrative expenses as a percentage of net revenues were 14.1% and 15.7% for the three months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022, respectively. General and administrative expenses decreased $9.6 million, or 6.2%, during the three months ended September 30, 2023 compared to the corresponding period in 2022, primarily due to lower professional fees of $6.3 million, lower portfolio servicing fees of $3.6 million, a favorable foreign exchange translation impact of $1.9 million and lower technology expenses of $1.3 million, partially offset by higher valuation adjustments related to the classification of Bernstein Research Services as held for sale of $2.3 million and higher office-related expenses of $1.0 million. General and administrative expenses as a percentage of net revenues were 14.2% and 15.7% for the nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022, respectively. General and administrative expenses decreased $45.5 million, or 9.5%, during the nine months ended September 30, 2023 compared to the corresponding period in 2022, primarily due to lower portfolio servicing fees of $43.8 million, lower professional fees of $12.7 million and a favorable foreign exchange translation impact of $5.3 million, partially offset by higher valuation adjustments related to the classification of Bernstein Research Services as held for sale of $8.2 million and higher office-related expenses of $5.5 million.

Contingent Payment Arrangements

Contingent payment arrangements reflect changes in estimates of contingent payment liabilities associated with acquisitions in previous periods, as well as accretion expense of these liabilities. During the three months ended September 30, 2023 we recorded a change in estimate related to the contingent consideration liability associated with the acquisition of Autonomous LLC in 2019 of $13.1 million. The change in estimate was based upon better than expected revenues during the 2023 performance evaluation period. This expense resulting from changes to expected payments and the accretion of this obligation to its expected payment amount is reflected within contingent payment arrangements in our condensed consolidated statements of income.

There were no changes in our estimates during the nine months ended September 30, 2022.

Interest on Borrowings

Interest on borrowings reflects interest expense related to our debt and credit facilities. See Note 16 to AB's condensed consolidated financial statements contained in Item 1, for disclosures relating to our debt and credit facilities. For the three months ended September 30, 2023 interest on borrowings increased $7.9 million compared to the three months ended September 30, 2022. The increase was due to higher average borrowings and higher interest rates. For the nine months ended

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September 30, 2023 interest on borrowings increased $32.2 million compared to the nine months ended September 30, 2022. The increase was due to higher average borrowings and higher interest rates.

Amortization of Intangible Assets

Amortization of intangible assets reflects our amortization of costs assigned to acquired investment management contracts with a finite life. These assets are recognized at fair value and generally are amortized on a straight-line basis over their estimated useful life. Amortization of intangible assets decreased $0.5 million during the three months ended September 30, 2023 compared to the three months ended September 30, 2022. Amortization of intangible assets increased $20.5 million during the nine months ended September 30, 2023 compared to the nine months ended September 30, 2022. This increase was primarily due to acquired intangible assets associated with the CarVal acquisition.

Income Taxes

AB, a private limited partnership, is not subject to federal or state corporate income taxes. However, AB is subject to a 4.0% New York City unincorporated business tax (“UBT”). Our domestic corporate subsidiaries are subject to federal, state and local income taxes and generally are included in the filing of a consolidated federal income tax return. Separate state and local income tax returns also are filed. Foreign corporate subsidiaries generally are subject to taxes in the jurisdictions where they are located.

Income tax expense for the three months ended September 30, 2023 increased $4.8 million, or 91.1%, compared to the three months ended September 30, 2022. The increase was primarily due to a one-time discrete item in the three months ended September 30, 2022. Income tax expense for the nine months ended September 30, 2023 increased $2.6 million, or 9.2%, compared to the nine months ended September 30, 2022. The increase was primarily due to higher foreign income in jurisdictions that carry a higher tax rate. There were no material changes to uncertain tax positions (FIN 48 reserves) or valuation allowances against deferred tax assets for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023.

Net Income (Loss) of Consolidated Entities Attributable to Non-Controlling Interests

Net income (loss) of consolidated entities attributable to non-controlling interests primarily consists of limited partner interests owned by other investors in our consolidated company-sponsored investment funds. For the three months ended September 30, 2023, we had $2.2 million of net losses of consolidated entities attributable to non-controlling interests compared to $10.1 million of net losses for the three months ended September 30, 2022. For the nine months ended September 30, 2023, we had $10.6 million of net gains of consolidated entities attributable to non-controlling interests compared to net losses of $61.9 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2022. Period-to-period fluctuations result primarily from the number of consolidated company-sponsored investment funds and their respective market performance.

CAPITAL RESOURCES AND LIQUIDITY

Cash flows from operating activities primarily include the receipt of investment advisory and services fees and other revenues offset by the payment of operating expenses incurred in the normal course of business. Our cash flows from operating activities have historically been positive and sufficient in supporting our operations. We do not anticipate this to change in the foreseeable future. Cash flows from investing activities generally consist of small capital expenditures and, when applicable, business acquisitions. Cash flows from financing activities primarily consist of issuance and repayment of debt and the repurchase of AB Holding Units to fund our long-term deferred compensation plans. We are required to distribute all of our Available Cash Flow to our Unitholders and the General Partner.

During the first nine months of 2023, net cash provided by operating activities was $790.3 million compared to $1.0 billion during the corresponding 2022 period. The change is primarily due to lower earnings of $173.0 million (after non-cash reconciling items), an increase in fees receivable of $168.5 million, an increase in deferred sales commissions of $41.2 million and an increase in investments of $37.0 million, partially offset by net activity of our consolidated funds of $198.1 million.

During the first nine months of 2023, net cash used in investing activities was $21.4 million, compared to net cash provided by investing activities of $4.2 million during the corresponding 2022 period. The change is primarily due to the acquisition of CarVal, net of cash acquired, of $40.3 million in the corresponding 2022 period, offset by lower purchases of furniture, equipment and leasehold improvements of $14.7 million.

During the first nine months of 2023, net cash used in financing activities was $994.0 million, compared to $1.1 billion during the corresponding 2022 period. The change is primarily due to lower distributions to the General Partner and Unitholders of

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$232.1 million, repayment of CarVal debt subsequent to acquisition in 2022 of $42.7 million and a decrease in the net purchases of AB Holding Units to fund long-term incentive compensation plans of $36.5 million, partially offset by higher net redemptions of non-controlling interests of consolidated company-sponsored investment funds of $149.0 million.

As of September 30, 2023, AB had $1.1 billion of cash and cash equivalents (including cash and cash equivalents of consolidated company-sponsored investment funds and cash held-for-sale), all of which is available for liquidity but consist primarily of cash on deposit for our broker-dealers related to various customer clearing activities, and cash held by foreign subsidiaries of $546.2 million.

