10-K

UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

Washington, D.C. 20549

FORM 10-K

☒ ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the Fiscal Year Ended December 31, 2022

☐ TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

Commission File Number 0-19065

SANDY SPRING BANCORP, INC.

(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)

Maryland	52-1532952
(State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization)	(I.R.S. Employer Identification No.)
17801 Georgia Avenue, Olney, Maryland	20832
(Address of principal executive offices)	(Zip Code)
301-774-6400
(Registrant's telephone number, including area code)

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

Title of each class	Trading Symbol	Name of each exchange on which registered
Common Stock, par value $1.00 per share	SASR	The NASDAQ Stock Market, LLC

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act: None.

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act. ☒ Yes ☐ No

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or Section 15(d) of the Act. ☐ Yes ☒ No*

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. ☒ Yes ☐ No

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T during the preceding 12 months (or for shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). ☒ Yes

☐ No

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act (Check one):

Large accelerated filer ☒ Accelerated filer ☐ Non-accelerated filer ☐ Smaller reporting company ☐ Emerging growth company ☐

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has filed a report on and attestation to its management’s assessment of the effectiveness of its internal control over financial reporting under Section 404(b) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (15 U.S.C. 7262(b)) by the registered public accounting firm that prepared or issued its audit report. ☒

If securities are registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act, indicate by check mark whether the financial statements of the registrant included in the filing reflect the correction of an error to previously issued financial statements. ☐

Indicate by check mark whether any of those error corrections are restatements that required a recovery analysis of incentive-based compensation received by the registrant's executive officers during the relevant recovery period pursuant to § 240.10D-1(b). ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Act). ☐ Yes ☒ No

The aggregate market value of the voting common stock of the registrant held by non-affiliates on June 30, 2022, the last day of the registrant’s most recently completed second fiscal quarter, was approximately $1.7 billion, based on the closing sales price of $39.07 per share of the registrant's Common Stock on June 30, 2022.

The number of outstanding shares of common stock outstanding as of February 17, 2023.

Common stock, $1.00 par value – 44,674,054 shares

Documents Incorporated By Reference

Part III: Portions of the definitive proxy statement for the Annual Meeting of Shareholders to be held on May 24, 2023 (the "Proxy Statement").

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*The registrant is required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 of the Act.

SANDY SPRING BANCORP, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

Table of Contents

Forward-Looking Statements	3
PART I.
Item 1. Business	4
Item 1A. Risk Factors	17
Item 1B. Unresolved Staff Comments	31
Item 2. Properties	31
Item 3. Legal Proceedings	31
Item 4. Mine Safety Disclosures	31
PART II.
Item 5. Market for the Registrant's Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities	31
Item 6. Reserved	34
Item 7. Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations	35
Item 7A. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk	65
Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data	65
Reports of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm (PCAOB ID: 42)	66
Consolidated Financial Statements	69
Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements	74
Item 9. Changes in and Disagreements With Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure	123
Item 9A. Controls and Procedures	123
Item 9B. Other Information	123
Item 9C. Disclosure Regarding Foreign Jurisdictions that Prevent Inspection	123
PART III.
Item 10. Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance	123
Item 11. Executive Compensation	123
Item 12. Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters	123
Item 13. Certain Relationships and Related Transactions and Director Independence	123
Item 14. Principal Accounting Fees and Services	124
PART IV.
Item 15. Exhibits, Financial Statement Schedules	125
Item 16. Form 10-K Summary	127
Signatures	128

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Forward-Looking Statements

This Annual Report Form 10-K, as well as other periodic reports filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission, and written or oral communications made from time to time by or on behalf of Sandy Spring Bancorp, Inc. and its subsidiaries, may contain statements relating to future events or our future results that are considered “forward-looking statements” under the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. These forward-looking statements may be identified by the use of words such as “believe,” “expect,” “anticipate,” “plan,” “estimate,” “intend” and “potential,” or words of similar meaning, or future or conditional verbs such as “should,” “could,” or “may.” Forward-looking statements include statements of our goals, intentions and expectations; statements regarding our business plans, prospects, growth and operating strategies; statements regarding the quality of our loan and investment portfolios; and estimates of our risks and future costs and benefits.

Forward-looking statements reflect our expectation or prediction of future conditions, events or results based on information currently available. These forward-looking statements are subject to significant risks and uncertainties that may cause actual results to differ materially from those in such statements. These risks and uncertainties include, but are not limited to, the risks identified in Item 1A of this report and the following:

•changes in general business and economic conditions nationally or in the markets that we serve;

•changes in consumer and business confidence, investor sentiment, or consumer spending or savings behavior;

•changes in the level of inflation;

•changes in the demand for loans, deposits and other financial services that we provide;

•the possibility that future credit losses may be higher than currently expected;

•the impact of the interest rate environment on our business, financial condition and results of operations;

•the impact of compliance with changes in laws, regulations and regulatory interpretations, including changes in income taxes;

•changes in credit ratings assigned to us or our subsidiaries;

•the ability to realize benefits and cost savings from, and limit any unexpected liabilities associated with, any business combinations;

•competitive pressures among financial services companies;

•the ability to attract, develop and retain qualified employees;

•our ability to maintain the security of our data processing and information technology systems;

•the impact of changes in accounting policies, including the introduction of new accounting standards;

•the impact of judicial or regulatory proceedings;

•the impact of fiscal and governmental policies of the United States federal government;

•the impact of health emergencies, epidemics or pandemics;

•the effects of climate change; and

•the impact of natural disasters, extreme weather events, military conflict, terrorism or other geopolitical events.

Forward-looking statements speak only as of the date of this report. We do not undertake to update forward-looking statements to reflect circumstances or events that occur after the date of this report or to reflect the occurrence of unanticipated events except as required by federal securities laws.

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PART I

Item 1. BUSINESS

General

Sandy Spring Bancorp, Inc. is the bank holding company for Sandy Spring Bank. Throughout this report, references to the “Company,” “we,” “our,” “us,” and similar terms refer to the consolidated entity consisting of Sandy Spring Bancorp, Inc. and its subsidiaries. “Bancorp” refers solely to the parent holding company, and the “Bank” refers solely to Bancorp’s subsidiary bank, Sandy Spring Bank.

Bancorp is registered as a bank holding company pursuant to the Bank Holding Company Act of 1956, as amended (the "Holding Company Act") and is subject to supervision and regulation by the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System (the "Federal Reserve"). Bancorp began operating in 1988 while Sandy Spring Bank traces its origin to 1868, making it among the oldest banking institutions in the region. We offer a broad range of commercial and retail banking, mortgage, private banking and trust services at over 50 locations throughout central Maryland, northern Virginia, and Washington D.C. The Bank is a state chartered bank subject to supervision and regulation by the Federal Reserve and the State of Maryland. The Bank's deposit accounts are insured by the Deposit Insurance Fund administered by the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (the "FDIC") to the maximum extent permitted by law. The Bank is a member of the Federal Reserve System and is an Equal Housing Lender. We are an Affirmative Action/Equal Opportunity Employer.

The Company is a community banking organization that focuses its lending and other services on businesses and consumers in the local market area. Through its trust department and its subsidiaries, West Financial Services, Inc. ("West Financial") and SSB Wealth Management, Inc. (d/b/a Rembert Pendleton Jackson, "RPJ"), Sandy Spring Bank offers a comprehensive menu of investment management services.

Our principal executive office is located at 17801 Georgia Avenue, Olney, Maryland 20832, and our telephone number is 301-774-6400.

Availability of Information

This report is not part of the proxy materials for our annual meeting of shareholders; it is provided along with the annual proxy statement for convenience of use and as an expense control measure. The Company makes available through the Investor Relations area of our website, at www.sandyspringbank.com, annual reports on Form 10-K, quarterly reports on Form 10-Q, current reports on Form 8-K, and any amendments to those reports filed or furnished pursuant to Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934. Access to these reports is provided by means of a link to a third-party vendor that maintains a database of such filings. In general, we intend that these reports be available as soon as practicable after they are filed with or furnished to the Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”). Technical and other operational obstacles or delays caused by the vendor may delay their availability. The SEC maintains a website (www.sec.gov) where these filings are also available through the SEC’s EDGAR system. There is no charge for access to these filings through either our website or the SEC’s website.

Market and Economic Overview

We are headquartered in Montgomery County, Maryland and conduct business primarily in central Maryland, northern Virginia and Washington D.C. Our footprint serves the Washington metropolitan area, which is historically one of the country’s most economically successful regions. The region’s economic strength and stability is due to the region’s significant federal government presence and strong growth in the business and professional services sector. The proximity to numerous armed forces installations in Maryland, including the United States Cyber Command in Ft. Meade, Maryland, together with a strategic location between two of the country’s leading ports – the Port of Baltimore and the Port of Norfolk – and proximity to numerous interstates and railways have provided opportunities for growth in a variety of areas, including logistics and transportation.

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According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the region is home to five of the top ten most highly educated counties in the nation and five of the top ten most affluent counties, as measured by household income. Our geographical location provides access to key neighboring markets such as Philadelphia, New York City, Pittsburgh and the Richmond/Norfolk, Virginia corridor. While the region is experiencing the economic effects of supply chain disruptions and inflation, the region’s unemployment rate continues to remain below the national average as the region has the benefit of a highly trained and educated workforce concentrated in government and white-collar service businesses. These factors, along with the ability of the regional infrastructure to support remote working, have provided a greater amount of resiliency in the face of the impact of the pandemic on the overall employment metrics for our market/region.

Both globally and within the United States, the lingering effects of the COVID-19 pandemic have resulted in various negative impacts, a disruption to economic and commercial activity and inflationary pressures coupled with rising interest rates. While the local economy in which we operate began to strengthen and improve in post-pandemic 2021, recessionary pressures began to build during 2022 that have reduced consumer confidence and suppressed the rate of economic improvement. Our business opportunities may be tempered by concerns such as employment opportunities, the effects of the remote workplace, the impact of inflation, the effect of current and proposed government stimulus, wage growth and the strength of the dollar. Volatility in global economic markets, continued domestic political turmoil and various episodes of geopolitical unrest continue to provide a degree of uncertainty in the financial markets.

Loan Products

We currently offer a complete menu of loan products primarily in our identified market footprint that are discussed in detail below and on the following pages. These following sections should be read in conjunction with the section “Credit Risk” on page 56 of this report.

Commercial Loans

Included in this category are commercial real estate loans, commercial construction loans and commercial business loans. Our commercial loan clients represent a diverse cross-section of small to mid-size local businesses within our market footprint, whose owners and employees are often established Bank customers. Such banking relationships are a natural business for us, with our long-standing community roots and extensive experience in serving and lending to this market segment.

Commercial loans are evaluated for the adequacy of repayment sources at the time of approval and are regularly reviewed for any possible deterioration in the ability of the borrower to repay the loan. Collateral generally is required to provide us with an additional source of repayment in the event of default by a commercial borrower. The structure of the collateral package, including the type and amount of the collateral, varies from loan to loan depending on the financial strength of the borrower, the amount and terms of the loan, and the collateral available to be pledged by the borrower, but generally may include real estate, accounts receivable, inventory, equipment or other assets. Loans also may be supported by personal guarantees from the principals of the commercial loan borrowers. The financial condition and cash flow of commercial borrowers are closely monitored through the submission of corporate financial statements, personal financial statements and income tax returns. The frequency of submissions of required information depends upon the size and complexity of the credit and the collateral that secures the loan. Credit risk for commercial loans arises from borrowers lacking the ability or willingness to repay the loan and, in the case of secured loans, by a shortfall in the collateral value in relation to the outstanding loan balance in the event of a default and subsequent liquidation of collateral. A risk rating system is applied to the commercial loan portfolio to measure credit risk and differentiate the level of risk posed by individual credits. We have no commercial loans to borrowers in similar industries that exceed 10% of total loans.

During 2021 and 2020, we participated in the Small Business Administration’s (“SBA”) Paycheck Protection Program (“PPP”), which provided forgivable loans to small businesses to enable them to maintain payroll, hire back employees who have been laid off, and cover applicable overhead. These loans are fully guaranteed by the SBA and eligible for full forgiveness when the proceeds are utilized for certain payroll and other expenses under guidelines provided by the SBA. Loans that do not meet the forgiveness criteria enter a repayment period of 2 or 5 years. We originated 8,574 PPP loans for a total of $1.6 billion. At December 31, 2022, loans totaling $1.5 billion have been forgiven and an additional $53.0 million have been repaid by borrowers. The remaining outstanding principal balance of PPP loans, net of deferred origination fees, at December 31, 2022 was $12.8 million.

Included in commercial loans are loan participations acquired from other lenders. The risks associated with purchased participations are similar to those of directly originated commercial loans, although additional risk may arise from the limited ability to control actions of the primary lender. We also sell loan participations as part of our credit risk management and asset/liability management strategy. At December 31, 2022, other financial institutions had $296.2 million in outstanding commercial and commercial real estate

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loan participations sold by the Company. In addition, at December 31, 2022, the Company had $202.3 million in outstanding commercial and commercial real estate loan participations purchased from other lenders.

Commercial Real Estate

Our commercial real estate loans consist of both loans secured by owner-occupied properties and nonowner-occupied properties ("investor real estate loans"). The commercial real estate categories contain mortgage loans to developers and owners of commercial real estate. Commercial real estate loans are governed by the same lending policies and subject to credit risk as previously described for commercial loans. Commercial real estate loans secured by owner-occupied properties are based upon the borrower’s financial condition and the ability of the borrower and the business to provide for repayment. Investor real estate loans secured by nonowner-occupied properties involve investment properties for multi-family, warehouse, retail, and office space with a history of occupancy and cash flow. We seek to reduce the risks associated with commercial mortgage lending by generally lending in our market area, using conservative loan-to-value ratios and obtaining periodic financial statements and tax returns from borrowers to perform loan reviews. It is also our general policy to obtain personal guarantees from the principals of the borrowers and to underwrite the business entity from a cash flow perspective. Interest rate risks are managed by using either floating interest rates or by fixing rates that reset at the end of the first five years then convert to a margin-adjusted applicable index. While loan amortizations may be approved for up to 360 months, each loan generally has a call provision (maturity date) of five to ten years. An additional portion of the commercial real estate lending business extends to providing commercial construction financing owner-occupied properties as well as non-owner occupied properties. Construction lending on these properties is based upon the provision for repayment based on cash flow, collateral values and loan-to-value ratios. Typically, these loans have guarantees, an amount of owner equity in the project and an assessment of economic feasibility and viability related to each project. Terms of each loan are based upon current pricing and the extent of the project. At December 31, 2022, 61% of the commercial construction loan portfolio is for the construction of owner-occupied properties as well as non-owner occupied properties

Commercial acquisition, development and construction ("AD&C") loans to residential builders, are either made for the construction of residential homes with an existing binding sales contract where the prospective buyers have been pre-qualified for permanent mortgage financing by a lenders, or homes that are built by residential builders in anticipation of a future sale. Lending to builders that may engage in speculative home construction is managed through strict monitoring of their respective volumes of speculative units under construction as compared to those that are presold to prospective buyers, in addition to lending to builders/developers with the proven ability, based on past history, to manage their construction inventory during volatile economic cycles. Loans for the development of residential land are extended when evidence is provided that the lots under development will be or have been sold to builders satisfactory to us. These loans are generally extended for a period of time sufficient to allow for the clearing and grading of the land and the installation of water, sewer and roads, which is typically a minimum of eighteen months to three years.

We primarily lend for AD&C in local markets that are familiar and understandable, work selectively with top-quality builders and developers, and require substantial equity from our borrowers. The underwriting process is designed to confirm that the project will be economically feasible and financially viable; projects are generally evaluated as though we will provide permanent financing. Our portfolio growth objectives do not include projects lacking reasonable proportionate sharing of risk. Development and construction loans are secured by the properties under development or construction, and personal guarantees are typically obtained. Further, to assure that reliance is not placed solely upon the value of the underlying collateral, we consider the financial condition and reputation of the borrower and any guarantors, the amount of the borrower's equity in the project, independent appraisals, cost estimates and pre-construction sales information.

Commercial Business Loans

We also originate commercial business loans. Commercial term loans are made to provide funds for equipment and general corporate needs. This loan category is designed to support borrowers who have a proven ability to service debt. We generally require a first lien position on all collateral and require guarantees from owners having at least a 10% interest in the involved business. Interest rates on commercial term loans are generally floating or fixed for a term not to exceed seven years. Management monitors industry and collateral concentrations to avoid loan exposures to a large group of similar industries or similar collateral. Commercial business loans are evaluated for historical and projected cash flow attributes, balance sheet strength, and primary and alternate resources of personal guarantors. Commercial term loan documents require borrowers to forward regular financial information on both the business and personal guarantors. Loan covenants require at least annual submission of complete financial information and in certain cases this information is required monthly, quarterly or semi-annually, depending on the degree to which we desire information resources for monitoring a borrower’s financial condition and compliance with loan covenants. Examples of properly margined collateral for loans, as required by our policy, would be an 80% advance on the lesser of appraised value or recent sales price on commercial property, an

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80% or less advance on eligible receivables, a 50% or less advance on eligible inventory and an 80% advance on appraised residential property. Collateral borrowing certificates may be required to monitor certain collateral categories on a monthly or quarterly basis. Loans may require personal guarantees. Key person life insurance may be required as appropriate and as necessary to mitigate the risk of loss of a primary owner or manager. Whenever appropriate and available, we seek governmental loan guarantees, such as the SBA's loan programs, to reduce risks.

Commercial lines of credit are granted to finance a business borrower’s short-term credit needs and/or to finance a percentage of eligible receivables and inventory. In addition to the risks inherent in term loan facilities, line of credit borrowers typically require additional monitoring to protect the lender against increasing loan volumes and diminishing collateral values. Commercial lines of credit are generally revolving in nature and require close scrutiny. We generally require at least an annual out of debt period (for seasonal borrowers) or regular financial information (monthly or quarterly financial statements, borrowing base certificates, etc.) for borrowers with more growth and greater permanent working capital financing needs. Advances against collateral value are limited. Lines of credit and term loans to the same borrowers generally are cross-defaulted and cross-collateralized. Interest rate charges on this group of loans generally float at a factor at or above the prime lending rate.

Residential Real Estate Loans

The residential real estate category contains loans principally to consumers secured by residential real estate. Loans for residential real estate may carry either a fixed rate of interest or an adjustable rate over the life of loan. Adjustable rate mortgage (“ARM”) loans have a 30 year amortization period with a fixed rate of interest for the first five, seven or ten years, re-pricing semiannually or annually thereafter at a predetermined spread to an index. Our residential real estate lending policy requires each loan to have viable repayment sources. Residential real estate loans are evaluated for the adequacy of these repayment sources at the time of approval, based upon measures including credit scores, debt-to-income ratios, and collateral values. Credit risk for residential real estate loans arises from borrowers lacking the ability or willingness to repay the loan or by a shortfall in the value of the residential real estate in relation to the outstanding loan balance in the event of a default and subsequent liquidation of the real estate collateral. The residential real estate portfolio includes both conforming and non-conforming mortgage loans.

Conforming mortgage loans represent loans originated in accordance with underwriting standards set forth by government-sponsored entities (“GSEs”), including the Federal National Mortgage Association (“Fannie Mae”), the Federal Home Loan Mortgage Corporation (“Freddie Mac”), and the Government National Mortgage Association (“Ginnie Mae”), which serve as the primary purchasers of loans sold in the secondary mortgage market by mortgage lenders. These loans are generally collateralized by one-to-four-family residential real estate, have loan-to-collateral value ratios of 80% or less or have mortgage insurance to insure down to 80%, and are made to borrowers in good credit standing. In recent years, we have sold the majority of new mortgage loan production in the secondary market. For any loans retained by us, title insurance insuring the priority of our mortgage lien, as well as fire and extended coverage casualty insurance protecting the properties securing the loans is required. Borrowers may be required to advance funds with each monthly payment of principal and interest to a loan escrow account from which we make disbursements for items such as real estate taxes and mortgage insurance premiums. Appraisers approved by us appraise the properties securing substantially all of our residential mortgage loans.

Non-conforming mortgage loans represent loans that generally are not saleable in the secondary market to the GSEs for inclusion in conventional mortgage-backed securities due to the credit characteristics of the borrower, the underlying documentation, the loan-to-value ratio, or the size of the loan, among other factors. We originate non-conforming loans for our own portfolio and for sale to third-party investors, usually large mortgage companies, under commitments by the mortgage company to purchase the loans subject to compliance with pre-established investor criteria. Non-conforming loans generated for sale include loans that may not be underwritten using customary underwriting standards. These loans typically are held after funding for thirty days or less, and are included in residential mortgages held for sale. We may sell both conforming and non-conforming loans on either a servicing released or servicing retained basis.

We make residential real estate development and construction loans generally to provide interim financing on property during the development and construction period. Borrowers include builders, developers and persons who will ultimately occupy the single-family dwelling. Residential real estate development and construction loan funds are disbursed periodically as pre-specified stages of completion are attained based upon site inspections. Interest rates on these loans are usually adjustable. Loans to individuals for the construction of primary personal residences are typically secured by the property under construction, frequently include additional collateral (such as a second mortgage on the borrower's present home), and commonly have maturities of twelve to eighteen months.

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We attempt to obtain the permanent mortgage loan under terms, conditions and documentation standards that permit the sale of the mortgage loan in the secondary mortgage loan market.

Consumer Loans

Consumer lending continues to be important to our full-service, community banking business. This category of loans includes primarily home equity loans and lines, installment loans and personal lines of credit.

The home equity category consists mainly of revolving lines of credit to consumers that are secured by residential real estate. Home equity lines of credit and other home equity loans are originated by us for typically up to 85% of the appraised value, less the amount of any existing prior liens on the property. While home equity loans have maximum terms of up to twenty years and interest rates are generally fixed, home equity lines of credit have maximum terms of up to ten years for draws and thirty years for repayment, and interest rates are generally adjustable. We secure these loans with mortgages on the homes (typically a second mortgage). Purchase money second mortgage loans originated by us have maximum terms ranging from ten to thirty years. Home equity lines are generally governed by the same lending policies and subject to the same credit risk as described for residential real estate loans.

Other consumer loans include installment loans used by customers to purchase automobiles, boats and recreational vehicles. These consumer loans are generally governed by the same overall lending policies as described for residential real estate loans. Credit risk for consumer loans arises from borrowers lacking the ability or willingness to repay the loan, and in the case of secured loans, by a shortfall in the value of the collateral in relation to the outstanding loan balance in the event of a default and subsequent liquidation of collateral.

Consumer installment loans are generally offered for terms of up to six years at fixed interest rates. Automobile loans can be for up to 100% of the purchase price or the retail value listed by the National Automobile Dealers Association. The terms of the loans are determined by the age and condition of the collateral. Collision insurance policies are required on all of these loans, unless the borrower has substantial other assets and income. We also make other consumer loans, which may or may not be secured. The term of the loans usually depends on the collateral. The majority of outstanding unsecured loans usually do not exceed $50 thousand and have a term of no longer than 36 months.

Deposit Activities

Subject to our Asset/Liability Committee (the “ALCO”) policies and current business plan, we seek to maintain deposit market share within our primary markets while managing funding costs to preserve the net interest margin.

One of our primary objectives as a community bank is to develop long-term, multi-product customer relationships from our comprehensive menu of financial products. To that end, the lead product to develop such relationships is typically a deposit product. We rely primarily on core deposit growth to fund long-term loan growth.

Treasury Activities

Our treasury function manages the wholesale segments of the balance sheet, including investments, purchased funds and long-term debt, and is responsible for all facets of our interest rate risk management, which includes the pricing of deposits consistent with conservative interest rate risk and liquidity practices. Our objective is to achieve the maximum level of consistent earnings over the long term, while minimizing interest rate risk, credit risk and liquidity risk and optimizing capital utilization. We invest primarily in U.S. Treasury and Agency securities, U.S. Agency mortgage-backed and asset-backed securities (“MBS”), U.S. Agency collateralized mortgage obligations (“CMO”), municipal bonds and, to a minimal extent, corporate bonds. Treasury strategies and activities are overseen by ALCO and our Investment Committee, which reviews all investment and funding transactions.

The primary objective of the investment portfolio is to provide appropriate liquidity consistent with anticipated levels of deposit funding and loan demand with a minimal level of risk (99% of the fixed income portfolio is rated AA or above). Liquidity is also provided by secured lines of credit maintained with the Federal Home Loan Bank of Atlanta (“FHLB”), the Federal Reserve Bank, and to a lesser extent, unsecured lines of credit with correspondent banks.

Borrowing Activities

We use lines of credit to address overnight and short-term funding needs, match-fund loan activity and lock in attractive rates. Borrowing sources include federal funds purchased, FHLB advances, retail repurchase agreements and long-term debt. FHLB

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borrowings typically carry rates at varying spreads from the Secured Overnight Funding Rate ("SOFR") rate or treasury yield curve for the equivalent term because they may be secured with investments or high quality loans. Federal funds purchased, which are generally overnight borrowings, are typically purchased at the Federal Reserve target rate. Bancorp issued $175 million of subordinated debt in November 2019 and $200 million of subordinated debt in March 2022. These debt issuances provided capital to support future growth. A portion of the proceeds from the 2019 issuance funded the 2021 redemptions of higher priced debt that was assumed through acquisitions. Our outstanding subordinated debt is considered Tier 2 capital under current regulatory guidelines.

Human Capital

Our vision is to be recognized as an outstanding financial services company creating remarkable experiences for our clients, employees, shareholders, and communities. Attracting, retaining and developing qualified employees and providing them with a remarkable employee experience is a key to providing a remarkable client experience and is an important contributor to our success.

The Board of Director, assisted by its Compensation Committee, oversees our human capital management strategy, including initiatives on diversity, equity and inclusion, employee well-being and engagement.

Employee Profile

The following table summarizes our workforce at December 31, 2022:

Full-time employees	1,134
Part-time employees	33
Temporary employees	2
Total employees	1,169

Diversity, Equity and Inclusion

We are committed to a diverse and inclusive workplace where all backgrounds, experiences, interests and skills are respected, appreciated and encouraged. Our efforts to build and maintain a diverse workforce include expanding our recruiting efforts to reach diverse student populations and using digital tools to increase the visibility of job postings among underrepresented job seekers, including veterans, individuals with disabilities, older workers and other historically underrepresented communities. We are focused on developing resources and programs to build a diverse pipeline of leaders and ensure that every person at the Company has access to opportunities to learn and grow.

Our workforce reflects the diversity of the communities we serve. As of December 31, 2022, approximately 57 percent of employees were women and 38 percent self-identified as people of color. Growing the diversity of our management and executive roles is an important component of our diversity and inclusion strategy. As of December 31, 2022, approximately 51 percent of employees in managerial roles were women and 28 percent self-identified as people of color, and approximately 28 percent of officers who are senior vice president level and above were women and 11 percent self-identified as people of color.

Talent Acquisition

Our demand for qualified candidates grows as our business grows. We attract talented individuals with a combination of competitive pay and benefits. Our minimum wage for entry-level positions, following a brief training period, is $17.00 per hour. Through systematic talent management, career development and succession planning, we are striving to source a larger percentage of candidates internally.

Professional Development

Our performance management program is an interactive practice that engages employees through monthly coaching sessions with their manager, annual reviews, and annual goal setting. We offer a variety of programs to help employees learn new skills, establish and meet personalized development goals, take on new roles and become better leaders.

Employee Engagement

We recognize that employees who are involved in, enthusiastic about and committed to their work and workplace contribute meaningfully to our success. On a regular basis, we solicit employee feedback through a confidential, company-wide survey on culture, management, career opportunities, compensation, and benefits. The results of this survey are reviewed with the board of directors and are used to update employee programs, initiatives, and communications. We have a number of other engagement

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initiatives, including quarterly town hall meetings with our Chief Executive Officer and other senior leaders, and utilize a number of recognition programs to reward employees for their efforts.

Compensation and Total Rewards

We provide a competitive total compensation package that is designed to attract, retain and motivate employees who will help drive our long-term success. All employees who do not participate in a specific incentive plan have the opportunity to receive an annual cash bonus based on our results. We strive to pay employees fairly based on market data, experience and how they perform in their roles and regularly benchmark against industry peers to remain competitive.

In 2022, all employees (other than executive officers) received a special bonus of up to $1,000 to help offset the impact of inflation.

Our benefits program includes a 401(k) plan with an employer match, a variety of health insurance plans, flexible spending and dependent care accounts, employer-paid life insurance, an employee stock purchase plan that enables employees to purchase up to $25,000 of Company stock per year at a 15% discount to the market price, and tuition assistance.

Health, Safety and Wellness

We understand that to get the best from our employees, we need to support their day-to-day needs for home, family, health and wellness. Benefits include paid time off (including parental and adoption leave), mental health support, and a wellness program that offers financial rewards to employees who adopt healthy habits and participate in wellness education and health screens.

Our commitment to health and well-being has driven our return to office strategy following the COVID-19 pandemic. We have adopted a flexible workforce model that designates roles as remote, on-site or hybrid (providing employees the ability to split their time between working in the office and from home) based on job responsibilities and requirements.

Succession Planning

We are focused on facilitating internal succession by fostering internal mobility, enhancing our talent pool through professional development programs, structuring our training program to teach skills for 21st century banking, and expanding opportunities through structured diversity and inclusion initiatives.

Competition

Our principal competitors for deposits are other financial institutions, including other banks, credit unions, and savings institutions, doing business in our primary market area of central Maryland, northern Virginia and Washington D.C. Competition among these institutions is based primarily on interest rates and other terms offered, product offerings, service charges imposed on deposit accounts, the quality of services rendered, the convenience of banking facilities, and online and mobile banking functionality. Additional competition for depositors' funds comes from money market funds, mutual funds, U.S. Government securities, and private issuers of debt obligations and suppliers of other investment alternatives for depositors such as securities firms. Competition from credit unions has intensified in recent years as historical federal limits on membership have been relaxed. Because federal law subsidizes credit unions by giving them a general exemption from federal income taxes, credit unions have a significant cost advantage over banks and savings associations, which are fully subject to federal income taxes. Credit unions may use this advantage to offer rates that are highly competitive with those offered by banks and thrifts.

The banking business in central Maryland, northern Virginia and Washington D.C. generally, and our primary service areas specifically, are highly competitive with respect to both loans and deposits. We compete with many larger banking organizations that have offices over a wide geographic area. These larger institutions have certain inherent advantages, such as the ability to finance wide-ranging advertising campaigns and promotions and to allocate their investment assets to regions offering the highest yield and demand. They also offer services, such as international banking, that are not offered directly by us (but are available indirectly through correspondent institutions), and, by virtue of their larger total capitalization, such banks have substantially higher legal lending limits, which are based on bank capital, than we do. We can arrange loans in excess of our lending limit, or in excess of the level of risk we desires to take, by arranging participations with other banks. The primary factors in competing for loans are interest rates, loan origination fees, and the range of services offered by lenders. Competitors for loan originations include other commercial banks, mortgage bankers, mortgage brokers, savings associations, and insurance companies.

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West Financial, located in McLean, Virginia, and RPJ, located in Falls Church, Virginia, are asset management and financial planning companies. West Financial and RPJ face competition primarily from other investment management firms, financial planners, and banks.

Monetary Policy

We are affected by fiscal and monetary policies of the federal government, including those of the Federal Reserve Board, which regulates the national money supply in order to mitigate recessionary and inflationary pressures. The Federal Reserve influences interest rates by establishing a target range for the federal funds rate. Other techniques available to the Federal Reserve Board are engaging in open market transactions of U.S. Government securities (quantitative easing or tightening), changing the discount rate and changing reserve requirements against bank deposits. These techniques are used in varying combinations to influence the overall level of economic activity, including demand for bank loans. Their use may also affect interest rates charged on loans and paid on deposits.

Regulation, Supervision, and Governmental Policy

The following is a brief summary of certain statutes and regulations that significantly affect us. A number of other statutes and regulations may affect us but are not discussed in the following paragraphs.

Bank Holding Company Regulation

Bancorp is registered as a bank holding company under the Holding Company Act and, as such, is subject to supervision and regulation by the Federal Reserve. As a bank holding company, Bancorp is required to furnish to the Federal Reserve annual and quarterly reports of its operations and additional information and reports. Bancorp is also subject to regular examination by the Federal Reserve.

Under the Holding Company Act, a bank holding company must obtain the prior approval of the Federal Reserve before (1) acquiring direct or indirect ownership or control of any class of voting securities of any bank or bank holding company if, after the acquisition, the bank holding company would directly or indirectly own or control more than 5% of the class; (2) acquiring all or substantially all of the assets of another bank or bank holding company; or (3) merging or consolidating with another bank holding company.

Prior to acquiring control of Bancorp or the Bank, any company must obtain approval of the Federal Reserve. For purposes of the Holding Company Act, “control” is defined as ownership of 25% or more of any class of voting securities of Bancorp or the Bank, the ability to control the election of a majority of the directors, or the exercise of a controlling influence over management or policies of Bancorp or the Bank.

The Holding Company Act also limits the investments and activities of bank holding companies. In general, a bank holding company is prohibited from acquiring direct or indirect ownership or control of more than 5% of the voting shares of a company that is not a bank or a bank holding company or from engaging directly or indirectly in activities other than those of banking, managing or controlling banks, providing services for its subsidiaries, non-bank activities that are closely related to banking, and other financially related activities. The activities of Bancorp are subject to these legal and regulatory limitations under the Holding Company Act and Federal Reserve regulations.

The Change in Bank Control Act and the related regulations of the Federal Reserve require any person or persons acting in concert (except for companies required to make application under the Holding Company Act) to file a written notice with the Federal Reserve before the person or persons acquire control of Bancorp or the Bank. The Change in Bank Control Act defines “control” as the direct or indirect power to vote 25% or more of any class of voting securities or to direct the management or policies of a bank holding company or an insured bank.

In general, a bank holding company that qualifies as a financial holding company under federal banking law may engage in an expanded list of non-bank activities. Non-bank and financially related activities of bank holding companies, including companies that become financial holding companies, also may be subject to regulation and oversight by regulators other than the Federal Reserve. Bancorp is not a financial holding company, but may choose to become one in the future.

The Federal Reserve has the power to order a holding company or its subsidiaries to terminate any activity, or to terminate its ownership or control of any subsidiary, when it has reasonable cause to believe that the continuation of such activity or such

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ownership or control constitutes a serious risk to the financial safety, soundness, or stability of any bank subsidiary of that holding company.

The Federal Reserve has adopted guidelines regarding the capital adequacy of bank holding companies that require bank holding companies to maintain specified minimum ratios of capital to total average assets and capital to risk-weighted assets. See “Regulatory Capital Requirements.”

The Federal Reserve has the power to prohibit dividends by bank holding companies if their actions constitute unsafe or unsound practices. The Federal Reserve has issued a policy statement on the payment of cash dividends by bank holding companies, which expresses the Federal Reserve’s view that a bank holding company should pay cash dividends only to the extent that Bancorp’s net income for the past year is sufficient to cover both the cash dividends and a rate of earnings retention that is consistent with Bancorp’s capital needs, asset quality, and overall financial condition.

A holding company must serve as a source of strength for its subsidiary banks and the Federal Reserve may require a holding company to contribute additional capital to an undercapitalized subsidiary bank. In the event of a bank holding company’s bankruptcy, any commitment by the bank holding company to a federal banking regulator to maintain the capital of a subsidiary bank would be assumed by the bankruptcy trustee and may be entitled to priority over other creditors.

Bank Regulation

The Bank is a state chartered bank and trust company subject to supervision by the State of Maryland. As a member of the Federal Reserve System, the Bank is also subject to supervision by the Federal Reserve. Deposits of the Bank are insured by the FDIC to the legal maximum limit. Deposits, reserves, investments, loans, consumer law compliance, issuance of securities, payment of dividends, establishment of branches, mergers and acquisitions, corporate activities, changes in control, electronic funds transfers, responsiveness to community needs, management practices, compensation policies, and other aspects of operations are subject to regulation by the appropriate federal and state supervisory authorities. In addition, the Bank is subject to numerous federal, state and local laws and regulations that set forth specific restrictions and procedural requirements with respect to extensions of credit (including to insiders), credit practices, disclosure of credit terms and discrimination in credit transactions.

The Federal Reserve regularly examines the operations and condition of the Bank, including, but not limited to, its capital adequacy, liquidity, asset quality, regulatory compliance, and management practices. These examinations are for the protection of the Bank’s depositors and the Deposit Insurance Fund. In addition, the Bank is required to furnish quarterly and annual reports to the Federal Reserve. The Federal Reserve’s enforcement authority includes the power to remove officers and directors and the authority to issue cease-and-desist orders to prevent a bank from engaging in unsafe or unsound practices or violating laws or regulations governing its business.

The Federal Reserve has adopted regulations regarding capital adequacy, which require member banks to maintain specified minimum ratios of capital to total average assets and capital to risk-weighted assets. See “Regulatory Capital Requirements.” Federal Reserve and State regulations limit the amount of dividends that the Bank may pay to Bancorp. See Note 11 – Stockholders’ Equity in the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements.

The Bank is subject to restrictions imposed by federal law on extensions of credit to, and certain other transactions with, Bancorp and other affiliates, and on investments in their stock or other securities. These restrictions prevent Bancorp and the Bank’s other affiliates from borrowing from the Bank unless the loans are secured by specified collateral, and require those transactions to have terms comparable to terms of arms-length transactions with third parties. In addition, secured loans and other transactions and investments by the Bank are generally limited in amount as to Bancorp and as to any other affiliate to 10% of the Bank’s capital and surplus and as to Bancorp and all other affiliates together to an aggregate of 20% of the Bank’s capital and surplus. Certain exemptions to these limitations apply to extensions of credit and other transactions between the Bank and its subsidiaries. These regulations and restrictions may limit Bancorp’s ability to obtain funds from the Bank for its cash needs, including funds for acquisitions and for payment of dividends, interest, and operating expenses.

Under Federal Reserve regulations, banks must adopt and maintain written policies that establish appropriate limits and standards for extensions of credit secured by liens or interests in real estate or made for the purpose of financing permanent improvements to real estate. These policies must establish loan portfolio diversification standards; prudent underwriting standards, including loan-to-value

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limits, that are clear and measurable; loan administration procedures; and documentation, approval, and reporting requirements. A bank’s real estate lending policy must reflect consideration of the Interagency Guidelines for Real Estate Lending Policies (the “Interagency Guidelines”) adopted by the federal bank regulators. The Interagency Guidelines, among other things, call for internal loan-to-value limits for real estate loans that are not in excess of the limits specified in the guidelines. The Interagency Guidelines state, however, that it may be appropriate in individual cases to originate or purchase loans with loan-to-value ratios in excess of the supervisory loan-to-value limits.