Debt and Credit Facilities

See Note 16 to AB’s condensed consolidated financial statements contained in Item 1, for disclosures relating to our debt and credit facilities.

Our financial condition and access to public and private debt markets should provide adequate liquidity for our general business needs. Management believes that cash flow from operations and the issuance of debt and AB Units or AB Holding Units will provide us with the resources we need to meet our financial obligations. See “Cautions Regarding Forward-Looking Statements” for a discussion of credit markets and our ability to renew our credit facilities at expiration.

COMMITMENTS AND CONTINGENCIES

AB’s capital commitments, which consist primarily of operating leases for office space, generally are funded from future operating cash flows. See Note 13 for discussion of lease commitments.

See Note 12 for discussion of commitments and contingencies.

CRITICAL ACCOUNTING ESTIMATES

The preparation of the condensed consolidated financial statements and notes to condensed consolidated financial statements requires management to make estimates and judgments that affect the reported amounts of assets, liabilities, revenues and expenses.

There have been no updates to our critical accounting estimates from those disclosed in “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition” in our Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2022.

ACCOUNTING PRONOUNCEMENTS

See Note 2 to AB’s condensed consolidated financial statements contained in Item 1.

CAUTIONS REGARDING FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS

Certain statements provided by management in this report and in the portion of AB’s Form 10-Q attached hereto as Exhibit 99.1 are “forward-looking statements” within the meaning of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. Such forward-looking statements are subject to risks, uncertainties and other factors that could cause actual results to differ materially from future results expressed or implied by such forward-looking statements. The most significant of these factors include, but are not limited to, the following: the performance of financial markets, the investment performance of sponsored investment products and separately managed accounts, general economic conditions, industry trends, future acquisitions, integration of acquired companies, competitive conditions and government regulations, including changes in tax regulations and rates and the manner in which the earnings of publicly-traded partnerships are taxed. We caution readers to carefully consider such factors. Further, these forward-looking statements speak only as of the date on which such statements are made; we undertake no obligation to update any forward-looking statements to reflect events or circumstances after the date of such statements. For further information regarding these forward-looking statements and the factors that could cause actual results to differ,see “Risk Factors” in Part I, Item 1A of our Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2022 and Part II, Item 1Ain this Form 10-Q. Any or all of the forward-looking statements that we make in our Form 10-K, this Form 10-Q, other documents we file with or furnish to the SEC, and any other public statements we issue, may turn out to be wrong. It is important to remember that other factors besides those listed in “Risk Factors” and those listed below could also adversely impact our revenues, financial condition, results of operations and business prospects.

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The forward-looking statements referred to in the preceding paragraph, most of which directly affect AB but also affect AB Holding because AB Holding’s principal source of income and cash flow is attributable to its investment in AB, include statements regarding:

•Our belief that the cash flow AB Holding realizes from its investment in AB will provide AB Holding with the resources it needs to meet its financial obligations: AB Holding’s cash flow is dependent on the quarterly cash distributions it receives from AB. Accordingly, AB Holding’s ability to meet its financial obligations is dependent on AB’s cash flow from its operations, which is subject to the performance of the capital markets and other factors beyond our control.

•Our financial condition and ability to access the public and private capital markets providing adequate liquidity for our general business needs: Our financial condition is dependent on our cash flow from operations, which is subject to the performance of the capital markets, our ability to maintain and grow client assets under management and other factors beyond our control. Our ability to access public and private capital markets on reasonable terms may be limited by adverse market conditions, our firm’s credit ratings, our profitability and changes in government regulations, including tax rates and interest rates.

•The outcome of litigation: Litigation is inherently unpredictable, and excessive damage awards do occur. Though we have stated that we do not expect any pending legal proceedings to have a material adverse effect on our results of operations, financial condition or liquidity, any settlement or judgment with respect to a legal proceeding could be significant and could have such an effect.

•The possibility that we will engage in open market purchases of AB Holding Units to help fund anticipated obligations under our incentive compensation award program: The number of AB Holding Units AB may decide to buy in future periods, if any, to help fund incentive compensation awards depends on various factors, some of which are beyond our control, including the fluctuation in the price of an AB Holding Unit (NYSE: AB) and the availability of cash to make these purchases.

•Our determination that adjusted employee compensation expense, excluding the impact of performance-based fees, generally should not exceed 50% of our adjusted net revenues on an annual basis: Aggregate employee compensation reflects employee performance and competitive compensation levels.  Fluctuations in our revenues and/or changes in competitive compensation levels could result in adjusted employee compensation expense exceeding 50% of our adjusted net revenues.

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Item 3.     Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk

There have been no material changes in AB’s market risk from the information provided under “Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk” in Part II, Item 7A of AB's Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2022.

Item 4.     Controls and Procedures

Disclosure Controls and Procedures

Each of AB Holding and AB maintains a system of disclosure controls and procedures that is designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed in our reports under the Exchange Act is (i) recorded, processed, summarized and reported in a timely manner, and (ii) accumulated and communicated to management, including the Chief Executive Officer ("CEO") and the Interim Chief Financial Officer ("CFO"), to permit timely decisions regarding our disclosure.

As of the end of the period covered by this report, management carried out an evaluation, under the supervision and with the participation of the CEO and the CFO, of the effectiveness of the design and operation of the disclosure controls and procedures. Based on this evaluation, the CEO and the CFO concluded that the disclosure controls and procedures are effective.

Changes in Internal Control over Financial Reporting

No change in our internal control over financial reporting occurred during the third quarter of 2023 that materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.

50

XML

Cover Page	9 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2023 shares
Cover [Abstract]
Document Type	10-Q
Document Quarterly Report	true
Document Period End Date	Sep. 30, 2023
Document Transition Report	false
Entity File Number	001-09818
Entity Registrant Name	ALLIANCEBERNSTEIN HOLDING L.P.
Entity Incorporation, State or Country Code	DE
Entity Tax Identification Number	13-3434400
Entity Address, Address Line One	501 Commerce Street
Entity Address, City or Town	Nashville
Entity Address, State or Province	TN
Entity Address, Postal Zip Code	37203
City Area Code	615
Local Phone Number	622-0000
Entity Current Reporting Status	Yes
Entity Interactive Data Current	Yes
Entity Filer Category	Large Accelerated Filer
Entity Small Business	false
Entity Emerging Growth Company	false
Entity Shell Company	false
Title of 12(b) Security	Units Rep. Assignments of Beneficial Ownership of LP Interests in AB Holding ("Units")
Trading Symbol	AB
Security Exchange Name	NYSE
Entity Common Stock, Shares Outstanding	111,796,873
Entity Central Index Key	0000825313
Current Fiscal Year End Date	--12-31
Document Fiscal Year Focus	2023
Document Fiscal Period Focus	Q3
Amendment Flag	false

XML

Condensed Statements of Financial Condition - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Sep. 30, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022
ASSETS
Investment in AB	$ 1,973,046	$ 2,074,626
Total assets	1,973,046	2,074,626
Liabilities:
Other liabilities	552	1,623
Total liabilities	552	1,623
Commitments and contingencies (See Note 8)
Partners’ capital:
General Partner: 100,000 general partnership units issued and outstanding	1,321	1,355
Limited partners: 111,696,873 and 113,701,097 limited partnership units issued and outstanding	2,056,961	2,160,207
AB Holding Units held by AB to fund long-term incentive compensation plans	(33,658)	(37,551)
Accumulated other comprehensive loss	(52,130)	(51,008)
Total partners’ capital	1,972,494	2,073,003
Total liabilities and partners’ capital	$ 1,973,046	$ 2,074,626

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Condensed Statements of Financial Condition (Parenthetical) - shares	Sep. 30, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022
Statement of Financial Position [Abstract]
General partner units issued (in shares)	100,000	100,000
General partner units outstanding (in units)	100,000	100,000
Limited partners units issued (in shares)	111,696,873	111,696,873
Limited partners units outstanding (in shares)	113,701,097	113,701,097

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Condensed Statements of Income - USD ($) $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended		9 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2023	Sep. 30, 2022	Sep. 30, 2023	Sep. 30, 2022
Income Statement [Abstract]
Equity in net income attributable to AB Unitholders	$ 65,761	$ 63,905	$ 211,264	$ 233,616
Income taxes	8,770	7,589	26,278	23,231
Net income	$ 56,991	$ 56,316	$ 184,986	$ 210,385
Net income per unit:
Basic (in dollars per share)	$ 0.50	$ 0.56	$ 1.63	$ 2.11
Diluted (in dollars per share)	$ 0.50	$ 0.56	$ 1.63	$ 2.11

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Condensed Statements of Comprehensive Income - USD ($) $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended		9 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2023	Sep. 30, 2022	Sep. 30, 2023	Sep. 30, 2022
Statement of Comprehensive Income [Abstract]
Net income	$ 56,991	$ 56,316	$ 184,986	$ 210,385
Other comprehensive income (loss):
Foreign currency translation adjustments, before tax	(5,816)	(11,574)	(1,580)	(27,875)
Income tax (expense) benefit	(85)	284	(57)	544
Foreign currency translation adjustments, net of tax	(5,901)	(11,290)	(1,637)	(27,331)
Changes in employee benefit related items:
Amortization of prior service cost	5	(4)	10	4
Recognized actuarial gain (loss)	254	(204)	508	237
Changes in employee benefit related items	259	(208)	518	241
Income tax (expense) benefit	(1)	3	(3)	(4)
Employee benefit related items, net of tax	258	(205)	515	237
Other comprehensive income (loss)	(5,643)	(11,495)	(1,122)	(27,094)
Comprehensive income	$ 51,348	$ 44,821	$ 183,864	$ 183,291

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Condensed Statements of Changes in Partners’ Capital - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Total	AB Holding Units held by AB to fund long-term incentive compensation plans	Accumulated Other Comprehensive (Loss)	General Partner’s Capital	Limited Partners’ Capital
Balance, beginning of period at Dec. 31, 2021		$ (43,309)	$ (32,705)	$ 1,439	$ 1,696,199
Increase (Decrease) in Stockholders' Equity [Roll Forward]
Net income	$ 210,385			212	210,173
Cash distributions to Unitholders				(290)	(288,698)
AB Holding Units retired					(114,794)
Issuance of AB Holding Units to fund long-term incentive compensation plan awards					32,452
Issuance of AB Holding Units to fund CarVal acquisition					132,839
Exercise of compensatory options to buy AB Holding Units					178
Change in AB Holding Units held by AB to fund long-term incentive compensation plans		3,145
Foreign currency translation adjustment, net of tax	(27,331)		(27,331)
Changes in employee benefit related items, net of tax	237		237
Balance, end of period at Sep. 30, 2022	1,569,747	(40,164)	(59,799)	1,361	1,668,349
Balance, beginning of period at Jun. 30, 2022		(43,546)	(48,304)	1,376	1,552,011
Increase (Decrease) in Stockholders' Equity [Roll Forward]
Net income	56,316			56	56,260
Cash distributions to Unitholders				(71)	(71,269)
AB Holding Units retired					(2,487)
Issuance of AB Holding Units to fund long-term incentive compensation plan awards					995
Issuance of AB Holding Units to fund CarVal acquisition					132,839
Exercise of compensatory options to buy AB Holding Units					0
Change in AB Holding Units held by AB to fund long-term incentive compensation plans		3,382
Foreign currency translation adjustment, net of tax	(11,290)		(11,290)
Changes in employee benefit related items, net of tax	(205)		(205)
Balance, end of period at Sep. 30, 2022	1,569,747	(40,164)	(59,799)	1,361	1,668,349
Balance, beginning of period at Dec. 31, 2022	2,073,003	(37,551)	(51,008)	1,355	2,160,207
Increase (Decrease) in Stockholders' Equity [Roll Forward]
Net income	184,986			163	184,823
Cash distributions to Unitholders				(197)	(223,482)
AB Holding Units retired	(72,592)				(72,592)
Issuance of AB Holding Units to fund long-term incentive compensation plan awards	8,005				8,005
Issuance of AB Holding Units to fund CarVal acquisition					0
Exercise of compensatory options to buy AB Holding Units					0
Change in AB Holding Units held by AB to fund long-term incentive compensation plans		3,893
Foreign currency translation adjustment, net of tax	(1,637)		(1,637)
Changes in employee benefit related items, net of tax	515		515
Balance, end of period at Sep. 30, 2023	1,972,494	(33,658)	(52,130)	1,321	2,056,961
Balance, beginning of period at Jun. 30, 2023		(35,152)	(46,487)	1,332	2,124,142
Increase (Decrease) in Stockholders' Equity [Roll Forward]
Net income	56,991			51	56,940
Cash distributions to Unitholders				(62)	(69,271)
AB Holding Units retired					(55,168)
Issuance of AB Holding Units to fund long-term incentive compensation plan awards					318
Issuance of AB Holding Units to fund CarVal acquisition					0
Exercise of compensatory options to buy AB Holding Units					0
Change in AB Holding Units held by AB to fund long-term incentive compensation plans		1,494
Foreign currency translation adjustment, net of tax	(5,901)		(5,901)
Changes in employee benefit related items, net of tax	258		258
Balance, end of period at Sep. 30, 2023	$ 1,972,494	$ (33,658)	$ (52,130)	$ 1,321	$ 2,056,961