The Bank’s deposits are insured up to applicable limits by the Deposit Insurance Fund of the FDIC. The FDIC uses a risk-based pricing system to determine assessment rates, which currently range from 2.5 to 42 basis points. No institution may pay a dividend if in default of the federal deposit insurance assessment. Deposit insurance assessments are based on total average assets, excluding PPP loans, less average tangible common equity. The FDIC has authority to increase insurance assessments. Management cannot predict what insurance assessment rates will be in the future.

We became subject to the interchange restrictions as of July 1, 2022. Interchange fees, or “swipe” fees, are fees that merchants pay to credit card companies and debit card-issuing banks such as the Bank for processing electronic payment transactions on their behalf. The maximum permissible interchange fee that a non-exempt issuer may receive for an electronic debit transaction is the sum of 21 cents per transaction and 5 basis points multiplied by the value of the transaction, subject to an upward adjustment of 1 cent if an issuer certifies that it has implemented policies and procedures reasonably designed to achieve the fraud-prevention standards set forth by the Federal Reserve. In addition, card issuers and networks are prohibited from entering into arrangements requiring that debit card transactions be processed on a single network or only two affiliated networks, and allows merchants to determine transaction routing.

Consumer Financial Protection Laws and Enforcement

We must comply with various federal and state consumer protection laws and regulations with respect to the consumer financial products and services that we provide. We are subject to regulation by the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau (“CFPB”), which is responsible for promoting fairness and transparency for mortgages, credit cards, deposit accounts and other consumer financial products and services and for interpreting and enforcing the federal consumer financial laws that govern the provision of such products and services. The CFPB is also authorized to prevent any institution under its authority from engaging in an unfair, deceptive, or abusive act or practice in connection with consumer financial products and services.

The CFPB has exclusive examination and primary enforcement authority with respect to compliance with federal consumer financial protection laws and regulations by institutions under its supervision and is authorized, individually or jointly with the federal banking agencies, to conduct investigations to determine whether any person is, or has, engaged in conduct that violates such laws or regulations. As an insured depository institution with total assets of more than $10 billion, the Bank is subject to the CFPB’s supervisory and enforcement authorities.

The CFPB is also authorized to collect fines and provide consumer restitution in the event of violations, engage in consumer financial education, track consumer complaints, request data and promote the availability of financial services to underserved consumers and communities. The CFPB is authorized to pursue administrative proceedings or litigation for violations of federal consumer financial laws. In these proceedings, the CFPB can obtain cease and desist orders (which can include orders for restitution or rescission of contracts, as well as other kinds of affirmative relief) and monetary penalties.

Regulation of Registered Investment Advisor Subsidiaries.

West Financial and RPJ are investment advisors registered with the SEC under the Investment Advisors Act of 1940. In this capacity, West Financial and RPJ are subject to oversight and inspection by the SEC. Among other things, registered investment advisors like West Financial and RPJ must comply with certain disclosure obligations, advertising and fee restrictions and requirements relating to client suitability and custody of funds and securities. Registered investment advisors are also subject to anti-fraud provisions under both federal and state law.

Regulatory Capital Requirements

The Federal Reserve establishes capital and leverage requirements for Bancorp and the Bank. Specifically, Bancorp and the Bank are subject to the following minimum capital requirements: (1) a leverage ratio of 4%; (2) a Common Equity Tier 1 (“CET1”) risk-based capital ratio of 4.5%; (3) a Tier 1 risk-based capital ratio of 6%; and (4) a total risk-based capital ratio of 8%.

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CET1 capital consists solely of common stock plus related surplus and retained earnings, adjusted for goodwill, intangible assets and the related deferred taxes. Additional Tier 1 capital may include other perpetual instruments historically included in Tier 1 capital, such as non-cumulative perpetual preferred stock, if applicable. Capital rules also permit bank holding companies with less than $15 billion in total consolidated assets to continue to include trust preferred securities and cumulative perpetual preferred stock issued before May 19, 2010 in Tier 1 capital, but not in CET1 capital, subject to certain restrictions. Tier 2 capital consists of unsecured instruments that are subordinated to deposits and general creditors and have a minimum original maturity of at least five years, among other requirements, plus instruments that the rule has disqualified from Tier 1 capital treatment. Instruments that are included in Tier 2 capital, but have a maturity of less than five years, must be ratably discounted over their remaining life until they reach maturity.

In addition, in order to avoid restrictions on capital distributions or discretionary bonus payments to executives, a covered banking organization must maintain a “capital conservation buffer” of 2.5 percent on top of its minimum risk-based capital requirements. This buffer must consist solely of CET1 capital and the buffer applies to all three measurements: CET1 capital, Tier 1 capital and total capital.

Supervision and Regulation of Mortgage Banking Operations

Our mortgage banking business is subject to the rules and regulations of the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development (“HUD”), the Federal Housing Administration (“FHA”), the Veterans’ Administration (“VA”) and Fannie Mae with respect to originating, processing, selling and servicing mortgage loans. Those rules and regulations, among other things, prohibit discrimination and establish underwriting guidelines, which include provisions for inspections and appraisals, require credit reports on prospective borrowers, and fix maximum loan amounts. Lenders are required annually to submit audited financial statements to Fannie Mae, FHA and VA. Each of these regulatory entities has its own financial requirements. We are also subject to examination by Fannie Mae, FHA and VA to assure compliance with the applicable regulations, policies and procedures. Mortgage origination activities are subject to, among others, the Equal Credit Opportunity Act, the Federal Truth-in-Lending Act, the Fair Housing Act, the Fair Credit Reporting Act, the National Flood Insurance Act and the Real Estate Settlement Procedures Act and related regulations that prohibit discrimination and require the disclosure of certain basic information to mortgagors concerning credit terms and settlement costs. Our mortgage banking operations are also affected by various state and local laws and regulations and the requirements of various private mortgage investors.

Community Reinvestment

Under the Community Reinvestment Act (“CRA”), a financial institution has a continuing and affirmative obligation to help meet the credit needs of the entire community, including low- and moderate-income neighborhoods. The CRA does not establish specific lending requirements or programs for financial institutions, or limit an institution’s discretion to develop the types of products and services that it believes are best suited to its particular community. However, institutions are rated on their performance in meeting the needs of their communities. Performance is tested in three areas: (1) lending, to evaluate the institution’s record of making loans in its assessment areas; (2) investment, to evaluate the institution’s record of investing in community development projects, affordable housing, and programs benefiting low- or moderate-income individuals and businesses; and (3) service, to evaluate the institution’s delivery of services through its branches, ATMs and other offices. The CRA requires each federal banking agency, in connection with its examination of a financial institution, to assess and assign one of four ratings to the institution’s record of meeting the credit needs of the community and to take such record into account in its evaluation of certain applications by the institution, including applications for charters, branches and other deposit facilities, relocations, mergers, consolidations, acquisitions of assets or assumptions of liabilities, and savings and loan holding company acquisitions. The CRA also requires that all institutions make public disclosure of their CRA ratings. The Bank was assigned a “satisfactory” rating as a result of its last CRA examination.

Bank Secrecy Act

Under the Bank Secrecy Act (“BSA”), a financial institution is required to have systems in place to detect certain transactions, based on the size and nature of the transaction. Financial institutions are generally required to report cash transactions involving more than $10,000 to the United States Treasury. In addition, financial institutions are required to file suspicious activity reports for transactions that involve more than $5,000 and which the financial institution knows, suspects, or has reason to suspect involves illegal funds, is designed to evade the requirements of the BSA, or has no lawful purpose. The Uniting and Strengthening America by Providing Appropriate Tools Required to Intercept and Obstruct Terrorism Act, commonly referred to as the “USA Patriot Act” or the “Patriot Act”, contains prohibitions against specified financial transactions and account relationships, as well as enhanced due diligence standards intended to prevent the use of the United States financial system for money laundering and terrorist financing activities. The Patriot Act requires banks and other depository institutions, brokers, dealers and certain other businesses involved in the transfer of money to establish anti-money laundering programs, including employee training and independent audit requirements meeting

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minimum standards specified by the Patriot Act, to follow standards for customer identification and maintenance of customer identification records, and to compare customer lists against lists of suspected terrorists, terrorist organizations and money launderers. The Patriot Act also requires federal bank regulators to evaluate the effectiveness of an applicant in combating money laundering in determining whether to approve a proposed bank acquisition.

Other Laws and Regulations

Some of the aspects of our lending and deposit business that are subject to regulation by the Federal Reserve and the FDIC include reserve requirements and disclosure requirements in connection with personal and mortgage loans and deposit accounts. In addition, we are subject to numerous federal and state laws and regulations that include specific restrictions and procedural requirements with respect to the establishment of branches, investments, interest rates on loans, credit practices, the disclosure of credit terms, and discrimination in credit transactions.

We are also subject to the Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act (the “GLBA”) and its implementing regulations and guidance. Among other things, the GLBA (i) imposes certain limitations on the ability to share consumers’ nonpublic personal information with non-affiliated third-parties and (ii) requires certain disclosures to consumers about information collection, sharing, and security practices and their right to “opt out” of the institution’s disclosure of their personal financial information to non-affiliated third-parties (with certain exceptions).

Enforcement Actions

Federal statutes and regulations provide financial institution regulatory agencies with great flexibility to undertake an enforcement action against an institution that fails to comply with regulatory requirements. Possible enforcement actions range from the imposition of a capital plan and capital directive to civil money penalties, cease-and-desist orders, receivership, conservatorship, or the termination of the deposit insurance.

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Executive Officers (as of December 31, 2022)

Executive Officer	Recent Work Experience	Years of Service	Age
Daniel J. Schrider President and Chief Executive Officer	President since March 2008 and Chief Executive Officer since January 2009.	33	58
Phillip J. Mantua Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer	Chief Financial Officer since October 2004	23	64
R. Louis Caceres Executive Vice President and Chief Wealth Officer	Chief Wealth Officer since 2002.	23	60
Kenneth C. Cook Executive Vice President and President of Commercial Banking	President of Commercial Banking since April 2020. Previously co-Chief Executive Officer of Revere Bank.	3	63
Gary J. Fernandes Executive Vice President and Chief Human Resources Officer	Chief Human Resources Officer since May 2021. Previously, Director of Human Resources.	8	54
Aaron M. Kaslow Executive Vice President, General Counsel and Chief Administration Officer	General Counsel since July 2019 and Chief Administrative Officer since May 2022. Previously a partner at Kilpatrick Townsend & Stockton LLP.	3	58
Ronda M. McDowell Executive Vice President and Chief Operations Officer	Chief Operations Officer since May 2021. Previously Chief Credit Officer since November 2013.	26	58
Joseph J. O'Brien, Jr. Executive Vice President and Chief Banking Officer	Chief Banking Officer since 2021. Previously Executive Vice President for Commercial and Retail Banking since January 2011.	15	59
John D. Sadowski Executive Vice President and Chief Information Officer	Chief Information Officer since March 2009	14	59
Kevin Slane Executive Vice President and Chief Risk Officer	Chief Risk Officer since May 2018. Previously Director of Enterprise Risk Management at Hancock Whitney Bank.	5	63

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Item 1A. RISK FACTORS

Investing in our common stock involves risks, including the possibility that the value of the investment could fall substantially and that dividends or other distributions could be reduced or eliminated. Investors should carefully consider the following risk factors before making an investment decision regarding our stock. The risk factors may cause our future earnings to be lower or our financial condition to be less favorable than expected, which could adversely affect the value of, and return on, an investment in the Company. In addition, other risks that we are not aware of, or which are not believed to be material, may cause earnings to be lower, or may deteriorate the financial condition of the Company. Consideration should also be given to the other information in this Annual Report on Form 10-K, as well as in the documents incorporated by reference into this Form 10-K.

Risks Related to the Economy, Financial Markets, Interest Rates and Liquidity

The geographic concentration of our operations makes us susceptible to downturns in local economic conditions.

Our lending operations are concentrated in central Maryland, northern Virginia and Washington D.C. Our success depends in part upon economic conditions in these markets. Adverse changes in economic conditions in these markets could limit growth in loans and deposits, impair our ability to collect amounts due on loans, increase problem loans and charge-offs and otherwise negatively affect our performance and financial condition. Declines in real estate values could cause some of our residential and commercial real estate loans to be inadequately collateralized, which would expose us to a greater risk of loss in the event that the recovery on amounts due on defaulted loans is resolved by selling the real estate collateral under duress or to expedite payment.

Changes in interest rates may adversely affect earnings and financial condition.

Our net income depends to a great extent upon the level of net interest income, which is the difference between the interest income earned on loans, investments, and other interest-earning assets, and the interest paid on interest-bearing liabilities, such as deposits and borrowings. Net interest income is affected by changes in market interest rates, because different types of assets and liabilities may react differently, and at different times, to market interest rate changes. When interest-bearing liabilities mature or re-price more quickly than interest-earning assets in a period, an increase in market rates of interest could reduce net interest income. Similarly, when interest-earning assets mature or re-price more quickly than interest-bearing liabilities, falling interest rates could reduce net interest income.

Changes in market interest rates are affected by many factors beyond our control, including inflation, unemployment, money supply, fiscal policies of the U.S. government, domestic and international events, and events in U.S. and other financial markets. We attempt to manage our risk from changes in market interest rates by adjusting the rates, maturity, re-pricing, and balances of the different types of interest-earning assets and interest-bearing liabilities, but interest rate risk management techniques are not exact. As a result, a rapid increase or decrease in interest rates could have an adverse effect on our net interest margin and results of operations. Changes in the market interest rates for types of products and services in various markets also may vary significantly from location to location and over time based upon competition and local or regional economic factors.

At December 31, 2022, our interest rate sensitivity simulation model projected that net interest income would increase by 0.25% if interest rates immediately rose by 100 basis points and would decrease by 1.38% if interest rates immediately declined by 100 basis points. The results of an interest rate sensitivity simulation model depend upon a number of assumptions regarding customer behavior, movement of interest rates and cash flows, any of which may prove to be inaccurate. For further discussion regarding the impact of interest rates movements on net interest income, refer to the Market Risk Management section of Management's Discussion and Analysis on page 62.

Inflation can have an adverse impact on our business and on our customers.

In 2022, the United States experienced the highest rates of inflation since the 1980s. In an effort to reduce inflation, the Federal Reserve increased the federal funds target rate seven times in 2022 from 0 - 0.25% at the beginning of the year to 4.25 – 4.50% as of December 31, 2022. Market interest rates increased in response over the course of the year. Inflation generally increases the cost of goods and services we use in our business operations, as well as labor costs. We may find that we need to give higher than normal raises to employees and start new employees at a higher wage. Furthermore, our clients are also affected by inflation and the rising costs of goods and services used in their households and businesses, which could have a negative impact on their ability to repay their loans with us. As market interest rates rise, the value of our investment securities generally decreases, although this effect can be less pronounced for floating rate instruments. Higher interest rates reduce the demand for loans and increase the attractiveness of

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alternative investment and savings products, like U.S. Treasury securities and money market funds, which can make it difficult to attract and retain deposits.

Changes to and replacement of the LIBOR Benchmark Interest Rate may adversely affect our business, financial condition, and results of operations.

We have certain loans, interest rate swap agreements, investment securities and debt obligations whose interest rate is indexed to the London InterBank Offered Rate (LIBOR). In 2017, the United Kingdom’s Financial Conduct Authority (the "FCA"), which is responsible for regulating LIBOR, announced that the publication of LIBOR is not guaranteed beyond 2021. In December 2020, the administrator of LIBOR announced its intention to (i) cease the publication of the one-week and two-month U.S. dollar LIBOR after December 31, 2021, and (ii) cease the publication of all other tenors of U.S. dollar LIBOR (one, three, six and 12 month LIBOR) after June 30, 2023. The FCA has stated that it does not intend to persuade or compel banks to submit to LIBOR after such respective dates. Until such time, however, FCA panel banks have agreed to continue to support LIBOR. The language in our LIBOR-based contracts and financial instruments has developed over time and may have various events that trigger when a successor index to LIBOR would be selected. If a trigger is satisfied, contracts and financial instruments may give us or the calculation agent, as applicable, discretion over the selection of the substitute index for the calculation of interest rates. The implementation of a substitute index for the calculation of interest rates under our loan agreements may result in disputes or litigation with counter-parties over the appropriateness or comparability to LIBOR of the substitute index, which could have an adverse effect on our results of operations. Even when robust fallback language is included, there can be no assurance that the replacement rate plus any spread adjustment will be economically equivalent to LIBOR, which could result in a lower interest rate being paid to us on such assets. To mitigate the risks associated with the expected discontinuation of LIBOR, we implemented enhanced fallback language for LIBOR-linked commercial loans, adhered to the International Swaps and Derivatives Association 2020 Fallbacks Protocol for interest rate swap agreements, updated our systems to accommodate alternative reference rates, and began originating loans utilizing alternative reference rates at the end of 2021.

The Alternative Reference Rates Committee (a group of private-market participants convened by the Federal Reserve Board and the Federal Reserve Bank of New York) has identified the Secured Overnight Financing Rate, or SOFR, as the recommend alternative to LIBOR. The use of SOFR as a substitute for LIBOR is voluntary and may not be suitable for all market participants. SOFR is calculated based on overnight transactions under repurchase agreements, backed by Treasury securities. SOFR is observed and backward looking, which stands in contrast with LIBOR under the current methodology, which is an estimated forward-looking rate and relies, to some degree, on the expert judgment of submitting panel members. Given that SOFR is a secured rate backed by government securities, it does not take into account bank credit risk (as is the case with LIBOR). SOFR is therefore likely to be lower than LIBOR and is less likely to correlate with the funding costs of financial institutions. To approximate economic equivalence to LIBOR, SOFR can be compounded over a relevant term and a spread adjustment may be added. Market practices related to SOFR calculation conventions continue to develop and may vary. Inconsistent calculation conventions among financial products may expose us to increased basis risk and resulting costs.

Other alternatives to LIBOR also exist. The American Financial Exchange (“AFX”) has also created the American Interbank Offered Rate (“Ameribor”) as another potential replacement for LIBOR. Ameribor is calculated daily as the volume-weighted average interest rate of the overnight unsecured loans on AFX. Because of the difference in how it is constructed, Ameribor may diverge significantly from LIBOR in a range of situations and market conditions. Credit sensitive rates may become unrepresentative or subject to manipulation to the extent that they are based on a low volume of underlying transactions and sensitive to market stress.

The ongoing COVID-19 pandemic and measures taken to limit its spread could adversely our business, financial condition, and results of operations.

The COVID-19 pandemic negatively impacted economic and commercial activity and financial markets, both globally and within the United States. Measures to contain the virus, such as stay-at-home orders, travel restrictions, closure of non-essential businesses, occupancy limitations and social distancing requirements, resulted in significant business and operational disruptions, including business closures, and mass layoffs and furloughs. Though consumer and business spending and unemployment levels have improved significantly, the economic recovery has been uneven, with industries such as travel, entertainment, hospitality and food service lagging. Supply chain disruptions precipitated by the abrupt economic slowdown have contributed to increased costs, lost revenue, and inflationary pressures for many segments of the economy. Further, a significant number of workers left their jobs during the COVID-19 pandemic, leading to wage inflation in many industries as businesses attempt to fill vacant positions.

The continuation of the COVID-19 pandemic, or the emergence of another health emergency, epidemic or pandemic, could (i) reduce the demand for loans and other financial services, (ii) result in increases in loan delinquencies, problem assets, and foreclosures, (iii)

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cause the value of collateral for loans, especially real estate, to decline in value, (iv) reduce the availability and productivity of our employees, (v) cause our vendors and counterparties to be unable to meet existing obligations to us, (vi) negatively impact the business and operations of third-party service providers that perform critical services for our business, (vii) cause the value of our securities portfolio to decline, (viii) and cause the net worth and liquidity of loan guarantors to decline, impairing their ability to honor commitments to us. Any one or a combination of the above events could have a material, adverse effect on our business, financial condition, and results of operations.

We are subject to liquidity risks.

Effective liquidity management is essential for the operation of our business. We require sufficient liquidity to meet customer loan requests, customer deposit maturities/withdrawals, payments on debt obligations as they come due and other cash commitments under both normal operating conditions and other unpredictable circumstances causing industry or general financial market stress. Our access to funding sources in amounts adequate to finance our activities on terms that are acceptable to us could be impaired by factors that affect us specifically or the financial services industry or economy generally. Core deposits and FHLB advances are our primary source of funding. A significant decrease in core deposits, an inability to renew FHLB advances, an inability to obtain alternative funding to core deposits or FHLB advances, or a substantial, unexpected, or prolonged change in the level or cost of liquidity could have a negative effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Our investment securities portfolio is subject to credit risk, market risk, and liquidity risk.

The investment securities portfolio has risk factors beyond our control that may significantly influence its fair value. These risk factors include, but are not limited to, rating agency downgrades of the securities, defaults of the issuers of the securities, lack of market pricing of the securities, and instability in the credit markets. Lack of market activity with respect to some securities has, in certain circumstances, required us to base our fair market valuation on unobservable inputs. Any changes in these risk factors, in current accounting principles or interpretations of these principles could impact our assessment of fair value. Adjustments to the allowance for credit losses on available-for-sale investment securities would negatively affect our earnings and regulatory capital ratios.

Credit Risks

Our allowance for credit losses may not be adequate to cover our actual credit losses, which could adversely affect our financial condition and results of operations.

We maintain an allowance for credit losses in an amount that is believed to be appropriate to provide for expected losses inherent in the portfolio. We have a proactive program to monitor credit quality and to identify loans that may become non-performing; however, at any time there could be loans in the portfolio that may result in losses, but that have not been identified as non-performing or potential problem credits. We may be unable to identify all deteriorating credits prior to them becoming non-performing assets, or to limit losses on those loans that are identified. As a result, future additions to the allowance may be necessary. Additionally, future additions to the allowance may be required based on changes in the forecasted economic conditions, changes in the loans comprising the portfolio and changes in the financial condition of borrowers, or as a result of assumptions used by management in determining the allowance. Additionally, banking regulators, as an integral part of their supervisory function, periodically review the adequacy of our allowance for credit losses. These regulatory agencies may require an increase in the provision for expected credit losses or to recognize further loan charge-offs based upon their judgments, which may be different from ours. Any increase in the allowance for credit losses could have a negative effect on our financial condition and results of operations.

We may not be able to adequately measure and limit our credit risk, which could lead to unexpected losses.

The business of lending is inherently risky, including risks that the principal of or interest on any loan will not be repaid timely, or at all, or that the value of any collateral supporting the loan will be insufficient to cover our outstanding exposure. These risks may be affected by the strength of the borrower’s business sector and local, regional and national market and economic conditions. Many of our loans are made to small- to medium-sized businesses that may be less able to withstand competitive, economic and financial pressures than larger borrowers. Our risk management practices, such as monitoring the concentration of loans within specific industries and credit approval practices, may not adequately reduce credit risk, and credit administration personnel, policies and procedures may not adequately adapt to changes in economic or any other conditions affecting customers and the quality of the loan portfolio. A failure to effectively measure and limit the credit risk associated with our loan portfolio could lead to unexpected losses and have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

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If non-performing assets increase, earnings will be adversely impacted.

Non-performing assets adversely affect net income in various ways. Interest income is not accrued on non-accrual loans or other real estate owned. We must record a reserve for expected credit losses, which is established through a current period charge in the form of a provision for expected credit losses, and from time to time must write-down the value of properties in our other real estate owned portfolio to reflect changing market values. Additionally, there are legal fees associated with the resolution of problem assets as well as carrying costs such as taxes, insurance and maintenance related to other real estate owned. Further, the resolution of non-performing assets requires the active involvement of management, which can distract them from more profitable activities. Finally, if the estimate for the recorded allowance for credit losses proves to be incorrect and the allowance is inadequate, the allowance will have to be increased and, as a result, our earnings would be adversely affected.

Appraisals may not accurately describe the value of our collateral.

When making a loan secured by real property, we generally require an appraisal of the property. However, an appraisal is only an estimate of the value of the property at the time the appraisal is made and does not guarantee that the appraised value could be realized upon sale of the property. Real estate values can change significantly in relatively short periods of time, especially in periods of changing interest rates and economic uncertainty. If the amount realizable upon the sale of the collateral is less than the appraised value, we may not be able to recover the full contractual amount of principal and interest that we anticipated at the time we originated the loan. In addition, we rely on appraisals and other valuation techniques to establish the value of foreclosed real estate and to determine certain loan impairments. If any of these valuations are incorrect, our consolidated financial statements may reflect the incorrect value of our other real estate owned and our allowance for credit losses may not accurately reflect loan impairments.

Our commercial real estate lending activities expose us to increased lending risks and related loan losses.

At December 31, 2022, our commercial real estate loan portfolio totaled $8.0 billion, or 70% of our total loan portfolio. Commercial real estate loans generally expose a lender to greater risk of non-payment and loss than one-to-four family residential mortgage loans because repayment of the loans often depends on the successful operation of the properties and the income stream of the borrowers. These loans involve larger loan balances to single borrowers or groups of related borrowers compared to one-to-four family residential mortgage loans. To the extent that borrowers have more than one commercial real estate loan outstanding, an adverse development with respect to one loan or one credit relationship could expose us to a significantly greater risk of loss compared to an adverse development with respect to a one-to-four family residential real estate loan. Moreover, if loans that are collateralized by commercial real estate become troubled and the value of the real estate has deteriorated significantly, then we may not be able to recover the full contractual amount of principal and interest that we anticipated at the time we originated the loan. A decline in the value of the collateral for a loan may require us to increase our allowance for credit losses, which would adversely affect our earnings and financial condition.

Imposition of limits by the bank regulators on commercial real estate lending activities could curtail our growth and adversely affect our earnings.

Regulatory guidance on concentrations in commercial real estate lending provides that a bank’s commercial real estate lending exposure could receive increased supervisory scrutiny where total commercial investor real estate loans, including loans secured by apartment buildings, nonowner-occupied investor real estate, and construction and land loans, represent 300% or more of an institution’s total risk-based capital, and the outstanding balance of the commercial real estate loan portfolio has increased by 50% or more during the preceding 36 months. At December 31, 2022, our total commercial investor real estate loans, including loans secured by apartment buildings, nonowner-occupied commercial real estate, and construction and land loans represented 370% of the Bank’s total risk-based capital and the growth in the commercial real estate ("CRE") portfolio exceeded 26% over the preceding 36 months, significantly driven by the 2020 acquisition of Revere. Management has established a CRE lending framework to monitor specific exposures and limits by types within the CRE portfolio and takes appropriate actions, as necessary. If the Federal Reserve, the Bank’s primary federal regulator, were to impose restrictions on the amount of commercial real estate loans we can hold in our portfolio, our earnings would be adversely affected.

Our concentration of residential mortgage loans exposes us to increased lending risks.

At December 31, 2022, 13% of our loan portfolio was secured by one-to-four family real estate, a significant majority of which is located in central Maryland, northern Virginia and Washington, D.C. One-to-four family residential mortgage lending is generally sensitive to regional and local economic conditions that significantly impact the ability of borrowers to meet their loan payment obligations, making loss levels difficult to predict. Declines in real estate values could cause some of our residential mortgages to be inadequately collateralized, which would expose us to a greater risk of loss if we seek to recover on defaulted loans by selling the real estate collateral.

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We may be subject to certain risks related to originating and selling mortgage loans.

When mortgage loans are sold, it is customary to make representations and warranties to the purchaser about the mortgage loans and the manner in which they were originated. Whole loan sale agreements require the repurchase or substitution of mortgage loans in the event we breach any of these representations or warranties. In addition, there may be a requirement to repurchase mortgage loans as a result of borrower fraud or in the event of early payment default of the borrower on a mortgage loan. We receive a limited number of repurchase and indemnity demands from purchasers as a result of borrower fraud and early payment default of the borrower on mortgage loans. If repurchase and indemnity demands increase materially, our results of operations could be adversely affected.

Any delays in our ability to foreclose on delinquent mortgage loans may negatively impact our business.

The origination of mortgage loans occurs with the expectation that, if the borrower defaults, the ultimate loss would be mitigated by the value of the collateral that secures the mortgage loan. The ability to mitigate the losses on defaulted loans depends upon the ability to promptly foreclose upon the collateral after an appropriate cure period. The length of the foreclosure process depends on state law and other factors, such as the volume of foreclosures and actions taken by the borrower to stop the foreclosure. Any delay in the foreclosure process will adversely affect us by increasing the expenses related to carrying such assets, such as taxes, insurance, and other carrying costs, and expose us to losses as a result of potential additional declines in the value of such collateral.

Risks Related to our Trust and Wealth Management Business

Our trust and wealth management fees may decrease as a result of poor investment performance, in either relative or absolute terms, which could decrease our revenues and net earnings.

Our trust and wealth management businesses derive a significant amount of their revenues from investment management fees based on assets under management. Our ability to maintain or increase assets under management is subject to a number of factors, including investors’ perception of our past performance, in either relative or absolute terms, general market and economic conditions, and competition from other investment management firms. A decline in the fair value of the assets under management would decrease our trust and wealth management fee income.

Investment performance is one of the most important factors in retaining existing clients and competing for new trust and wealth management clients. Poor investment performance could reduce our revenues and impede the growth of our trust and wealth management business in the following ways: existing clients may withdraw funds from our trust and wealth management business in favor of better performing products or firms; asset-based management fees could decline from a decrease in assets under management; our ability to attract funds from existing and new clients might diminish; and our portfolio managers may depart, to join a competitor or otherwise.

Even when market conditions are generally favorable, our investment performance may be adversely affected by the investment style of our portfolio managers and the particular investments that they make or recommend. To the extent that our future investment performance is perceived to be poor in either relative or absolute terms, the revenues and profitability of our trust and wealth management business will likely be reduced and our ability to attract new clients will likely be impaired.

Our investment management contracts are terminable without cause and on relatively short notice by our clients, which makes us vulnerable to short-term declines in the performance of the securities under our management.

Like most wealth management businesses, the investment advisory contracts we maintain with our clients are typically terminable by the client without cause upon less than 30 days’ notice. As a result, even short-term declines in the performance of the accounts that we manage, which can result from factors outside our control, such as adverse changes in general market or economic conditions or the poor performance of some of the investments we have recommended to our clients, could lead some of our clients to move assets under our management to other investment advisors that have investment product offerings or investment strategies different than ours. A decline in assets under management, and a corresponding decline in investment management fees, would adversely affect our results of operations.

The wealth management business is heavily regulated, and the regulators have the ability to limit or restrict our activities and impose fines or suspensions on the conduct of our business.

The wealth management business is highly regulated, primarily at the federal level. The failure of our subsidiaries that are registered investment advisors to comply with applicable laws or regulations could result in fines, suspensions of individual employees or other sanctions including revocation of such subsidiaries’ registration as an investment adviser. Changes in the laws or regulations

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governing our wealth management business could have a material adverse impact on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Strategic and Other Risks

Combining acquired businesses may be more difficult, costly or time consuming than expected and the anticipated benefits and cost savings of acquisitions may not be realized.

The success of our mergers and acquisitions, including anticipated benefits and cost savings, will depend, in part, on our ability to successfully combine and integrate the acquired business in a manner that permits growth opportunities and does not materially disrupt existing customer relations nor result in decreased revenues due to loss of customers. It is possible that the integration process could result in the loss of key employees, the disruption of either company’s ongoing businesses or inconsistencies in standards, controls, procedures and policies that adversely affect the combined company’s ability to maintain relationships with clients, customers, depositors, employees and other constituents or to achieve the anticipated benefits and cost savings of the transaction. The loss of key employees could adversely affect our ability to successfully conduct our business, which could have an adverse effect on our financial results and the value of our common stock. If we experience difficulties with the integration process, the anticipated benefits of a transaction may not be realized fully or at all, or may take longer to realize than expected. As with any merger of financial institutions, there also may be business disruptions that cause us to lose customers or cause customers to remove their accounts from us and move their business to competing financial institutions. Integration efforts will also divert management attention and resources. These integration matters could have an adverse effect on us during this transition period and for an undetermined period after completion of a transaction. It is possible that the potential cost savings could turn out to be more difficult to achieve than anticipated. The cost savings estimates also depend on the ability to combine the businesses in a manner that permits those cost savings to be realized.

We depend on our executive officers and key personnel to continue the implementation of our long-term business strategy and could be harmed by the loss of their services.

We believe that our continued growth and future success will depend in large part on the skills of our management team, as well as on our ability to attract, motivate and retain highly qualified senior and middle management and other skilled employees. The loss of service of one or more of our executive officers or key personnel could reduce our ability to successfully implement our long-term business strategy, our business could suffer and the value of our common stock could be materially adversely affected. Leadership changes will occur from time to time and we cannot predict whether significant resignations will occur or whether we will be able to recruit additional qualified personnel. We believe our management team possesses valuable knowledge about the banking industry and our markets and that their knowledge and relationships would be very difficult to replicate. Our success also depends on the experience of our branch managers and lending officers and on their relationships with the customers and communities they serve. The loss of these key personnel could negatively affect our banking operations. Competition for qualified employees is intense, and the process of locating key personnel with the combination of skills, attributes and business relationships required to execute our business plan may be lengthy. The loss of key personnel, or the inability to recruit and retain qualified personnel in the future, could have an adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Restrictions on unfriendly acquisitions could prevent a takeover of the Company.

Our articles of incorporation and bylaws contain provisions that could discourage takeover attempts that are not approved by our board of directors. The Maryland General Corporation Law also includes provisions that make an acquisition of the Company more difficult. These provisions include super-majority provisions for the approval of certain business combinations and certain provisions relating to meetings of shareholders. Our articles of incorporation also authorize the issuance of additional shares by the board of directors without shareholder approval on terms or in circumstances that could deter a future takeover attempt. These provisions may prevent a future takeover attempt in which the shareholders otherwise might receive a substantial premium for their shares over then-current market prices.

Market competition may decrease our growth or profits.

We compete for loans, deposits, and investment dollars with other banks and other financial institutions and enterprises, such as securities firms, insurance companies, savings associations, credit unions, mortgage brokers, and private lenders, many of which have substantially greater resources than we possess. Credit unions have federal tax exemptions, which may allow them to offer lower rates on loans and higher rates on deposits than taxpaying financial institutions such as commercial banks. In addition, non-depository institution competitors are generally not subject to the extensive regulation applicable to institutions that offer federally insured deposits. Other institutions may have other competitive advantages in particular markets or may be willing to accept lower profit margins on certain products. These differences in resources, regulation, competitive advantages, and business strategy create a

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competitive landscape that may decrease our net interest margin, increase our operating costs, and make it harder to compete profitably.

Operational Risks

The high volume of transactions processed by us exposes us to significant operational risks.

We rely on the ability of our employees and systems to process a high number of transactions. Operational risk is the risk of loss resulting from our operations, including, but not limited to, the risk of fraud by employees or outside persons, the execution of unauthorized transactions by employees, errors relating to transaction processing and technology, breaches of our internal control system and compliance requirements, and business continuation and disaster recovery. Insurance coverage may not be available for such losses, or where available, such losses may exceed insurance limits. This risk of loss also includes the potential legal actions that could arise as a result of an operational deficiency or as a result of noncompliance with applicable regulations, adverse business decisions or their implementation, and customer attrition due to potential negative publicity. A breakdown in our internal control system, improper operation of systems or improper employee actions could result in material financial loss, the imposition of regulatory action, and damage to our reputation.

Failure to keep up with technological change in the financial services industry could have a material adverse effect on our competitive position or profitability.

The financial services industry is undergoing rapid technological change with frequent introductions of new technology-driven products and services. The effective use of technology increases efficiency and enables financial institutions to better serve customers and to reduce costs. Our future success depends, in part, upon our ability to address the needs of our customers by using technology to provide products and services that will satisfy customer demands, as well as to create additional efficiencies in our operations. Many of our competitors have substantially greater resources to invest in technological improvements. We not be able to effectively implement new technology-driven products and services or be successful in marketing these products and services to our customers. Failure to successfully keep pace with technological changes affecting the financial services industry could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Our risk management framework may not be effective in mitigating risks and/or losses to us.

Our risk management framework is comprised of various processes, systems and strategies, and is designed to manage the types of risk to which we are subject, including, among others, credit, market, liquidity, interest rate, operational and compliance. Our framework also includes financial or other modeling methodologies that involve management assumptions and judgment. Our risk management framework may not be effective under all circumstances and may not adequately mitigate any risk of loss to us. If our risk management framework is not effective, we could suffer unexpected losses and our business, financial condition, or results of operations could be materially and adversely affected. We also be subject to potentially adverse regulatory consequences.

Our information systems may experience an interruption or security breach.

We rely heavily on communications and information systems to conduct our business. We, our customers, and other financial institutions with which we interact, are subject to ongoing, continuous attempts to penetrate key systems by individual hackers, organized criminals, and in some cases, state-sponsored organizations. Any failure, interruption or breach in security of these systems could result in failures or disruptions in our customer relationship management, general ledger, deposit, loan and other systems, misappropriation of funds, and theft of proprietary or customer data. While we have policies and procedures designed to prevent or limit the effect of the possible failure, interruption or security breach of our information systems, there can be no assurance that any such failure, interruption or security breach will not occur or, if they do occur, that they will be adequately addressed. The occurrence of any failure, interruption or security breach of our information systems could damage our reputation, result in a loss of customer business, subject us to additional regulatory scrutiny, require us to incur additional expense, or expose us to civil litigation and possible financial liability.

Security breaches and other disruptions could compromise our information and expose us to liability, which would cause our business and reputation to suffer.

In the ordinary course of our business, we collect and store sensitive data, including intellectual property, our proprietary business information and that of our customers, suppliers and business partners, and personally identifiable information of our customers and employees, in our third-party data centers and on our networks. The secure processing, maintenance and transmission of this information is critical to our operations and business strategy. Despite the security measures we have implemented to help ensure data security and compliance with applicable laws, rules and regulations, which include firewalls, regular penetration testing and other

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measures, our facilities and systems, and those of our third-party service providers and vendors, may be vulnerable to cyber-attacks, security breaches, ransomware, unauthorized activity and access, malicious code, acts of vandalism, computer viruses, theft of data, misplaced or lost data, fraud, misconduct or misuse, social engineering attacks and denial of service attacks, phishing attacks, programming or human errors, physical break-ins, or other disruptions, any of which could result in the loss or disclosure of confidential or personal client or employee information or our own proprietary information. Any such loss or disclosure of confidential information could result in legal claims or proceedings, liability under laws that protect the privacy of personal information, and regulatory penalties, disrupt our operations and the services we provide to customers, damage our reputation, and cause a loss of confidence in our products and services, which could adversely affect our business, revenues and competitive position.

We are subject to laws regarding the privacy, information security and protection of personal information and any violation of these laws or another incident involving personal, confidential or proprietary information of individuals could damage our reputation and otherwise adversely affect our business, financial condition and earnings. Our business requires the collection and retention of large volumes of customer data, including personally identifiable information in various information systems that we maintain and in those maintained by third parties with whom we contract to provide data services. We also maintain important internal company data such as personally identifiable information about our employees and information relating to our operations. We are subject to complex and evolving laws and regulations governing the privacy and protection of personal information of individuals (including customers, employees, suppliers and other third parties). For example, our business is subject to the Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act which, among other things: (i) imposes certain limitations on our ability to share nonpublic personal information about our customers with non-affiliated third parties; (ii) requires that we provide certain disclosures to customers about our information collection, sharing and security practices and afford customers the right to “opt out” of any information sharing by us with non-affiliated third parties (with certain exceptions); and (iii) requires that we develop, implement and maintain a written comprehensive information security program containing appropriate safeguards based on our size and complexity, the nature and scope of our activities, and the sensitivity of customer information we process, as well as plans for responding to data security breaches. Various state and federal laws and regulations impose data security breach notification requirements with varying levels of individual, consumer, regulatory or law enforcement notification in certain circumstances in the event of a security breach. Ensuring that our collection, use, transfer and storage of personal information complies with all applicable laws and regulations can increase costs.

Furthermore, we may not be able to ensure that all of our clients, suppliers, counterparties and other third parties have appropriate controls in place to protect the confidentiality of the information that they exchange with us, particularly where such information is transmitted by electronic means. If personal, confidential or proprietary information of customers or others were to be mishandled or misused (in situations where, for example, such information was erroneously provided to parties who are not permitted to have the information, or where such information was intercepted or otherwise compromised by third parties), we could be exposed to litigation or regulatory sanctions under personal information laws and regulations. Concerns regarding the effectiveness of our measures to safeguard personal information, or even the perception that such measures are inadequate, could cause us to lose customers or potential customers for our products and services and thereby reduce our revenues. Accordingly, any failure or perceived failure to comply with applicable privacy or data protection laws and regulations may subject us inquiries, examinations and investigations that could result in requirements to modify or cease certain operations or practices or in significant liabilities, fines or penalties, and could damage our reputation and otherwise adversely affect our business, financial condition and earnings.

Our reliance on third-party vendors could expose us to additional cyber risk and liability.

The operation of our business involves outsourcing of certain business functions and reliance on third-party providers, which may result in transmission and maintenance of personal, confidential, and proprietary information to and by such vendors. Although we require third-party providers to maintain certain levels of information security, such providers remain vulnerable to breaches, unauthorized access, misuse, computer viruses, or other malicious attacks that could ultimately compromise our sensitive information. Although we contract to limit our liability in connection with attacks against third-party providers, we remain exposed to risk of loss associated with such vendors.

We outsource certain aspects of our data processing to certain third-party providers, which may expose us to additional risk.

We outsource certain key aspects of our data processing to certain third-party providers. While we have selected these third-party providers carefully, we cannot control their actions. If our third-party providers encounter difficulties, including those that result from their failure to provide services for any reason or their poor performance of services, or if we have difficulty in communicating with them, our ability to adequately process and account for customer transactions could be affected, and our business operations could be adversely impacted. Replacing these third-party providers could also entail significant delay and expense.

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Our third-party providers may be vulnerable to unauthorized access, computer viruses, phishing schemes and other security breaches. Threats to information security also exist in the processing of customer information through various other third-party providers and their personnel. We may be required to expend significant additional resources to protect against the threat of such security breaches and computer viruses, or to alleviate problems caused by such security breaches or viruses. To the extent that the activities of our third-party providers or the activities of our customers involve the storage and transmission of confidential information, security breaches and viruses could expose us claims, regulatory scrutiny, litigation and other possible liabilities.

We are dependent on our information technology and telecommunications systems; third-party service providers and systems failures, interruptions or breaches of security could have an adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations.

Our business is highly dependent on the successful and uninterrupted functioning of our information technology and telecommunications systems third-party service providers. We outsource many of our major systems, such as data processing and deposit processing systems. The failure of these systems, or the termination of a third-party software license or service agreement on which any of these systems is based, could interrupt our operations. Because our information technology and telecommunications systems interface with and depend on third-party systems, we could experience service denials if demand for such services exceeds capacity or such third-party systems fail or experience interruptions. If sustained or repeated, a system failure or service denial could result in a deterioration of our ability to provide customer service, compromise our ability to operate effectively, damage our reputation, result in a loss of customer business and/or subject us to additional regulatory scrutiny and possible financial liability, any of which could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations.

In addition, we provide our customers the ability to bank remotely, including online over the internet. The secure transmission of confidential information is a critical element of remote banking. Our network could be vulnerable to unauthorized access, computer viruses, phishing schemes, spam attacks, human error, natural disasters, power loss and other security breaches. We may be required to spend significant capital and other resources to protect against the threat of security breaches and computer viruses, or to alleviate problems caused by security breaches or viruses. Further, we outsource some of the data processing functions used for remote banking, and accordingly we are dependent on the expertise and performance of our third-party providers. To the extent that our activities, the activities of our customers, or the activities of our third-party service providers involve the storage and transmission of confidential information, security breaches and viruses could expose us to claims, litigation and other possible liabilities. Any inability to prevent security breaches or computer viruses could also cause existing customers to lose confidence in our systems and could adversely affect our reputation, results of operations and ability to attract and maintain customers and businesses. In addition, a security breach could also subject us additional regulatory scrutiny, expose us to civil litigation and possible financial liability and cause reputational damage.

The adoption of flexible work from home arrangements poses a number of operational risks that could adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

We have adopted flexible work arrangements that permit some employees to work from home full or part time. Having employees conduct their daily work in our offices helps to ensure a level of productivity and operational security that may not be achieved when working remotely for an extended period. Remote work arrangements could strain our technology resources and introduce operational risks, including heightened cybersecurity risk, as remote working environments can be less secure. Over time, remote work arrangements may decrease the ability to maintain our culture, which is integral to our success. Additionally, a remote working environment may impede our ability to undertake new business projects and foster a creative environment. The prevalence of remote work arrangements has expanded competition among employers and may put us at a disadvantage if we are unable or unwilling to offer the same level of flexibility. Failure to attract and retain the desired workforce could have a negative effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Risks Related to our Financial Statements

Changes in accounting standards or interpretation of new or existing standards may affect how we report our financial condition and results of operations.

From time to time the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) and the SEC change accounting regulations and reporting standards that govern the preparation of our financial statements. In addition, the FASB, SEC, bank regulators and the outside independent auditors may revise their previous interpretations regarding existing accounting regulations and the application of these accounting standards. These changes can be difficult to predict and can materially impact how to record and report our financial condition and results of operations. In some cases, there could be a requirement to apply a new or revised accounting standard retroactively, resulting in the restatement of prior period financial statements.

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The Current Expected Credit Loss accounting standard could require us increase our allowance for credit losses and may have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations.

Accounting Standard Update ("ASU") No. 2016-13, Financial Instruments - Credit Losses (Topic 326): Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments, which became effective for us on January 1, 2020, requires earlier recognition of expected credit losses on loans and certain other instruments, compared to the previously applied incurred loss model. CECL requires advanced modeling techniques, heavy reliance on assumptions, and dependence on historical data that may not accurately forecast losses. CECL can result in greater volatility in the level of the allowance for credit losses, depending on various factors and assumptions applied in the model, such as the forecasted economic conditions in the foreseeable future and loan payment behaviors. Any increase in the allowance for credit losses, or expenses incurred to determine the appropriate level of the allowance for credit losses, can have an adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations.

Impairment in the carrying value of goodwill and other intangible assets could negatively impact our financial condition and results of operations.

At December 31, 2022, goodwill and other intangible assets totaled $383.3 million. Goodwill represents the excess of purchase price paid over the fair value of the net assets acquired in a business combination. The estimated fair values of the acquired assets and assumed liabilities may be subject to refinement as additional information relative to closing date fair values becomes available and may result in adjustments to goodwill within the first 12 months following the closing date of the acquisition. Goodwill and other intangible assets are reviewed for impairment at least annually or more frequently if events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying value may not be recoverable. A significant decline in expected future cash flows, a material change in interest rates, a significant adverse change in the business climate, slower growth rates or a significant or sustained decline in the price of our common stock may necessitate taking charges in the future related to the impairment of goodwill and other intangible assets. The amount of any impairment charge could be significant and could have a material adverse impact on our financial condition and results of operations.

Our accounting estimates and risk management processes rely on analytical and forecasting models.

The processes that we use to estimate our allowance for credit losses and to measure the fair value of financial instruments, as well as the processes used to estimate the effects of changing interest rates and other market measures on our financial condition and results of operations, depend upon the use of analytical and forecasting models. These models reflect assumptions that may not be accurate, particularly in times of market stress or other unforeseen circumstances. Even if these assumptions are adequate, the models may prove to be inadequate or inaccurate because of other flaws in their design or their implementation. If the models that we use for interest rate risk and asset-liability management are inadequate, we incur increased or unexpected losses upon changes in market interest rates or other market measures. If the models that we use for determining our allowance for expected credit losses are inadequate, the allowance for credit losses may not be sufficient to support future charge-offs. If the models that we use to measure the fair value of financial instruments are inadequate, the fair value of such financial instruments may fluctuate unexpectedly or may not accurately reflect what we could realize upon sale or settlement of such financial instruments. Any such failure in our analytical or forecasting models could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Regulatory Risks

We operate in a highly regulated industry, and compliance with, or changes to, the laws and regulations that govern our operations may adversely affect us.

The banking industry is heavily regulated. Banking regulations are primarily intended to protect the federal deposit insurance fund and depositors, not shareholders. Sandy Spring Bank is subject to regulation and supervision by the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System and by Maryland banking authorities, as well as the CFPB. Sandy Spring Bancorp is subject to regulation and supervision by the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System. Federal and state laws and regulations govern numerous matters affecting us, including changes in the ownership or control of banks and bank holding companies, maintenance of adequate capital and sound financial condition, permissible types, amounts and terms of loans and investments, permissible non-banking activities, the level of reserves against deposits and restrictions on dividend payments. These and other restrictions limit the manner in which we conduct business and obtain financing. The laws, rules, regulations, and supervisory guidance and policies applicable to us are subject to regular modification and change. Such changes may, among other things, increase the cost of doing business, limit the types of financial services and products we offer, or affect the competitive balance between banks and other financial institutions. While we have developed policies and procedures designed to assist in compliance with these laws and regulations, no assurance is given that our compliance policies and procedures will be effective. Failure to comply (or to ensure that our agents and third-party service providers comply) with laws, regulations, or policies could result in enforcement actions or sanctions by regulatory agencies,

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civil money penalties, and/or reputational damage, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, or results of operations. The burdens imposed by federal and state regulations put banks at a competitive disadvantage compared to less regulated competitors such as finance companies, mortgage banking companies, and leasing companies.

Our ability to pay dividends is limited by law.

The ability to pay dividends to shareholders largely depends on Bancorp’s receipt of dividends from the Bank. The amount of dividends that the Bank may pay to Bancorp is limited by federal laws and regulations. The ability of the Bank to pay dividends is also subject to its profitability, financial condition and cash flow requirements. There is no assurance that the Bank will be able to pay dividends to Bancorp in the future. In addition, as a bank holding company, Bancorp's our ability to declare and pay dividends is dependent on federal regulatory considerations, including limits on dividends should we not maintain the required capital conservation buffer and guidelines of the Federal Reserve regarding capital adequacy and dividends. It is the policy of the Federal Reserve that bank holding companies should generally pay dividends on common stock only out of earnings, and only if prospective earnings retention is consistent with the organization’s expected future needs, asset quality and financial condition. We may limit the payment of dividends, even when the legal ability to pay them exists, in order to retain earnings for other uses.

Federal banking agencies periodically conduct examinations of our business, including compliance with laws and regulations; the failure to comply with any supervisory actions to which we are or becomes subject as a result of such examinations could adversely affect us.

As part of the bank regulatory process, the Federal Reserve and the Maryland banking authorities periodically conduct comprehensive examinations of our business, including compliance with laws and regulations. If, as a result of an examination, either of these banking agencies were to determine that the financial condition, capital resources, asset quality, earnings prospects, management, liquidity, asset sensitivity, risk management or other aspects of any of our operations had become unsatisfactory, or that we were in violation of any law or regulation, it may take a number of different remedial actions as it deems appropriate. The Federal Reserve may enjoin “unsafe or unsound” practices or violations of law, require affirmative actions to correct any conditions resulting from any violation or practice, issue an administrative order that can be judicially enforced, direct an increase in our capital levels, restrict our growth, assess civil monetary penalties against us or our officers or directors, and remove officers and directors. The FDIC also has authority to review the Bank’s financial condition, and, if the FDIC were to conclude that the Bank or its directors were engaged in unsafe or unsound practices, that the Bank was in an unsafe or unsound condition to continue operations, or that the Bank or the directors violated applicable law, the FDIC could move to terminate the Bank’s deposit insurance. If we become subject to such regulatory actions, our business, financial condition, earnings and reputation could be adversely affected.

We are subject to numerous laws designed to protect consumers, including the Community Reinvestment Act ("CRA") and fair lending laws, and the failure to comply with these laws could lead to a wide variety of sanctions.

The CRA requires the Federal Reserve to assess our performance in meeting the credit needs of the communities we serve, including low- and moderate-income neighborhoods. If the Federal Reserve determines that we need to improve our performance or are in substantial non-compliance with CRA requirements, various adverse regulatory consequences may ensue. In addition, the Equal Credit Opportunity Act, the Fair Housing Act and other fair lending laws and regulations impose nondiscriminatory lending requirements on financial institutions. The CFPB, the U.S. Department of Justice and other federal agencies are responsible for enforcing these laws and regulations. The CFPB was created under the Dodd-Frank Act to centralize responsibility for consumer financial protection with broad rule-making authority to administer and carry out the purposes and objectives of federal consumer financial laws with respect to all financial institutions that offer financial products and services to consumers. The CFPB is also authorized to prescribe rules applicable to any covered person or service provider, identifying and prohibiting acts or practices that are “unfair, deceptive, or abusive” in connection with any transaction with a consumer for a consumer financial product or service, or the offering of a consumer financial product or service. The ongoing broad rule-making powers of the CFPB have potential to have a significant impact on the operations of financial institutions offering consumer financial products or services.

A successful regulatory challenge to an institution’s performance under the CRA, fair lending laws or regulations, or consumer lending laws and regulations could result in a wide variety of sanctions, including damages and civil money penalties, injunctive relief, restrictions on mergers and acquisitions activity, restrictions on expansion, and restrictions on entering new business lines. Private parties may also have the ability to challenge an institution’s performance under fair lending laws in private class action litigation. Such actions could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Additionally, state attorneys general have indicated that they intend to take a more active role in enforcing consumer protection laws, including through use of Dodd-Frank Act provisions that authorize state attorneys general to enforce certain provisions of federal

27

consumer financial laws and obtain civil money penalties and other relief available to the CFPB. In conducting an investigation, the CFPB or state attorneys general may issue a civil investigative demand requiring a target company to prepare and submit, among other items, documents, written reports, answers to interrogatories, and deposition testimony. If we become subject to such investigation, the required response could result in substantial costs and a diversion of the attention and resources of our management.

We face a risk of noncompliance and enforcement action with the Bank Secrecy Act and other anti-money laundering statutes and regulations.

The federal Bank Secrecy Act, PATRIOT Act and other laws and regulations require financial institutions, among other duties, to institute and maintain effective anti-money laundering programs and file suspicious activity and currency transaction reports as appropriate. The federal Financial Crimes Enforcement Network, established by the U.S. Treasury Department to administer the Bank Secrecy Act, is authorized to impose significant civil money penalties for violations of those requirements and engages in coordinated enforcement efforts with the individual federal banking regulators, as well as the U.S. Department of Justice, Drug Enforcement Administration and Internal Revenue Service. Federal and state bank regulators also focus on compliance with Bank Secrecy Act and anti-money laundering regulations. If our policies, procedures and systems are deemed to be deficient or the policies, procedures and systems of the financial institutions that we acquire in the future are deficient, we would be subject to liability, including fines and regulatory actions such as restrictions on our ability to pay dividends and the necessity to obtain regulatory approvals to proceed with certain aspects of our business plan, including our acquisition plans, which would negatively impact our business, financial condition and results of operations. Failure to maintain and implement adequate programs to combat money laundering and terrorist financing could also have serious reputational consequences for us.

General Risk Factors

Changes in U.S. or regional economic conditions could have an adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Our business activities and earnings are affected by general business conditions in the United States and in our local market area. These conditions include short-term and long-term interest rates, inflation, unemployment levels, consumer confidence and spending, fluctuations in both debt and equity capital markets, and the strength of the economy in the United States generally and, in particular, our market area. A favorable business environment is generally characterized by, among other factors, economic growth, efficient capital markets, low inflation, low unemployment, high business and investor confidence, and strong business earnings. Unfavorable or uncertain economic and market conditions can be caused by declines in economic growth, business activity or investor or business confidence; limitations on the availability or increases in the cost of credit and capital; increases in inflation or interest rates; high unemployment; natural disasters; or a combination of these or other factors. Economic pressure on consumers and uncertainty regarding continuing economic improvement may result in changes in consumer and business spending, borrowing and savings habits. Elevated levels of unemployment, declines in the values of real estate, extended federal government shutdowns, or other events that affect household and/or corporate incomes could impair the ability of our borrowers to repay their loans in accordance with their terms and reduce demand for banking products and services.

Increasing scrutiny and evolving expectations from customers, regulators, investors, and other stakeholders with respect to our environmental, social and governance practices may impose additional costs on us or expose us to new or additional risks.

Companies are facing increasing scrutiny from customers, regulators, investors, and other stakeholders related to their environmental, social and governance (“ESG”) practices and disclosure. Investor advocacy groups, investment funds and influential investors are also increasingly focused on these practices, especially as they relate to the environment, health and safety, diversity, labor conditions and human rights. Increased ESG related compliance costs could result in increases to our overall operational costs. Failure to adapt to or comply with regulatory requirements or investor or stakeholder expectations and standards could negatively impact our reputation, ability to do business with certain partners, and our stock price. New government regulations could also result in new or more stringent forms of ESG oversight and expanding mandatory and voluntary reporting, diligence, and disclosure. Additionally, concerns over the long-term impacts of climate change have led and will continue to lead to governmental efforts around the world to mitigate those impacts. Consumers and businesses also may change their behavior on their own as a result of these concerns. We and our customers will need to respond to new laws and regulations as well as consumer and business preferences resulting from climate change concerns. We and our customers may face cost increases, asset value reductions, operating process changes, among other impacts. The impact on our customers will likely vary depending on their specific attributes, including reliance on or role in carbon intensive activities. In addition, we could face reductions in creditworthiness on the part of some customers or in the value of assets securing loans. Our efforts to take these risks into account in making lending and other decisions may not be effective in protecting us from the negative impact of new laws and regulations or changes in consumer or business behavior.

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Climate change could have a material adverse impact on us and our clients.

We are exposed to risks of physical impacts of climate change and risks arising from the process of transitioning to a less carbon-dependent economy. Climate change-related physical risks include increased severity and frequency of adverse weather events, such as extreme storms and flooding, and longer-term shifts in climate patterns, such as rising temperatures and sea levels and changes in precipitation amount and distribution. Such physical risks may have adverse impacts on us, both directly on our business operations and as a result of impacts on our borrowers and counterparties, such as declines in the value of loans, investments, real estate and other assets, disruptions in business operations and economic activity, including supply chains, and market volatility.

Transition risks include changes in regulations, market preferences and technologies toward a less carbon-dependent economy. The possible adverse impacts of transition risks include asset devaluations, increased operational and compliance costs, and an inability to meet regulatory or market expectations. For example, we may become subject to new or heightened regulatory requirements and stakeholder expectations regarding climate change, including those relating operational resiliency, disclosure and financial reporting.

We intend to enhance our governance of climate change-related risks and integrate climate considerations into our risk governance framework. Nonetheless, the risks associated with climate change are rapidly changing and evolving, making them difficult to assess due to limited data and other uncertainties. We could experience increased expenses resulting from strategic planning, litigation, and technology and market changes, and reputational harm as a result of negative public sentiment, regulatory scrutiny, and reduced investor and stakeholder confidence due to our response to climate change and our climate change strategy, which, in turn, could have a material negative impact on our business, results of operations, and financial condition.

The market price for our stock may be volatile.

The market price for our common stock has fluctuated, ranging between $52.04 and $32.33 per share during the 12 months ended December 31, 2022. The overall market and the price of our common stock may experience volatility. There may be a significant impact on the market price for the common stock due to, among other things:

•past and future dividend practice;

•financial condition, performance, creditworthiness and prospects;

•quarterly variations in operating results or the quality of our assets;

•operating results that vary from the expectations of management, securities analysts and investors;

•changes in expectations as to the future financial performance;

•announcements of innovations, new products, strategic developments, significant contracts, acquisitions and other material events by us or our competitors;

•the operating and securities price performance of other companies that investors believe are comparable to us;

•future sales of our equity or equity-related securities;

•the credit, mortgage and housing markets, the markets for securities relating to mortgages or housing, and developments with respect to financial institutions generally; and

•changes in global financial markets and economies and general market conditions, such as interest or foreign exchange rates, stock, commodity or real estate valuations or volatility or other geopolitical, regulatory or judicial events.

Future sales of our common stock or other securities may dilute the value and adversely affect the market price of our common stock.

In many situations, our board of directors has the authority, without any vote of our shareholders, to issue shares of authorized but unissued stock, including shares authorized and unissued under our equity incentive plans. In the future, additional securities may be issued, through public or private offerings, in order to raise additional capital. Any such issuance would dilute the percentage of ownership interest of existing shareholders and may dilute the per share book value of our common stock.

Changes in tax laws and regulations and differences in interpretation of tax laws and regulations may negatively impact our financial performance.

From time to time, local, state or federal tax authorities change tax laws and regulations, which may result in a decrease or increase to our net deferred tax asset. Local, state or federal tax authorities may interpret laws and regulations differently than we do and challenge tax positions that we have taken on our tax returns. This may result in differences in the treatment of revenues, deductions, credits and/or differences in the timing of these items. The differences in treatment may result in payment of additional taxes, interest, penalties or litigation costs that could have a material adverse effect on our operating results.

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Negative public opinion regarding us or failure to maintain our reputation in the communities we serve could adversely affect our business and prevent us from growing our business.

Our reputation within the communities we serve is critical to our success. We believe we have set ourselves apart from our competitors by building strong personal and professional relationships with our customers and being an active member of the communities we serve. As such, we strive to enhance our reputation by recruiting, hiring and retaining employees who share our core values of being an integral part of the communities we serve and delivering superior service to our customers. If our reputation is negatively affected by the actions of our employees or otherwise, we be less successful in attracting new talent and customers or may lose existing customers, and our business, financial condition and earnings could be adversely affected. Further, negative public opinion can expose us to litigation and regulatory action and delay and impede our efforts to implement our growth strategy, which could further adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

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Item 1B. UNRESOLVED STAFF COMMENTS

None.

Item 2. PROPERTIES

The Company’s headquarters is located in Olney, Maryland. As of December 31, 2022, The Company owns 12 of its full-service community banking centers. The remaining banking locations, in addition to the offices of West Financial and RPJ are leased. See Note 7 – Leases to the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information.

Item 3. LEGAL PROCEEDINGS

In the normal course of business, the Company becomes involved in litigation arising from the banking, financial, and other activities it conducts. Management, after consultation with legal counsel, does not anticipate that the ultimate liability, if any, arising out of currently pending legal proceedings will have a material effect on the Company's financial condition, operating results or liquidity.

Item 4. MINE SAFETY DISCLOSURES

Not applicable.

PART II

Item 5. MARKET FOR THE REGISTRANT’S COMMON EQUITY, RELATED STOCKHOLDER MATTERS AND ISSUER PURCHASES OF EQUITY SECURITIES

Stock Listing

Common shares of Sandy Spring Bancorp, Inc. are listed on the NASDAQ Global Select Market under the symbol “SASR”. At January 31, 2023 there were approximately 2,600 holders of record of the Company’s common stock.

Transfer Agent and Registrar

Computershare, P.O. Box 505005, Louisville, KY 40233-5005

Share Transactions with Employees

Shares issued under the employee stock purchase plan, which was authorized in 2011, and amended and restated in 2020, totaled 43,837 in 2022 and 60,018 in 2021, while issuances pursuant to exercises of stock options and vesting of restricted shares were 119,997 and 352,135 in the respective years.

Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities

On March 30, 2022, the Company's board of directors authorized a stock repurchase plan that permits the repurchase of up to $50.0 million of the Company's common stock. The Company repurchased 625,710 shares of its common stock at an average price of $39.93 per share during 2022. The Company did not repurchase any shares of its common stock during the quarter ended December 31, 2022. Under the current authorization, common stock with a total value of up to $25.0 million remains available to be repurchased.

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Total Return Comparison

The following graph and table show the cumulative total return on the common stock of the Company over the last five years, compared with the cumulative total return of a broad stock market index (the Standard and Poor’s 500 Index or “S&P 500”), and a narrower index of comparable regional banks (KBW Nasdaq Regional Banking Index). The cumulative total return on the stock or the index equals the total increase in value since December 31, 2017, assuming reinvestment of all dividends paid into the stock or the index. The graph and table were prepared assuming that $100 was invested on December 31, 2017, in the common stock and the securities included in the indexes.

Sandy Spring Bancorp, Inc.

	Period Ending
Index	12/31/17	12/31/18	12/31/19	12/31/20	12/31/21	12/31/22
Sandy Spring Bancorp, Inc.	100.00	82.68	103.41	91.99	141.49	107.26
S&P 500 Index	100.00	95.62	125.72	148.85	191.58	156.88
KBW Nasdaq Regional Banking Index	100.00	82.50	102.15	93.25	127.42	118.59

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Equity Compensation Plans

The following table presents the number of shares available for issuance under the Company’s equity compensation plans at December 31, 2022.

Plan category	Number of securities to be issued upon exercise of outstanding options, warrants and rights	Weighted average exercise price of outstanding options, warrants and rights	Number of securities remaining available for future issuance under equity compensation plans (excluding securities reflected in the first column)
Equity compensation plans approved by security holders	144,047	$16.61	639,014
Equity compensation plans not approved by security holders	—	—	—
Total	144,047	$16.61	639,014

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Item 6. [RESERVED]

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Item 7. MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS

Overview

Net income for Sandy Spring Bancorp, Inc. and subsidiaries (the “Company”) for the year ended December 31, 2022 was $166.3 million ($3.68 per diluted common share) compared to $235.1 million ($4.98 per diluted common share) for the year ended December 31, 2021, representing a 29% decrease in net income and a 26% decrease in earnings per diluted common share. The decline during 2022 was driven by the provision for credit losses, which shifted from a significant credit in the prior year to a charge for the current year, the decline in most categories of non-interest income, which was partially mitigated by the impact of the gain realized on the sale of the Company's insurance business, and a flattening of net interest income as the increase in interest income significantly offset the growth in interest expense. Core earnings were $160.3 million for the year ended December 31, 2022 compared to $246.7 million for the prior year. Core earnings for the current year were lower compared to the prior year primarily as a result of the aforementioned activity associated with the provision for credit losses, as well as the decline in mortgage banking income, elimination of insurance agency commissions in the second half of the year and lower other non-interest income. Growth in net interest income, which resulted from growth in the commercial and mortgage loan portfolios, was significantly reduced by the offsetting growth in interest expense. During the year, interest and fees on PPP loans decreased $39.9 million. Excluding the impact of interest and fees on PPP loans, interest income grew 21% driven by non-PPP commercial loans, which increased 22% compared to the prior year. Non-interest income, which included a gain on the sale of the Company's insurance business, decreased 15% compared to 2021. Excluding the gain from the sale of the insurance business, the decrease in non-interest income was driven by a decline in income from mortgage banking activities, a decline in insurance commission income, reduced bank card income and a decline in other income. Non-interest expense decreased 1% for the year compared 2021. Excluding merger, acquisition and disposal expense from the current and prior year periods, the earn-out accrual associated with the performance of the 2020 acquisition of Rembert Pendleton Jackson and the prepayment penalties on FHLB borrowings that occurred in the prior year, non-interest expense increased 1% year-over-year.

The results for 2022 reflect the following:

•At December 31, 2022, total assets were $13.8 billion, a 10% increase compared to $12.6 billion at December 31, 2021. Excluding PPP loans, total assets increased 11% year over year.

•Total loans, excluding PPP loans, increased 16% to $11.4 billion at December 31, 2022 compared to $9.8 billion at December 31, 2021. Excluding PPP loans, total commercial loans grew by $1.2 billion or 15% during the year as we generated gross commercial loan production of $3.9 billion, of which $2.5 billion was funded, more than offsetting $1.2 billion in non-PPP commercial loan run-off.

•Deposits increased 3% to $11.0 billion at December 31, 2022 compare to $10.6 billion at December 31, 2021. Brokered time deposits drove a 64% increase in time deposits, which offset the year-over-year declines in all other categories of deposits. Excluding brokered time deposits, total deposits declined 4%.

•Net interest income for 2022 grew $2.5 million or 1% compared to 2021. While loan growth resulted in interest income increasing $45.4 million, despite the $33.9 million reduction in PPP interest and fees, it was substantially offset by the $42.9 million growth in interest expense. Excluding PPP interest and fees, net interest income increased $42.5 million or 11% for the current year compared to the prior year.

•The net interest margin for 2022 was 3.44% compared to 3.56% for 2021. Excluding the impact of PPP loan interest and fees and the amortization of fair value marks derived from previous acquisitions, the current year's net interest margin would have been 3.40% compared to 3.38% for the prior year.

•The provision for credit losses for 2022 amounted to a charge of $34.4 million as compared to a credit of $45.6 million for 2021. The provision for credit losses for 2022 was a reflection of the growth in the loan portfolio, coupled with the management's consideration of the potential impact of current recessionary pressures and other portfolio qualitative metrics. The credit to the provision for credit losses for the prior year was a reflection of the net impact of forecasted economic metrics during 2021 and other factors applied in the determination of the allowance.

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•Non-interest income for 2022, which included a $16.5 million gain on the disposal of assets associated with the insurance business, decreased 15% to $87.0 million compared to $102.1 million for 2021. Excluding the gain, non-interest income decreased 31% driven by a 75% decline in income from mortgage banking activities, a 58% decline in insurance commission income, reduced bank card income of 36% and a 43% decline in other income.

•Non-interest expense decreased 1% to $257.3 million for 2022 compared to $260.5 million for 2021. Excluding merger, acquisition and disposal expense from the current and prior years, the earn-out accrual in 2022 associated with the performance of the 2020 acquisition of Rembert Pendleton Jackson and the $9.1 million in prepayment penalties on FHLB borrowings that occurred in 2021, non-interest expense increased 1% year-over-year.

•Reflecting the impact of the increased provisioning for credit losses and the decline in non-interest income, return on average assets (“ROA”) for the year was 1.26% and return on average tangible common equity (“ROTCE”) was 15.24% compared to 1.83% and 21.01%, respectively, for the prior year. On a non-GAAP basis, the current year's core ROA was 1.21% and core ROTCE was 14.69% compared to core ROA of 1.92% and core ROTCE of 22.04% for 2021.

•For the year ended December 31, 2022, the GAAP efficiency ratio was 50.05% compared to 49.47% for 2021. The non-GAAP efficiency ratio for the current year was 49.66% compared to the 46.17% for the prior year. The growth in the current year’s non-GAAP efficiency ratio compared to the prior year, indicating a decline in efficiency, was the result of the 5% decrease in non-GAAP revenue combined with the 2% growth in non-GAAP non-interest expense.

Non-performing loans include non-accrual loans, accruing loans 90 days or more past due and restructured loans. Credit quality improved at December 31, 2022 compared to December 31, 2021, as the level of non-performing loans to total loans declined to 0.35% compared to 0.49%. At year-end 2022, non-performing loans totaled $39.4 million, compared to $48.8 million at the end of the prior year. Loans placed on non-accrual during the year amounted to $12.1 million compared to $8.1 million for the prior year. During the year, the Bank successfully resolved several large non-accrual relationships totaling $22.6 million without incurring any charge-offs. Net recoveries totaled $0.4 million for 2022, as compared to net charge-offs of $10.7 million for 2021.

At December 31, 2022, the allowance for credit losses was $136.2 million or 1.20% of outstanding loans and 346% of non-performing loans, compared to $109.1 million or 1.10% of outstanding loans and 224% of non-performing loans at the end of 2021. The increase in the allowance during the year compared to the previous year was driven by loan growth, the impact of forecasted economic factors and an increase in the probability of an economic recession.

Customer funding sources at year-end 2022, which include deposits plus other short-term borrowings from core customers, increased 2% compared to year end 2021. Deposits grew 3% during the past year as interest-bearing deposits grew 6%, offset by a 3% decline in noninterest-bearing deposits. During the period, time deposits increased 64% driven by brokered deposits while money market accounts decreased 6%, savings accounts decreased 4% and interest-bearing demand accounts declined 11%. Excluding the impact of the increase in brokered deposits, total deposits decreased 4%. The decrease in noninterest-bearing deposits was driven by a decline in deposits maintained by title companies as mortgage activity slowed throughout the year. In addition, borrowings increased by $928.4 million as a result of the funding requirements driven by loan growth during the year.

Stockholders’ equity at December 31, 2022 decreased 2% to $1.5 billion, compared to December 31, 2021. The ratio of tangible common equity to tangible assets decreased to 8.18% at December 31, 2022, compared to 9.21% at December 31, 2021 as common equity was negatively impacted by the $123.4 million increase in the accumulated other comprehensive loss in the investment portfolio that resulted from the rising rate environment, in addition to the $25.0 million repurchase of common shares during the year, and tangible assets that increased during 2022. At December 31, 2022, the Company had a total risk-based capital ratio of 14.20%, a common equity tier 1 risk-based capital ratio of 10.23%, a tier 1 risk-based capital ratio of 10.23%, and a tier 1 leverage ratio of 9.33% all above the “well-capitalized” regulatory requirement levels. Book value per common share was $33.23 at December 31, 2022 compared to $33.68 at December 31, 2021. Tangible book value per common share was $24.64 at December 31, 2022, compared to $24.90 at December 31, 2021.

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Selected Financial Data

Consolidated Summary of Financial Results (Dollars in thousands, except per share data)	2022			2021			2020			2019			2018
Results of Operations:
Tax-equivalent interest income	$	499,508		$	453,987		$	427,688		$	352,615		$	328,797
Interest expense	68,663			25,766			60,401			82,561			63,637
Tax-equivalent net interest income	430,845			428,221			367,287			270,054			265,160
Tax-equivalent adjustment	3,841			3,703			4,128			4,746			4,715
Provision/ (credit) for credit losses	34,372			(45,556)			85,669			4,684			9,023
Net interest income after provision for credit losses	392,632			470,074			277,490			260,624			251,422
Non-interest income	87,019			102,055			102,716			71,322			61,049
Non-interest expense	257,293			260,470			255,782			179,085			179,783
Income before taxes	222,358			311,659			124,424			152,681			132,688
Income tax expense	56,059			76,552			27,471			36,428			31,824
Net income	166,299			235,107			96,953			116,433			100,864
Net income attributable to common shareholders	$	165,618		$	233,599		$	96,170		$	115,671		$	100,285
Per Share Data:
Net income - basic per common share	$	3.69		$	5.00		$	2.19		$	3.25		$	2.82
Net income - diluted per common share	$	3.68		$	4.98		$	2.18		$	3.25		$	2.82
Dividends declared per share	$	1.36		$	1.28		$	1.20		$	1.18		$	1.10
Book value per common share	$	33.23		$	33.68		$	31.24		$	32.40		$	30.06
Tangible book value per common share - Non-GAAP (1)	$	24.64		$	24.90		$	22.68		$	22.25		$	20.01
Dividends declared to diluted net income per common share	36.96		%	25.70		%	55.05		%	36.31		%	39.01		%
Period End Balances:
Assets	$	13,833,119		$	12,590,726		$	12,798,429		$	8,629,002		$	8,243,272
Investment securities	1,543,208			1,507,062			1,413,781			1,125,136			1,010,724
Loans	11,396,706			9,967,091			10,400,509			6,705,232			6,571,634
Deposits	10,953,421			10,624,731			10,033,069			6,440,319			5,914,880
Borrowings	1,242,172			313,798			1,149,320			936,788			1,213,465
Stockholders’ equity	1,483,768			1,519,679			1,469,955			1,132,974			1,067,903
Average Balances:
Assets	$	13,218,824		$	12,818,202		$	11,775,096		$	8,367,139		$	7,965,514
Investment securities	1,689,219			1,457,483			1,350,483			979,757			1,018,016
Loans	10,638,882			10,034,866			9,317,493			6,569,069			6,225,498
Deposits	10,785,731			10,663,823			8,982,623			6,266,757			5,689,601
Borrowings	801,618			478,398			1,279,481			861,926			1,190,930
Stockholders’ equity	1,480,198			1,518,607			1,339,491			1,108,310			1,024,795
Performance Ratios:
Return on average assets	1.26		%	1.83		%	0.82		%	1.39		%	1.27		%
Return on average common equity	11.23			15.48			7.24			10.51			9.84
Return on average tangible common equity - Non-GAAP (1)	15.24			21.01			10.25			15.48			15.09
Yield on average interest-earning assets	3.99			3.77			3.90			4.58			4.47
Rate on average interest-bearing liabilities	0.89			0.35			0.82			1.56			1.24
Net interest spread	3.10			3.42			3.08			3.02			3.23
Net interest margin	3.44			3.56			3.35			3.51			3.60
Efficiency ratio – GAAP (2)	50.05			49.47			54.90			53.20			55.92
Efficiency ratio – Non-GAAP (2)	49.66			46.17			46.53			51.52			50.87
Capital Ratios:
Tier 1 leverage	9.33		%	9.26		%	8.92		%	9.70		%	9.50		%
Common equity tier 1 capital to risk-weighted assets	10.23			11.91			10.58			11.06			10.90
Tier 1 capital to risk-weighted assets	10.23			11.91			10.58			11.21			11.06
Total regulatory capital to risk-weighted assets	14.20			14.59			13.93			14.85			12.26
Tangible common equity to tangible assets - Non-GAAP (1)	8.18			9.21			8.61			9.40			9.02
Average equity to average assets	11.20			11.85			11.38			13.25			12.87
Credit Quality Ratios:
Allowance for credit losses to total loans	1.20		%	1.10		%	1.59		%	0.84		%	0.81		%
Non-performing loans to total loans	0.35			0.49			1.11			0.62			0.55
Non-performing assets to total assets	0.29			0.40			0.91			0.50			0.46
Net charge-offs to average loans	—			0.11			0.01			0.03			0.01

(1)See the discussion of tangible common equity in the section of Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations entitled “Tangible Common Equity.”

(2)See the discussion of the efficiency ratio in the section of Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations entitled “Non-GAAP Financial Measures.”