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Condensed Statements of Cash Flows - USD ($) $ in Thousands	9 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2023	Sep. 30, 2022
Cash flows from operating activities:
Net income	$ 184,986	$ 210,385
Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by operating activities:
Equity in net income attributable to AB Unitholders	(211,264)	(233,616)
Cash distributions received from AB	248,529	313,438
Changes in assets and liabilities:
(Decrease) in other liabilities	(1,071)	(1,531)
Net cash provided by operating activities	221,180	288,676
Cash flows from investing activities:
Acquisition of business, net cash acquired	0	40,777
Contribution of CarVal to AB	0	(40,777)
Investments in AB with proceeds from exercise of compensatory options to buy AB Holding Units	0	(178)
Net cash used in investing activities	0	(178)
Cash flows from financing activities:
Cash distributions to Unitholders	(223,679)	(288,988)
Capital contributions from AB	2,499	312
Proceeds from exercise of compensatory options to buy AB Holding Units	0	178
Net cash used in financing activities	(221,180)	(288,498)
Change in cash and cash equivalents	0	0
Cash and cash equivalents as of beginning of period	0	0
Cash and cash equivalents as of end of period	0	0
Non-cash investing activities:
Fair value of assets acquired (less cash acquired of $40.8 million in 2022)	0	1,052,062
Fair value of liabilities assumed	0	300,381
Fair value of redeemable non-controlling interest assumed	0	13,191
Fair value of assets contributed to AB (less cash acquired of $40.8 million in 2022)	0	(1,052,062)
Fair value of liabilities contributed to AB	0	(300,381)
Fair value of redeemable non-controlling interest contributed to AB	0	(13,191)
Non-cash financing activities:
Payables recorded under contingent payment arrangements	0	227,071
Equity consideration issued/to be issued in connection with acquisition	0	552,196
Payables contributed to AB under contingent payment arrangements	0	(227,071)
Equity consideration received/to be received from AB in connection with acquisition	$ 0	$ (552,196)

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Condensed Statements of Cash Flows (Parenthetical) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	9 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2023	Sep. 30, 2022
Statement of Cash Flows [Abstract]
Acquisition of business, net cash acquired	$ 0	$ 40,777

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Business Description, Organization and Basis of Presentation

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2023

Organization, Consolidation and Presentation of Financial Statements [Abstract]

Business Description, Organization and Basis of Presentation

Business Description, Organization and Basis of Presentation

Business Description

AB Holding’s principal source of income and cash flow is attributable to its investment in AB limited partnership interests. The condensed financial statements and notes of AB Holding should be read in conjunction with the condensed consolidated financial statements and notes of AB included as an exhibit to this quarterly report on Form 10-Q and with AB Holding’s and AB’s audited financial statements included in AB Holding’s Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2022.

AB provides diversified investment management, research and related services globally to a broad range of clients. Its principal services include:

•Institutional Services – servicing its institutional clients, including private and public pension plans, foundations and endowments, insurance companies, central banks and governments worldwide, and affiliates such as Equitable Holdings, Inc. ("EQH") and its subsidiaries, by means of separately-managed accounts, sub-advisory relationships, structured products, collective investment trusts, mutual funds, hedge funds and other investment vehicles.

•Retail Services – servicing its retail clients, primarily by means of retail mutual funds sponsored by AB or an affiliated company, sub-advisory relationships with mutual funds sponsored by third parties, separately-managed account programs sponsored by financial intermediaries worldwide and other investment vehicles.

•Private Wealth Services – servicing its private clients, including high-net-worth individuals and families, trusts and estates, charitable foundations, partnerships, private and family corporations, and other entities, by means of separately-managed accounts, hedge funds, mutual funds and other investment vehicles.

•Bernstein Research Services – servicing institutional investors, such as pension fund, hedge fund and mutual fund managers, seeking high-quality fundamental research, quantitative services and brokerage-related services in equities and listed options.

AB also provides distribution, shareholder servicing, transfer agency services and administrative services to certain of the mutual funds it sponsors.

AB’s high-quality, in-depth research is the foundation of its asset management and private wealth management businesses. AB’s research disciplines include economic, fundamental equity, fixed income and quantitative research. In addition, AB has expertise in multi-asset strategies, wealth management, environmental, social and corporate governance ("ESG"), and alternative investments.

AB provides a broad range of investment services with expertise in:

•Actively-managed equity strategies, with global and regional portfolios across capitalization ranges, concentration ranges and investment strategies, including value, growth and core equities;

•Actively-managed traditional and unconstrained fixed income strategies, including taxable and tax-exempt strategies;

•Actively-managed alternative investments, including hedge funds, fund of funds and direct assets (e.g., direct lending, real estate and private equity);

•Portfolios with Purpose, including actively managed, impact-focused and Responsible+ (climate-conscious, ESG leaders, change catalysts) equity, fixed income and multi-asset strategies that address the evolving objectives of our clients to invest their capital with purpose while pursuing strong investment returns;

•Multi-asset solutions and services, including dynamic asset allocation, customized target-date funds and target-risk funds; and

•Passive management, including index, ESG index and enhanced index strategies.

Organization

As of September 30, 2023, EQH owned approximately 3.6% of the issued and outstanding units representing assignments of beneficial ownership of limited partnership interests in AB Holding (“AB Holding Units”). AllianceBernstein Corporation (an indirect wholly-owned subsidiary of EQH, “General Partner”) is the general partner of both AB Holding and AB. AllianceBernstein Corporation owns 100,000 general partnership units in AB Holding and a 1.0% general partnership interest in AB.

As of September 30, 2023, the ownership structure of AB, expressed as a percentage of general and limited partnership interests, was as follows:

EQH and its subsidiaries	60.3	%
AB Holding	39.0
Unaffiliated holders	0.7
	100.0	%

Including both the general partnership and limited partnership interests in AB Holding and AB, EQH and its subsidiaries had an approximate 61.7% economic interest in AB as of September 30, 2023.

Basis of Presentation

The interim condensed financial statements have been prepared in accordance with the instructions to Form 10-Q pursuant to the rules and regulations of the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”). In the opinion of management, all adjustments, consisting only of normal recurring adjustments, necessary for a fair statement of the interim results, have been made. The preparation of the condensed financial statements requires management to make certain estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the dates of the condensed financial statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the interim reporting periods. Actual results could differ from those estimates. The condensed statement of financial condition as of December 31, 2022 was derived from audited financial statements. Certain disclosures included in the annual financial statements have been condensed or omitted from these financial statements as they are not required for interim financial statements under principles generally accepted in the United States of America ("GAAP") and the rules of the SEC.

AB Holding records its investment in AB using the equity method of accounting. AB Holding’s investment is increased to reflect its proportionate share of income of AB and decreased to reflect its proportionate share of losses of AB and cash distributions made by AB to its Unitholders. In addition, AB Holding's investment is adjusted to reflect its proportionate share of certain capital transactions of AB.

Subsequent Events

We have evaluated subsequent events through the date that these financial statements were filed with the SEC and did not identify any subsequent events that would require disclosure in these financial statements.

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Cash Distributions	9 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2023
Equity [Abstract]
Cash Distributions	Cash Distributions AB Holding is required to distribute all of its Available Cash Flow, as defined in the Amended and Restated Agreement of Limited Partnership of AB Holding (“AB Holding Partnership Agreement”), to its Unitholders pro rata in accordance with their percentage interests in AB Holding. Available Cash Flow is defined as the cash distributions AB Holding receives from AB minus such amounts as the General Partner determines, in its sole discretion, should be retained by AB Holding for use in its business (such as the payment of taxes) or plus such amounts as the General Partner determines, in its sole discretion, should be released from previously retained cash flow.On October 26, 2023, the General Partner declared a distribution of $0.65 per unit, representing a distribution of Available Cash Flow for the three months ended September 30, 2023. Each general partnership unit in AB Holding is entitled to receive distributions equal to those received by each AB Holding Unit. The distribution is payable on November 22, 2023 to holders of record at the close of business on November 6, 2023.

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Long-term Incentive Compensation Plans

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2023

Share-Based Payment Arrangement [Abstract]

Long-term Incentive Compensation Plans

Long-term Incentive Compensation Plans

AB maintains several unfunded, non-qualified long-term incentive compensation plans, under which the company grants awards of restricted AB Holding Units to its employees and members of the Board of Directors, who are not employed by AB or by any of AB’s affiliates (“Eligible Directors”).

AB funds its restricted AB Holding Unit awards either by purchasing AB Holding Units on the open market or purchasing newly-issued AB Holding Units from AB Holding, and then keeping these AB Holding Units in a consolidated rabbi trust until delivering them or retiring them. In accordance with the AB Holding Partnership Agreement, when AB purchases newly-issued AB Holding Units from AB Holding, AB Holding is required to use the proceeds it receives from AB to purchase the equivalent number of newly-issued AB Units, thus increasing its percentage ownership interest in AB. AB Holding Units held in the consolidated rabbi trust are corporate assets in the name of the trust and are available to the general creditors of AB.

Repurchases and retention of AB Holding Units for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022 consisted of the following:

	Three Months Ended September 30,				Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2023		2022		2023		2022
	(in millions)
Total amount of AB Holding Units Purchased/Retained (1)	1.8		—		2.3		2.6
Total Cash Paid for AB Holding Units Purchased/Retained (1)	$	56.9	$	1.0	$	75.7	$	107.7
Open Market Purchases of AB Holding Units Purchased (1)	1.8		—		1.8		2.3
Total Cash Paid for Open Market Purchases of AB Holding Units (1)	$	56.9	$	—	$	56.9	$	92.7

(1) Purchased on a trade date basis. The difference between open-market purchases and units retained reflects the retention of AB Holding Units from employees to fulfill statutory tax withholding requirements at the time of delivery of long-term incentive compensation awards.

Each quarter, AB considers whether to implement a plan to repurchase AB Holding Units pursuant to Rules 10b5-1 and 10b-18 under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (“Exchange Act”). A plan of this type allows a company to repurchase its shares at times when it otherwise might be prevented from doing so because of self-imposed trading blackout periods or because it possesses material non-public information. Each broker selected by AB has the authority under the terms and limitations specified in the plan to repurchase AB Holding Units on AB’s behalf. Repurchases are subject to regulations promulgated by the SEC as well as certain price, market volume and timing constraints specified in the plan. The plan adopted during the third quarter of 2023 expired at the close of business on October 25, 2023. AB may adopt plans in the future to engage in open-market purchases of AB Holding Units to help fund anticipated obligations under its incentive compensation award program and for other corporate purposes.

During the first nine months of 2023 and 2022, AB awarded to employees and Eligible Directors 0.4 million and 0.8 million restricted AB Holding Unit awards, respectively. AB used AB Holding Units repurchased during the applicable period and newly-issued AB Holding Units to fund these restricted AB Holding Unit awards.

During the first nine months of 2023 and 2022, AB Holding issued zero and 5,774 AB Holding Units, respectively, upon exercise of options to buy AB Holding Units. AB Holding used the proceeds of zero and $0.1 million, respectively, received from award recipients as payment in cash for the exercise price to purchase the equivalent number of newly-issued AB Units.

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Net Income per Unit

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2023

Earnings Per Unit [Abstract]

Net Income per Unit

Net Income per Unit

Basic net income per unit is derived by dividing net income by the basic weighted average number of units outstanding for each period. Diluted net income per unit is derived by adjusting net income for the assumed dilutive effect of compensatory options (“Net income – diluted”) and dividing by the diluted weighted average number of units outstanding for each period.

	Three Months Ended September 30,				Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2023		2022		2023		2022
	(in thousands, except per unit amounts)
Net income – basic	$	56,991	$	56,316	$	184,986	$	210,385
Additional allocation of equity in net income attributable to AB resulting from assumed dilutive effect of compensatory options	—		—		—		2
Net income – diluted	$	56,991	$	56,316	$	184,986	$	210,387
Weighted average units outstanding – basic	113,185		100,466		113,407		99,494
Dilutive effect of compensatory options	—		—		—		2
Weighted average units outstanding – diluted	113,185		100,466		113,407		99,496
Basic net income per unit	$	0.50	$	0.56	$	1.63	$	2.11
Diluted net income per unit	$	0.50	$	0.56	$	1.63	$	2.11

There were no anti-dilutive options excluded from diluted net income in the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023 or 2022.