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Critical Accounting Policies

Our consolidated financial statements are prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (“GAAP”) and follow general practices within the banking industry. Application of these principles requires management to make estimates, assumptions, and judgments that affect the amounts reported in the financial statements and accompanying notes. These estimates, assumptions, and judgments are based on information available as of the date of the financial statements; accordingly, as this information changes, the financial statements may reflect different estimates, assumptions, and judgments. Certain policies inherently rely more extensively on the use of estimates, assumptions, and judgments and as such may have a greater possibility of producing results that could be materially different than originally reported. Estimates, assumptions, and judgments are necessary for assets and liabilities that are required to be recorded at fair value. A decline in the value of assets required to be recorded at fair value may warrant an impairment write-down or valuation allowance to be established. Carrying assets and liabilities at fair value inherently results in greater financial statement volatility. The fair values and the information used to record valuation adjustments for certain assets and liabilities are based either on quoted market prices or are provided by other third-party sources, when readily available.

Management believes the following accounting policies are the most critical to aid in fully understanding and evaluating the reported financial results:

•Allowance for credit losses;

•Goodwill and other intangible asset impairment; and

•Accounting for income taxes.

Allowance for Credit Losses

The allowance for credit losses (“ACL”) represents management's judgement of an estimated amount of lifetime expected losses that may be incurred on outstanding loans at the balance sheet date. This estimate is based on the risk characteristics of each segment of the loan portfolio, historical losses and defaults, an expectation of supportable future economic conditions and payment performance of the our borrowers. The methodology for estimating the allowance includes a collective quantified reserve, a collective qualitative reserve and individual allowances on specific credits. Loans are pooled into segments based on similar characteristics of borrowers, collateral types, types of associated industries and business purposes of the loans. Accordingly, the determination of the appropriateness of the allowance is complex and applies significant and highly subjective estimates. The use of significant judgement and the estimates of expected lifetime losses in the loan portfolio may vary significantly from actual amounts incurred. While management utilizes available applicable data to recognize expected losses, based on changes in the behavior of the portfolio in response to interest rates and economic conditions, the composition of the loan portfolio and the financial condition of the respective borrowers, future additions to the allowance may be necessary. The reasonableness of the allowance and the underlying methodology applied to determine the estimate is reviewed periodically by the Risk Committee of the board of directors and formally approved quarterly by the same committee of the board.

Further details regarding the methodologies applied to estimate the various components of the allowance are provided in Note 1 – Significant Accounting Policies in the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements. Information regarding the management of credit risk and changes in the allowance for credit losses during the period is provided in those sections of Management’s Discussion and Analysis beginning on page 56.

Goodwill and Other Intangible Asset Impairment

Current accounting guidance provides the option to first assess qualitative factors to determine whether the existence of events or circumstances leads to a determination that it is more likely than not that the fair value of a reporting unit is less than its carrying amount. We assess qualitative factors on a quarterly basis. Based on the assessment of these qualitative factors, if it is determined that it is more likely than not that the fair value of a reporting unit is not less than the carrying value, then performing the impairment process is not necessary. However, if it is determined that it is more likely than not that the carrying value exceeds the fair value a quantified analysis is required to determine whether an impairment exists. Determining the fair value of a reporting unit requires the Company to use a degree of subjectivity. We have applied this accounting guidance with respect to our Community Banking and Investment Management segments.

Annually, we perform an impairment test of goodwill as of October 1. During the year, any triggering event that occurs may affect goodwill and could require an impairment assessment. Based upon the lack of triggering events we concluded in our annual impairment test of goodwill and other intangible assets that no impairment has occurred on October 1 nor December 31.

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Other intangible assets have finite lives and are reviewed for impairment annually. These assets are amortized over their estimated useful lives on a straight-line or sum-of-the-years basis over varying periods that initially did not exceed 15 years. Intangible assets are reviewed or analyzed periodically to determine if it appears that their value has diminished beyond the value in the financial statements. The review or analysis of the intangible assets did not indicate that any impairment occurred during 2022.

Refer to Note 1 – Significant Accounting Policies in the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements for more details on the Company’s accounting policy for Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets.

Accounting for Income Taxes

Management exercises significant judgment in the evaluation of the amount and timing of the recognition of the resulting tax assets and liabilities. The judgments and estimates required for the evaluation are updated based upon changes in business factors and the tax laws. If actual results differ from the assumptions and other considerations used in estimating the amount and timing of tax recognized, there can be no assurance that additional expenses will not be required in future periods. Our adherence to the required accounting guidance may result in volatility in quarterly and annual effective income tax rates due to the requirement that any change in judgment or measurement taken in a prior period be recognized as a discrete event in the period in which it occurs. Factors that could impact management’s judgment include changes in income, tax laws and regulations, and tax planning strategies. Assessment of uncertain tax positions requires careful consideration of the technical merits of a position based on management’s analysis of tax regulations and interpretations. Significant judgment may be involved in applying the applicable reporting and accounting requirements.

Refer to Note 1 – Significant Accounting Policies in the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements for more details on the Company’s accounting policy for Income Taxes.

Accounting Pronouncements Adopted During the Current Year

For further information regarding accounting pronouncements adopted during the current year, refer to Note 1 - Significant Accounting Policies in the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements.

Pending Accounting Pronouncements

Refer to Note 1 - Significant Accounting Policies in the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements for more details regarding pending accounting pronouncements.

Net Interest Income

The largest source of our operating revenue is net interest income, which is the difference between the interest earned on interest-earning assets and the interest paid on interest-bearing liabilities. For purposes of this discussion and analysis, the interest earned on tax-advantaged loans and tax-exempt investment securities has been adjusted to an amount comparable to interest subject to normal income taxes. The result is referred to as tax-equivalent interest income and tax-equivalent net interest income. The following discussion of net interest income should be considered in conjunction with the impact of the acquisition of Revere in the second quarter of 2020 and a review of the information provided in the table that provides yields and rates on average balances.

2022 vs. 2021

Net interest income for 2022 was $427.0 million, compared to $424.5 million for 2021, a 1% increase. For the year ended December 31, 2022, net interest income increased $2.5 million compared to the prior year as a result of the $45.4 million increase in interest income, despite the $39.9 million reduction in PPP interest and fees, offset by the $42.9 million increase in interest expense. Excluding the impact of interest and fees on PPP loans, tax-equivalent interest income grew 21%, driven by non-PPP commercial loans, which increased 22% compared to the prior year. The increase in interest expense was primarily the result of additional interest expense associated with money market and time deposit accounts and, to a lesser degree, FHLB borrowings and the subordinated debt issued in March 2022. During the year, average interest-earning assets grew 4% or $482 million while interest-bearing liabilities increased 4% or $275 million. The increase in interest-bearing liabilities was the result of the $323 million increase in average borrowings while average interest-bearing deposits declined $48 million. Average noninterest-bearing deposits increased 5% during the year providing an incremental benefit to the net interest margin. On a tax-equivalent basis, net interest income for 2022 was $430.8 million, compared to $428.2 million for 2021. During the year, the average yield on interest-earning assets increased 22 basis points as the average rate paid on interest-bearing liabilities increased 54 basis points. The net interest margin declined to 3.44% for the year ended December 31, 2022, compared to 3.56% for the prior year. Excluding the impact of PPP interest and fees and the amortization

39

of the fair value marks, the net interest margin for the year ended December 31, 2022 would have been 3.40% compared to 3.38% for the prior year.

2021 vs. 2020

Net interest income for 2021 was $424.5 million compared to $363.2 million for 2020, a 17% increase. This $61.4 million increase was driven by a 13% increase in interest income from the commercial loan portfolio growth and the 57% decrease in interest expense during 2021. During 2021, average interest-earning assets grew 10% while interest-bearing liabilities remained stable, as the 14% increase in lower rate average interest-bearing deposits was offset by the 63% reduction in more expensive borrowings. Excess liquidity resulting from deposit growth and PPP loan forgiveness was used to reduce borrowings as well as fund loan growth. On a tax-equivalent basis, net interest income for 2021 was $428.2 million, compared to $367.3 million for 2020. The drivers of the positive effects on net interest income were partially mitigated by a decrease in interest income from the investment securities and mortgage and consumer loan portfolios. The PPP program, net of its funding cost, contributed $44.7 million to the growth in net interest income during 2021 compared to $19.0 million in 2020.

The net interest margin improved to 3.56% in 2021, compared to 3.35% for 2020. Excluding the net impact of the $4.1 million in amortization of the fair value marks derived from acquisitions, the net interest margin for 2021 would have been 3.52%. The net interest margin for 2020, excluding the amortization of fair value marks, would have been 3.23%.

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Consolidated Average Balances, Yields and Rates

	Year Ended December 31,
	2022						2021						2020
(Dollars in thousands and tax-equivalent)	Average Balances		Interest (1)		Annualized Average Yield/Rate (2)		Average Balances		Interest (1)		Annualized Average Yield/Rate (2)		Average Balances		Interest (1)		Annualized Average Yield/Rate (2)
Assets
Commercial investor real estate loans	$	4,681,607	$	194,598	4.16	%	$	3,689,769	$	152,977	4.15	%	$	3,210,527	$	142,105	4.43	%
Commercial owner-occupied real estate loans	1,730,293		78,559		4.54		1,661,015		76,463		4.60		1,560,223		73,655		4.72
Commercial AD&C loans	1,112,936		56,689		5.09		1,110,420		44,460		4.00		906,414		40,262		4.44
Commercial business loans	1,351,906		69,765		5.16		1,952,537		94,391		4.83		1,781,197		69,633		3.91
Total commercial loans	8,876,742		399,611		4.50		8,413,741		368,291		4.38		7,458,361		325,655		4.37
Residential mortgage loans	1,117,053		37,551		3.36		979,754		33,874		3.46		1,168,668		43,001		3.68
Residential construction loans	221,341		6,963		3.15		178,171		6,127		3.44		165,567		6,683		4.04
Consumer loans	423,746		19,887		4.69		463,200		16,689		3.60		524,897		20,356		3.88
Total residential and consumer loans	1,762,140		64,401		3.65		1,621,125		56,690		3.50		1,859,132		70,040		3.77
Total loans (3)	10,638,882		464,012		4.36		10,034,866		424,981		4.24		9,317,493		395,695		4.25
Loans held for sale	14,097		738		5.24		57,016		1,736		3.05		52,893		1,686		3.19
Taxable securities	1,214,032		20,519		1.69		1,017,268		16,118		1.58		1,106,315		22,482		2.03
Tax-advantaged securities	475,187		11,559		2.43		440,215		10,426		2.37		244,168		7,378		3.02
Total investment securities (4)	1,689,219		32,078		1.90		1,457,483		26,544		1.82		1,350,483		29,860		2.21
Interest-bearing deposits with banks	189,465		2,672		1.41		500,400		725		0.14		246,155		446		0.18
Federal funds sold	574		8		1.41		570		1		0.12		403		1		0.28
Total interest-earning assets	12,532,237		499,508		3.99		12,050,335		453,987		3.77		10,967,427		427,688		3.90
Less: allowance for credit losses - loans	(116,170)						(130,437)						(128,793)
Cash and due from banks	84,992						95,620						122,826
Premises and equipment, net	63,379						57,198						59,031
Other assets	654,386						745,486						754,605
Total assets	$	13,218,824					$	12,818,202					$	11,775,096
Liabilities and Stockholders' Equity
Interest-bearing demand deposits	$	1,457,833	3,177		0.22	%	$	1,420,249	911		0.06	%	$	1,062,474	1,812		0.17	%
Regular savings deposits	547,510		294		0.05		482,331		235		0.05		374,196		269		0.07
Money market savings deposits	3,308,678		23,883		0.72		3,453,764		4,871		0.14		2,741,230		12,424		0.45
Time deposits	1,573,868		16,500		1.05		1,579,230		9,005		0.57		1,924,429		27,146		1.41
Total interest-bearing deposits	6,887,889		43,854		0.64		6,935,574		15,022		0.22		6,102,329		41,651		0.68
Federal funds purchased	107,785		2,805		2.60		15,154		13		0.08		367,240		1,515		0.41
Repurchase agreements	108,273		124		0.11		143,734		169		0.12		142,283		450		0.32
Advances from FHLB	256,621		7,825		3.05		111,311		2,649		2.38		545,652		6,593		1.21
Subordinated debentures	328,939		14,055		4.27		208,199		7,913		3.80		224,306		10,192		4.54
Total borrowings	801,618		24,809		3.09		478,398		10,744		2.25		1,279,481		18,750		1.47
Total interest-bearing liabilities	7,689,507		68,663		0.89		7,413,972		25,766		0.35		7,381,810		60,401		0.82
Noninterest-bearing demand deposits	3,897,842						3,728,249						2,880,294
Other liabilities	151,277						157,374						173,501
Stockholders' equity	1,480,198						1,518,607						1,339,491
Total liabilities and stockholders' equity	$	13,218,824					$	12,818,202					$	11,775,096
Tax equivalent net interest income and spread			$	430,845	3.10	%			$	428,221	3.42	%			$	367,287	3.08	%
Less: tax-equivalent adjustment			3,841						3,703						4,128
Net interest income			$	427,004					$	424,518					$	363,159
Interest income/earning assets					3.99	%					3.77	%					3.90	%
Interest expense/earning assets					0.55	%					0.21	%					0.55	%
Net interest margin					3.44	%					3.56	%					3.35	%

(1)Tax-equivalent income has been adjusted using the combined marginal federal and state rate of 25.47% for 2022, 25.64% for 2021 and 25.54% for 2020. The annualized taxable-equivalent adjustments utilized in the above table to compute yields aggregated to $3.8 million, $3.7 million and $4.1 million in 2022, 2021 and 2020, respectively.

(2)The calculation of the respective yield or rate for each asset or liability category is based on the underlying interest accrual methodology for the individual products in accordance with their contractual terms.

(3)Non-accrual loans are included in the average balances.

(4)Available-for-sale investments are presented at amortized cost.

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Effect of Volume and Rate Changes on Tax-Equivalent Net Interest Income

The following table analyzes the reasons for the changes from year-to-year in the principal elements that comprise net tax-equivalent interest income:

	2022 vs. 2021						2021 vs. 2020
	Increase or (Decrease)		Due to Change in Average*:				Increase or (Decrease)		Due to Change in Average*:
(Dollars in thousands and tax equivalent)			Volume		Rate				Volume		Rate
Interest income from earning assets:
Commercial investor real estate loans	$	41,621	$	41,251	$	370	$	10,872	$	20,269	$	(9,397)
Commercial owner-occupied real estate loans	2,096		3,115		(1,019)		2,808		4,702		(1,894)
Commercial AD&C loans	12,229		101		12,128		4,198		8,453		(4,255)
Commercial business loans	(24,626)		(30,695)		6,069		24,758		7,184		17,574
Residential mortgage loans	3,677		4,673		(996)		(9,127)		(6,663)		(2,464)
Residential construction loans	836		1,387		(551)		(556)		485		(1,041)
Consumer loans	3,198		(1,515)		4,713		(3,667)		(2,272)		(1,395)
Loans held for sale	(998)		(1,788)		790		50		130		(80)
Taxable securities	4,401		3,236		1,165		(6,364)		(1,695)		(4,669)
Tax-exempt securities	1,133		859		274		3,048		4,907		(1,859)
Interest-bearing deposits with banks	1,947		(690)		2,637		279		392		(113)
Federal funds sold	7		—		7		—		—		—
Total tax-equivalent interest income	45,521		19,934		25,587		26,299		35,892		(9,593)
Interest expense on funding of earning assets:
Interest-bearing demand deposits	2,266		22		2,244		(901)		492		(1,393)
Regular savings deposits	59		59		—		(34)		58		(92)
Money market savings deposits	19,012		(211)		19,223		(7,553)		2,587		(10,140)
Time deposits	7,495		(31)		7,526		(18,141)		(4,198)		(13,943)
Federal funds purchased	2,792		502		2,290		(1,502)		(828)		(674)
Repurchase agreements	(45)		(34)		(11)		(281)		5		(286)
Advances from FHLB	5,176		4,258		918		(3,944)		(7,546)		3,602
Subordinated debentures	6,142		5,062		1,080		(2,279)		(697)		(1,582)
Total interest expense	42,897		9,627		33,270		(34,635)		(10,127)		(24,508)
Tax-equivalent net interest income	$	2,624	$	10,307	$	(7,683)	$	60,934	$	46,019	$	14,915

* Variances that are the combined effect of volume and rate, but cannot be separately identified, are allocated to the volume and rate variances based on their respective relative amounts.

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Interest Income

2022 vs. 2021

Total tax-equivalent interest income increased 10% during 2022 compared to the prior year due to the impact of loan growth and higher loan yields and income from investment securities. During the year, interest and fees on PPP loans declined $39.9 million. Excluding the impact of interest and fees on PPP loans, tax-equivalent interest income grew 21%, driven by non-PPP commercial loans which increased 22% compared to the prior year period. In addition, interest income on the residential and consumer loan portfolio increased 14% and interest income on investment securities increased 21%. Year-over-year, the average yield on the loan portfolio increased by 12 basis points while the average yield on investment securities increased eight basis points. Overall, the yield on average interest-earning assets increased to 3.99% at end of the current year compared to 3.77% for 2021. This growth was driven by the rising rate environment during 2022. Excluding the impact of PPP loans, the yield on average interest-earning assets for 2022 was 3.96% compared to 3.65% for the prior year.

2021 vs. 2020

Total tax-equivalent interest income increased 6% during 2021 compared to 2020 due to a combined product of the full year's impact of the Revere acquisition completed in the second quarter of 2020, loan fees from the participation in the PPP program and the growth in the non-PPP commercial loan portfolios. The overall positive impact of these items on interest income was partially mitigated by a decline of 19% in interest income on the residential and consumer loan portfolio and an 11% decline in interest income on investment securities. Year-over-year, the average yield on the loan portfolio decreased by one basis point while the average yield on investment securities decreased 39 basis points. The positive impact from the $44.7 million in interest and fees received on PPP loans during 2021 contributed significantly to minimize the decline in the overall yield on the loan portfolio and softened the impact of the interest rate declines in the market on the total yield on interest-earning assets during 2021 compared to 2020. During 2021, total average balances of consumer loans and residential mortgage loans decreased, both reflecting the impact of the loan refinance and origination activity during 2021. The vast majority of mortgage loans originated during the year were sold in the secondary market while customers took advantage of the opportunity to eliminate their home equity lines and loans by including those balances in their refinanced mortgages. For the year ended December 31, 2021, the fair value amortization from the Revere acquisition reduced interest income $1.8 million compared to $0.6 million for the previous year.

Interest Expense

2022 vs. 2021

Interest expense increased by $42.9 million or 166% in 2022 compared to 2021, primarily as the result of additional interest expense associated with money market and time deposit accounts and, to a lesser degree, FHLB borrowings and the subordinated debt issued in March 2022. During 2022, average interest-bearing deposits declined 1% as average borrowings increased 68% resulting in total interest-bearing liabilities increasing 4%. Rising interest rates during 2022 compared to the prior year resulted in notable increases of 58 basis points in the average rate paid on money market accounts, 48 basis points in the average rate paid on time deposits and 84 basis points in the average rate paid on borrowings. The combination of higher average rates on interest-bearing liabilities coupled with the increase in average borrowings resulted in the 54 basis point increase in the average rate paid on interest-bearing liabilities. During the year, average noninterest-bearing deposits increased 5% and continued to benefit our overall funding costs and net interest margin.

2021 vs. 2020

Interest expense decreased by $34.6 million or 57% in 2021 compared to 2020. The decrease in interest expense was driven by declining interest rates during 2021, in addition to the 63% reduction in average borrowings during the year. The decline in interest rates during 2021 compared to the prior year resulted in a 31 basis point decline in the average rate paid on money market accounts and an 84 basis point decline in the average rate paid on time deposits, while the average rate paid on borrowings rose 78 basis points. The combination of large average balance decreases in time deposits at lower average rates and borrowings at higher average rates provided an additional benefit to the overall rate decline in interest-bearing liabilities even as average money market, savings and demand deposit balances experienced significant growth. The increase in lower cost funding sources as average interest-bearing demand deposits increased 34% and regular savings deposits increased 29% during the year, contributed to a reduction in interest expense from 2020. During 2021, average noninterest-bearing deposits increased 29%, primarily from the funding provided to customers under the second round of the PPP program, which benefited our overall funding costs and net interest margin. For the year ended December 31, 2021, the fair value amortization from the Revere acquisition reduced interest expense by $6.0 million compared to $13.3 million for the previous year.

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Interest Rate Performance

2022 vs. 2021

Our net interest margin decreased to 3.44% for 2022 compared to 3.56% for 2021, while the net interest spread decreased to 3.10% in 2022 compared to 3.42% in 2021. The decrease in the spread was driven by the 54 basis point increase in the rates paid on average interest-bearing liabilities exceeding the 22 basis point increase in the yields earned on average interest-earning assets. The decrease in the net interest margin from the prior year is the result of the increase of 34 basis points in the cost of interest-bearing liabilities as a percentage of interest-earning assets exceeding the 22 basis point increase in the yield on interest-earning assets. Growth in both average interest-earning assets and average interest-bearing liabilities was driven primarily by loan growth and its respective funding requirements. Higher cost deposit products and borrowings fully offset increases in the yields on interest-earning assets and resulted in interest expense increasing 166% while tax-equivalent interest income increased 10% during the year. Excluding the impact of PPP interest and fees, net interest income would have increased 21% year over year. The net interest margin for the year ended December 31, 2022 would have been 3.40% compared to 3.38% for the prior year exclusive of the impact of PPP interest and fees and the amortization of the fair value marks.

2021 vs. 2020

Our net interest margin increased to 3.56% for 2021 compared to 3.35% for 2020, while the net interest spread increased to 3.42% in 2021 compared to 3.08% in 2020. The increase in the spread was the result of the decrease in the rates paid on interest-bearing liabilities exceeding the decrease in the yields earned on interest-earning assets. The increase in the net interest margin from 2020 was the result of the 34 basis point decline in the cost of interest-bearing liabilities as a percentage of interest-earning assets exceeding the 13 basis point decline in the yield on interest-earning assets. Growth in both average interest-earning assets and average interest-bearing liabilities mainly as a result of the PPP program, the reduction of borrowings and higher cost deposit products, in combination with yield and rate declines, resulted in interest expense decreasing 57% while tax-equivalent interest income increased 6% during the year. Excluding the impact of the amortization of the fair value marks derived from acquisitions, the net interest margin for 2021 would have been 3.52% compared to 3.23% for 2020.

Non-interest Income

Non-interest income amounts and trends are presented in the following table for the years indicated:

							2022/2021		2022/2021		2021/2020		2021/2020
(Dollars in thousands)	2022		2021		2020		$ Change		% Change		$ Change		% Change
Investment securities gains/ (losses)	$	(345)	$	212	$	467	$	(557)	(262.7)	%	$	(255)	(54.6)	%
Gain on disposal of assets	16,516		—		—		16,516		N/M		—		N/M
Service charges on deposit accounts	9,803		8,241		7,066		1,562		19.0		1,175		16.6
Mortgage banking activities	6,130		24,509		40,058		(18,379)		(75.0)		(15,549)		(38.8)
Wealth management income	35,774		36,841		30,570		(1,067)		(2.9)		6,271		20.5
Insurance agency commissions	2,927		7,017		6,795		(4,090)		(58.3)		222		3.3
Income from bank owned life insurance	3,141		3,022		2,867		119		3.9		155		5.4
Bank card fees	4,379		6,896		5,672		(2,517)		(36.5)		1,224		21.6
Letter of credit fees	721		910		710		(189)		(20.8)		200		28.2
Extension fees	955		811		1,967		144		17.8		(1,156)		(58.8)
Prepayment penalty fees	1,807		3,216		961		(1,409)		(43.8)		2,255		234.7
Other income	5,211		10,380		5,583		(5,169)		(49.8)		4,797		85.9
Total non-interest income	$	87,019	$	102,055	$	102,716	$	(15,036)	(14.7)		$	(661)	(0.6)

2022 vs. 2021

Total non-interest income decreased 15% to $87.0 million for 2022, compared to $102.1 million for 2021. Non-interest income for 2022, included a $16.5 million gain from the sale of insurance business. Excluding the gain, non-interest income decreased 31% driven by a 75% decline in income from mortgage banking activities, a 58% decline in insurance commission income, reduced bank card income of 36% and a 50% decline in other income.

Service charges on deposits increased 19% in 2022 compared to the prior year as a result of increased transaction volume. The decline in income from mortgage banking activities resulted from the rising interest rate environment, which continues to dampen mortgage

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origination and refinancing activity. Wealth management income is comprised of income from trust and estate services provided by the Bank and investment management fees earned by West Financial and RPJ, our investment management subsidiaries. During 2022 wealth management income declined 3% from 2021 reflecting volatility and asset value erosion in the marketplace. Total assets under management by trust and wealth management declined to $5.3 billion at December 31, 2022 compared to $6.1 billion at December 31, 2021 as market values of those assets declined. Investment management fees from West Financial and RPJ decreased 2% and trust services fees, primarily from less recurring fiduciary and trust management fees, decreased 4% compared to the prior year. Insurance agency commissions for the year decreased 58% compared to the prior year as a result of the sale of the insurance business in the second quarter of 2022. Investments in bank-owned life insurance ("BOLI") products are used to manage the cost of employee benefit plans. Income from BOLI increased 4% in 2022 compared to the prior year. At December 31, 2022, the total carrying amount of BOLI increased to $153.0 million as compared to $147.5 million at December 31, 2021. These policies are diversified by carrier in accordance with defined policies and practices. The average tax-equivalent yield on these insurance contract assets was 2.94% for 2022 compared to 2.91% for the prior year. Bank card fees declined 36% compared to the prior year as a result of regulatory fee limitations that became effective in the second quarter of the current year. Other income declined from the prior year as a result of the decline in credit related fees, the inclusion in 2021 of the impact from the full payoff of a purchased credit deteriorated loan and activity-based vendor incentives.

2021 vs. 2020

Total non-interest income decreased 1% to $102.1 for 2021, compared to $102.7 for 2020. During 2021, increases in wealth management income, bank card fees and service charge income, and prepayment penalty fees, along with an increase other non-interest income, mitigated the impact of the decrease in income in mortgage banking activities.

Wealth management income grew 21% during 2021 from 2020. The growth in income was driven directly by the $927 million year-over-year growth in assets under management. Investment management fees from West Financial and RPJ increased 25% and trust services fees increased 13% compared to 2020. Overall, total assets under management by trust and wealth management grew to $6.1 billion at December 31, 2021 compared to $5.2 billion at December 31, 2020. Service charges on deposits increased 17% in 2021 compared to 2020, which reflected the impact of 2020's temporary suspension of certain service fees as well as lower transaction volume, both a resulting reaction to the pandemic. Insurance agency commissions for the year ended December 31, 2021 grew 3% compared to the prior year as a result of increased commercial and physician's professional liability insurance commission income. Income from BOLI increased 5% in 2021 compared to 2020 primarily as a result of the increase in BOLI investments, a result of the new policies added during 2021 and from the Revere acquisition. At December 31, 2021, the total carrying amount of BOLI increased to $147.5 million as compared to $126.9 million at December 31, 2020. The average tax-equivalent yield on these insurance contract assets declined to 2.91% for 2021 compared to 3.09% for 2020 due to the declining interest rate environment during 2021. Bank card fees grew 22% compared to 2020 as a result of increased transaction volume. The combination of credit-related fees increased $1.3 million year-over-year, driven by prepayment penalty fees associated with commercial loans. Other non-interest income also grew 86% compared to 2020 primarily as the result of the combination of the full payoff of a purchased credit deteriorated loan, credit related fees and activity-based contractual vendor incentives.

45

Non-interest Expense

Non-interest expense amounts and trends are presented in the following table for the years indicated:

							2022/2021		2022/2021		2021/2020		2021/2020
(Dollars in thousands)	2022		2021		2020		$ Change		% Change		$ Change		% Change
Salaries and employee benefits	$	158,504	$	155,830	$	134,471	$	2,674	1.7	%	$	21,359	15.9	%
Occupancy expense of premises	19,255		22,405		21,383		(3,150)		(14.1)		1,022		4.8
Equipment expenses	14,779		12,883		12,224		1,896		14.7		659		5.4
Marketing	5,197		4,730		4,281		467		9.9		449		10.5
Outside data services	10,199		8,983		8,759		1,216		13.5		224		2.6
FDIC insurance	4,792		4,294		4,727		498		11.6		(433)		(9.2)
Amortization of intangible assets	5,814		6,600		6,221		(786)		(11.9)		379		6.1
Merger and acquisition expense	1,068		45		25,174		1,023		N/M		(25,129)		(99.8)
Professional fees and services	9,169		10,308		7,939		(1,139)		(11.0)		2,369		29.8
Postage and delivery	2,040		1,906		1,624		134		7.0		282		17.4
Communications	2,332		2,508		2,729		(176)		(7.0)		(221)		(8.1)
Loss on FHLB redemption	—		9,117		5,928		(9,117)		(100.0)		3,189		53.8
Contingent payment expense	1,247		—		—		1,247		N/M		—		—
Other expenses	22,897		20,861		20,322		2,036		9.8		539		2.7
Total non-interest expense	$	257,293	$	260,470	$	255,782	$	(3,177)	(1.2)		$	4,688	1.8

2022 vs. 2021

Non-interest expenses decreased $3.2 million to $257.3 million in 2022 compared to $260.5 million in 2021. Excluding merger, acquisition and disposal expense from the current and prior year periods, the earn-out accrual associated with the performance of the 2020 acquisition of Rembert Pendleton Jackson and the $9.1 million in prepayment penalties on FHLB borrowings that occurred in the prior year, non-interest expense increased 1% year-over-year.

Employee salaries and benefits, the largest component of non-interest expense, increased $2.7 million or 2% in 2022 compared to the prior year, primarily due to year-over-year salary adjustments and, to a lesser extent, increased benefit costs. During 2022, the average number of full-time equivalent employees decreased to 1,134 compared to 1,155 for 2021. Combined occupancy and equipment expense was lower by 4% as a result of lower depreciation and rental expense, which exceeded higher software related expenses. Marketing costs increased 10% as a result of specific initiatives and outside data services increased 14% as a result of transaction volumes, while professional fees and service costs decreased 11% for the period due to a reduction in the utilization of consultant services. Other expenses increased $2.0 million or 10% during the current year, driven by increases in other operational expenses.

2021 vs. 2020

Non-interest expenses increased $4.7 million to $260.5 million in 2021 compared to $255.8 million in 2020. Prepayment penalties on FHLB borrowings of $9.1 million were included in 2021 compared to prepayment penalties of $5.9 million in 2020 which also included $25.2 million in merger and acquisition expense. Excluding the impact of these items resulted in a year-over-year growth rate in non-interest expense of 12%. This growth was driven by a combination of a full year's operational and compensation costs associated with 2020 acquisitions, staffing increases, and incentive compensation, in addition to increases in professional fees and services associated with certain strategic initiatives, intangible asset amortization, marketing and outside data services cost.

Salaries and employee benefits, the largest component of non-interest expenses, increased 16% in 2021 compared to 2020, primarily in response to increased compensation costs associated with performance and production benchmarks, in addition to an increase in operational expense resulting from a full year of costs associated with the 2020 acquisitions and general staffing increases. The average number of full-time equivalent employees increased to 1,155 in 2021 compared to 1,080 for 2020. Benefit expense increased 26% during 2021 due to a combination of increases in health insurance, pension cost, 401(k) plan contribution expense, stock compensation expense and FICA taxes as a result of the increased compensation expense.

Both occupancy and equipment expenses increased in 2021 compared to 2020, primarily due to increased depreciation expense driven by a full year's depreciation expense on the post-acquisition retained facilities, the closure of legacy branch facilities and increased

46

software amortization. Marketing expense for 2021 increased by 10% compared to 2020 as a result of increased advertising initiatives during 2021. Outside data services expense increased 3% in 2021 compared to 2020 due to the increased cost of contractual services with volume-based components. FDIC insurance expense decreased 9% in 2021 compared to 2020 as a result of a reduction in the risk factors applied by the regulatory agency in the determination of the Company's premium. Amortization of intangibles decreased from 2020 as a result of the inclusion of a full year's amortization of the various intangible assets recognized as part of the RPJ and Revere acquisitions. The 30% increase in professional fees and services is directly associated with our strategic investments in technology for greater efficiency and data management. The loss on the redemption of the FHLB advances was the result of the early prepayment.

Income Taxes

Income tax expense in 2022 was $56.1 million, compared to $76.6 million in 2021 and $27.5 million in 2020. The resulting effective rates for each year were 25.2% for 2022, 24.6% for 2021 and 22.1% for 2020. The effective tax rate for 2022 compared to 2021 increased as a result the impact of an increase in state income taxes as a percentage of pre-tax income compared to the prior year. The increase in the effective rate in 2021 was due to the 2020 application of a change in tax laws that expanded the time permitted to utilize previous net operating losses. The Company applied this change in 2020 to utilize the net operating losses acquired as part of the 2018 acquisition of WashingtonFirst Bankshares, Inc. to realize a tax benefit of $1.8 million.

Operating Expense Performance

Management views the GAAP efficiency ratio as an important financial measure of expense performance and cost management. The ratio expresses the level of non-interest expenses as a percentage of total revenue (net interest income plus total non-interest income). Lower ratios indicate improved productivity.

Non-GAAP Financial Measures

We also use a traditional efficiency ratio that is a non-GAAP financial measure of operating expense control and efficiency of operations. Management believes that its traditional ratio better focuses attention on the operating performance of the Company over time than does a GAAP ratio, and is highly useful in comparing period-to-period operating performance of our core business operations. The non-GAAP efficiency ratio is used by management as part of its assessment of its performance in managing non-interest expenses. However, this measure is supplemental, and is not a substitute for an analysis of performance based on GAAP measures. The reader is cautioned that the non-GAAP efficiency ratio used by the Company may not be comparable to GAAP or non-GAAP efficiency ratios reported by other financial institutions.

In general, the efficiency ratio is non-interest expenses as a percentage of net interest income plus non-interest income. Non-interest expenses used in the calculation of the non-GAAP efficiency ratio exclude merger and acquisition expense, the amortization of intangible assets, and other non-recurring expenses, such as early prepayment penalties on FHLB advances and/or contingent payment expense. Income for the non-GAAP ratio includes the favorable effect of tax-exempt income, and excludes realized investment securities gains and losses, which may vary widely from period to period without appreciably affecting operating expenses, and other non-recurring gains. The measure is different from the GAAP efficiency ratio, which also is presented in this report. The GAAP measure is calculated using non-interest expense and income amounts as shown on the face of the Consolidated Statements of Income. The GAAP and non-GAAP efficiency ratios are reconciled and provided in the following table. The GAAP efficiency ratio was 50.05% in 2022 compared to 49.47% for the prior year. The current year's non-GAAP efficiency ratio was 49.66% compared to the 46.17% for to prior year. The growth in the current year’s non-GAAP efficiency ratio compared to the prior year, indicating a decline in efficiency, was the result of the 5% decrease in non-GAAP revenue combined with the 2% growth in non-GAAP non-interest expense.

In addition, the Company uses pre-tax, pre-provision net income, as a measure of the level of certain recurring income before provision for credit losses and income taxes. Management believes this provides financial statement users with a useful metric of the run-rate of revenues and expenses that is readily comparable to other financial institutions. This measure is calculated by adding/ (subtracting) the provision (credit) for credit losses and the provision for income taxes back to/from net income. Pre-tax, pre-provision net income for 2022 was $256.7 million compared to $266.1 million in 2021, a decline of $9.3 million or 4%, primarily as a result of the decline in non-interest income, which exceeded the growth in net interest income and the decline in non-interest expense.

We have also presented core earnings, core earnings per diluted share, core return on average assets and core return on average tangible common equity in order to present metrics that are more comparable to prior periods to provide an indication of the core performance of the Company year-over-year. Core earnings reflect net income exclusive of merger, acquisition and disposal expense, amortization of intangible assets, contingent payment expense, loss on FHLB redemptions, gain on disposal of assets and investment

47

securities gains or losses, in each case net of tax. Average tangible common equity represents average stockholders’ equity adjusted for average goodwill and average intangible assets, net.

Reconciliation of Non-GAAP Financial Measures

	Year ended December 31,
(Dollars in thousands)	2022			2021			2020			2019			2018
Pre-tax pre-provision net income (non-GAAP):
Net income (GAAP)	$	166,299		$	235,107		$	96,953		$	116,433		$	100,864
Plus non-GAAP adjustments:
Income tax expense	56,059			76,552			27,471			36,428			31,824
Provision/ (credit) for credit losses	34,372			(45,556)			85,669			4,684			9,023
Pre-tax pre-provision net income (non-GAAP)	$	256,730		$	266,103		$	210,093		$	157,545		$	141,711
Efficiency ratio (GAAP):
Non-interest expense	$	257,293		$	260,470		$	255,782		$	179,085		$	179,783
Net interest income plus non-interest income	$	514,023		$	526,573		$	465,875		$	336,630		$	321,494
Efficiency ratio (GAAP)	50.05		%	49.47		%	54.90		%	53.20		%	55.92		%
Efficiency ratio (non-GAAP):
Non-interest expense	$	257,293		$	260,470		$	255,782		$	179,085		$	179,783
Less non-GAAP adjustments:
Amortization of intangible assets	5,814			6,600			6,221			1,946			2,162
Loss on FHLB redemption	—			9,117			5,928			—			—
Merger, acquisition and disposal expense	1,068			45			25,174			1,312			11,766
Contingent payment expense	1,247			—			—			—			—
Non-interest expense - as adjusted	$	249,164		$	244,708		$	218,459		$	175,827		$	165,855
Net interest income plus non-interest income	$	514,023		$	526,573		$	465,875		$	336,630		$	321,494
Plus non-GAAP adjustment:
Tax-equivalent income	3,841			3,703			4,128			4,746			4,715
Less/ (plus) non-GAAP adjustments:
Investment securities gains/ (losses)	(345)			212			467			77			190
Gain on disposal of assets	16,516			—			—			—			—
Net interest income plus non-interest income - as adjusted	$	501,693		$	530,064		$	469,536		$	341,299		$	326,019
Efficiency ratio (non-GAAP)	49.66		%	46.17		%	46.53		%	51.52		%	50.87		%

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GAAP and Non-GAAP Performance Ratios

	Year ended December 31,
(Dollars in thousands)	2022			2021			2020			2019			2018
Core earnings (non-GAAP):
Net income (GAAP)	$	166,299		$	235,107		$	96,953		$	116,433		$	100,864
Plus/ (less) non-GAAP adjustments (net of tax):
Merger, acquisition and disposal expense (1)	796			33			18,745			969			8,692
Amortization of intangible assets (1)	4,333			4,908			4,632			1,438			1,597
Loss on FHLB redemption (1)	—			6,779			4,414			—			—
Gain on disposal of assets (1)	(12,309)			—			—			—			—
Investment securities (gains)/ losses (1)	257			(158)			(348)			(57)			(140)
Contingent payment expense (1)	929			—			—			—			—
Core earnings (non-GAAP)	$	160,305		$	246,669		$	124,396		$	118,783		$	111,013
Core earnings per diluted common share (non-GAAP):
Weighted-average common shares outstanding - diluted (GAAP)	45,039,022			46,899,085			44,132,251			35,617,924			35,522,903
Earnings per diluted common share (GAAP)	$	3.68		$	4.98		$	2.18		$	3.25		$	2.82
Core earnings per diluted common share (non-GAAP)	$	3.56		$	5.26		$	2.82		$	3.33		$	3.13
Core return on average assets (non-GAAP):
Average assets (GAAP)	$	13,218,824		$	12,818,202		$	11,775,096		$	8,367,139		$	7,965,514
Return on average assets (GAAP)	1.26		%	1.83		%	0.82		%	1.39		%	1.27		%
Core return on average assets (non-GAAP)	1.21		%	1.92		%	1.06		%	1.42		%	1.39		%
Core return on average tangible common equity (non-GAAP):
Average total stockholders' equity (GAAP)	$	1,480,198		$	1,518,607		$	1,339,491		$	1,108,310		$	1,024,795
Average goodwill	(366,244)			(370,223)			(365,543)			(347,149)			(345,583)
Average other intangible assets, net	(23,009)			(29,403)			(28,357)			(8,873)			(10,946)
Average tangible common equity (non-GAAP)	$	1,090,945		$	1,118,981		$	945,591		$	752,288		$	668,266
Return on average tangible common equity (non-GAAP)	15.24		%	21.01		%	10.25		%	15.48		%	15.09		%
Core return on average tangible common equity (non-GAAP)	14.69		%	22.04		%	13.16		%	15.79		%	16.61		%

(1)Tax adjustments have been adjusted using the combined marginal federal and state rate of 25.47% for 2022, 25.64% for 2021, 25.54% for 2020, and 26.13% for both 2019 for 2018.