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Investment in AB

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2023

Equity Method Investments and Joint Ventures [Abstract]

Investment in AB

Investment in AB

Changes in AB Holding’s investment in AB during the nine-month period ended September 30, 2023 are as follows (in thousands):

Investment in AB as of December 31, 2022	$	2,074,626
Equity in net income attributable to AB Unitholders	211,264
Changes in accumulated other comprehensive income	(1,122)
Cash distributions received from AB	(248,529)
Capital contributions (from) AB	(2,499)
AB Holding Units retired	(72,592)
AB Holding Units issued to fund long-term incentive compensation plans	8,005
Change in AB Holding Units held by AB for long-term incentive compensation plans	3,893
Investment in AB as of September 30, 2023	$	1,973,046

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Units Outstanding

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2023

Equity [Abstract]

Units Outstanding

Units Outstanding

Changes in AB Holding Units outstanding during the nine-month period ended September 30, 2023 are as follows:

Outstanding as of December 31, 2022	113,801,097
Units issued	226,691
Units retired	(2,230,915)
Outstanding as of September 30, 2023	111,796,873

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Income Taxes

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2023

Income Tax Disclosure [Abstract]

Income Taxes

Income Taxes

AB Holding is a publicly-traded partnership (“PTP”) for federal tax purposes and, accordingly, is not subject to federal or state corporate income taxes. However, AB Holding is subject to the 4.0% New York City unincorporated business tax (“UBT”), net of credits for UBT paid by AB, and to a 3.5% federal tax on partnership gross income from the active conduct of a trade or business. AB Holding’s partnership gross income is derived from its interest in AB.

AB Holding’s federal income tax is computed by multiplying certain AB qualifying revenues (primarily U.S. investment advisory fees, research payments and brokerage commissions) by AB Holding’s ownership interest in AB, multiplied by the 3.5% tax rate. AB Holding Units in AB’s consolidated rabbi trust are not considered outstanding for purposes of calculating AB Holding’s ownership interest in AB.

	Three Months Ended September 30,								Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2023			2022			% Change		2023			2022			% Change
									(in thousands)
Net income attributable to AB Unitholders	$	167,404		$	175,180		(4.4)	%	$	537,292		$	644,676		(16.7)	%
Multiplied by: weighted average equity ownership interest	39.3		%	36.5		%			39.3		%	36.2		%
Equity in net income attributable to AB Unitholders	$	65,761		$	63,905		2.9		$	211,264		$	233,616		(9.6)
AB qualifying revenues	$	689,323		$	678,682		1.6		$	2,059,866		$	2,089,206		(1.4)
Multiplied by: weighted average equity ownership interest for calculating tax	35.6		%	31.3		%			35.7		%	31.1		%
Multiplied by: federal tax	3.5		%	3.5		%			3.5		%	3.5		%
Federal income taxes	8,593			7,442					25,713			22,748
State income taxes	177			147					565			483
Total income taxes	$	8,770		$	7,589		15.6		$	26,278		$	23,231		13.1
Effective tax rate	13.3		%	11.9		%			12.4		%	9.9		%

In order to preserve AB Holding’s status as a PTP for federal income tax purposes, management ensures that AB Holding does not directly or indirectly (through AB) engage in a substantial new line of business. If AB Holding were to lose its status as a PTP, it would be subject to corporate income tax, which would reduce materially AB Holding’s net income and its quarterly distributions to AB Holding Unitholders.

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Commitments and Contingencies

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2023

Commitments and Contingencies Disclosure [Abstract]

Commitments and Contingencies

Commitments and Contingencies

Legal and regulatory matters described below pertain to AB and are included here due to their potential significance to AB Holding’s investment in AB.

With respect to all significant litigation matters, we consider the likelihood of a negative outcome. If we determine the likelihood of a negative outcome is probable and the amount of the loss can be reasonably estimated, we record an estimated loss for the expected outcome of the litigation. If the likelihood of a negative outcome is reasonably possible and we are able to determine an estimate of the possible loss or range of loss in excess of amounts already accrued, if any, we disclose that fact together with the estimate of the possible loss or range of loss. However, it is often difficult to predict the outcome or estimate a possible loss or range of loss because litigation is subject to inherent uncertainties, particularly when plaintiffs allege substantial or indeterminate damages. Such is also the case when the litigation is in its early stages or when the litigation is highly complex or broad in scope. In these cases, we disclose that we are unable to predict the outcome or estimate a possible loss or range of loss.

On December 14, 2022, four individual participants in the Profit Sharing Plan for Employees of AllianceBernstein L.P., (the "Plan") filed a class action complaint (the “Complaint”) in the U.S. District Court for the Southern District of New York against AB, current and former members of the Compensation and Workplace Practices Committee of the Board, and the Investment and Administrative Committees under the Plan. Plaintiffs, who seek to represent a class of all participants in

the Plan from December 14, 2016 to the present, allege that defendants violated their fiduciary duties and engaged in prohibited transactions under the Employee Retirement Income Security Act of 1974, as amended ("ERISA") by including proprietary collective investment trusts as investment options offered under the Plan. The Complaint seeks unspecified damages, disgorgement and other equitable relief. AB is prepared to defend itself vigorously against these claims. While the ultimate outcome of this matter is currently not determinable given the matter remains in its early stages, we do not believe this litigation will have a material adverse effect on our results of operations, financial condition or liquidity.

AB may be involved in various other matters, including regulatory inquiries, administrative proceedings and litigation, some of which may allege significant damages. It is reasonably possible that AB could incur losses pertaining to these other matters, but management cannot currently estimate any such losses. Management, after consultation with legal counsel, currently believes that the outcome of any individual matter that is pending or threatened, or all of them combined, will not have a material adverse effect on our results of operations, financial condition or liquidity. However, any inquiry, proceeding or litigation has the element of uncertainty; management cannot determine whether further developments relating to any individual matter that is pending or threatened, or all of them combined, will have a material adverse effect on our results of operations, financial condition or liquidity in any future reporting period.

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Pay vs Performance Disclosure - USD ($) $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended		9 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2023	Sep. 30, 2022	Sep. 30, 2023	Sep. 30, 2022
Pay vs Performance Disclosure
Net income	$ 56,991	$ 56,316	$ 184,986	$ 210,385

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Insider Trading Arrangements	3 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2023
Trading Arrangements, by Individual
Rule 10b5-1 Arrangement Adopted	false
Non-Rule 10b5-1 Arrangement Adopted	false
Rule 10b5-1 Arrangement Terminated	false
Non-Rule 10b5-1 Arrangement Terminated	false

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Business Description, Organization and Basis of Presentation (Policies)

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2023

Organization, Consolidation and Presentation of Financial Statements [Abstract]

Basis of Presentation

Basis of Presentation

The interim condensed financial statements have been prepared in accordance with the instructions to Form 10-Q pursuant to the rules and regulations of the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”). In the opinion of management, all adjustments, consisting only of normal recurring adjustments, necessary for a fair statement of the interim results, have been made. The preparation of the condensed financial statements requires management to make certain estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the dates of the condensed financial statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the interim reporting periods. Actual results could differ from those estimates. The condensed statement of financial condition as of December 31, 2022 was derived from audited financial statements. Certain disclosures included in the annual financial statements have been condensed or omitted from these financial statements as they are not required for interim financial statements under principles generally accepted in the United States of America ("GAAP") and the rules of the SEC.

AB Holding records its investment in AB using the equity method of accounting. AB Holding’s investment is increased to reflect its proportionate share of income of AB and decreased to reflect its proportionate share of losses of AB and cash distributions made by AB to its Unitholders. In addition, AB Holding's investment is adjusted to reflect its proportionate share of certain capital transactions of AB.

Subsequent Events

Subsequent Events

We have evaluated subsequent events through the date that these financial statements were filed with the SEC and did not identify any subsequent events that would require disclosure in these financial statements.

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Business Description, Organization and Basis of Presentation (Tables)

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2023

Organization, Consolidation and Presentation of Financial Statements [Abstract]

Summary of Ownership Structure of AllianceBernstein

As of September 30, 2023, the ownership structure of AB, expressed as a percentage of general and limited partnership interests, was as follows:

EQH and its subsidiaries	60.3	%
AB Holding	39.0
Unaffiliated holders	0.7
	100.0	%

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Long-term Incentive Compensation Plans (Tables)

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2023

Share-Based Payment Arrangement [Abstract]

Schedule of Unit Award Repurchase Activity

Repurchases and retention of AB Holding Units for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022 consisted of the following:

	Three Months Ended September 30,				Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2023		2022		2023		2022
	(in millions)
Total amount of AB Holding Units Purchased/Retained (1)	1.8		—		2.3		2.6
Total Cash Paid for AB Holding Units Purchased/Retained (1)	$	56.9	$	1.0	$	75.7	$	107.7
Open Market Purchases of AB Holding Units Purchased (1)	1.8		—		1.8		2.3
Total Cash Paid for Open Market Purchases of AB Holding Units (1)	$	56.9	$	—	$	56.9	$	92.7

(1) Purchased on a trade date basis. The difference between open-market purchases and units retained reflects the retention of AB Holding Units from employees to fulfill statutory tax withholding requirements at the time of delivery of long-term incentive compensation awards.

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Net Income per Unit (Tables)

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2023

Earnings Per Unit [Abstract]

Schedule of Earnings Per Unit, Basic and Diluted

Basic net income per unit is derived by dividing net income by the basic weighted average number of units outstanding for each period. Diluted net income per unit is derived by adjusting net income for the assumed dilutive effect of compensatory options (“Net income – diluted”) and dividing by the diluted weighted average number of units outstanding for each period.

	Three Months Ended September 30,				Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2023		2022		2023		2022
	(in thousands, except per unit amounts)
Net income – basic	$	56,991	$	56,316	$	184,986	$	210,385
Additional allocation of equity in net income attributable to AB resulting from assumed dilutive effect of compensatory options	—		—		—		2
Net income – diluted	$	56,991	$	56,316	$	184,986	$	210,387
Weighted average units outstanding – basic	113,185		100,466		113,407		99,494
Dilutive effect of compensatory options	—		—		—		2
Weighted average units outstanding – diluted	113,185		100,466		113,407		99,496
Basic net income per unit	$	0.50	$	0.56	$	1.63	$	2.11
Diluted net income per unit	$	0.50	$	0.56	$	1.63	$	2.11

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Investment in AB (Tables)

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2023

Equity Method Investments and Joint Ventures [Abstract]

Summary of Changes in Investment in AB

Changes in AB Holding’s investment in AB during the nine-month period ended September 30, 2023 are as follows (in thousands):

Investment in AB as of December 31, 2022	$	2,074,626
Equity in net income attributable to AB Unitholders	211,264
Changes in accumulated other comprehensive income	(1,122)
Cash distributions received from AB	(248,529)
Capital contributions (from) AB	(2,499)
AB Holding Units retired	(72,592)
AB Holding Units issued to fund long-term incentive compensation plans	8,005
Change in AB Holding Units held by AB for long-term incentive compensation plans	3,893
Investment in AB as of September 30, 2023	$	1,973,046

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Units Outstanding (Tables)

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2023

Equity [Abstract]

Changes in Holding Units Outstanding

Changes in AB Holding Units outstanding during the nine-month period ended September 30, 2023 are as follows:

Outstanding as of December 31, 2022	113,801,097
Units issued	226,691
Units retired	(2,230,915)
Outstanding as of September 30, 2023	111,796,873

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Income Taxes (Tables)

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2023

Income Tax Disclosure [Abstract]

Computation of Effective Income Tax Rate and Changes in Components of Income Tax

	Three Months Ended September 30,								Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2023			2022			% Change		2023			2022			% Change
									(in thousands)
Net income attributable to AB Unitholders	$	167,404		$	175,180		(4.4)	%	$	537,292		$	644,676		(16.7)	%
Multiplied by: weighted average equity ownership interest	39.3		%	36.5		%			39.3		%	36.2		%
Equity in net income attributable to AB Unitholders	$	65,761		$	63,905		2.9		$	211,264		$	233,616		(9.6)
AB qualifying revenues	$	689,323		$	678,682		1.6		$	2,059,866		$	2,089,206		(1.4)
Multiplied by: weighted average equity ownership interest for calculating tax	35.6		%	31.3		%			35.7		%	31.1		%
Multiplied by: federal tax	3.5		%	3.5		%			3.5		%	3.5		%
Federal income taxes	8,593			7,442					25,713			22,748
State income taxes	177			147					565			483
Total income taxes	$	8,770		$	7,589		15.6		$	26,278		$	23,231		13.1
Effective tax rate	13.3		%	11.9		%			12.4		%	9.9		%

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Business Description, Organization and Basis of Presentation (Details) - shares	9 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022
Ownership structure of AB Holding
Units outstanding (in shares)	100,000	100,000
AB Holding | EQH
Ownership structure of AB Holding
General partnership interest (percent)	3.60%
AB Holding | AllianceBernstein Corporation
Ownership structure of AB Holding
General partnership interest (percent)	1.00%
Units outstanding (in shares)	100,000
AB | EQH and its subsidiaries
Ownership structure of AB Holding
General partnership interest (percent)	61.70%