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FINANCIAL CONDITION

Total assets increased 10% to $13.8 billion at December 31, 2022 compared to $12.6 billion at December 31, 2021. Asset growth was driven by the increase in total loans, which grew 14% to $11.4 billion at December 31, 2022 compared to $10.0 billion at December 31, 2021. During 2022 investment securities increased 2% to $1.5 billion compared to year end 2021. At December 31, 2022, total liabilities were $12.3 billion compared to $11.1 billion at the end of 2021. Total deposits at the end of 2022 were $11.0 billion compared to $10.6 billion at the end of 2021, a 3% increase during the period. Total borrowings were $1.2 billion at December 31, 2022 compared to $313.8 million at December 31, 2021.

Loans

A comparison of the loan portfolio for the years indicated is presented in the following table:

	December 31,
	2022				2021				Year-to-Year Change
(Dollars in thousands)	Amount		%		Amount		%		$ Change		% Change
Commercial real estate:
Commercial investor real estate	$	5,130,094	45.0	%	$	4,141,346	41.5	%	$	988,748	23.9	%
Commercial owner-occupied real estate	1,775,037		15.5		1,690,881		17.0		84,156		5.0
Commercial AD&C	1,090,028		9.6		1,088,094		10.9		1,934		0.2
Commercial business	1,455,885		12.8		1,481,834		14.9		(25,949)		(1.8)
Total commercial loans	9,451,044		82.9		8,402,155		84.3		1,048,889		12.5
Residential real estate:
Residential mortgage	1,287,933		11.3		937,570		9.4		350,363		37.4
Residential construction	224,772		2.0		197,652		2.0		27,120		13.7
Consumer	432,957		3.8		429,714		4.3		3,243		0.8
Total residential and consumer loans	1,945,662		17.1		1,564,936		15.7		380,726		24.3
Total loans	$	11,396,706	100.0	%	$	9,967,091	100.0	%	$	1,429,615	14.3

Total loans grew by 14% to $11.4 billion at December 31, 2022, compared to $10.0 billion at December 31, 2021, driven by growth in the commercial real estate loan portfolio. The decline in the commercial business loan portfolio was the result of the reduction in the portfolio from the continued run-off of PPP loans during the year. Excluding PPP loans, total loans at December 31, 2022 grew 16% to $11.4 billion as compared to $9.8 billion at December 31, 2021, as the commercial loan portfolio increased $1.2 billion, while the residential mortgage and consumer loans rose $380.7 million, as a greater number of conventional 1-4 family mortgage and one-year ARM loans were retained to grow the portfolio. The growth in the commercial portfolio, excluding PPP loans, occurred in all commercial portfolios led by the $988.7 million or 24% growth in the investor real estate commercial portfolio. During 2022, new gross commercial loan production of $3.9 billion was generated of which $2.5 billion was funded, which more than offset $1.2 billion in commercial loan run-off.

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Loan Balances by Industry

Loan balances by industry for specific lending portfolios are presented in the following table:

	December 31, 2022
	Owner-Occupied Real Estate		Commercial Business
(Dollars in thousands)	Amount		Amount		Total Amount
Accommodation & Food Services	$	70,681	$	98,498	$	169,179
Administrative & Support	42,643		48,356		90,999
Agriculture & Forestry	2,473		6,914		9,387
Arts, Entertainment & Recreation	26,483		148,329		174,812
Construction	173,087		228,899		401,986
Educational Services	162,494		145,475		307,969
Finance & Insurance	48,057		26,881		74,938
Health Care & Social Assistance	106,563		138,832		245,395
Information	4,881		8,698		13,579
Management of Companies	56,290		—		56,290
Manufacturing	45,876		77,430		123,306
Other Services	56,774		316,270		373,044
Professional, Scientific & Technical Services	236,865		113,074		349,939
Public Administration	4,171		7,766		11,937
Real Estate Rental & Leasing	271,863		61,835		333,698
Retail	48,197		228,094		276,291
Transportation & Warehousing	25,322		28,783		54,105
Utilities	457		2,021		2,478
Wholesale	72,708		88,882		161,590
Total loans	$	1,455,885	$	1,775,037	$	3,230,922

Loan Maturities and Interest Rate Sensitivity

Loan maturities and interest rate characteristics for loan portfolios are presented in the following table:

	At December 31, 2022
	Fixed Rate Loans										Variable Rate Loans
(In thousands)	In One Year or Less		After One Year Through Five Years		After Five Years Through Fifteen Years		After Fifteen Years		Total		In One Year or Less		After One Year Through Five Years		After Five Years Through Fifteen Years		After Fifteen Years		Total
Commercial Real Estate:
Commercial investor R/E	$	413,199	$	1,582,595	$	1,966,753	$	—	$	3,962,547	$	169,875	$	553,077	$	441,149	$	3,446	$	1,167,547
Commercial owner-occupied R/E	149,668		503,125		842,083		22,362		1,517,238		20,741		112,742		121,457		2,859		257,799
Commercial AD&C	18,661		118,533		61,793		—		198,987		496,350		354,383		40,302		6		891,041
Commercial business	326,166		393,365		28,157		13,676		761,364		229,864		323,877		57,281		83,499		694,521
Total commercial loans	907,694		2,597,618		2,898,786		36,038		6,440,136		916,830		1,344,079		660,189		89,810		3,010,908
Residential real estate:
Residential mortgage	22,977		103,250		231,111		94,345		451,683		134,612		411,189		264,985		25,464		836,250
Residential construction	4,162		—		—		—		4,162		208,765		11,551		—		294		220,610
Consumer	13,185		7,622		2,447		3		23,257		112,426		217,793		67,985		11,496		409,700
Total residential and consumer loans	40,324		110,872		233,558		94,348		479,102		455,803		640,533		332,970		37,254		1,466,560
Total loans	$	948,018	$	2,708,490	$	3,132,344	$	130,386	$	6,919,238	$	1,372,633	$	1,984,612	$	993,159	$	127,064	$	4,477,468

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Composition of Investment Securities

The composition of investment securities for the periods indicated is presented in the following table:

	December 31,
	2022				2021				Year-to-Year Change
(Dollars in thousands)	Amount		%		Amount		%		$ Change		% Change
Available-for-sale debt securities(1):
U.S. treasuries and government agencies	$	93,622	6.1	%	$	68,539	4.5	%	$	25,083	36.6	%
State and municipal	265,997		17.2		326,402		21.7		(60,405)		(18.5)
Mortgage-backed and asset-backed(2)	854,919		55.4		1,070,955		71.1		(216,036)		(20.2)
Total available-for-sale debt securities(3)	1,214,538		78.7		1,465,896		97.3		(251,358)		(17.1)
Held-to-maturity debt securities(4):
Mortgage-backed and asset-backed(2)	259,452		16.8		—		—		259,452		N/M
Total held-to-maturity debt securities(3)	259,452		16.8		—		—		259,452		N/M
Other investments, at cost:
Federal Reserve Bank stock	38,873		2.6		34,097		2.3		4,776		14.0
Federal Home Loan Bank of Atlanta stock	29,668		1.9		6,392		0.4		23,276		N/M
Other	677		—		677		—		—		—
Other investments	69,218		4.5		41,166		2.7		28,052		68.1
Total securities(3)	$	1,543,208	100.0	%	$	1,507,062	100.0	%	$	36,146	2.4

(1)At estimated fair value.

(2)Issued by a U.S. Government Agency or secured by U.S. Government Agency collateral.

(3)The outstanding balance of no single issuer, except for U.S. Government Agency securities, exceeded ten percent of stockholders' equity at December 31, 2022 or 2021.

(4)At amortized cost.

The investment portfolio consists primarily of U.S. Treasuries, U.S. Agency securities, U.S. Agency mortgage-backed and asset-backed securities and collateralized mortgage obligations and state and municipal securities. As the portfolio grew 2% during 2022, the composition of the total securities portfolio remained stable compared to the prior year During the first quarter of 2022, we transferred certain debt securities from available-for-sale to held-to-maturity. The total amortized cost of debt securities transferred was $305.6 million with the associated fair value of $289.4 million and unrealized losses of $16.2 million at the date of transfer. The transfer occurred to lessen the impact on the Company's tangible common equity in contemplation of anticipated future increases in general market interest rates. December 31, 2022, total mortgage and asset-backed securities comprised 72% of the investment portfolio compared to 71% at December 31, 2021.

At December 31, 2022, 95% of the investment portfolio was invested in Aa/AA or Aaa/AAA rated securities compared to 93% at December 31, 2021. The average duration of the investment portfolio was 4.8 years compared to 4.3 years at the end of the prior year. The rise in the duration of the portfolio reflects the effect of the rising rate interest environment during the current year. The composition and duration of the investment portfolio has resulted in a portfolio with low credit risk that is expected to provide the liquidity needed to meet lending and other funding demands. The portfolio is monitored on a continual basis with consideration given to interest rate trends and the structure of the yield curve and with constant assessment of economic projections and analysis.

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Maturity Distribution and Yield Analysis of Investment Securities

The following table summarizes the weighted average yields for AFS and HTM debt securities by contractual maturity of the underlying securities as of December 31, 2022:

	One year or Less		One to five years		Five to ten years		After ten years		Total
Available-for-sale debt securities:
U.S. treasuries and government agencies	—	%	1.32	%	—	%	—	%	1.32	%
State and municipal	2.84	%	2.64	%	2.01	%	2.44	%	2.44	%
Mortgage-backed and asset-backed	3.18	%	3.28	%	1.52	%	2.38	%	2.13	%
Total available-for-sale debt securities	3.00	%	2.13	%	1.57	%	2.40	%	2.14	%
Held-to-maturity debt securities:
Mortgage-backed and asset-backed	—	%	—	%	2.05	%	2.18	%	2.16	%
Total held-to-maturity debt securities	—	%	—	%	2.05	%	2.18	%	2.16	%

Weighted average yield is calculated as the tax-equivalent yield on a pro rata basis for each security based on its relative amortized cost. Yields on tax-exempt securities have been computed on a tax-equivalent basis using the federal statutory tax rate of 21%.

Other Earning Assets

Residential mortgage loans held for sale decreased to $11.7 million at December 31, 2022 compared to $39.4 million as of December 31, 2021, due to the decrease in volume of originations as residential lending rates rose during the year and the decision to hold a larger percentage of production on the balance sheet to provide for renewed growth of the residential mortgage portfolio. Interest-bearing deposits with banks decreased by $250.3 million to $103.9 million at December 31, 2022 compared to $354.1 million at December 31, 2021, as the excess liquidity that existed at the end of 2021 was used to fund 2022's loan growth.

Deposits

The composition of deposits for the periods indicated is presented in the following table:

	December 31,
	2022				2021				Year-to-Year Change
(Dollars in thousands)	Amount		%		Amount		%		$ Change		% Change
Noninterest-bearing deposits	$	3,673,300	33.5	%	$	3,779,630	35.6	%	$	(106,330)	(2.8)	%
Interest-bearing deposits:
Demand	1,435,454		13.1		1,604,714		15.1		(169,260)		(10.5)
Money market savings	3,213,045		29.4		3,415,663		32.1		(202,618)		(5.9)
Regular savings	513,360		4.7		533,862		5.0		(20,502)		(3.8)
Time deposits of less than $250,000	1,644,645		15.0		910,464		8.6		734,181		80.6
Time deposits of $250,000 or more	473,617		4.3		380,398		3.6		93,219		24.5
Total interest-bearing deposits	7,280,121		66.5		6,845,101		64.4		435,020		6.4
Total deposits	$	10,953,421	100.0	%	$	10,624,731	100.0	%	$	328,690	3.1

Deposits and Borrowings

Total deposits at December 31, 2022 were $11.0 billion compared to $10.6 billion at December 31, 2021, a 3% increase during the period as interest-bearing deposits grew 6%, offset by a 3% decline in noninterest-bearing deposits. This growth was driven principally by time deposits, which increased $827.4 million and exceeded the combined decline in demand, money market and noninterest-bearing accounts of $478.2 million. Total time deposits grew 64% as a result of two factors: the attractiveness of the product to customers in the current year's rising interest rate environment and the growth in brokered deposits. Excluding the impact of brokered time deposits, total deposits decreased 4%. The declines in the other deposit categories were the result of three major

53

factors: the decline in noninterest-bearing deposits maintained by title companies as mortgage activity slowed during the year, a large decrease in a single brokered money market account and the decline in interest-bearing commercial checking accounts. The loan-to-deposit ratio rose to 104% at the end of 2022 compared to 94% the end of 2021 as a result of the 14% loan growth exceeding the 3% deposit growth during the period. At December 31, 2022, interest-bearing deposits represented 66% of total deposits with the remaining 34% in noninterest-bearing balances. At December 31, 2021, interest-bearing deposits represented 64% of total deposits, while non-interest bearing deposits represented 36%.

The total amount of deposits that exceeded the $250,000 insured limit provided by the FDIC was approximately $5.6 billion at December 31, 2022. This estimate is based on the determination of known deposit account relationships of each depositor and the insurance guidelines provided by the FDIC.

Prior to the current year, a large portion of the liquidity from the deposit of PPP funds into accounts at the Bank provided funding for the complete liquidation of federal funds purchased and FHLB advances and the reduction of brokered time deposits during 2021 and resulted in lower interest expense during the year. During the current year, total borrowings increased $928 million or 296% at December 31, 2022 compared to December 31, 2021, primarily in federal funds and advances from the FHLB. The year-over-year increase in borrowings reflects the impact of the current year's rate of loan growth, which was not matched by the year's deposit growth. In addition, $200 million in subordinated debt, which qualifies as Tier 2 capital, was issued in the first quarter of 2022 to provide increased capacity for greater real estate lending and participation in the Company's stock repurchase program.

Capital Management

The Company monitors historical and projected earnings, dividends and asset growth, as well as risks associated with the various types of on and off-balance sheet assets and liabilities, in order to determine appropriate capital levels. Stockholders’ equity at December 31, 2022 remained at $1.5 billion compared to December 31, 2021, as equity was negatively impact by the $25.0 million repurchase of common shares during the previous twelve months and the $123.4 million increase in the accumulated other comprehensive loss in the investment portfolio that resulted from the rising rate environment during the past year. The ratio of average equity to average assets was 11.20% for the year ended December 31, 2022, as compared to 11.85% for the year ended December 31, 2021.

Risk-Based Capital Ratios

Bank holding companies and banks are required to maintain capital ratios in accordance with guidelines adopted by the federal bank regulators. These guidelines are commonly known as Risk-Based Capital guidelines. The actual regulatory ratios and required ratios for the Company's capital adequacy are summarized in the following table.

	Ratios at December 31,		Minimum Regulatory Requirements
	2022	2021
Tier 1 Leverage	9.33%	9.26%	4.00%
Common Equity Tier 1 Capital to risk-weighted assets	10.23%	11.91%	4.50%
Tier 1 Capital to risk-weighted assets	10.23%	11.91%	6.00%
Total Capital to risk-weighted assets	14.20%	14.59%	8.00%

Regulatory capital at December 31, 2022 was comprised of Tier 1 capital of $1.3 billion and total qualifying capital of $1.7 billion. As of December 31, 2022, the most recent notification from the Bank’s primary regulator categorized the Bank as a "well-capitalized" institution under the prompt corrective action rules of the Federal Deposit Insurance Act. Designation as a well-capitalized institution under these regulations is not a recommendation or endorsement of the Company or the Bank by federal bank regulators.

The minimum capital level requirements applicable to the Company and the Bank are: (1) a Tier 1 leverage ratio of 4%; (2) a common equity Tier 1 capital ratio of 4.5%; (3) a Tier 1 capital ratio of 6%; and (4) a total capital ratio of 8%. Covered financial institutions must also maintain a “capital conservation buffer” of 2.5% above the regulatory minimum capital requirements, which must consist

54

entirely of common equity Tier 1 capital. An institution would be subject to limitations on paying dividends, engaging in share repurchases, and paying discretionary bonuses to executive officers if its capital level falls below the buffer amount. These limitations establish a maximum percentage of eligible retained income that could be utilized for such actions.

The main drivers of the decline in the ratios at December 31, 2022 from December 31, 2021 was the 27% growth in risk-weighted assets driven by commercial loan growth and associated unfunded lending commitments, while Tier 1 and total qualifying capital grew at 9% and 23%, respectively. The growth in total qualifying capital was driven by the issuance of $200 million in subordinated debt in the first quarter of 2022. During the year, we continued to elect to apply the provisions of the CECL deferral transition in the determination of its risk-based capital ratios. At December 31, 2022, the impact of the application of this deferral transition provided an additional $14.0 million in Tier 1 capital compared to $11.5 million at December 31, 2021, and resulted in raising the common equity Tier 1 ratio by 11 and 12 basis points, respectively.

Tangible Common Equity

Tangible common equity, tangible assets and tangible book value per common share are non-GAAP financial measures calculated using GAAP amounts. Tangible common equity and tangible assets exclude the balances of goodwill and other intangible assets from total stockholders’ equity and total assets. Management believes that this non-GAAP financial measure provides information to investors that may be useful in understanding the Company's financial condition. Because not all companies use the same calculation of tangible common equity and tangible assets, this presentation may not be comparable to other similarly titled measures calculated by other companies.

Tangible common equity remained at $1.1 billion at December 31, 2022, compared to December 31, 2021. The tangible common equity ratio decreased to 8.18% of tangible assets at December 31, 2022, compared to 9.21% at December 31, 2021 as common equity was negatively impact by the $25.0 million repurchase of common shares during the previous twelve months and the $123.4 million increase in the accumulated other comprehensive loss in the investment portfolio that resulted from the rising rate environment and the 10% increase in tangible assets during 2022.

Non-GAAP Tangible Common Equity Ratios

A reconciliation of the non-GAAP ratio of tangible common equity to tangible assets and tangible book value per common share are provided in the following table.

	December 31,
(Dollars in thousands, except per share data)	2022			2021			2020			2019			2018
Tangible common equity ratio:
Total stockholders' equity	$	1,483,768		$	1,519,679		$	1,469,955		$	1,132,974		$	1,067,903
Goodwill	(363,436)			(370,223)			(370,223)			(347,149)			(347,149)
Other intangible assets, net	(19,855)			(25,920)			(32,521)			(7,841)			(9,788)
Tangible common equity	$	1,100,477		$	1,123,536		$	1,067,211		$	777,984		$	710,966
Total assets	$	13,833,119		$	12,590,726		$	12,798,429		$	8,629,002		$	8,243,272
Goodwill	(363,436)			(370,223)			(370,223)			(347,149)			(347,149)
Other intangible assets, net	(19,855)			(25,920)			(32,521)			(7,841)			(9,788)
Tangible assets	$	13,449,828		$	12,194,583		$	12,395,685		$	8,274,012		$	7,886,335
Outstanding common shares	44,657,054			45,118,930			47,056,777			34,970,370			35,530,734
Tangible common equity ratio	8.18		%	9.21		%	8.61		%	9.40		%	9.02		%
Book value per common share	$	33.23		$	33.68		$	31.24		$	32.40		$	30.06
Tangible book value per common share	$	24.64		$	24.90		$	22.68		$	22.25		$	20.01

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Credit Risk

Our fundamental lending business is based on understanding, measuring and controlling the credit risk inherent in the loan portfolio. The loan portfolio is subject to varying degrees of credit risk. Credit risk entails both general risks, which are inherent in the process of lending, and risk specific to individual borrowers. We mitigate credit risk through portfolio diversification, which limits exposure to any single customer, industry or collateral type. Typically, each consumer and residential lending product has a generally predictable level of credit losses based on historical loss experience. Residential mortgage and home equity loans and lines generally have the lowest credit loss experience. Loans secured by personal property, such as auto loans, generally experience medium credit losses. Unsecured loan products, such as personal revolving credit, have the highest credit loss experience and, for that reason, we have chosen not to engage in a significant amount of this type of lending. Credit risk in commercial lending can vary significantly, as losses as a percentage of outstanding loans can shift widely during economic cycles and are particularly sensitive to changing economic conditions. Generally, improving economic conditions result in improved operating results on the part of commercial customers, enhancing their ability to meet their particular debt service requirements. Improvements, if any, in operating cash flows can be offset by the impact of rising interest rates that may occur during times of economic uncertainty. Inconsistent economic conditions may have an adverse effect on the operating results of commercial customers, reducing their ability to meet debt service obligations.

To control and manage credit risk, management has a credit process in place to reasonably ensure that credit standards are maintained along with an in-house loan administration, accompanied by oversight and review procedures. The primary purpose of loan underwriting is the evaluation of specific lending risks and involves the analysis of the borrower’s ability to service the debt as well as the assessment of the value of the underlying collateral. Oversight and review procedures include monitoring the credit quality of the portfolio, providing early identification of potential problem credits and proactive management of problem credits.

We recognize a lending relationship as non-performing when either the loan becomes 90 days delinquent or as a result of factors, such as bankruptcy, interruption of cash flows, etc., considered at the monthly credit committee meeting. Classification as a non-accrual loan is based on a determination that we may not collect all principal and/or interest payments according to contractual terms. When a loan is placed on non-accrual status all accrued but unpaid interest is reversed from interest income. Typically, all payments received on non-accrual loans are first applied to the remaining principal balance of the loans. Any additional recoveries are credited to the allowance up to the amount of all previous charge-offs.

The level of non-performing loans to total loans decreased to 0.35% at December 31, 2022 compared to 0.49% at December 31, 2021. Non-performing loans were $39.4 million at December 31, 2022 in comparison to $48.8 million at December 31, 2021. Loans placed on non-accrual during 2022 amounted to $12.1 million compared to $8.1 million for 2021. During the current year, we successfully resolved $22.5 million in non-accrual relationships compared to $63.3 million for the prior year. The reduction in non-accrual loans during the current year resulted in $0.9 million in principal charge-offs compared to $11.6 million for 2021.

While the diversification of the lending portfolio among different commercial, residential and consumer product lines along with different market conditions of the D.C. suburbs, northern Virginia and Baltimore metropolitan area has mitigated some of the risks in the portfolio, local economic conditions and levels of non-performing loans may continue to be influenced by the conditions being experienced in various business sectors of the economy on both a regional and national level. Risks, uncertainties and various other factors related to the economy and the businesses of the our borrowers may affect their ability to remit contractual payments on their obligations to the Company in a timely manner. The current ability to predict the ultimate outcome or impact of the measures adopted by the government on the economic well-being of the our borrowers and the manifestations of all these factors including the future performance aspect of the credit portfolio remains uncertain.

The methodology for evaluating whether a loan shall be placed on non-accrual status begins with risk-rating credits on an individual basis and includes consideration of the borrower’s overall financial condition, payment record and available cash resources that may include the sufficiency of collateral value and, in a select few cases, verifiable support from financial guarantors. In measuring a specific allowance, we look primarily to the value of the collateral (adjusted for estimated costs to sell) or projected cash flows generated by the operation of the collateral as the primary sources of repayment of the loan. We may consider the existence of guarantees and the financial strength and wherewithal of the guarantors involved in any loan relationship. Guarantees may be considered as a source of repayment based on the guarantor’s financial condition and payment capacity. Accordingly, absent a verifiable payment capacity, a guarantee alone would not be sufficient to avoid classifying the loan as non-accrual.

Management has established a credit process that dictates that structured procedures be performed to monitor these loans between the receipt of an original appraisal and the updated appraisal. These procedures include the following:

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•An internal evaluation is updated periodically to include borrower financial statements and/or cash flow projections.

•The borrower may be contacted for a meeting to discuss an updated or revised action plan which may include a request for additional collateral.

•Re-verification of the documentation supporting our position with respect to the collateral securing the loan.

•At the monthly credit committee meeting the loan may be downgraded and an individual allowance may be decided upon in advance of the receipt of the appraisal.

•Upon receipt of the updated appraisal (or based on an updated internal financial evaluation) the loan balance is compared to the appraisal and an individual allowance is decided upon for the particular loan, typically for the amount of the difference between the appraised value (adjusted for estimated costs to sell) and the loan balance.

•Evaluation of whether adverse changes in the value of the collateral are expected over the remainder of the loan’s expected life.

•We will individually assess the allowance for credit losses based on the fair value of the collateral for any collateral dependent loans where the borrower is experiencing financial difficulty or when we determine that foreclosure is probable. We will charge-off the excess of the loan amount over the fair value of the collateral adjusted for the estimated selling costs.

Loans considered to be troubled debt restructurings (“TDRs”) are loans that have their terms restructured (e.g., interest rates, loan maturity date, payment and amortization period, etc.) in circumstances that provide payment relief to a borrower experiencing financial difficulty. All restructured collateral-dependent loans are individually assessed for allowance for credit losses and may either be in accruing or non-accruing status. Non-accruing restructured loans may return to accruing status provided doubt has been removed concerning the collectability of principal and interest as evidenced by a sufficient period of payment performance in accordance with the restructured terms. Loans may be removed from the restructured category if the borrower is no longer experiencing financial difficulty, a re-underwriting event took place and the revised loan terms of the subsequent restructuring agreement are considered to be consistent with terms that can be obtained in the credit market for loans with comparable risk.

We may extend the maturity of a performing or current loan that may have some inherent weakness associated with the loan. However, we generally follows a policy of not extending maturities on non-performing loans under existing terms. Maturity date extensions only occur under revised terms that clearly place us in a position to increase the likelihood of or assure full collection of the loan under the contractual terms and/or terms at the time of the extension that may eliminate or mitigate the inherent weakness in the loan. These terms may incorporate, but are not limited to additional assignment of collateral, significant balance curtailments/liquidations and assignments of additional project cash flows. Guarantees may be a consideration in the extension of loan maturities. As a general matter, we do not view the extension of a loan to be a satisfactory approach to resolving non-performing credits. On an exception basis, certain performing loans that have displayed some inherent weakness in the underlying collateral values, an inability to comply with certain loan covenants which are not affecting the performance of the credit or other identified weakness may be extended.

We continue to sell a portion of our fixed-rate residential mortgage originations in the secondary mortgage market. Concurrent with such sales, we are required to make customary representations and warranties to the purchasers about the mortgage loans and the manner in which they were originated. The related sale agreements grant the purchasers recourse back to the Company, which could require us to repurchase loans or to share in any losses incurred by the purchasers. This recourse exposure typically extends for a period of nine to eighteen months after the sale of the loan although the time frame for repurchase requests can extend for an indefinite period. Such transactions could be due to a number of causes including borrower fraud or early payment default. We have experienced a very limited number of repurchase and indemnity demands from purchasers for such events and routinely monitors its exposure in this regard. A liability of $0.5 million is maintained for probable losses due to repurchases. Management believes that this reserve is appropriate.

Mortgage loan servicing rights are accounted for at amortized cost and are monitored for impairment on an ongoing basis. At December 31, 2022, the amortized cost of the Company's mortgage loan servicing rights was $0.3 million compared to $0.4 million at December 31, 2021. The decline in the year-over-year balance was the result of loan pay-offs. We did not incur any impairment losses during 2022.

Periodically we may engage in whole loan sale transactions of residential mortgage loans as a part of our interest rate risk management strategy. No whole loan sales occurred during 2022.

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Analysis of Credit Risk

The following table presents information with respect to non-accrual loans, 90-day past due delinquencies and non-performing assets for the years indicated:

	At December 31,
(Dollars in thousands)	2022			2021
Non-accrual loans:
Commercial real estate:
Commercial investor real estate	$	9,943		$	12,489
Commercial owner-occupied real estate	5,019			9,306
Commercial AD&C	—			650
Commercial business	7,322			8,420
Residential real estate:
Residential mortgage	7,439			8,441
Residential construction	—			55
Consumer	5,059			6,725
Total non-accrual loans(1)	34,782			46,086
Loans 90 days past due:
Commercial real estate:
Commercial investor	—			—
Commercial owner-occupied	—			—
Commercial AD&C	—			—
Commercial business	1,002			—
Residential real estate:
Residential mortgage	—			557
Residential construction	—			—
Consumer	—			—
Total 90 days past due loans	1,002			557
Restructured loans (accruing)	3,575			2,167
Total non-performing loans(2)	39,359			48,810
Other real estate owned, net	645			1,034
Total non-performing assets	$	40,004		$	49,844
Non-accrual loans to total loans	0.31		%	0.46		%
Non-performing loans to total loans	0.35		%	0.49		%
Non-performing assets to total assets	0.29		%	0.40		%
Allowance for credit losses to non-accrual loans	391.70		%	236.83		%
Allowance for credit losses to non-performing loans	346.15		%	223.61		%

(1)Gross interest income that would have been recorded in 2022 if non-accrual loans shown above had been current and in accordance with their original terms was $2.0 million. No interest income was accrued on these loans during the year while on non-accrual status. Please see Note 1 - Significant Accounting Policies in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for a description of the Company’s policy for placing loans on non-accrual status.

(2)Performing loans considered potential problem loans, as defined and identified by management, amounted to $15.3 million at December 31, 2022. Although these are loans where known information about the borrowers' possible credit problems causes management to have concerns as to the borrowers' ability to comply with the loan repayment terms, most are current as to payment terms, well collateralized and are not believed to present significant risk of loss. Loans classified for regulatory purposes not included in either non-performing or potential problem loans consist only of "other loans especially mentioned" and do not, in management's opinion, represent or result from trends or uncertainties reasonably expected to materially impact future operating results, liquidity or capital resources, or represent material credits where known information about the borrowers' possible credit problems causes management to have doubts as to the borrowers' ability to comply with the loan repayment terms.

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Allowance for Credit Losses

The allowance for credit losses represents management’s estimate of the portion of our loans’ amortized cost basis not expected to be collected over the loans’ contractual life. As a part of the credit oversight and review process, we maintain an allowance for credit losses (the “allowance”). The following allowance section should be read in conjunction with the “Allowance for Credit Losses” section in Note 1 – Significant Accounting Policies in the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements. Accrued interest receivable is excluded from the measurement of the allowance as the non-accrual policy requires the reversal of any accrued, uncollected interest income when loans are placed on non-accrual status.

The appropriateness of the allowance is determined through ongoing evaluation of the credit portfolio, and involves consideration of a number of factors. Determination of the allowance is inherently subjective and requires significant estimates and assumptions, including consideration of current conditions and economic forecasts, which may be susceptible to significant volatility. The forecasted economic metrics with the greatest impact in order of magnitude were the expected level of business bankruptcies, the expected future unemployment rate and, to a lesser degree, the house price index. The most sensitive assumptions include the length of the forecast and reversion periods, forecast of economic variables and prepayment and curtailment speeds. The amount of expected losses can vary significantly from the amounts actually observed. Loans deemed uncollectible are charged-off against the allowance, while recoveries are credited to the allowance when received. Management adjusts the level of the allowance through the provision for credit losses in the Consolidated Statements of Income.

The provision for credit losses was a charge of $34.4 million in 2022 compared to a credit of $45.6 million in 2021. The charge for credit losses for the current period that is directly attributable to the loan portfolio was $26.7 million. The current period provision expense also contains an adjustment of $7.7 million associated with unfunded loan commitments. The provision for credit losses for the year ended December 31, 2022 was a reflection of the growth in the loan portfolio, coupled with management's consideration of the potential impact of current recessionary pressures and other portfolio qualitative metrics. The credit to the provision for credit losses for the prior year was a reflection of the net impact of forecasted economic metrics during 2021 and other factors applied in the determination of the allowance.

At December 31, 2022, the allowance for credit losses was $136.2 million as compared to $109.1 million at December 31, 2021. The allowance for credit losses as a percent of total loans was 1.20% and 1.10% at December 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021, respectively. The allowance for credit losses represented 346% of non-performing loans at December 31, 2022 as compared to 224% at December 31, 2021. At December 31, 2022 the allowance attributable to the commercial portfolio represented 1.30% of total commercial loans while the portion attributable to total combined consumer and mortgage loans was 0.68%, compared to 1.20% and 0.55%, respectively, at December 31, 2021. At the end of the current year, with respect to the total commercial portion of the allowance, 53% of this portion is allocated to the investor real estate loan portfolio, resulting in the ratio of the allowance for investor real estate loans to total investor real estate loans of 1.26%. A similar ratio with respect to AD&C loans was 1.71% and 1.93% for commercial business loans at the end of the current year.

The current methodology for assessing the appropriate allowance includes: (1) a collective quantified reserve that reflects our historical default and loss experience adjusted for expected economic conditions over a reasonable and supportable forecast period and the Company’s prepayment and curtailment rates, (2) collective qualitative factors that consider the expected impact of certain qualitative factors not fully captured in the collective quantitative reserve, including concentrations of the loan portfolio, expected changes to the economic forecasts, large lending relationships, early delinquencies, and factors related to credit administration, including, among others, loan-to-value ratios, borrowers’ risk rating and credit score migrations, and (3) individual allowances on collateral-dependent loans where borrowers are experiencing financial difficulty or where we have determined that foreclosure is probable. At December 31, 2022, the impact of the utilization of the historical default and loss experience combined with the reasonable and supportable economic forecast results in 45% of the total allowance being attributable to quantifiable factors, while 55% of the allowance is attributable to the collective qualitative factors. At the end of the previous year, the utilization of the historical default and loss experience along with the economic forecast resulted in 57% of the total allowance being attributable to quantifiable factors while 43% was attributable to the collective qualitative factors. The shift from 2021 to 2022 allocations of the allowance between the quantified and qualitative portions is mainly attributable to the increased concentrations of the loan portfolio within the commercial investor real estate segment coupled with the elevated probability of recession observed during the current year.

The quantified collective portion of the allowance is determined by pooling loans into segments based on the similar risk characteristics of the underlying borrowers, in addition to consideration of collateral type, industry and business purpose of the loans. We selected two collective methodologies, the discounted cash flows and weighted average remaining life methodologies. Segments

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utilizing the discounted cash flow method are further sub-segmented based on the risk level (determined either by internal risk ratings or Beacon Scores). Collective calculation methodologies use the Company’s historical default and loss experience adjusted for economic forecasts. The reasonable and supportable forecast period represents a two year economic outlook for the applicable economic variables. Following the end of the reasonable and supportable forecast period expected losses revert back to the historical mean over the next two years on a straight-line basis.

Economic variables which have the most significant impact on the allowance include:

•unemployment rate;

•number of business bankruptcies; and

•house price index.

The collective quantified component of the allowance is supplemented by a qualitative component to address various risk characteristics of the Company’s loan portfolio including:

•trends in early delinquencies;

•changes in the risk profile related to large loans in the portfolio;

•concentrations of loans to specific industry segments;

•expected changes in economic conditions;

•changes in the Company’s credit administration and loan portfolio management processes; and

•the quality of the Company’s credit risk identification processes.

The individual reserve assessment is applied to collateral dependent loans where borrowers are experiencing financial difficulty or when we have determined that foreclosure is probable. The determination of the fair value of the collateral depends on whether a repayment of the loan is expected to be from the sale or the operation of the collateral. When repayment is expected from the operation of the collateral, the present value of expected cash flows from the operation of the collateral is used as the fair value. When repayment of the loan is expected from the sale of the collateral the fair value of the collateral is based on an observable market price or the appraised value less estimated cost to sell. During the individual reserve assessment, management also considers the potential future changes in the value of the collateral over the remainder of the loan’s life. The balance of collateral-dependent loans individually assessed for the allowance was $26.2 million, with individual allowances of $6.9 million against those loans at December 31, 2022.

If an updated appraisal is received subsequent to the preliminary determination of an individual allowance or partial charge-off, and it is less than the initial appraisal used in the initial assessment, an additional individual allowance or charge-off is taken on the related credit. Partially charged-off loans are not written back up based on updated appraisals and always remain on non-accrual with any and all subsequent payments first applied to the remaining balance of the loan as principal reductions. No interest income is recognized on loans that have been partially charged-off.

A current appraisal on large loans is usually obtained if the appraisal on file is more than 12 months old and there has been a material change in market conditions, zoning, physical use or the appropriateness of the collateral based on an internal evaluation. The policy is to strictly adhere to regulatory appraisal standards. If an appraisal is ordered, no more than a 30 day turnaround is requested from the appraiser, who is selected by Credit Administration from an approved appraiser list. After receipt of the updated appraisal, the assigned credit officer will recommend to the Chief Credit Officer whether an individual allowance or a charge-off should be taken. The Chief Credit Officer has the authority to approve an individual allowance or charge-off between monthly credit committee meetings to ensure that there are no significant time lapses during this process. Our borrowers are concentrated in nine counties in Maryland, three counties in Virginia and in Washington D.C. Excluding the PPP loans, commercial and residential mortgages, including home equity loans and lines, represented 87% of total loans at December 31, 2022 and 86% of total loans at December 31, 2021. Certain loan terms may create concentrations of credit risk and increase our exposure to loss. These include terms that permit the deferral of principal payments or payments that are smaller than normal interest accruals (negative amortization); loans with high loan-to-value ratios; loans, such as option adjustable-rate mortgages, that may expose the borrower to future increases in repayments that are in excess of increases that would result solely from increases in market interest rates; and interest-only loans. The Company does not make loans that provide for negative amortization or option adjustable-rate mortgages.