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Business Description, Organization and Basis of Presentation - Limited Partnership Interests in AB Holdings (Details) - AllianceBernstein Corporation	9 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2023
EQH and its subsidiaries
Distribution Made to Limited Partner [Line Items]
Limited partners or members ownership interest in Company (percent)	60.30%
AB Holding
Distribution Made to Limited Partner [Line Items]
Limited partners or members ownership interest in Company (percent)	39.00%
Unaffiliated holders
Distribution Made to Limited Partner [Line Items]
Limited partners or members ownership interest in Company (percent)	0.70%
AB
Distribution Made to Limited Partner [Line Items]
Limited partners or members ownership interest in Company (percent)	100.00%

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Cash Distributions (Details)	Oct. 26, 2023 $ / shares
Subsequent Event
Subsequent Event [Line Items]
Subsequent cash distribution, distribution declared (in dollars per unit)	$ 0.65

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Long-term Incentive Compensation Plans - Unit Purchase Activity (Details) - USD ($) shares in Millions, $ in Millions	3 Months Ended		9 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2023	Sep. 30, 2022	Sep. 30, 2023	Sep. 30, 2022
Share-Based Payment Arrangement [Abstract]
Total amount of AB Holding Units Purchased/Retained (in shares)	1.8	0.0	2.3	2.6
Total Cash Paid for AB Holding Units Purchased/Retained	$ 56.9	$ 1.0	$ 75.7	$ 107.7
Open Market Purchases of AB Holding Units Purchased (in shares)	1.8	0.0	1.8	2.3
Total Cash Paid for Open Market Purchases of AB Holding Units	$ 56.9	$ 0.0	$ 56.9	$ 92.7

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Long-term Incentive Compensation Plans (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	9 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2023	Sep. 30, 2022
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award [Line Items]
Proceeds from exercise of compensatory options to buy AB Holding Units	$ 0	$ 178
AB Holding Units
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award [Line Items]
Units issued upon options exercised (in shares)	0	5,774
Proceeds from exercise of compensatory options to buy AB Holding Units	$ 0	$ 100
Employees and Eligible Directors | AB Holding Units
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award [Line Items]
Restricted AB Holding Unit awards granted to employees and Eligible Directors (in shares)	400,000	800,000

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Net Income per Unit (Details) - USD ($) $ / shares in Units, $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended		9 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2023	Sep. 30, 2022	Sep. 30, 2023	Sep. 30, 2022
Earnings Per Unit [Abstract]
Net income – basic	$ 56,991	$ 56,316	$ 184,986	$ 210,385
Additional allocation of equity in net income attributable to AB resulting from assumed dilutive effect of compensatory options	0	0	0	2
Net income – diluted	$ 56,991	$ 56,316	$ 184,986	$ 210,387
Weighted average units outstanding – basic (in shares)	113,185,000	100,466,000	113,407,000	99,494,000
Dilutive effect of compensatory options (in shares)	0	0	0	2,000
Weighted average units outstanding – diluted (in shares)	113,185,000	100,466,000	113,407,000	99,496,000
Basic net income per unit (in dollars per share)	$ 0.50	$ 0.56	$ 1.63	$ 2.11
Diluted net income per unit (in dollars per share)	$ 0.50	$ 0.56	$ 1.63	$ 2.11
Anti-dilutive units excluded from diluted net income (in shares)	0	0	0	0

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Investment in AB (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended		9 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2023	Sep. 30, 2022	Sep. 30, 2023	Sep. 30, 2022
Change in Equity Method Investment [Roll Forward]
Beginning balance			$ 2,074,626
Equity in net income attributable to AB Unitholders	$ 65,761	$ 63,905	211,264	$ 233,616
Changes in accumulated other comprehensive income	(5,643)	$ (11,495)	(1,122)	(27,094)
Cash distributions received from AB			(248,529)	$ (313,438)
Capital contributions (from) AB			(2,499)
AB Holding Units retired			(72,592)
AB Holding Units issued to fund long-term incentive compensation plans			8,005
Change in AB Holding Units held by AB for long-term incentive compensation plans			3,893
Ending balance	$ 1,973,046		$ 1,973,046

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Units Outstanding (Details)	9 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2023 shares
Units Outstanding
Outstanding, beginning balance (in shares)	113,801,097
Units issued (in shares)	226,691
Units retired (in shares)	(2,230,915)
Outstanding, ending balance (in shares)	111,796,873

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Income Taxes (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended		9 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2023	Sep. 30, 2022	Sep. 30, 2023	Sep. 30, 2022
Income Tax Disclosure [Abstract]
New York City unincorporated business tax (percent)			4.00%
Federal tax rate on partnership gross income (percent)			3.50%
Income Tax Contingency [Line Items]
Multiplied by: weighted average equity ownership interest (percent)	39.30%	36.50%	39.30%	36.20%
Equity in net income attributable to AB Unitholders	$ 65,761	$ 63,905	$ 211,264	$ 233,616
Computation of income tax [Abstract]
AB qualifying revenues	$ 689,323	$ 678,682	$ 2,059,866	$ 2,089,206
Multiplied by: weighted average equity ownership interest for calculating tax (percent)	35.60%	31.30%	35.70%	31.10%
Multiplied by: federal tax (percent)	3.50%	3.50%	3.50%	3.50%
Federal income taxes	$ 8,593	$ 7,442	$ 25,713	$ 22,748
State income taxes	177	147	565	483
Total income taxes	$ 8,770	$ 7,589	$ 26,278	$ 23,231
Effective tax rate (percent)	13.30%	11.90%	12.40%	9.90%
Changes in components for calculation of income tax [Abstract]
Change in net income attributable to AB Unitholders (percent)	(4.40%)		(16.70%)
Change in equity in net income attributable to AB Unitholders (percent)	2.90%		(9.60%)
Change in AB qualifying revenues (percent)	1.60%		(1.40%)
Change in income taxes (percent)	15.60%		13.10%
Variable Interest Entity, Primary Beneficiary
Income Tax Contingency [Line Items]
Net income attributable to AB Unitholders	$ 167,404	$ 175,180	$ 537,292	$ 644,676

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Commitments and Contingencies (Details)	Dec. 14, 2022 plaintiff
Commitments and Contingencies Disclosure [Abstract]
Number of participants that filed a class action complaint	4