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The following table presents an allocation of the allowance for credit losses by portfolio as of each period end. The allowance is allocated in the following table to various loan categories based on the methodology used to estimate credit losses; however, the allocation does not restrict the usage of the allowance for any specific loan category.

	December 31,
(In thousands)	2022				2021
Commercial real estate:	Amount		% of loans to total loans		Amount		% of loans to total loans
Commercial investor real estate	$	64,737	45.0	%	$	45,289	41.5	%
Commercial owner-occupied real estate	11,646		15.5		11,687		17.0
Commercial AD&C	18,646		9.6		20,322		10.9
Commercial business	28,027		12.8		23,170		14.9
Total commercial	123,056		82.9		100,468		84.3
Residential real estate:
Residential mortgage	9,424		11.3		5,384		9.4
Residential construction	1,337		2.0		1,048		2.0
Consumer	2,425		3.8		2,245		4.3
Total residential and consumer	13,186		17.1		8,677		15.7
Total allowance for credit losses - loans	$	136,242	100.0	%	$	109,145	100.0	%

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Summary of Credit Loss Experience

The following table presents the activity in the allowance for credit losses on loans for the periods indicated:

	Year Ended December 31,
(Dollars in thousands)	2022			2021
Balance, January 1	$	109,145		$	165,367
Provision/ (credit) for credit losses - loans	26,680			(45,556)
Loan charge-offs:
Commercial real estate:
Commercial investor real estate	—			(5,802)
Commercial owner-occupied real estate	—			(136)
Commercial AD&C	—			(2,007)
Commercial business	(716)			(4,069)
Residential real estate:
Residential mortgage	(155)			—
Residential construction	—			—
Consumer	(234)			(299)
Total charge-offs	(1,105)			(12,313)
Loan recoveries:
Commercial real estate:
Commercial investor real estate	320			285
Commercial owner-occupied real estate	49			—
Commercial AD&C	—			—
Commercial business	799			565
Residential real estate:
Residential mortgage	102			410
Residential construction	8			5
Consumer	244			382
Total recoveries	1,522			1,647
Net charge-offs	417			(10,666)
Balance, period end	$	136,242		$	109,145
Net charge-offs to average loans	—		%	0.11		%
Allowance for credit losses on loans to total loans	1.20		%	1.10		%

Market Risk Management

Our net income is largely dependent on net interest income. Net interest income is susceptible to interest rate risk to the extent that interest-bearing liabilities mature or re-price on a different basis than interest-earning assets. When interest-bearing liabilities mature or re-price more quickly than interest-earning assets in a given period, a significant increase in market rates of interest could adversely affect net interest income. Similarly, when interest-earning assets mature or re-price more quickly than interest-bearing liabilities, falling interest rates could result in a decrease in net interest income. Net interest income is also affected by changes in the portion of interest-earning assets that are funded by interest-bearing liabilities rather than by other sources of funds, such as noninterest-bearing deposits and stockholders' equity.

Our interest rate risk management goals are (1) to increase net interest income at a growth rate consistent with the growth rate of total assets, and (2) to minimize fluctuations in net interest income as a percentage of interest-earning assets. Management attempts to achieve these goals by balancing, within policy limits, the volume of floating-rate liabilities with a similar volume of floating-rate assets; by keeping the average maturity of fixed-rate asset and liability contracts reasonably matched; by maintaining a pool of administered core deposits; and by adjusting pricing rates to market conditions on a continuing basis.

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Bancorp’s board of directors has established a comprehensive interest rate risk management policy, which is administered by management’s Asset/Liability Committee (“ALCO”). The policy establishes limits on risk, which are quantitative measures of the percentage change in net interest income (a measure of net interest income at risk) and the fair value of equity capital (a measure of economic value of equity or “EVE” at risk) resulting from a hypothetical change in U.S. Treasury interest rates for maturities from one day to thirty years. We measure the potential adverse impacts that changing interest rates may have on its short-term earnings, long-term value, and liquidity by employing simulation analysis through the use of computer modeling. The simulation model captures optional factors such as call features and interest rate caps and floors embedded in investment and loan portfolio contracts. As with any method of gauging interest rate risk, there are certain shortcomings inherent in the interest rate modeling methodology we have applied. When interest rates change, actual movements in different categories of interest-earning assets and interest-bearing liabilities, loan prepayments, and withdrawals of time and other deposits, may deviate significantly from assumptions used in the model. As an example, certain money market deposit accounts are assumed to reprice at 40% to 100% of the interest rate change in each of the up rate shock scenarios even though this is not a contractual requirement. As a practical matter, management would likely lag the impact of any upward movement in market rates on these accounts as a mechanism to manage the Bank’s net interest margin. Finally, the methodology does not measure or reflect the impact that higher rates may have on adjustable-rate loan customers’ ability to service their debts, or the impact of rate changes on demand for loan, lease, and deposit products.

The Company prepares a current base case and eight alternative simulations at least once per quarter and reports the analysis to the board of directors. In addition, more frequent forecasts are produced when interest rates are particularly uncertain or when other business conditions so dictate. The statement of condition is subject to quarterly testing for eight alternative interest rate shock possibilities to indicate the inherent interest rate risk. Projected interest rates are shocked by +/- 100, 200, 300, and 400 basis points (“bp”), although we may elect not to use particular scenarios that it determines are impractical in a current rate environment. It is management’s goal to structure the balance sheet so that net interest earnings at risk over a twelve-month period and the economic value of equity at risk do not exceed policy guidelines at the various interest rate shock levels.

We augment our quarterly interest rate shock analysis with alternative external interest rate scenarios on a monthly basis. These alternative interest rate scenarios may include non-parallel rate ramps and non-parallel yield curve twists. If a measure of risk produced by the alternative simulations of the entire statement of condition violates policy guidelines, ALCO is required to develop a plan to restore the measure of risk to a level that complies with policy limits within two quarters.

Measures of net interest income at risk produced by simulation analysis are indicators of an institution’s short-term performance in alternative rate environments. These measures are typically based upon a relatively brief period, usually one year. They do not necessarily indicate the long-term prospects or economic value of the institution.

Estimated Changes in Net Interest Income
Change in Interest Rates:	+ 400 bp	+ 300 bp	+ 200 bp	+ 100 bp	- 100bp	- 200 bp	- 300bp	- 400bp
Policy Limit	23.50%	17.50%	15.00%	10.00%	10.00%	15.00%	17.50%	23.50%
December 31, 2022	1.87%	1.58%	1.29%	0.75%	(0.89%)	(1.75%)	(2.66%)	(4.17%)
December 31, 2021	8.61%	6.53%	4.80%	2.16%	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A

As reflected in the table above, the measures of net interest income at risk at December 31, 2022 declined in every rising interest rate change scenario compared to December 31, 2021. As the table indicates, in each interest rate environment, net interest income sensitivity decreased compared to December 31, 2021. The change in the net interest income at risk is the result of a decrease in asset sensitivity due to fixed rate loan growth as market rates rose, the increase in borrowed funds and a decrease in interest-bearing deposits with banks. At December 31, 2022, all measures remained well within prescribed policy limits. The table also indicates that should the interest rate environment decline, net interest income would be reduced as the profile reflects the Bank is asset sensitive.

The measures of equity value at risk indicate the ongoing economic value of the Company by considering the effects of changes in interest rates on all of our cash flows, and by discounting the cash flows to estimate the present value of assets and liabilities. The difference between these discounted values of the assets and liabilities is the economic value of equity, which, in theory, approximates the fair value of our net assets.

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Estimated Changes in Economic Value of Equity
Change in Interest Rates:	+ 400 bp	+ 300 bp	+ 200 bp	+ 100 bp	- 100 bp	- 200 bp	- 300 bp	- 400 bp
Policy Limit	35.00%	25.00%	20.00%	10.00%	10.00%	20.00%	25.00%	35.00%
December 31, 2022	(20.78%)	(15.84%)	(10.62%)	(5.32%)	5.13%	10.48%	15.71%	18.74%
December 31, 2021	(10.29%)	(6.18%)	(2.16%)	0.05%	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A

Overall, the measure of the economic value of equity ("EVE") at risk shifted significantly in all scenarios from December 31, 2021 to December 31, 2022. The increase in the risk associated with EVE during the period was primarily the result of reduced asset market values of loans and investments driven by the increase in the interest rate environment during the period, coupled with a reduced level of lower rate deposits and an increased amount of fixed rate loans.

LIBOR Transition

We have certain loans, interest rate swap agreements and debt obligations whose interest rates are indexed to the London InterBank Offered Rate (LIBOR). On March 5, 2021, LIBOR’s regulator, the Financial Conduct Authority, and administrator, ICE Benchmark Administration, Limited, announced that the publication of the one-week and two-month USD LIBOR maturities and non-USD LIBOR maturities will cease immediately after December 31, 2021, with the remaining USD LIBOR maturities ceasing immediately after June 30, 2023. In response to this timing, we have ceased utilizing LIBOR in the pricing of its offered credit products as of December 31, 2021. Our systems have been updated and are able to offer products that utilize SOFR, AMERIBOR and other alternative reference rates. We identified all known LIBOR exposures, created a plan to address the exposures, and continue to communicate with all stakeholders in order to facilitate the transition from LIBOR-based loans to an alternative reference rate. At December 31, 2022, we had approximately 1,000 loans totaling $1.2 billion indexed to LIBOR that will mature after June 30, 2023, of which 713 loans totaling $488.4 million are adjustable-rate mortgage loans.

We currently have $175.0 million in fixed to floating rate subordinated debenture notes that bear a fixed rate through November 14, 2024. Beginning November 15, 2024, the interest rate was to shift to a floating rate based on three-month LIBOR plus 262 basis points through the remaining maturity or early redemption of the notes. The note indenture contains robust fallback language that allows for an appropriate alternative benchmark rate to be applied to determine the overall interest rate on the notes.

Liquidity Management

Liquidity is measured by a financial institution's ability to raise funds through loan repayments, maturing investments, deposit growth, borrowed funds, capital and the sale of highly marketable assets such as investment securities and residential mortgage loans. Our liquidity position, considering both internal and external sources available, exceeded anticipated short-term and long-term needs at December 31, 2022. Management considers core deposits, defined to include all deposits other than brokered and outsourced deposits and certain time deposits of $250 thousand or more, to be a relatively stable funding source. Core deposits equaled 76% of total interest-earning assets at December 31, 2022. In addition, loan payments, maturities, calls and pay downs of securities, deposit growth and earnings contribute a flow of funds available to meet liquidity requirements. In assessing liquidity, management considers operating requirements, the seasonality of deposit flows, investment, loan and deposit maturities and calls, expected funding of loans and deposit withdrawals, and the market values of available-for-sale investments, so that sufficient funds are available on short notice to meet obligations as they arise and to ensure that we are able to pursue new business opportunities.

In addition to factors discussed above that can affect liquidity, the Company’s growth, mortgage banking activities and changes in the liquidity of the investment portfolio due to fluctuations in interest rates are also taken into consideration. Under this approach, implemented by the Funds Management Subcommittee of ALCO under formal policy guidelines, our liquidity position is measured quarterly or as necessary, looking forward at thirty day intervals from 30 to 360 days. The measurement is based upon the projection of funds sold or purchased position, along with ratios and trends developed to measure dependence on purchased funds and core growth. Resulting projections as of December 31, 2022, provides an indication of liquidity versus requirements that we utilize to determine how we will fund loans and other earning assets.

The Company has external sources of funds that can be drawn upon when required. The main sources of external liquidity are available lines of credit with the FHLB and the Federal Reserve Bank. Based on pledged collateral, the available line of credit with the FHLB totaled $3.2 billion with $550.0 million outstanding borrowings against it as of December 31, 2022. We also had secured lines of credit available from the Federal Reserve Bank and correspondent banks of $718.6 million at December 31, 2022 collateralized by portfolio loans, with no borrowings outstanding as of the period end. In addition, we have unsecured lines of credit with correspondent

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banks of $1.6 billion with $260.0 million outstanding at December 31, 2022. Based upon its liquidity analysis, including external sources of liquidity available, management believes the liquidity position was appropriate at December 31, 2022.

Bancorp is a separate legal entity from the Bank and must provide for its own liquidity. In addition to its operating expenses, Bancorp is responsible for paying any dividends declared to its common stockholders and interest and principal on outstanding debt. Bancorp’s primary source of income is dividends received from the Bank. The amount of dividends that the Bank may declare and pay to Bancorp in any calendar year, without the receipt of prior approval from the Federal Reserve Bank, cannot exceed net income for that year to date plus retained net income (as defined) for the preceding two calendar years. Based on this requirement, as of December 31, 2022, the Bank could have declared a dividend of $177.9 million to Bancorp. At December 31, 2022, Bancorp had liquid assets of $83.9 million.

The Company has various contractual obligations that affect its cash flows and liquidity. For information regarding material contractual obligations, please see Market Risk Management previously discussed, and Note 6 - Premises and Equipment, Note 7 - Leases, Note 10 - Borrowings, Note 13 - Pension, Profit Sharing and Other Employee Benefit Plans, Note 18 - Derivatives, Note 19 - Financial Instruments with Off-Balance Sheet Risk, and Note 21 - Fair Value in the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements.

Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements

With the exception of the Company’s obligations in connection with its irrevocable letters of credit and loan commitments, we have no off-balance sheet arrangements that have or are reasonably likely to have a current or future effect on our financial condition, changes in financial condition, revenues or expenses, results of operations, liquidity, capital expenditures, or capital resources, that is material to investors. Arrangements to fund credit products or guarantee financing take the form of loan commitments (including lines of credit on revolving credit structures) and letters of credit. Approval for these arrangements are obtained in the same manner as loans. Generally, cash flows, collateral value and risk assessments are considered when determining the amount and structure of credit arrangements. Commitments to extend credit are agreements to provide financing to a customer with the provision that there are no violations of any condition established in the agreement. Commitments generally have interest rates determined by current market rates, expiration dates or other termination clauses and may require payment of a fee. Lines of credit typically represent unused portions of lines of credit that were provided and remain available as long as customers comply with the requisite contractual conditions. Commitments to extend credit are evaluated, processed and/or renewed regularly on a case by case basis, as part of the credit management process. The total commitment amount or line of credit amounts do not necessarily represent future cash requirements, as it is highly unlikely that all customers would draw on their lines of credit in full at one time. For additional information on off-balance sheet arrangements, please see Note 19 - Financial Instruments with Off-Balance Sheet Risk and Note 10 - Borrowings in the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements, and Capital Management above.

Item 7A. QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURE ABOUT MARKET RISK.

The information required by this item is incorporated by reference to Part II, Item 7 of this report.

Item 8. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS AND SUPPLEMENTARY DATA

MANAGEMENT’S REPORT ON INTERNAL CONTROL OVER FINANCIAL REPORTING

Internal Control Over Financial Reporting

As part of our program to comply with Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, our management assessed the effectiveness of the Company’s internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2022 (the “Assessment”). In making this Assessment, management used the control criteria framework of the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations (“COSO”) of the Treadway Commission published in its report entitled Internal Control— Integrated Framework (2013). Management’s Assessment included an evaluation of the design of our internal control over financial reporting and testing of the operational effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting. Based on this assessment, our management concluded that the Company’s internal control over financial reporting was effective as of December 31, 2022.

The attestation report by the Company's independent registered public accounting firm, Ernst & Young LLP, on the Company's internal control over financial reporting begins on the following page.

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Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm

To the Stockholders and the Board of Directors of Sandy Spring Bancorp, Inc.

Opinion on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting

We have audited Sandy Spring Bancorp, Inc. and subsidiaries’ internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2022, based on criteria established in Internal Control—Integrated Framework issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (2013 Framework) (the COSO criteria). In our opinion, Sandy Spring Bancorp, Inc. and subsidiaries (the Company) maintained, in all material respects, effective internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2022, based on the COSO criteria.

We also have audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB), the consolidated statements of condition of the Company as of December 31, 2022 and 2021, the related consolidated statements of income, comprehensive income, changes in stockholders’ equity, and cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2022 and the related notes and our report dated February 21, 2023 expressed an unqualified opinion thereon.

Basis for Opinion

The Company’s management is responsible for maintaining effective internal control over financial reporting and for its assessment of the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting included in the accompanying Management’s Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company’s internal control over financial reporting based on our audit. We are a public accounting firm registered with the PCAOB and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.

We conducted our audit in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether effective internal control over financial reporting was maintained in all material respects.

Our audit included obtaining an understanding of internal control over financial reporting, assessing the risk that a material weakness exists, testing and evaluating the design and operating effectiveness of internal control based on the assessed risk, and performing such other procedures as we considered necessary in the circumstances. We believe that our audit provides a reasonable basis for our opinion.

Definition and Limitations of Internal Control Over Financial Reporting

A company’s internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. A company’s internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that (1) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the company; (2) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures of the company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the company; and (3) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use, or disposition of the company’s assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements.

Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.

/s/ Ernst & Young LLP

Tysons, VA

February 21, 2023

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Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm

To the Stockholders and the Board of Directors of Sandy Spring Bancorp, Inc.

Opinion on the Financial Statements

We have audited the accompanying consolidated statements of condition of Sandy Spring Bancorp, Inc. and subsidiaries (the “Company”) as of December 31, 2022 and 2021, the related consolidated statements of income, comprehensive income, changes in stockholders' equity and cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2022, and the related notes (collectively referred to as the “consolidated financial statements”). In our opinion, the consolidated financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Company at December 31, 2022 and 2021, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2022, in conformity with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles.

We also have audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB), the Company's internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2022, based on criteria established in Internal Control-Integrated Framework issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (2013 framework), and our report dated February 21, 2023 expressed an unqualified opinion thereon.

Basis for Opinion

These financial statements are the responsibility of the Company's management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company’s financial statements based on our audits. We are a public accounting firm registered with the PCAOB and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.

We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud. Our audits included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements. Our audits also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the financial statements. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion.

Critical Audit Matter

The critical audit matter communicated below is a matter arising from the current period audit of the financial statements that was communicated or required to be communicated to the audit committee and that: (1) relates to accounts or disclosures that are material to the financial statements and (2) involved our especially challenging, subjective or complex judgments. The communication of the critical audit matter does not alter in any way our opinion on the consolidated financial statements, taken as a whole, and we are not, by communicating the critical audit matter below, providing a separate opinion on the critical audit matter or on the account or disclosure to which it relates.

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	Allowance for credit losses
Description of the Matter	As of December 31, 2022, the Company’s loan portfolio totaled approximately $11.4 billion and the allowance for credit losses was $136.2 million. As described in Notes 1 and 5 to the consolidated financial statements, the Company estimates an allowance representing an amount, which, in management’s judgment, is appropriate to absorb the lifetime expected losses that may be sustained on outstanding loans at the balance sheet date. The Company’s methodology for estimating the allowance includes (1) a collective quantified reserve that reflects the Company’s historical default and loss experience adjusted for expected economic conditions throughout a reasonable and supportable period and the Company’s prepayment and curtailment rates, (2) collective qualitative factors that consider concentrations of the loan portfolio, expected changes to the economic forecasts, large relationships, early delinquencies, and factors related to credit administration, and (3) individual allowances on certain collateral-dependent loans. Auditing management’s estimate of the allowance involved a high degree of subjectivity due to the significant judgment required in determining the measurement of the qualitative reserve related to concentrations of the loan portfolio. Management’s measurement of the qualitative reserve applied to the loan portfolio is highly judgmental and could have a significant effect on the allowance.
How We Addressed the Matter in our Audit	We obtained an understanding, evaluated the design, and tested the operating effectiveness of the Company's controls over its allowance, including controls over the review of data used to determine the measurement of the qualitative factor related to concentrations of the loan portfolio. Our tests of controls included observation of certain of management committee meetings, at which key management judgements are subjected to critical challenge, inspection of meeting materials and meeting minutes and inquiries of key management personnel. To evaluate the appropriateness of the qualitative reserve, we tested the completeness and accuracy of data used in determining the qualitative reserve, including internal data used to measure portfolio concentrations. We recalculated metrics used by management in the qualitative factor determination. In testing management’s measurement of the qualitative reserve, we reviewed management’s judgments about risk, such as risk in various portfolio concentrations and evaluated the corroborating or contrary evidence, as appropriate. Our audit response also included involving EY specialists to evaluate the conceptual soundness of the methodology used to calculate the qualitative factor related to concentrations. We also evaluated the overall allowance amount and whether the amount appropriately reflects lifetime expected losses in the loan portfolio as of the consolidated balance sheet date. For example, we compared the loss experience estimated by the allowance model during the year to the Company’s actual historical loss experience and underlying macroeconomic conditions and forecasts. We also compared certain of the Company’s allowance ratios to the ratios of the Company’s peers and evaluated trends in the allowance compared to relevant Company-specific trends.

/s/ Ernst & Young LLP

We have served as the Company’s auditor since 2013.

Tysons, VA

February 21, 2023

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SANDY SPRING BANCORP, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CONDITION

(Dollars in thousands)	December 31, 2022		December 31, 2021
Assets
Cash and due from banks	$	88,152	$	65,630
Federal funds sold	193		312
Interest-bearing deposits with banks	103,887		354,078
Cash and cash equivalents	192,232		420,020
Residential mortgage loans held for sale (at fair value)	11,706		39,409
Investments held-to-maturity, at cost (fair value of $220,123)	259,452		—
Investments available-for-sale (at fair value)	1,214,538		1,465,896
Other investments, at cost	69,218		41,166
Total loans	11,396,706		9,967,091
Less: allowance for credit losses - loans	(136,242)		(109,145)
Net loans	11,260,464		9,857,946
Premises and equipment, net	67,070		59,685
Other real estate owned	645		1,034
Accrued interest receivable	41,172		34,349
Goodwill	363,436		370,223
Other intangible assets, net	19,855		25,920
Other assets	333,331		275,078
Total assets	$	13,833,119	$	12,590,726
Liabilities
Noninterest-bearing deposits	$	3,673,300	$	3,779,630
Interest-bearing deposits	7,280,121		6,845,101
Total deposits	10,953,421		10,624,731
Securities sold under retail repurchase agreements and federal funds purchased	321,967		141,086
Advances from FHLB	550,000		—
Subordinated debt	370,205		172,712
Total borrowings	1,242,172		313,798
Accrued interest payable and other liabilities	153,758		132,518
Total liabilities	12,349,351		11,071,047
Stockholders' equity
Common stock -- par value $1.00; shares authorized 100,000,000; shares issued and outstanding
44,657,054 and 45,118,930 at December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively	44,657		45,119
Additional paid-in capital	734,273		751,072
Retained earnings	836,789		732,027
Accumulated other comprehensive loss	(131,951)		(8,539)
Total stockholders' equity	1,483,768		1,519,679
Total liabilities and stockholders' equity	$	13,833,119	$	12,590,726

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these financial statements

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SANDY SPRING BANCORP, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF INCOME

	Year Ended December 31,
(Dollars in thousands, except per share data)	2022		2021		2020
Interest income:
Interest and fees on loans	$	462,121	$	423,152	$	393,477
Interest on loans held for sale	738		1,736		1,686
Interest on deposits with banks	2,672		725		446
Interest and dividend income on investment securities:
Taxable	20,519		16,118		22,136
Tax-advantaged	9,609		8,552		5,814
Interest on federal funds sold	8		1		1
Total interest income	495,667		450,284		423,560
Interest expense:
Interest on deposits	43,854		15,022		41,651
Interest on retail repurchase agreements and federal funds purchased	2,929		182		1,965
Interest on advances from FHLB	7,825		2,649		6,593
Interest on subordinated debt	14,055		7,913		10,192
Total interest expense	68,663		25,766		60,401
Net interest income	427,004		424,518		363,159
Provision/ (credit) for credit losses	34,372		(45,556)		85,669
Net interest income after provision/ (credit) for credit losses	392,632		470,074		277,490
Non-interest income:
Investment securities gains/ (losses)	(345)		212		467
Gain on disposal of assets	16,516		—		—
Service charges on deposit accounts	9,803		8,241		7,066
Mortgage banking activities	6,130		24,509		40,058
Wealth management income	35,774		36,841		30,570
Insurance agency commissions	2,927		7,017		6,795
Income from bank owned life insurance	3,141		3,022		2,867
Bank card fees	4,379		6,896		5,672
Other income	8,694		15,317		9,221
Total non-interest income	87,019		102,055		102,716
Non-interest expense:
Salaries and employee benefits	158,504		155,830		134,471
Occupancy expense of premises	19,255		22,405		21,383
Equipment expenses	14,779		12,883		12,224
Marketing	5,197		4,730		4,281
Outside data services	10,199		8,983		8,759
FDIC insurance	4,792		4,294		4,727
Amortization of intangible assets	5,814		6,600		6,221
Merger, acquisition and disposal expense	1,068		45		25,174
Professional fees and services	9,169		10,308		7,939
Other expenses	28,516		34,392		30,603
Total non-interest expense	257,293		260,470		255,782
Income before income tax expense	222,358		311,659		124,424
Income tax expense	56,059		76,552		27,471
Net income	$	166,299	$	235,107	$	96,953
Net income per common share amounts:
Basic net income per common share	$	3.69	$	5.00	$	2.19
Diluted net income per common share	$	3.68	$	4.98	$	2.18
Dividends declared per share	$	1.36	$	1.28	$	1.20

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these financial statements

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SANDY SPRING BANCORP, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE INCOME

	Year Ended December 31,
(In thousands)	2022		2021		2020
Net income	$	166,299	$	235,107	$	96,953
Other comprehensive income/ (loss):
Investments available-for-sale:
Net change in unrealized gains/ (losses) on investments available-for-sale	(152,196)		(38,104)		32,950
Related income tax (expense)/ benefit	38,762		9,751		(8,428)
Net investment (gains)/ losses reclassified into earnings	345		(212)		(467)
Related income tax expense/ (benefit)	(88)		54		120
Net effect on other comprehensive income/ (loss)	(113,177)		(28,511)		24,175
Investments held-to-maturity:
Net change in unrealized loss	(14,003)		—		—
Related income tax benefit	3,567		—		—
Net effect on other comprehensive income/ (loss)	(10,436)		—		—
Defined benefit pension plan:
Net change in unrealized gains/ (losses)	294		1,687		(1,542)
Related income tax (expense)/ benefit	(93)		(420)		404
Net effect on other comprehensive income/ (loss)	201		1,267		(1,138)
Total other comprehensive income/ (loss)	(123,412)		(27,244)		23,037
Comprehensive income	$	42,887	$	207,863	$	119,990

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these financial statements

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SANDY SPRING BANCORP, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CHANGES IN STOCKHOLDERS' EQUITY

` (Dollars in thousands, except per share data)	Common Stock		Additional Paid-In Capital		Retained Earnings		Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income/ (Loss)		Total Stockholders’ Equity
Balances at January 1, 2020	$	34,970	$	586,622	$	515,714	$	(4,332)	$	1,132,974
Net income	—		—		96,953		—		96,953
Other comprehensive income, net of tax	—		—		—		23,037		23,037
Total other comprehensive income									119,990
Common stock dividends $1.20 per share	—		—		(53,175)		—		(53,175)
Stock compensation expense	—		3,850		—		—		3,850
Common stock issued pursuant to:
Revere Bank acquisition - 12,768,949 shares	12,769		276,320		—		—		289,089
Stock option plan - 26,063 shares	27		289		—		—		316
Conversion of Revere stock options - 395,298 options	—		3,611		—		—		3,611
Employee stock purchase plan - 65,337 shares	65		1,616		—		—		1,681
Restricted stock vesting, net of tax withholding - 46,386 shares	46		(504)		—		—		(458)
Adoption of ASC 326 - Financial Instruments - Credit Losses	—		—		(2,221)		—		(2,221)
Repurchase of common stock - 820,328 shares	(820)		(24,882)		—		—		(25,702)
Balances at December 31, 2020	47,057		846,922		557,271		18,705		1,469,955
Net income	—		—		235,107		—		235,107
Other comprehensive loss, net of tax	—		—		—		(27,244)		(27,244)
Total other comprehensive income									207,863
Common stock dividends $1.28 per share	—		—		(60,351)		—		(60,351)
Stock compensation expense	—		5,299		—		—		5,299
Common stock issued pursuant to:
Stock option plan - 270,297 shares	270		3,424		—		—		3,694
Employee stock purchase plan - 60,018 shares	60		2,004		—		—		2,064
Restricted stock vesting, net of tax withholding - 81,838 shares	82		(1,659)		—		—		(1,577)
Repurchase of common stock - 2,350,000 shares	(2,350)		(104,918)		—		—		(107,268)
Balances at December 31, 2021	45,119		751,072		732,027		(8,539)		1,519,679
Net income	—		—		166,299		—		166,299
Other comprehensive loss, net of tax	—		—		—		(123,412)		(123,412)
Total other comprehensive income									42,887
Common stock dividends $1.36 per share	—		—		(61,537)		—		(61,537)
Stock compensation expense	—		7,887		—		—		7,887
Common stock issued pursuant to:
Stock option plan - 14,278 shares	14		279		—		—		293
Employee stock purchase plan - 43,837 shares	44		1,685		—		—		1,729
Restricted stock vesting, net of tax withholding - 105,719 shares	105		(2,288)		—		—		(2,183)
Repurchase of common stock - 625,710 shares	(625)		(24,362)		—		—		(24,987)
Balances at December 31, 2022	$	44,657	$	734,273	$	836,789	$	(131,951)	$	1,483,768

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these financial statements

72

SANDY SPRING BANCORP, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS

	Year Ended December 31,
(Dollars in thousands)	2022		2021		2020
Operating activities:
Net income	$	166,299	$	235,107	$	96,953
Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by operating activities
Depreciation and amortization	11,906		14,522		19,873
Provision/ (credit) for credit losses	34,372		(45,556)		85,669
Share based compensation expense	7,887		5,299		3,850
Gain on disposal of assets	(16,516)		—		—
Deferred income tax / (benefit)	(9,491)		12,255		(29,568)
Origination of loans held for sale	(363,204)		(1,385,664)		(1,576,865)
Proceeds from sales of loans held for sale	398,688		1,456,110		1,585,690
Gains on sales of loans held for sale	(7,781)		(31,561)		(33,418)
Losses on sale of other real estate owned	86		241		32
Investment securities (gains)/ losses	345		(212)		(467)
Tax benefit associated with share based compensation	(646)		(1,850)		(133)
Net (increase)/ decrease in accrued interest receivable	(6,823)		12,082		(15,499)
Net (increase)/ decrease other assets	(4,776)		(35,498)		1,500
Net increase/ (decrease) accrued expenses and other liabilities	9,686		(20,771)		1,704
Other, net	(3,710)		1,894		2,660
Net cash provided by operating activities	216,322		216,398		141,981
Investing activities:
Sales/ (purchases) of other investments	(28,052)		24,594		(3,553)
Purchases of investments available-for-sale	(469,792)		(933,491)		(633,741)
Proceeds from sales of investment available-for-sale	18,087		400,567		121,357
Proceeds from maturities, calls and principal payments of investments available-for-sale	240,217		369,678		441,672
Proceeds from maturities, calls and principal payments of investments held-to-maturity	31,759		—		—
Net (increase)/ decrease in loans	(1,420,983)		457,724		(1,174,467)
Proceeds from the sales of other real estate owned	335		680		60
Proceeds from sale of business activity, net	23,822		—		—
Cash paid for the acquisition of business activity of RPJ, net of cash acquired	—		—		(26,925)
Cash acquired in the acquisition of business activity of Revere Bank, net of cash paid	—		—		80,442
Expenditures for premises and equipment	(14,589)		(11,491)		(5,041)
Net cash provided by/ (used in) investing activities	(1,619,196)		308,261		(1,200,196)
Financing activities:
Net increase in deposits	330,721		595,942		1,270,328
Net increase/ (decrease) in retail repurchase agreements and federal funds purchased	180,881		(402,071)		329,552
Proceeds from FHLB advances	2,526,625		—		400,000
Repayment of FHLB advances	(1,976,625)		(379,075)		(703,117)
Proceeds from issuance of subordinated debt	200,000		—		—
Retirement of subordinated debt	—		(53,000)		(10,310)
Proceeds from issuance of common stock	2,192		5,758		1,997
Stock tendered for payment of withholding taxes	(2,353)		(1,577)		(458)
Repurchase of common stock	(24,987)		(107,268)		(25,702)
Dividends paid	(61,368)		(60,351)		(53,175)
Net cash provided by/ (used in) financing activities	1,175,086		(401,642)		1,209,115
Net increase/ (decrease) in cash and cash equivalents	(227,788)		123,017		150,900
Cash and cash equivalents at beginning of year	420,020		297,003		146,103
Cash and cash equivalents at end of year	$	192,232	$	420,020	$	297,003
Supplemental Disclosures:
Interest payments	$	62,240	$	37,847	$	62,637
Income tax payments, net of refunds of $966, $2,673 and $1,924 in 2022, 2021 and 2020	62,098		71,908		56,430
Transfers from loans to other real estate owned	—		257		70

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these financial statements

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SANDY SPRING BANCORP, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

NOTE 1 – SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES

Nature of Operations

Sandy Spring Bancorp, Inc. ("Bancorp" or, together with its subsidiaries, the "Company"), a Maryland corporation, is the bank holding company for Sandy Spring Bank (the “Bank”). Independent and community-oriented, the Bank offers a broad range of commercial banking, retail banking, mortgage services and trust services throughout central Maryland, northern Virginia, and the greater Washington, D.C. market. The Bank also offers a comprehensive menu of wealth management services through its subsidiaries, West Financial Services, Inc. (“West Financial”) and Rembert Pendleton Jackson (“RPJ”).

Basis of Presentation

The accounting and reporting policies of the Company conform to accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (“GAAP”) and prevailing practices within the financial services industry for financial information. The following summary of significant accounting policies of the Company is presented to assist the reader in understanding the financial and other data presented in this report. The Company has evaluated subsequent events through the date of the issuance of its financial statements.

Principles of Consolidation

The consolidated financial statements include the accounts of the Company and its wholly owned subsidiary, Sandy Spring Bank and its subsidiaries, West Financial, RPJ and Sandy Spring Insurance Corporation. Consolidation has resulted in the elimination of all significant intercompany accounts and transactions. See Note 24 for more information on the Company's segments and consolidation.

Use of Estimates

The preparation of financial statements requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities as of the date of the financial statements, in addition to affecting the reported amounts of revenues earned and expenses incurred during the reporting period. Actual results could differ from those estimates. Estimates that could change significantly relate to the provision for credit losses and the related allowance, potential impairment of goodwill or other intangible assets, valuation of investment securities and the determination of whether available-for-sale debt securities with fair values less than amortized costs are impaired and require an allowance for credit losses, valuation of other real estate owned, valuation of share based compensation, the assessment that a liability should be recognized with respect to any matters under litigation, the calculation of current and deferred income taxes, and the actuarial projections related to pension expense and the related liability.

Assets Under Management

Assets held for others under fiduciary and agency relationships are not assets of the Company or its subsidiaries and are not included in the accompanying Consolidated Statements of Condition. Trust department income and investment management fees are presented on an accrual basis.

Cash Flows

For purposes of reporting cash flows, cash and cash equivalents include cash and due from banks, federal funds sold and interest-bearing deposits with banks (items with an original maturity of three months or less).

Revenue from Contracts with Customers

The Company’s revenue includes net interest income on financial instruments and non-interest income. Specific categories of revenue are presented in the Consolidated Statements of Income. Most of the Company’s revenue is not within the scope of Accounting Standard Codification (“ASC”) 606 – Revenue from Contracts with Customers. For revenue within the scope of ASC 606, the Company provides services to customers and has related performance obligations. The revenue from such services is recognized upon satisfaction of all contractual performance obligations. The following discusses key revenue streams within the scope of revenue recognition guidance.

Wealth Management Income

West Financial and RPJ provide comprehensive investment management and financial planning services. Wealth management income is comprised of income for providing trust, estate and investment management services. Trust services include acting as a trustee for

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corporate or personal trusts. Investment management services include investment management, record-keeping and reporting of security portfolios. Fees for these services are recognized based on a contractually-agreed fixed percentage applied to net assets under management at the end of each reporting period. The Company does not charge/recognize any performance-based fees.

Insurance Agency Commissions

Prior to the sale of its assets in June 2022, Sandy Spring Insurance Corporation performed the function of an insurance intermediary by introducing the policyholder and insurer and was compensated by a commission fee for placement of an insurance policy. Sandy Spring Insurance did not provide any captive management services or any claim handling services. Commission fees were set as a percentage of the premium for the insurance policy for which Sandy Spring Insurance was a producer. Sandy Spring Insurance recognized revenue when the insurance policy was contractually agreed to by the insurer and policyholder (at transaction date).

Service Charges on Deposit Accounts

Service charges on deposit accounts are earned on depository accounts for consumer and commercial account holders and include fees for account and overdraft services. Account services include fees for event-driven services and periodic account maintenance activities. An obligation for event-driven services is satisfied at the time of the event when service is delivered and revenue recognized as earned. Obligation for maintenance activities is satisfied over the course of each month and revenue is recognized at month end. The overdraft services obligation is satisfied at the time of the overdraft and revenue is recognized as earned.

Residential Mortgage Loans Held for Sale

The Company engages in sales of residential mortgage loans originated by the Bank. Loans held for sale are carried at fair value. Fair value is derived from secondary market quotations for similar instruments. The Company measures residential mortgage loans at fair value when the Company first recognizes the loan (i.e., the fair value option). Changes in fair value of these loans are recorded in earnings as a component of mortgage banking activities in non-interest income in the Consolidated Statements of Income. The Company's current practice is to sell the majority of such loans on a servicing released basis. Any retained servicing assets are amortized in proportion to their net servicing fee income over the life of the respective loans. Servicing assets are evaluated for impairment on a periodic basis.

Investments Held-to-maturity

Debt securities that are purchased with the positive intent and ability to be held until their maturity are classified as held-to-maturity (“HTM”). HTM debt securities are recorded at cost adjusted for amortization of premiums and accretion of discounts. Transfers of debt securities from available-for-sale ("AFS") category to HTM category are made at fair value as of the transfer date. The unrealized gain or loss at the date of transfer continues to be reported in accumulated other comprehensive income and in the carrying amount of the HTM securities. Both amounts are amortized over the remaining life of the security as a yield adjustment in interest income and effectively offset each other.

Investments Available-for-Sale

Debt securities not classified as held-to-maturity or trading are classified as securities available-for-sale. Securities available-for-sale are acquired as part of the Company's asset/liability management strategy and may be sold in response to changes in interest rates, loan demand, changes in prepayment risk or other factors. Securities available-for-sale are carried at fair value, with unrealized gains or losses based on the difference between amortized cost and fair value, reported net of deferred tax, as accumulated other comprehensive income/ (loss), a separate component of stockholders' equity. The amortized cost of securities available-for-sale are adjusted for premium amortization and discount accretion. Premium is amortized to the earliest call date and discount accreted to the maturity date using the effective interest method. Realized gains and losses on security sales or maturities, using the specific identification method, are included as a separate component of non-interest income. Related interest and dividend income are included in interest income. Declines in the fair value of individual available-for-sale securities below their amortized cost due to credit-related factors are recognized as an allowance for credit losses. Credit-related factors affecting the determination of whether impairment has occurred include a downgrading of the security below investment grade by a rating agency or due to potential default, a significant deterioration in the financial condition of the issuer, increase in entity-specific credit spreads. Additionally, on any available-for-sale securities with unrealized losses, the Company evaluates its intent and ability to hold the investment for a period of time sufficient to allow for any anticipated recovery in fair value.

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Other Investments

Equity securities include Federal Reserve Bank stock, Federal Home Loan Bank of Atlanta ("FHLB") stock and other equities that are considered restricted as to marketability and recorded at cost. As these securities do not have readily available market values, they are carried at cost and adjusted for any necessary impairments each reporting period.

Loan Financing Receivables

The Company’s financing receivables consist primarily of loans that are stated at their principal balance outstanding, net of any unearned income, acquisition fair value marks and deferred loan origination fees and costs. Interest income on loans is accrued at the contractual rate based on the principal balance outstanding. Loan origination fees, net of certain direct origination costs, are deferred and recognized as an adjustment of the related loan yield using the interest method.

Loans are considered past due or delinquent when the principal or interest due in accordance with the contractual terms of the loan agreement or any portion thereof remains unpaid after the due date of the scheduled payment. Immaterial shortfalls in payment amounts do not necessarily result in a loan being considered delinquent or past due. If any payments are past due and subsequent payments are resumed without payment of the delinquent amount, the loan shall continue to be considered past due. Whenever any loan is reported delinquent on a principal or interest payment or portion thereof, the amount reported as delinquent is the outstanding principal balance of the loan.

Loans, except for consumer installment loans, are placed into non-accrual status when any portion of the loan principal or interest becomes 90 days past due. Management may determine that certain circumstances warrant earlier discontinuance of interest accruals on specific loans if an evaluation of other relevant factors (such as bankruptcy, interruption of cash flows, etc.) indicates collection of amounts contractually due is unlikely. These loans are considered, collectively, to be non-performing loans. Consumer installment loans that are not secured by real estate are not placed on non-accrual, but are charged down to their net realizable value when they are four months past due. Loans designated as non-accrual have all previously accrued but unpaid interest reversed. Interest income is not recognized on non-accrual loans. All payments received on non-accrual loans are applied using a cost-recovery method to reduce the outstanding principal balance until the loan returns to accrual status. Loans may be returned to accrual status when all principal and interest amounts contractually due are brought current and future payments are reasonably assured.

Loans considered to be TDRs are loans that have their terms restructured (e.g., interest rates, loan maturity date, payment and amortization period, etc.) in circumstances that provide payment relief to a borrower experiencing financial difficulty. All restructured collateral-dependent loans are individually assessed for allowance for credit losses and may either be in accruing or non-accruing status. Non-accruing restructured loans may return to accruing status provided doubt has been removed concerning the collectability of principal and interest as evidenced by a sufficient period of payment performance in accordance with the restructured terms. Loans may be removed from the restructured category if the borrower is no longer experiencing financial difficulty, a re-underwriting event took place, and the revised loan terms of the subsequent restructuring agreement are considered to be consistent with terms that can be obtained in the market for loans with comparable credit risk.

Allowance for Credit Losses

The allowance for credit losses (“allowance” or “ACL”) represents an amount which, in management's judgment, reflects the lifetime expected losses that may be sustained on outstanding loans at the balance sheet date based on the evaluation of the size and current risk characteristics of the loan portfolio, past events, current conditions, reasonable and supportable forecasts of future economic conditions and prepayment experience. The allowance is measured and recorded upon the initial recognition of a financial asset. The allowance is reduced by charge-offs, net of recoveries of previous losses, and is increased or decreased by a provision or credit for credit losses, which is recorded as a current period expense.

Determination of the appropriateness of the allowance is inherently complex and requires the use of significant and highly subjective estimates. The reasonableness of the allowance is reviewed periodically by the Risk Committee of the Board of Directors and formally approved quarterly by that same committee of the Board.

The Company’s methodology for estimating the allowance includes: (1) a collective quantified reserve that reflects the Company’s historical default and loss experience adjusted for expected economic conditions throughout a reasonable and supportable period and the Company’s prepayment and curtailment rates; (2) collective qualitative factors that consider the expected impact of certain factors not fully captured in the collective quantified reserve, including concentrations of the loan portfolio, expected changes to the economic

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forecasts, large relationships, early delinquencies, and factors related to credit administration, including, among others, loan-to-value ratios, borrowers’ risk rating and credit score migrations; and (3) individual allowances on collateral-dependent loans where borrowers are experiencing financial difficulty or when the Company determines that the foreclosure is probable. The Company excludes accrued interest from the measurement of the allowance as the Company has a non-accrual policy to reverse any accrued, uncollected interest income as loans are moved to non-accrual status.

Loans are pooled into segments based on the similar risk characteristics of the underlying borrowers, in addition to consideration of collateral type, industry and business purpose of the loans. Portfolio segments used to estimate the allowance are the same as portfolio segments used for general credit risk management purposes. Refer to Note 5 for more details on the Company’s portfolio segments.

The Company applies two calculation methodologies to estimate the collective quantified component of the allowance: discounted cash flows method and weighted average remaining life method. Allowance estimates on commercial acquisition, development and construction (“AD&C”) and residential construction segments are based on the weighted average remaining life method. Allowance estimates on all other portfolio segments are based on the discounted cash flows method. Segments utilizing the discounted cash flows method are further sub-segmented into risk level pools, determined either by risk rating for commercial loans or Beacon Scores ranges for residential and consumer loans. To better manage risk and reasonably determine the sufficiency of reserves, this segregation allows the Company to monitor the allowance component applicable to higher risk loans separate from the remainder of the portfolio. Collective calculation methodologies utilize the Company’s historical default and loss experience adjusted for future economic forecasts. The reasonable and supportable forecast period represents a two-year economic outlook for the applicable economic variables. Following the end of the reasonable and supportable forecast period expected losses revert back to the historical mean over the next two years on a straight-line basis. Economic variables that have the most significant impact on the allowance include: unemployment rate, house price index and business bankruptcies. Contractual loan level cash flows within the discounted cash flows methodology are adjusted for the Company’s historical prepayment and curtailment rate experience.

The individual reserve assessment is applied to collateral dependent loans where borrowers are experiencing financial difficulty or when the Company determines that a foreclosure is probable. The determination of the fair value of the collateral depends on whether a repayment of the loan is expected to be from the sale or the operation of the collateral. When a repayment is expected from the operation of the collateral, the Company uses the present value of expected cash flows from the operation of the collateral as the fair value. When the repayment of the loan is expected from the sale of the collateral the fair value of the collateral is based on an observable market price or the collateral’s appraised value, less estimated costs to sell. Third-party appraisals used in the individual reserve assessment are conducted at least annually with underlying assumptions that are reviewed by management. Third-party appraisals may be obtained on a more frequent basis if deemed necessary. Internal evaluations of collateral value are conducted quarterly to ensure any further deterioration of the collateral value is recognized on a timely basis. During the individual reserve assessment, management also considers the potential future changes in the value of the collateral over the remainder of the loan’s remaining life. The Company may receive updated appraisals which contradict the preliminary determination of fair value used to establish an individual allowance on a loan. In these instances the individual allowance is adjusted to reflect the Company’s evaluation of the updated appraised fair value. In the event a loss was previously confirmed and the loan was charged down to the estimated fair value based on a previous appraisal, the balance of partially charged-off loans are not subsequently increased, but could be further decreased depending on the direction of the change in fair value. Payments on fully or partially charged-off loans are accounted for under the cost-recovery method. Under this method, all payments received are applied on a cash basis to reduce the entire outstanding principal balance, then to recognize a recovery of all previously charged-off amounts before any interest income may be recognized. Based on the individual reserve assessment, if the Company determines that the fair value of the collateral is less than the amortized cost basis of the loan, an individual allowance will be established measured as the difference between the fair value of the collateral (less costs to sell) and the amortized cost basis of the loan. Once a loss has been confirmed, the loan is charged-down to its estimated fair value.

Large groups of smaller non-accrual homogeneous loans are not individually evaluated for allowance and include residential permanent and construction mortgages and consumer installment loans. These portfolios are reserved for on a collective basis using historical loss rates of similar loans over the weighted average life of each pool.

Unfunded lending commitments are reviewed to determine if they are considered unconditionally cancellable. The Company establishes reserves for unfunded commitments that do not meet that criteria as a liability in the Consolidated Statements of Condition.

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Changes to the liability are recorded through the provision for credit losses in the Consolidated Statements of Income. The establishment of the reserves for unfunded commitments considers both the likelihood that the funding will occur and an estimate of the expected credit losses over the life of the respective commitments.

Management believes it uses relevant information available to make determinations about the allowance for credit losses and the reserve for unfunded commitments and that it has established both reserves in accordance with GAAP. However, the determination of the allowance requires significant judgment, and estimates of expected lifetime losses in the loan portfolio can vary significantly from the amounts actually observed. While management uses available information to recognize expected losses, future additions to the allowance may be necessary based on changes in the loans comprising the portfolio, changes in the current and forecasted economic conditions, changes to the interest rate environment which may directly impact prepayment and curtailment rate assumptions, and changes in the financial condition of borrowers.

Premises and Equipment

Premises and equipment are stated at cost, less accumulated depreciation and amortization, computed using the straight-line method. Premises and equipment are depreciated over the useful lives of the assets, which generally range from 3 to 10 years for furniture, fixtures and equipment, 3 to 5 years for computer software and hardware, and 10 to 40 years for buildings and building improvements. Leasehold improvements are amortized over the lesser of the lease term or the estimated useful lives of the improvements. The costs of major renewals and betterments are capitalized, while the costs of ordinary maintenance and repairs are included in non-interest expense.

Leases

The Company determines if an arrangement is a lease at inception. All of the Company’s leases are currently classified as operating leases and are included in other assets and other liabilities on the Company’s Consolidated Statements of Condition. Periodic operating lease costs are recorded in occupancy expenses of premises on the Company's Consolidated Statements of Income.

Right-of-use (“ROU”) assets represent the Company’s right to use an underlying asset for the lease term, and lease liabilities represent the Company’s obligation to make lease payments arising from the lease arrangements. Operating lease ROU assets and liabilities are recognized at the lease commencement date based on the present value of the expected future lease payments over the remaining lease term. In determining the present value of future lease payments, the Company uses its incremental borrowing rate based on the information available at the lease commencement date. The operating ROU assets are adjusted for any lease payments made at or before the lease commencement date, initial direct costs, any lease incentives received and, for acquired leases, any favorable or unfavorable fair value adjustments. The present value of the lease liability may include the impact of options to extend or terminate the lease when it is reasonably certain that the Company will exercise such options provided in the lease terms. Lease expense is recognized on a straight-line basis over the expected lease term. Lease agreements that include lease and non-lease components, such as common area maintenance charges, are accounted for separately.

Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets

Goodwill represents the excess purchase price paid over the fair value of the net assets acquired in a business combination. Goodwill is not amortized but is tested for impairment annually or more frequently if events or changes in circumstances indicate that the asset might be impaired. Impairment testing requires that the fair value of each of the Company’s reporting units be compared to the carrying amount of the reporting unit’s net assets, including goodwill. The Company’s reporting units were identified based upon an analysis of each of its individual operating segments. If the fair values of the reporting units exceed their book values, no write-down of recorded goodwill is required. If the fair value of a reporting unit is less than book value, an expense may be required to write-down the related goodwill to the proper carrying value. Any impairment would be realized through a reduction of goodwill or the intangible and an offsetting charge to non-interest expense. Annually, the Company performs an impairment test of goodwill as of October 1 of each year. During the year, any triggering event that occurs may affect goodwill and could require an impairment assessment. Determining the fair value of a reporting unit requires the Company to use a degree of subjectivity. The Company's annual impairment test of goodwill and other intangible assets did not identify any impairment. Additionally, the Company determined that there were no triggering events and as a result no evidence of impairment between the annual impairment test and December 31, 2022.

Accounting guidance provides the option to first assess qualitative factors to determine whether the existence of events or circumstances leads to a determination that it is more likely than not that the fair value of a reporting unit is less than its carrying amount. The Company assesses qualitative factors on a quarterly basis. Based on the assessment of these qualitative factors, if it is

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determined that it is more likely than not that the fair value of a reporting unit is not less than the carrying value, then performing the impairment process is not necessary. However, if it is determined that it is more likely than not that the carrying value exceeds the fair value a quantified analysis is required to determine whether an impairment exists.

Other intangible assets represent purchased assets that lack physical substance but can be distinguished from goodwill because of contractual or other legal rights or because the asset is capable of being sold or exchanged either on its own or in combination with a related contract, asset, or liability. Other intangible assets have finite lives and are reviewed for impairment annually. These assets are amortized over their estimated useful lives either on a straight-line or sum-of-the-years basis over varying periods that initially did not exceed 15 years.

Other Real Estate Owned

OREO is comprised of properties acquired in partial or total satisfaction of problem loans. The properties are recorded at fair value less estimated costs of disposal, on the date acquired or on the date that the Company acquires effective control over the property. Gains or losses arising at the time of acquisition of such properties are charged against the allowance for credit losses. During the holding period OREO continues to be measured at lower of cost or fair value less estimated costs of disposal, and any subsequent declines in value are expensed as incurred. Gains and losses realized from the sale of OREO, as well as valuation adjustments and expenses of operation are included in non-interest expense.

Derivative Financial Instruments

Derivative Loan Commitments

Mortgage loan commitments are derivative loan commitments if the loan that will result from exercise of the commitment will be held for sale upon funding. Derivative loan commitments are recognized at fair value in the Consolidated Statements of Condition in other assets or other liabilities with changes in their fair values recorded as a component of mortgage banking activities in the Consolidated Statements of Income.

Mortgage loan commitments are issued to borrowers. Subsequent to commitment date, changes in the fair value of the loan commitment are recognized based on changes in the fair value of the underlying mortgage loan due to interest rate changes, changes in the probability the derivative loan commitment will be exercised, and the passage of time. In estimating fair value, a probability is assigned to a loan commitment based on an expectation that it will be exercised and the loan will be funded.

Forward Loan Sale Commitments

Loan sales agreements are evaluated to determine whether they meet the definition of a derivative as facts and circumstances may differ significantly. If agreements qualify, to protect against the price risk inherent in derivative loan commitments, the Company utilizes both “mandatory delivery” and “best efforts” forward loan sale commitments to mitigate the risk of potential decreases in the values of loans that would result from the exercise of the derivative loan commitments. Mandatory delivery contracts are accounted for as derivative instruments. Generally, best efforts contracts also meet the definition of derivative instruments after the loan to the borrower has closed. Accordingly, forward loan sale commitments that economically hedge the closed loan inventory are recognized at fair value in the Consolidated Statements of Condition in other assets or other liabilities with changes in their fair values recorded as a component of mortgage banking activities in the Consolidated Statements of Income. The Company estimates the fair value of its forward loan sales commitments using a methodology similar to that used for derivative loan commitments.

Interest Rate Swap Agreements

The Company enters into interest rate swaps (“swaps”) with commercial loan customers to provide a facility to mitigate the fluctuations in the variable rate on the respective loans. These swaps are matched in exact offsetting terms to swaps that the Company enters into with an outside third party. The swaps are reported at fair value in other assets or other liabilities in the Consolidated Statements of Condition. The Company's swaps qualify as derivatives, but are not designated as hedging instruments, thus any net gain or loss resulting from changes in the fair value is recognized in other non-interest income in the Consolidated Statements of Income. Further discussion of the Company's financial derivatives is set forth in Note 18.

Off-Balance Sheet Credit Risk

The Company issues financial or standby letters of credit that represent conditional commitments to fund transactions by the Company, typically to guarantee performance of a customer to a third-party related to borrowing arrangements. The credit risk associated with issuing letters of credit is essentially the same as occurs when extending loan facilities to borrowers. The Company monitors the exposure to the letters of credit as part of its credit review process. Extensions of letters of credit, if any, would become

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part of the loan balance outstanding and would be evaluated in accordance with the Company’s credit policies. Potential exposure to loss for unfunded letters of credit if deemed necessary would be recorded in other liabilities in the Consolidated Statements of Condition.

In the ordinary course of business the Company originates and sells whole loans to a variety of investors. Mortgage loans sold are subject to representations and warranties made to the third-party purchasers regarding certain attributes. Subsequent to the sale, if a material underwriting deficiency or documentation defect is determined, the Company may be obligated to repurchase the mortgage loan or reimburse the investor for losses incurred if the deficiency or defect cannot be rectified within a specific period subsequent to discovery. The Company monitors the activity regarding the requirement to repurchase loans and the associated losses incurred. This information is applied to determine an estimated recourse reserve that is recorded in other liabilities in the Consolidated Statements of Condition.

Valuation of Long-Lived Assets

The Company reviews long-lived assets, including leases, and certain identifiable intangible assets for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of an asset may not be recoverable. Recoverability is measured by comparing the carrying amount of the asset to future undiscounted net cash flows expected to be generated by the asset. If such assets are considered to be impaired, the impairment to be recognized is measured by the amount by which the carrying amount of the assets exceeds the estimated fair value of the assets. Assets to be disposed of are reported at the lower of the cost or the fair value, less costs to sell.

Transfers of Financial Assets

Transfers of financial assets are accounted for as sales when control over the assets has been surrendered. Control over transferred assets is deemed to be surrendered when (1) the assets have been isolated from the Company, (2) the transferee obtains the right (free of conditions that constrain it from taking advantage of that right or from providing more than a trivial benefit to the transferor) to pledge or exchange the transferred assets, and (3) the Company does not maintain effective control over the transferred assets through any agreement to repurchase or redeem them before their maturity or likely cause a holder to return those assets whether through unilateral ability or a price so favorable to the transferee that it is probable that the transferee will require the transferor to repurchase them. A participating interest must be in an entire financial asset and cannot represent an interest in a group of financial assets. Except for compensation paid for services performed, all cash flows from the asset are allocated to the participating interest holders in proportion to their share of ownership. Financial assets obtained or liabilities incurred in a sale are recognized and initially measured at fair value.

Advertising Costs

Advertising costs are expensed as incurred and included as marketing expense in non-interest expenses in the Consolidated Statements of Income.

Net Income per Common Share

The Company calculates earnings per common share under the two class method, which provides that unvested share-based payment awards that contain non-forfeitable rights to dividends or dividend equivalents (whether paid or unpaid) are participating securities and shall be included in the computation of earnings per share pursuant to the dual class method. The Company has determined that its outstanding non-vested restricted stock awards are participating securities.

Under the two class method, basic earnings per common share is computed by dividing net earnings allocated to common shareholders by the weighted average number of common shares outstanding during the applicable period, which excludes outstanding participating securities. Diluted earnings per common share is computed using the weighted average number of common shares determined for the basic earnings per common share computation plus the dilutive effect of incremental stock options and restricted stock.

Income Taxes

Income tax expense is based on the results of operations, adjusted for permanent differences between items of income or expense reported in the financial statements and those reported for tax purposes. Deferred income tax assets and liabilities are determined using the liability method. Under the liability method, deferred income taxes are determined based on the differences between the financial statement carrying amounts and the income tax bases of assets and liabilities and are measured at the enacted tax rates that will be in effect when these differences reverse. The effects of the enactment of the new tax law are accounted for under the existing authoritative guidance.

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The Company’s policy is to recognize interest and penalties on income taxes in other non-interest expense in the Consolidated Statements of Income.

Pending Accounting Pronouncements

In March 2020, the FASB issued ASU 2020-04, “Reference Rate Reform (Topic 848)”. This ASU provided temporary, optional guidance to ease the potential burden in accounting for, or recognizing the effects of, the transition away from the London Interbank Offered Rate ("LIBOR") or other reference rate expected to be discontinued on financial reporting. The standard was elective and provided optional expedients and exceptions for applying GAAP to contracts, hedging relationships, or other transactions that reference LIBOR, or another reference rate expected to be discontinued. The amendments in the update were effective for all entities between March 12, 2020 and December 31, 2022. In January 2021, the FASB issued ASU 2021-01, “Reference Rate Reform (Topic 848): Scope”. This ASU refines the scope of Topic 848 and addresses questions about whether Topic 848 can be applied to derivative instruments that do not reference a rate that is expected to be discontinued, but that use an interest rate for margining, discounting or contract price alignment that is expected to be modified as a result of reference rate reform. ASU 2021-01 is effective upon issuance through December 31, 2024, and can be adopted at any time during this period. The Company has not offered LIBOR for any new contracts since 2021. The Company has identified all known LIBOR exposures, created a plan to address the exposures, and continues to communicate with all stakeholders in order to facilitate the transition to an alternative reference rate. The Company adopted ASU 2020-04 on January 1, 2022. The adoption did not have a material impact on the Company’s Consolidated Financial Statements. The Company continues to evaluate the adoption of ASU 2021-01 and does not expect it to have a material impact on the Company's Consolidated Financial Statements.

In March 2022, the FASB issued ASU 2022-02, which eliminates the accounting guidance on troubled debt restructurings (“TDR”) and amends the guidance on “vintage disclosures” to require disclosure of current period gross charge-offs by year of origination. The ASU also adds enhanced disclosures for creditors with respect to loan refinancing and restructurings for borrowers experiencing financial difficulty. The objective of the disclosures is to provide information about the type and magnitude of modifications and the degree of their success in mitigating potential credit losses. For entities that have adopted the guidance in ASC 326, the amendments are effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2022, and interim periods therein. Early adoption of the amendments is permitted for entities that have adopted ASC 326, including adoption in an interim period. An entity may elect to early adopt the amendments related to TDRs separately from the amendments related to vintage disclosures. The Company is in process of reviewing the enhanced modification disclosure requirements.

NOTE 2 – CASH AND DUE FROM BANKS

The Federal Reserve Act requires that banks maintain cash reserve balances with the Federal Reserve Bank based principally on the type and amount of their deposits. At its option, the Company maintains additional balances to compensate for clearing and safekeeping services. The average balance maintained in 2022 was $185.6 million and in 2021 was $491.9 million.

NOTE 3 – INVESTMENTS

Investments available-for-sale and held-to-maturity

During the quarter ended March 31, 2022, the Company transferred certain debt securities from available-for-sale to held-to-maturity. The total amortized cost of debt securities transferred was $305.6 million with the associated fair value of $289.4 million and unrealized losses of $16.2 million at the date of transfer. All of these investments are either issued by a direct governmental entity or a government-sponsored entity and have no historical evidence supporting expected credit losses. Therefore, the Company has estimated these losses at zero and will monitor this assumption in the future for any economic or governmental policies that could affect this assumption.

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The amortized cost and estimated fair values of investments available-for-sale and held-to-maturity at December 31 are presented in the following table:

	2022								2021
(In thousands)	Amortized Cost		Gross Unrealized Gains		Gross Unrealized Losses		Estimated Fair Value		Amortized Cost		Gross Unrealized Gains		Gross Unrealized Losses		Estimated Fair Value
Available-for-sale debt securities
U.S. treasuries and government agencies	$	100,926	$	—	$	(7,304)	$	93,622	$	68,487	$	202	$	(150)	$	68,539
State and municipal	322,519		4		(56,526)		265,997		323,286		6,561		(3,445)		326,402
Mortgage-backed and asset-backed	943,398		73		(88,552)		854,919		1,074,577		8,203		(11,825)		1,070,955
Total available-for-sale debt securities	$	1,366,843	$	77	$	(152,382)	$	1,214,538	$	1,466,350	$	14,966	$	(15,420)	$	1,465,896
Held-to-maturity debt securities:
Mortgage-backed and asset-backed	259,452		—		(39,329)		220,123		—		—		—		—
Total held-to-maturity debt securities	$	259,452	$	—	$	(39,329)	$	220,123	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—
Total debt securities	$	1,626,295	$	77	$	(191,711)	$	1,434,661	$	1,466,350	$	14,966	$	(15,420)	$	1,465,896

Any unrealized losses in the U.S. treasuries and government agencies, state and municipal, mortgage-backed and asset-backed available-for-sale debt securities at December 31, 2022 are due to changes in interest rates and not credit-related events. As such, no allowance for credit losses is required at December 31, 2022. Unrealized losses on available-for-sale debt securities are expected to recover over time as these securities approach maturity. The Company does not intend to sell, nor is it more likely than not it will be required to sell, these securities and has sufficient liquidity to hold these securities for an adequate period of time, which may be maturity, to allow for any anticipated recovery in fair value.

The amortized cost of the available-for-sale and held-to-maturity mortgage-backed and asset-backed securities portfolio at December 31, 2022 is composed entirely of either the most senior tranches of GNMA, FNMA or FHLMC collateralized mortgage obligations ($500.1 million), GNMA, FNMA or FHLMC mortgage-backed securities ($660.5 million) and SBA asset-backed securities ($42.3 million).

Gross unrealized losses and fair values by length of time that individual available-for-sale securities have been in an unrealized loss position at December 31 are presented in the following tables:

	December 31, 2022
	Number of Securities	Less Than 12 Months				12 Months or More				Total
(Dollars in thousands)		Fair Value		Unrealized Losses		Fair Value		Unrealized Losses		Fair Value		Unrealized Losses
U.S. treasuries and government agencies	10	$	53,139	$	3,653	$	40,483	$	3,651	$	93,622	$	7,304
State and municipal	130	200,439		30,803		62,482		25,723		262,921		56,526
Mortgage-backed and asset-backed	324	526,387		44,952		297,216		43,600		823,603		88,552
Total	464	$	779,965	$	79,408	$	400,181	$	72,974	$	1,180,146	$	152,382

	December 31, 2021
	Number of Securities	Less Than 12 Months				12 Months or More				Total
(Dollars in thousands)		Fair Value		Unrealized Losses		Fair Value		Unrealized Losses		Fair Value		Unrealized Losses
U.S. treasuries and government agencies	5	$	49,695	$	150	$	—	$	—	$	49,695	$	150
State and municipal	32	63,206		2,288		21,740		1,157		84,946		3,445
Mortgage-backed and asset-backed	104	665,813		10,145		37,857		1,680		703,670		11,825
Total	141	$	778,714	$	12,583	$	59,597	$	2,837	$	838,311	$	15,420

The Company has allocated mortgage-backed and asset-backed securities into the four maturity groupings reflected in the following table using the expected average life of the individual securities based on statistics provided by independent third-party industry

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sources. Expected maturities will differ from contractual maturities as borrowers may have the right to prepay obligations with or without prepayment penalties.

The estimated fair values and amortized costs of available-for-sale and held-to-maturity debt securities by contractual maturity at December 31 are provided in the following table:

	December 31, 2022				December 31, 2021
(In thousands)	Fair Value		Amortized Cost		Fair Value		Amortized Cost
U.S. treasuries and government agencies:
One year or less	$	—	$	—	$	12,029	$	11,995
One to five years	93,622		100,926		56,510		56,492
Five to ten years	—		—		—		—
After ten years	—		—		—		—
State and municipal:
One year or less	8,694		8,783		12,821		12,709
One to five years	51,576		53,948		27,408		26,637
Five to ten years	28,806		34,042		42,960		42,661
After ten years	176,921		225,746		243,213		241,279
Mortgage-backed and asset-backed:
One year or less	7,622		7,704		9,272		9,239
One to five years	45,366		46,802		14,752		14,575
Five to ten years	303,697		335,285		388,918		390,569
After ten years	498,234		553,607		658,013		660,194
After ten years	—		—		—		—
Total available-for-sale debt securities	$	1,214,538	$	1,366,843	$	1,465,896	$	1,466,350

	December 31, 2022				December 31, 2021
(In thousands)	Fair Value		Amortized Cost		Fair Value		Amortized Cost
Held-to-maturity debt securities
Mortgage-backed and asset-backed:
One year or less	—		—		—		—
One to five years	—		—		—		—
Five to ten years	35,304		39,213		—		—
After ten years	184,819		220,239		—		—
Total held-to-maturity debt securities	$	220,123	$	259,452	$	—	$	—

At December 31, 2022 and 2021, available-for-sale and held-to-maturity debt securities with a book value of $533.9 million and $531.6 million, respectively, were pledged as collateral for certain government deposits and for other purposes as required or permitted by law. The outstanding balance of no single issuer, except for U.S. government agency securities, exceeded ten percent of stockholders' equity at December 31, 2022 and 2021.

Other Investments

Other investments are presented in the following table:

(In thousands)	2022		2021
Federal Reserve Bank stock, at cost	$	38,873	$	34,097
Federal Home Loan Bank of Atlanta stock, at cost	29,668		6,392
Other	677		677
Total other investments, at cost	$	69,218	$	41,166

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Investment securities gains/ (losses)

Gross realized gains and losses on all investments for the years ended December 31 are presented in the following table:

(In thousands)	2022		2021		2020
Gross realized gains from sales of investments available-for-sale	$	8	$	3,588	$	1,297
Gross realized losses from sales of investments available-for-sale	(393)		(3,478)		(1,068)
Net gains from calls of investments available-for-sale	40		102		238
Net investment securities gains/ (losses)	$	(345)	$	212	$	467

NOTE 4 – LOANS

The lending business of the Company is based on understanding, measuring and controlling the credit risk inherent in the loan portfolio. The Company’s loan portfolio is subject to varying degrees of credit risk. Credit risk entails both general risks, which are inherent in the process of lending, and risk specific to individual borrowers. The Company’s credit risk is mitigated through portfolio diversification, which limits exposure to any single customer, industry or collateral type.

Outstanding loan balances at December 31, 2022 and 2021 are net of unearned income, including net deferred loan fees of $10.5 million and $14.3 million, respectively. Net deferred loan fees at December 31, 2022, included $0.3 million in net fees related to the loans originated under the Paycheck Protection Program (“PPP”) compared to $4.6 million at the end of the prior year.

The loan portfolio segment balances at December 31 are presented in the following table:

(In thousands)	2022		2021
Commercial real estate:
Commercial investor real estate	$	5,130,094	$	4,141,346
Commercial owner-occupied real estate	1,775,037		1,690,881
Commercial AD&C	1,090,028		1,088,094
Commercial business	1,455,885		1,481,834
Total commercial loans	9,451,044		8,402,155
Residential real estate:
Residential mortgage	1,287,933		937,570
Residential construction	224,772		197,652
Consumer	432,957		429,714
Total residential and consumer loans	1,945,662		1,564,936
Total loans	$	11,396,706	$	9,967,091

Portfolio Segments

The Company currently manages its credit products and the respective exposure to credit losses (credit risk) by the following specific portfolio segments which are levels at which the Company develops and documents its systematic methodology to determine the allowance for credit losses attributable to each respective portfolio segment. These segments are:

•Commercial investor real estate loans - Commercial investor real estate loans consist of loans secured by nonowner-occupied properties where an established banking relationship exists and involves investment properties for warehouse, retail, and office space with a history of occupancy and cash flow. This commercial investor real estate category contains mortgage loans to the developers and owners of commercial real estate where the borrower intends to operate or sell the property at a profit and use the income stream or proceeds from the sale(s) to repay the loan.

•Commercial owner-occupied real estate loans - Commercial owner-occupied real estate loans consist of commercial mortgage loans secured by owner-occupied properties where an established banking relationship exists and involves a variety of property types to conduct the borrower’s operations. The decision to extend a loan is based upon the borrower’s financial health and the ability of the borrower and the business to repay. The primary source of repayment for this type of loan is the cash flow from the operations of the business.

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•Commercial acquisition, development and construction loans - Commercial acquisition, development and construction loans are intended to finance the construction of commercial properties and include loans for the acquisition and development of land. Construction loans represent a higher degree of risk than permanent real estate loans and may be affected by a variety of additional factors such as the borrower’s ability to control costs and adhere to time schedules and the risk that constructed units may not be absorbed by the market within the anticipated time frame or at the anticipated price. The loan commitment on these loans often includes an interest reserve that allows the lender to periodically advance loan funds to pay interest charges on the outstanding balance of the loan.

•Commercial business loans - Commercial loans are made to provide funds for equipment and general corporate needs. Repayment of a loan primarily comes from the funds obtained from the operation of the borrower’s business. Commercial loans also include lines of credit that are utilized to finance a borrower’s short-term credit needs and/or to finance a percentage of eligible receivables and inventory. Loans issued under the PPP are also included in this category, a substantial portion of which are expected to be forgiven by the Small Business Administration pursuant to the CARES Act.

•Residential mortgage loans - The residential mortgage loans category contains permanent mortgage loans principally to consumers secured by residential real estate. Residential real estate loans are evaluated for the adequacy of repayment sources at the time of approval, based upon measures including credit scores, debt-to-income ratios, and collateral values. Loans may be either conforming or non-conforming.

•Residential construction loans - The Company makes residential construction loans generally to provide interim financing on residential property during the construction period. Borrowers are typically individuals who will ultimately occupy the single-family dwelling. Loan funds are disbursed periodically as pre-specified stages of completion are attained based upon site inspections.

•Consumer loans - This category of loans includes primarily home equity loans and lines, installment loans, personal lines of credit, and other loans. The home equity category consists mainly of revolving lines of credit to consumers which are secured by residential real estate. These loans are typically secured with second mortgages on the homes. Other consumer loans include installment loans used by customers to purchase automobiles, boats and recreational vehicles.

Loans to Related Parties

Certain directors and executive officers have loan transactions with the Company. The following schedule summarizes changes in amounts of loans outstanding, both direct and indirect, to these persons during the periods indicated:

(In thousands)	2022		2021
Balance at January 1	$	78,227	$	96,005
Additions	6,939		7,040
Repayments	(24,310)		(24,818)
Balance at December 31	$	60,856	$	78,227

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NOTE 5 – CREDIT QUALITY ASSESSMENT

Allowance for Credit Losses

Summary information on the allowance for credit loss activity for the years ended December 31 is provided in the following table:

(In thousands)	2022		2021		2020
Balance at beginning of year	$	109,145	$	165,367	$	56,132
Initial allowance on PCD loans at adoption of ASC 326	—		—		2,762
Transition impact of adopting ASC 326	—		—		2,983
Initial allowance on Revere PCD loans	—		—		18,628
Provision/ (credit) for credit losses - loans	26,680		(45,556)		85,669
Loans charge-offs	(1,105)		(12,313)		(1,819)
Loans recoveries	1,522		1,647		1,012
Net (charge-offs)/ recoveries	417		(10,666)		(807)
Balance at period end	$	136,242	$	109,145	$	165,367

The following table provides summary information regarding collateral dependent loans individually evaluated for credit loss at the dates indicated:

(In thousands)	2022		2021
Collateral dependent loans individually evaluated for credit loss with an allowance	$	9,743	$	9,510
Collateral dependent loans individually evaluated for credit loss without an allowance	16,454		24,024
Total individually evaluated collateral dependent loans	$	26,197	$	33,534
Allowance for credit losses related to loans evaluated individually	$	6,902	$	6,593
Allowance for credit losses related to loans evaluated collectively	129,340		102,552
Total allowance for credit losses - loans	$	136,242	$	109,145

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The following tables provide information on the activity in the allowance for credit losses by the respective loan portfolio segment for the years ended December 31:

	2022
	Commercial Real Estate												Residential Real Estate
(In thousands)	Commercial Investor R/E			Commercial Owner- Occupied R/E			Commercial AD&C			Commercial Business			Residential Mortgage			Residential Construction			Consumer			Total
Balance as of December 31, 2021	$	45,289		$	11,687		$	20,322		$	23,170		$	5,384		$	1,048		$	2,245		$	109,145
Provision/ (credit) for credit losses - loans	19,128			(90)			(1,676)			4,774			4,093			281			170			26,680
Charge-offs	—			—			—			(716)			(155)			—			(234)			(1,105)
Recoveries	320			49			—			799			102			8			244			1,522
Net (charge-offs)/ recoveries	320			49			—			83			(53)			8			10			417
Balance at end of period	$	64,737		$	11,646		$	18,646		$	28,027		$	9,424		$	1,337		$	2,425		$	136,242
Total loans	$	5,130,094		$	1,775,037		$	1,090,028		$	1,455,885		$	1,287,933		$	224,772		$	432,957		$	11,396,706
Allowance for credit losses on loans to total loans ratio	1.26		%	0.66		%	1.71		%	1.93		%	0.73		%	0.59		%	0.56		%	1.20		%
Average loans	$	4,681,607		$	1,730,293		$	1,112,936		$	1,351,906		$	1,117,053		$	221,341		$	423,746		$	10,638,882
Net charge-offs/ (recoveries) to average loans	(0.01)		%	—		%	—		%	(0.01)		%	—		%	—		%	—		%	—		%
Balance of loans individually evaluated for credit loss	$	9,943		$	6,155		$	—		$	8,274		$	1,487		$	—		$	338		$	26,197
Allowance related to loans evaluated individually	$	134		$	1,261		$	—		$	5,507		$	—		$	—		$	—		$	6,902
Individual allowance to loans evaluated individually ratio	1.35		%	20.49		%	—		%	66.56		%	—		%	—		%	—		%	26.35		%
Balance of loans collectively evaluated for credit loss	$	5,120,151		$	1,768,882		$	1,090,028		$	1,447,611		$	1,286,446		$	224,772		$	432,619		$	11,370,509
Allowance related to loans evaluated collectively	$	64,603		$	10,385		$	18,646		$	22,520		$	9,424		$	1,337		$	2,425		$	129,340
Collective allowance to loans evaluated collectively ratio	1.26		%	0.59		%	1.71		%	1.56		%	0.73		%	0.59		%	0.56		%	1.14		%

	2021
	Commercial Real Estate												Residential Real Estate
(In thousands)	Commercial Investor R/E			Commercial Owner- Occupied R/E			Commercial AD&C			Commercial Business			Residential Mortgage			Residential Construction			Consumer			Total
Balance as of December 31, 2020	$	57,404		$	20,061		$	22,157		$	46,806		$	11,295		$	1,502		$	6,142		$	165,367
Provision/ (credit) for credit losses - loans	(6,598)			(8,238)			172			(20,132)			(6,321)			(459)			(3,980)			(45,556)
Charge-offs	(5,802)			(136)			(2,007)			(4,069)			—			—			(299)			(12,313)
Recoveries	285			—			—			565			410			5			382			1,647
Net (charge-offs)/ recoveries	(5,517)			(136)			(2,007)			(3,504)			410			5			83			(10,666)
Balance at end of period	$	45,289		$	11,687		$	20,322		$	23,170		$	5,384		$	1,048		$	2,245		$	109,145
Total loans	$	4,141,346		$	1,690,881		$	1,088,094		$	1,481,834		$	937,570		$	197,652		$	429,714		$	9,967,091
Allowance for credit losses on loans to total loans ratio	1.09		%	0.69		%	1.87		%	1.56		%	0.57		%	0.53		%	0.52		%	1.10		%
Average loans	$	3,689,769		$	1,661,015		$	1,110,420		$	1,952,537		$	979,754		$	178,171		$	463,200		$	10,034,866
Net charge-offs/ (recoveries) to average loans	0.15		%	0.01		%	0.18		%	0.18		%	(0.04)		%	—		%	(0.02)		%	0.11		%
Balance of loans individually evaluated for credit loss	$	12,489		$	9,306		$	650		$	9,033		$	1,704		$	—		$	352		$	33,534
Allowance related to loans evaluated individually	$	213		$	79		$	504		$	5,797		$	—		$	—		$	—		$	6,593
Individual allowance to loans evaluated individually ratio	1.71		%	0.85		%	77.54		%	64.18		%	—		%	—		%	—		%	19.66		%
Balance of loans collectively evaluated for credit loss	$	4,128,857		$	1,681,575		$	1,087,444		$	1,472,801		$	935,866		$	197,652		$	429,362		$	9,933,557
Allowance related to loans evaluated collectively	$	45,076		$	11,608		$	19,818		$	17,373		$	5,384		$	1,048		$	2,245		$	102,552
Collective allowance to loans evaluated collectively ratio	1.09		%	0.69		%	1.82		%	1.18		%	0.58		%	0.53		%	0.52		%	1.03		%

87

The following table presents collateral dependent loans individually evaluated for credit losses with the associated allowances for credit losses by the applicable portfolio segment:

	2022
	Commercial Real Estate								Residential Real Estate						Total
(In thousands)	Commercial Investor R/E		Commercial Owner- Occupied R/E		Commercial AD&C		Commercial Business		Residential Mortgage		Residential Construction		Consumer
Loans individually evaluated for credit losses with an allowance:
Non-accruing	$	554	$	1,989	$	—	$	3,196	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	5,739
Restructured accruing	—		—		—		952		—		—		—		952
Restructured non-accruing	—		—		—		3,052		—		—		—		3,052
Balance	$	554	$	1,989	$	—	$	7,200	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	9,743
Allowance	$	134	$	1,261	$	—	$	5,507	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	6,902
Loans individually evaluated for credit losses without an allowance:
Non-accruing	$	2,165	$	133	$	—	$	329	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	2,627
Restructured accruing	—		1,136		—		—		1,487		—		—		2,623
Restructured non-accruing	7,224		2,897		—		745		—		—		338		11,204
Balance	$	9,389	$	4,166	$	—	$	1,074	$	1,487	$	—	$	338	$	16,454
Total individually evaluated loans:
Non-accruing	$	2,719	$	2,122	$	—	$	3,525	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	8,366
Restructured accruing	—		1,136		—		952		1,487		—		—		3,575
Restructured non-accruing	7,224		2,897		—		3,797		—		—		338		14,256
Balance	$	9,943	$	6,155	$	—	$	8,274	$	1,487	$	—	$	338	$	26,197
Unpaid contractual principal balance	$	10,882	$	6,849	$	—	$	9,893	$	1,487	$	—	$	364	$	29,475

	2021
	Commercial Real Estate								Residential Real Estate						Total
(In thousands)	Commercial Investor R/E		Commercial Owner- Occupied R/E		Commercial AD&C		Commercial Business		Residential Mortgage		Residential Construction		Consumer
Loans individually evaluated for credit losses with an allowance:
Non-accruing	$	808	$	79	$	650	$	4,849	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	6,386
Restructured accruing	—		—		—		613		—		—		—		613
Restructured non-accruing	336		—		—		2,175		—		—		—		2,511
Balance	$	1,144	$	79	$	650	$	7,637	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	9,510
Allowance	$	213	$	79	$	504	$	5,797	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	6,593
Loans individually evaluated for credit losses without an allowance:
Non-accruing	$	3,498	$	4,775	$	—	$	434	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	8,707
Restructured accruing	—		—		—		—		1,554		—		—		1,554
Restructured non-accruing	7,847		4,452		—		962		150		—		352		13,763
Balance	$	11,345	$	9,227	$	—	$	1,396	$	1,704	$	—	$	352	$	24,024
Total individually evaluated loans:
Non-accruing	$	4,306	$	4,854	$	650	$	5,283	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	15,093
Restructured accruing	—		—		—		613		1,554		—		—		2,167
Restructured non-accruing	8,183		4,452		—		3,137		150		—		352		16,274
Balance	$	12,489	$	9,306	$	650	$	9,033	$	1,704	$	—	$	352	$	33,534
Unpaid contractual principal balance	$	12,857	$	11,132	$	695	$	10,573	$	2,778	$	—	$	364	$	38,399

88

The following table presents average principal balance of total non-accrual loans and contractual interest due on non-accrual loans for the periods indicated below:

	2022
	Commercial Real Estate								Residential Real Estate						Total
(In thousands)	Commercial Investor R/E		Commercial Owner- Occupied R/E		Commercial AD&C		Commercial Business		Residential Mortgage		Residential Construction		Consumer
Average non-accrual loans for the period	$	11,892	$	7,314	$	617	$	7,768	$	7,769	$	21	$	5,811	$	41,192
Contractual interest income due on non-accrual loans during the period	$	713	$	106	$	30	$	491	$	319	$	1	$	349	$	2,009

	2021
	Commercial Real Estate								Residential Real Estate						Total
(In thousands)	Commercial Investor R/E		Commercial Owner- Occupied R/E		Commercial AD&C		Commercial Business		Residential Mortgage		Residential Construction		Consumer
Average non-accrual loans for the period	$	31,590	$	9,444	$	9,236	$	12,678	$	9,439	$	36	$	7,369	$	79,792
Contractual interest income due on non-accrual loans during the period	$	2,169	$	555	$	597	$	1,096	$	271	$	2	$	402	$	5,092

There was no interest income recognized on non-accrual loans during the year ended December 31, 2022. See Note 1 for additional information on the Company's policies for non-accrual loans. Loans designated as non-accrual have all previously accrued but unpaid interest reversed from interest income. During the year ended December 31, 2022, new loans placed on non-accrual status totaled $12.1 million and the related amount of reversed uncollected accrued interest was $0.2 million.

Credit Quality

The following tables provide information on the credit quality of the loan portfolio by segment at December 31 for the years indicated:

	2022
	Commercial Real Estate								Residential Real Estate
(In thousands)	Commercial Investor R/E		Commercial Owner- Occupied R/E		Commercial AD&C		Commercial Business		Residential Mortgage		Residential Construction		Consumer		Total
Analysis of non-accrual loan activity:
Balance at beginning of period	$	12,489	$	9,306	$	650	$	8,420	$	8,441	$	55	$	6,725	$	46,086
Loans placed on non-accrual	4,761		2,370		—		1,591		2,593		—		815		12,130
Non-accrual balances transferred to OREO	—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—
Non-accrual balances charged-off	—		—		—		(677)		(151)		—		(32)		(860)
Net payments or draws	(7,307)		(4,366)		(650)		(2,012)		(2,615)		(55)		(2,060)		(19,065)
Non-accrual loans brought current	—		(2,291)		—		—		(829)		—		(389)		(3,509)
Balance at end of period	$	9,943	$	5,019	$	—	$	7,322	$	7,439	$	—	$	5,059	$	34,782

	2021
	Commercial Real Estate								Residential Real Estate
(In thousands)	Commercial Investor R/E		Commercial Owner- Occupied R/E		Commercial AD&C		Commercial Business		Residential Mortgage		Residential Construction		Consumer		Total
Analysis of non-accrual loan activity:
Balance at beginning of period	$	45,227	$	11,561	$	15,044	$	22,933	$	10,212	$	—	$	7,384	$	112,361
Loans placed on non-accrual	699		3,676		49		1,339		695		62		1,626		8,146
Non-accrual balances transferred to OREO	—		(257)		—		—		—		—		—		(257)
Non-accrual balances charged-off	(5,803)		(136)		(2,007)		(3,547)		—		—		(100)		(11,593)
Net payments or draws	(26,813)		(5,538)		(12,436)		(12,305)		(2,406)		(7)		(1,725)		(61,230)
Non-accrual loans brought current	(821)		—		—		—		(60)		—		(460)		(1,341)
Balance at end of period	$	12,489	$	9,306	$	650	$	8,420	$	8,441	$	55	$	6,725	$	46,086

89

	2022
	Commercial Real Estate								Residential Real Estate
(In thousands)	Commercial Investor R/E		Commercial Owner- Occupied R/E		Commercial AD&C		Commercial Business		Residential Mortgage		Residential Construction		Consumer		Total
Performing loans:
Current	$	5,104,204	$	1,767,875	$	1,090,028	$	1,443,012	$	1,261,878	$	222,144	$	422,989	$	11,312,130
30-59 days	9,735		1,007		—		3,556		11,307		2,628		4,343		32,576
60-89 days	6,212		—		—		41		5,822		—		566		12,641
Total performing loans	5,120,151		1,768,882		1,090,028		1,446,609		1,279,007		224,772		427,898		11,357,347
Non-performing loans:
Non-accrual loans	9,943		5,019		—		7,322		7,439		—		5,059		34,782
Loans greater than 90 days past due	—		—		—		1,002		—		—		—		1,002
Restructured loans	—		1,136		—		952		1,487		—		—		3,575
Total non-performing loans	9,943		6,155		—		9,276		8,926		—		5,059		39,359
Total loans	$	5,130,094	$	1,775,037	$	1,090,028	$	1,455,885	$	1,287,933	$	224,772	$	432,957	$	11,396,706

	2021
	Commercial Real Estate								Residential Real Estate
(In thousands)	Commercial Investor R/E		Commercial Owner- Occupied R/E		Commercial AD&C		Commercial Business		Residential Mortgage		Residential Construction		Consumer		Total
Performing loans:
Current	$	4,127,009	$	1,680,635	$	1,085,642	$	1,471,669	$	919,199	$	197,597	$	419,558	$	9,901,309
30-59 days	1,656		86		1,802		753		5,157		—		3,021		12,475
60-89 days	192		854		—		379		2,662		—		410		4,497
Total performing loans	4,128,857		1,681,575		1,087,444		1,472,801		927,018		197,597		422,989		9,918,281
Non-performing loans:
Non-accrual loans	12,489		9,306		650		8,420		8,441		55		6,725		46,086
Loans greater than 90 days past due	—		—		—		—		557		—		—		557
Restructured loans	—		—		—		613		1,554		—		—		2,167
Total non-performing loans	12,489		9,306		650		9,033		10,552		55		6,725		48,810
Total loans	$	4,141,346	$	1,690,881	$	1,088,094	$	1,481,834	$	937,570	$	197,652	$	429,714	$	9,967,091

The credit quality indicators for commercial loans are developed through review of individual borrowers on an ongoing basis. Each borrower is evaluated at least annually with more frequent evaluation of more severely criticized loans. The indicators represent the rating for loans as of the date presented is based on the most recent credit review performed. These credit quality indicators are defined as follows:

Pass - A pass rated credit is not adversely classified because it does not display any of the characteristics for adverse classification.

Special mention - A special mention credit has potential weaknesses that deserve management’s close attention. If uncorrected, such weaknesses may result in deterioration of the repayment prospects or collateral position at some future date. Special mention assets are not adversely classified and do not warrant adverse classification.

Substandard - A substandard loan is inadequately protected by the current net worth and payment capacity of the obligor or of the collateral pledged, if any. Loans classified as substandard generally have a well-defined weakness, or weaknesses, that jeopardize the liquidation of the debt. These loans are characterized by the distinct possibility of loss if the deficiencies are not corrected.

Doubtful - A loan that is classified as doubtful has all the weaknesses inherent in a loan classified as substandard with added characteristics that the weaknesses make collection or liquidation in full highly questionable and improbable, on the basis of currently existing facts, conditions and values.

Loss – Loans classified as a loss are considered uncollectible and of such little value that their continuing to be carried as a loan is not warranted. This classification is not necessarily equivalent to no potential for recovery or salvage value, but rather that it is not appropriate to defer a full write-off even though partial recovery may be effected in the future.

90

The following tables provide information about credit quality indicators by the year of origination:

	2022
	Term Loans by Origination Year												Revolving
(In thousands)	2022		2021		2020		2019		2018		Prior		Loans		Total
Commercial Investor R/E:
Pass	$	1,510,446	$	1,197,504	$	694,756	$	567,247	$	335,103	$	742,405	$	15,242	$	5,062,703
Special Mention	32,661		17,146		468		94		473		4,814		—		55,656
Substandard	557		1,896		—		—		8,239		1,043		—		11,735
Doubtful	—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—
Total	$	1,543,664	$	1,216,546	$	695,224	$	567,341	$	343,815	$	748,262	$	15,242	$	5,130,094
Current period gross charge-offs	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—
Commercial Owner-Occupied R/E:
Pass	$	391,340	$	328,657	$	240,738	$	260,114	$	140,841	$	381,386	$	1,167	$	1,744,243
Special Mention	4,567		—		1,301		1,740		2,066		7,323		—		16,997
Substandard	3,219		160		133		6,110		2,010		2,165		—		13,797
Doubtful	—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—
Total	$	399,126	$	328,817	$	242,172	$	267,964	$	144,917	$	390,874	$	1,167	$	1,775,037
Current period gross charge-offs	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—
Commercial AD&C:
Pass	$	366,096	$	439,468	$	113,713	$	34,340	$	14,816	$	—	$	119,727	$	1,088,160
Special Mention	1,073		—		—		—		—		—		795		1,868
Substandard	—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—
Doubtful	—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—
Total	$	367,169	$	439,468	$	113,713	$	34,340	$	14,816	$	—	$	120,522	$	1,090,028
Current period gross charge-offs	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—
Commercial Business:
Pass	$	330,598	$	223,245	$	95,787	$	105,922	$	77,891	$	78,009	$	508,839	$	1,420,291
Special Mention	127		458		1,107		7,787		498		322		13,225		23,524
Substandard	2,902		1,611		1,094		2,030		449		2,121		1,863		12,070
Doubtful	—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—
Total	$	333,627	$	225,314	$	97,988	$	115,739	$	78,838	$	80,452	$	523,927	$	1,455,885
Current period gross charge-offs	$	174	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	138	$	404	$	—	$	716
Residential Mortgage:
Beacon score:
660-850	$	330,109	$	344,062	$	171,330	$	41,883	$	51,651	$	262,570	$	—	$	1,201,605
600-659	4,571		6,196		1,173		3,925		6,041		24,006		—		45,912
540-599	369		4,013		1,439		1,256		1,931		6,945		—		15,953
less than 540	1,860		3,036		2,892		3,822		2,347		10,506		—		24,463
Total	$	336,909	$	357,307	$	176,834	$	50,886	$	61,970	$	304,027	$	—	$	1,287,933
Current period gross charge-offs	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	24	$	131	$	—	$	155
Residential Construction:
Beacon score:
660-850	$	131,259	$	75,844	$	12,133	$	150	$	1,432	$	1,245	$	—	$	222,063
600-659	908		373		—		—		—		—		—		1,281
540-599	609		—		—		—		—		—		—		609
less than 540	—		819		—		—		—		—		—		819
Total	$	132,776	$	77,036	$	12,133	$	150	$	1,432	$	1,245	$	—	$	224,772
Current period gross charge-offs	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—
Consumer:
Beacon score:
660-850	$	6,689	$	2,346	$	1,201	$	2,147	$	2,047	$	23,170	$	359,468	$	397,068
600-659	658		467		59		198		664		5,459		11,269		18,774
540-599	123		56		—		465		316		2,802		3,824		7,586
less than 540	156		57		40		133		209		2,918		6,016		9,529
Total	$	7,626	$	2,926	$	1,300	$	2,943	$	3,236	$	34,349	$	380,577	$	432,957
Current period gross charge-offs	$	—	$	5	$	15	$	—	$	13	$	20	$	181	$	234
Total loans	$	3,120,897	$	2,647,414	$	1,339,364	$	1,039,363	$	649,024	$	1,559,209	$	1,041,435	$	11,396,706

91

	2021
	Term Loans by Origination Year												Revolving
(In thousands)	2021		2020		2019		2018		2017		Prior		Loans		Total
Commercial Investor R/E:
Pass	$	1,391,969	$	748,236	$	616,761	$	357,640	$	328,327	$	633,913	$	19,239	$	4,096,085
Special Mention	2,210		510		4,646		596		2,204		10,438		—		$	20,604
Substandard	807		336		4,308		8,568		10,064		574		—		$	24,657
Doubtful	—		—		—		—		—		—		—		$	—
Total	$	1,394,986	$	749,082	$	625,715	$	366,804	$	340,595	$	644,925	$	19,239	$	4,141,346
Current period gross charge-offs	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	903	$	3,975	$	924	$	—	$	5,802
Commercial Owner-Occupied R/E:
Pass	$	360,169	$	254,350	$	319,348	$	178,416	$	172,354	$	363,685	$	1,149	$	1,649,471
Special Mention	156		1,476		4,388		9,035		4,456		9,106		—		$	28,617
Substandard	1,968		1,800		4,028		2,265		354		2,378		—		$	12,793
Doubtful	—		—		—		—		—		—		—		$	—
Total	$	362,293	$	257,626	$	327,764	$	189,716	$	177,164	$	375,169	$	1,149	$	1,690,881
Current period gross charge-offs	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	136	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	136
Commercial AD&C:
Pass	$	454,207	$	226,332	$	148,260	$	87,934	$	13,938	$	—	$	152,896	$	1,083,567
Special Mention	2,888		—		—		—		—		—		989		$	3,877
Substandard	349		—		301		—		—		—		—		$	650
Doubtful	—		—		—		—		—		—		—		$	—
Total	$	457,444	$	226,332	$	148,561	$	87,934	$	13,938	$	—	$	153,885	$	1,088,094
Current period gross charge-offs	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	2,007	$	—	$	—	$	2,007
Commercial Business:
Pass	$	403,871	$	165,194	$	137,069	$	96,800	$	55,100	$	53,764	$	533,893	$	1,445,691
Special Mention	220		1,998		7,030		1,701		548		577		9,212		$	21,286
Substandard	3,777		3,262		2,609		797		811		2,065		1,536		$	14,857
Doubtful	—		—		—		—		—		—		—		$	—
Total	$	407,868	$	170,454	$	146,708	$	99,298	$	56,459	$	56,406	$	544,641	$	1,481,834
Current period gross charge-offs	$	—	$	—	$	88	$	1,674	$	46	$	2,236	$	25	$	4,069
Residential Mortgage:
Beacon score:
660-850	$	246,612	$	165,623	$	46,925	$	65,865	$	102,628	$	223,420	$	—	$	851,073
600-659	11,102		3,285		3,583		4,255		4,645		20,052		—		$	46,922
540-599	1,472		1,864		2,162		4,522		1,599		8,201		—		$	19,820
less than 540	452		4,293		1,575		1,829		2,079		9,527		—		$	19,755
Total	$	259,638	$	175,065	$	54,245	$	76,471	$	110,951	$	261,200	$	—	$	937,570
Current period gross charge-offs	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—
Residential Construction:
Beacon score:
660-850	$	134,335	$	45,890	$	8,063	$	2,078	$	1,347	$	1,160	$	—	$	192,873
600-659	1,922		—		650		—		—		—		—		$	2,572
540-599	—		—		—		—		—		462		—		$	462
less than 540	1,745		—		—		—		—		—		—		$	1,745
Total	$	138,002	$	45,890	$	8,713	$	2,078	$	1,347	$	1,622	$	—	$	197,652
Current period gross charge-offs	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—
Consumer:
Beacon score:
660-850	$	3,179	$	1,393	$	3,130	$	3,060	$	1,648	$	26,156	$	350,466	$	389,032
600-659	352		123		324		716		430		4,906		14,119		$	20,970
540-599	58		8		311		160		89		2,809		4,926		$	8,361
less than 540	88		58		536		544		98		3,101		6,926		$	11,351
Total	$	3,677	$	1,582	$	4,301	$	4,480	$	2,265	$	36,972	$	376,437	$	429,714
Current period gross charge-offs	$	—	$	—	$	7	$	2	$	—	$	106	$	184	$	299
Total loans	$	3,023,908	$	1,626,031	$	1,316,007	$	826,781	$	702,719	$	1,376,294	$	1,095,351	$	9,967,091

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The following table provides the amounts of the restructured loans at the date of restructuring for specific segments of the loan portfolio during the period indicated:

	For the Year Ended December 31, 2022
	Commercial Real Estate
(In thousands)	Commercial Investor R/E		Commercial Owner- Occupied R/E		Commercial AD&C		Commercial Business		All Other Loans		Total
Troubled debt restructurings:
Restructured accruing	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	439	$	—	$	439
Restructured non-accruing	—		—		—		1,269		—		1,269
Balance	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	1,708	$	—	$	1,708
Specific allowance	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	1,233	$	—	$	1,233
Restructured and subsequently defaulted	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—

	For the Year Ended December 31, 2021
	Commercial Real Estate
(In thousands)	Commercial Investor R/E		Commercial Owner- Occupied R/E		Commercial AD&C		Commercial Business		All Other Loans		Total
Troubled debt restructurings:
Restructured accruing	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—
Restructured non-accruing	9,594		3,157		—		1,824		—		14,575
Balance	$	9,594	$	3,157	$	—	$	1,824	$	—	$	14,575
Specific allowance	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	461	$	—	$	461
Restructured and subsequently defaulted	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—

At December 31, 2022, TDR loans totaled $17.9 million, of which $3.6 million were accruing and $14.3 million were non-accruing. There were no commitments to lend additional funds on loans classified as TDRs as of December 31, 2022. TDR loans at December 31, 2021 totaled $18.4 million, of which $2.2 million were accruing and $16.2 million were non-accruing. Commitments to lend additional funds on TDR loans at December 31, 2021 were insignificant.

During the year ended December 31, 2022, the Company restructured $1.7 million in loans that were designated as TDRs. Modifications consisted principally of interest rate concessions. No modifications resulted in the reduction of the principal in the associated loan balances. TDR loans are subject to periodic credit reviews to determine the necessity and appropriateness of an individual credit loss allowance based on the collectability of the recorded investment in the TDR loan. Loans restructured during 2022 had individual reserves of $1.2 million at December 31, 2022. For the year ended December 31, 2021, the Company restructured $14.6 million in loans. Modifications consisted principally of interest rate concessions and no modifications resulted in the reduction of the recorded investment in the associated loan balances. Loans restructured during 2021 had specific reserves of $0.5 million at December 31, 2021.

For more information on the accounting policies for TDRs see Note 1.

Other Real Estate Owned

OREO totaled $0.6 million and $1.0 million at December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively. There were no consumer mortgage loans secured by residential real estate property for which formal foreclosure proceedings were in process as of December 31, 2022.

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NOTE 6 – PREMISES AND EQUIPMENT

Presented in the following table are the components of premises and equipment at December 31:

(In thousands)	2022		2021
Land	$	22,215	$	21,164
Buildings and leasehold improvements	69,190		70,193
Equipment	58,506		48,889
Total premises and equipment	149,911		140,246
Less: accumulated depreciation and amortization	(82,841)		(80,561)
Net premises and equipment	$	67,070	$	59,685

Depreciation and amortization expense for premises and equipment amounted to $6.1 million, $7.9 million, and $8.5 million for each of the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020, respectively.

NOTE 7 – LEASES

The Company leases real estate properties for its network of bank branches, financial centers and corporate offices. All of the Company’s leases are currently classified as operating. Most lease agreements include one or more options to renew, with renewal terms that can extend the original lease term from one to twenty years or more. The Company does not receive sublease income from any of its leased real estate properties.

The following table provides information regarding the Company's leases as of the dates indicated:

	Year Ended
	2022			2021
Components of lease expense:
Operating lease cost (resulting from lease payments)	$	10,924		$	12,304
Supplemental cash flow information related to leases:
Operating cash flows from operating leases	$	11,579		$	12,930
ROU assets obtained in the exchange for lease liabilities due to:
New leases	$	92		$	803
Acquisitions	$	—		$	—
	As of
	December 31, 2022			December 31, 2021
Supplemental balance sheet information related to leases:
Operating lease ROU assets	$	48,910		$	57,872
Operating lease liabilities	$	57,402		$	67,138
Other information related to leases:
Weighted average remaining lease term of operating leases	8.6 years			9.0 years
Weighted average discount rate of operating leases	3.02		%	2.92		%

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As of December 31, 2022, the maturities of the Company’s operating lease liabilities were as follows:

(In thousands)	Amount
Maturity:
One year	$	11,537
Two years	9,583
Three years	7,721
Four years	6,973
Five years	5,545
Thereafter	24,967
Total undiscounted lease payments	66,326
Less: Present value discount	(8,924)
Lease Liability	$	57,402

The Company had one operating lease that has not yet commenced operations at December 31, 2022, and is expected to commence operations during the second half of 2023. Total amount of undiscounted future rent cash flows is approximately $0.8 million. The Company does not have any lease arrangements with any of its related parties as of December 31, 2022.

NOTE 8 – GOODWILL AND OTHER INTANGIBLE ASSETS

The following table presents the net carrying amount of goodwill by segment for the periods indicated:

(In thousands)	Community Banking		Insurance		Investment Management		Total
Balance December 31, 2020	$	331,689	$	6,787	$	31,747	$	370,223
No Activity	—		—		—		—
Balance December 31, 2021	331,689		6,787		31,747		370,223
Disposal of subsidiary's assets(1)	—		(6,787)		—		(6,787)
Balance December 31, 2022	$	331,689	$	—	$	31,747	$	363,436

(1) Relates to a sale of Sandy Spring Insurance Corporation during 2022.

The gross carrying amounts and accumulated amortization of intangible assets and goodwill are presented at December 31 in the following table:

	2022						Weighted	2021						Weighted
	Gross				Net		Average	Gross				Net		Average
	Carrying		Accumulated		Carrying		Remaining	Carrying		Accumulated		Carrying		Remaining
(Dollars in thousands)	Amount		Amortization		Amount		Life	Amount		Amortization		Amount		Life
Amortizing intangible assets:
Core deposit intangibles	$	29,038	$	(16,694)	$	12,344	6.5 years	$	29,038	$	(12,624)	$	16,414	7.4 years
Other identifiable intangibles	13,906		(6,395)		7,511		8.8 years	13,906		(4,400)		9,506		9.7 years
Total amortizing intangible assets	$	42,944	$	(23,089)	$	19,855		$	42,944	$	(17,024)	$	25,920
Goodwill	$	363,436			$	363,436		$	370,223			$	370,223

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The following table presents the estimated future amortization expense for amortizing intangible assets within the years ending December 31:

(In thousands)	Amount
2023	$	5,040
2024	4,291
2025	3,530
2026	2,702
2027	1,945
Thereafter	2,347
Total amortizing intangible assets	$	19,855

NOTE 9 – DEPOSITS

The following table presents the composition of deposits at December 31 for the years indicated:

(In thousands)	2022		2021
Noninterest-bearing deposits	$	3,673,300	$	3,779,630
Interest-bearing deposits:
Demand	1,435,454		1,604,714
Money market savings	3,213,045		3,415,663
Regular savings	513,360		533,862
Time deposits of less than $250,000	1,644,645		910,464
Time deposits of $250,000 or more	473,617		380,398
Total interest-bearing deposits	7,280,121		6,845,101
Total deposits	$	10,953,421	$	10,624,731

Demand deposit overdrafts reclassified as loan balances were $10.4 million and $1.8 million at December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively. Overdraft charge-offs and recoveries are reflected in the allowance for credit losses.

The following table presents the maturity schedule for time deposits maturing within years ending December 31:

(In thousands)	Amount
2023	$	1,722,480
2024	271,347
2025	94,816
2026	16,422
2027	13,167
Thereafter	30
Total time deposits	$	2,118,262

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The Company's time deposits of less than $250,000 represented 15.0% of total deposits and time deposits of $250,000 or more represented 4.3% of total deposits at December 31, 2022 and are presented by maturity in the following table:

	Months to Maturity
(In thousands)	3 or Less		Over 3 to 6		Over 6 to 12		Over 12		Total
Time deposits - less than $250,000	$	262,907	$	202,825	$	902,562	$	276,351	$	1,644,645
Time deposits - $250,000 or more	$	45,140	$	102,582	$	206,464	$	119,431	$	473,617

Interest expense on time deposits of less than $250,000 amounted to $5.0 million, $6.0 million, and $16.5 million and interest expense on time deposits of $250,000 of more amounted to $11.5 million, $3.0 million, and $10.7 million for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020, respectively.

Deposits received in the ordinary course of business from the directors and officers of the Company and their related interests amounted to $126.7 million and $89.5 million for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively.

NOTE 10 – BORROWINGS

Subordinated Debt

On March 15, 2022, the Company completed an offering of $200.0 million aggregate principal amount Fixed to Floating Rate Subordinated Notes due in 2032. The notes bear a fixed interest rate of 3.875% per year through March 29, 2027. Commencing on March 30, 2027, the notes will bear interest at a floating rate per annum equal to the benchmark rate (which is expected to be the three-month SOFR rate) plus a spread of 196.5 basis points, payable quarterly in arrears. The total amount of debt issuance costs incurred was $3.1 million, which are being amortized through the contractual life of the debt. The entire amount of the subordinated debt is considered Tier 2 capital under current regulatory guidelines.

On November 5, 2019, the Company completed an offering of $175.0 million aggregate principal amount Fixed to Floating Rate Subordinated Notes due in 2029. The notes bear a fixed interest rate of 4.25% per year through November 14, 2024. Beginning November 15, 2024, the interest rate will become a floating rate equal to three-month LIBOR, or an alternative benchmark rate as determined pursuant to the terms of the indenture for the notes in the event LIBOR has been discontinued by November 15, 2024, plus 262 basis points through the remaining maturity or early redemption date of the notes. The interest will be paid in arrears semi-annually during the fixed rate period and quarterly during the floating rate period. The Company incurred $2.9 million of debt issuance costs which are being amortized through the contractual life of the debt. The entire amount of subordinated debt is considered Tier 2 capital under current regulatory guidelines.

In conjunction with the acquisition of WashingtonFirst Bankshares, Inc. ("WashingtonFirst") in 2018, the Company assumed $25.0 million in subordinated debt with an associated purchase premium at acquisition of $2.2 million. The premium was amortized over the contractual life of the obligation. The subordinated debt had a maturity of 10 years, maturing on October 15, 2025, and was non-callable through October 15, 2020. The subordinated debt held a fixed interest rate of 6.00% per annum through October 5, 2020 at which point the rate became variable at the three-month LIBOR plus 457 basis points payable quarterly. On July 15, 2021, the Company redeemed the entire outstanding principal balance of the WashingtonFirst subordinated debt.

In conjunction with the acquisition of Revere Bank ("Revere") in 2020, the Company assumed $31.0 million in subordinated debt with an associated purchase premium at acquisition of $0.2 million, which was amortized through the call date. The subordinated debt had a 10-year term, maturing on September 30, 2026, and was non-callable until September 30, 2021. The subordinated debt had a fixed interest rate of 5.625% per annum, payable semi-annually, through December 31, 2021 at which point the interest rate reset quarterly to an amount equal to three month LIBOR plus 441 basis points. On September 30, 2021, the Company redeemed the entire outstanding principal balance of the Revere subordinated debt.

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The following table provides information on subordinated debentures for the period indicated:

(In thousands)	2022		2021
Fixed to floating rate sub debt, 3.875%	$	200,000	$	—
Fixed to floating rate sub debt, 4.25%	175,000		175,000
Total subordinated debt	375,000		175,000
Less: Debt issuance costs	(4,795)		(2,288)
Long-term borrowings	$	370,205	$	172,712

Other Borrowings

Information relating to retail repurchase agreements and federal funds purchased is presented in the following table at and for the years ending December 31:

	2022				2021
(Dollars in thousands)	Amount		Rate		Amount		Rate
End of period:
Retail repurchase agreements	$	61,967	0.11	%	$	141,086	0.12	%
Federal funds purchased	260,000		4.18		—		—
Average for the year:
Retail repurchase agreements	$	108,273	0.11	%	$	143,734	0.12	%
Federal funds purchased	107,785		2.60		15,154		0.08
Maximum month-end balance:
Retail repurchase agreements	$	139,416			$	154,413
Federal funds purchased	260,000				60,000

The Company pledges U.S. Agencies securities, based upon their market values, as collateral for greater than 102.5% of the principal of its retail repurchase agreements.

At December 31, 2022, the Company had the ability to pledge collateral at prevailing market rates under a line of credit with the FHLB of $3.2 billion. FHLB availability based on pledged collateral at December 31, 2022, amounted to $2.6 billion, with $550.0 million outstanding. At December 31, 2021, the Company possessed the ability to extend its lines of credit with the FHLB totaling $3.9 billion based on collateral that was available to be pledged. The availability of FHLB borrowings based on the collateral pledged at December 31, 2021 was $2.7 billion with no outstanding borrowings.

Under a blanket lien, the Company has pledged qualifying residential mortgage loans amounting to $1.2 billion, commercial real estate loans amounting to $3.6 billion, home equity lines of credit (“HELOC”) amounting to $214.3 million and multifamily loans amounting to $514.8 million at December 31, 2022 as collateral under the borrowing agreement with the FHLB. At December 31, 2021, the Company had pledged collateral of qualifying mortgage loans of $829.1 million, commercial real estate loans of $3.1 billion, HELOC loans of $224.4 million and multifamily loans of $333.4 million under the FHLB borrowing agreement.

The Company also had secured lines of credit available from the Federal Reserve and correspondent banks of $718.6 million and $509.4 million at December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively, collateralized by loans, with no borrowings outstanding at the end of either period. In addition, the Company had unsecured lines of credit with correspondent banks of $1.6 billion and $1.3 billion at December 31, 2022 and 2021. Of the unsecured lines of credit available there were $260.0 million outstanding borrowings at December 31, 2022 and no outstanding borrowings at December 31, 2021.

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Advances from the FHLB and the respective maturity schedule at December 31 for the years indicated consisted of the following:

	2022				2021
(Dollars in thousands)	Amounts		Weighted Average Rate		Amounts		Weighted Average Rate
Maturity:
One year	$	350,000	4.28	%	$	—	—	%
Two years	50,000		4.66		—		—
Three years	50,000		4.28		—		—
Four years	50,000		4.16		—		—
Five years	50,000		4.08		—		—
After five years	—		—		—		—
Total advances from FHLB	$	550,000	4.29		$	—	—

NOTE 11 – STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY

The Company’s Articles of Incorporation authorize 100,000,000 shares of capital stock (par value $1.00 per share). Issued shares have been classified as common stock. The Articles of Incorporation provide that remaining unissued shares may later be designated as either common or preferred stock.

The Company maintains an employee stock purchase plan (the “Purchase Plan”) that enables employees to purchase up to $25,000 of Company common stock each year at a discount. The Purchase Plan, which was initially authorized on July 1, 2011, was amended and restated as of November 18, 2020. As part of the amendment and restatement, an additional 700,000 shares of common stock were reserved to be issued, which is in addition to the 300,000 shares of common stock authorized for purchase under the previous version of the Purchase Plan. Under the Purchase Plan, shares are purchased at 85% of the lower of the fair market value of the common stock on the offering date or the purchase date, as defined in the Purchase Plan. Contributions are made through monthly payroll deductions of not less than 1% or more than 10% of cash compensation paid in the month. The Purchase Plan is administered by a committee of at least three directors appointed by the board of directors. At December 31, 2022, there were 603,618 shares available for issuance under this Purchase Plan.

On March 30, 2022, the Company's board of directors authorized a stock repurchase plan that permits the repurchase of up to $50.0 million of the Company's common stock. During the twelve months ended December 31, 2022, the Company repurchased and retired 625,710 common shares at an average price of $39.93 per share for the total cost of $25.0 million.

During 2021, the Company completed its previously authorized stock repurchase plan with the repurchase of all 2,350,000 shares of common stock at an average price of $45.65 per share for a total cost of $107.3 million.

The Company has a dividend reinvestment plan that is sponsored and administered by Computershare as independent agent, which enables current shareholders as well as first-time buyers to purchase and sell common stock of Sandy Spring Bancorp, Inc. directly through Computershare. Participants may reinvest cash dividends and make periodic supplemental cash payments to purchase additional shares.

Bank and bank holding company regulations, as well as Maryland law, impose certain restrictions on dividend payments by the Bank, as well as restrictions on extensions of credit and transfers of assets between the Bank and Bancorp. At December 31, 2022, the Bank could have paid additional dividends of $177.9 million to its parent company without regulatory approval. There were no loans outstanding between the Bank and Bancorp at December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively.

NOTE 12 – SHARE BASED COMPENSATION

The Company’s 2015 Omnibus Incentive Plan ("Omnibus Incentive Plan") was approved on May 6, 2015 and provides for the granting of incentive stock options, non-qualifying stock options, stock appreciation rights, restricted stock grants, restricted stock units and performance share units to selected directors and employees on a periodic basis at the discretion of the Company’s Board of

99

Directors. The Omnibus Incentive Plan authorizes the issuance of up to 1,500,000 shares of common stock, of which 639,014 are available for issuance at December 31, 2022, has a term of 10 years, and is administered by a committee of at least three directors appointed by the Board of Directors. Options granted under the plan have an exercise price which may not be less than 100% of the fair market value of the common stock on the date of the grant and must be exercised within seven or 10 years from the date of grant depending on the terms of the grant agreement. The exercise price of stock options must be paid for in full in cash or shares of common stock, or a combination of both. The board committee has the discretion when making a grant of stock options to impose restrictions on the shares to be purchased upon the exercise of such options. The Company generally issues authorized but previously unissued shares to satisfy option exercises.

The value associated with the grant of restricted stock awards ("RSAs") and restricted share units ("RSUs") is determined by multiplying the fair market value of the Company's common stock on the grant date by the number of shares awarded. Holders of RSAs have the right to vote and receive cash dividends for the unvested RSAs. Non-vested RSAs are considered participating securities that have an immaterial impact on the computation of earnings per share. Holders of RSUs receive cash dividends on the vesting date and these units are not considered participating securities in the earnings per share calculation. Starting in 2022, grants of RSUs allow continued vesting following a qualified retirement. Any non-vested shares are subject to forfeiture upon termination of employment.

Performance restricted stock units ("PRSUs") are subject to the Company's achievement of specified performance criteria over a three year period. A portion of the PRSUs granted in 2020 was based on the relative market performance of the Company's stock with another portion based on the financial performance of the Company. Compensation expense for awards based on the market performance of the Company's stock is based on their fair value determined using a probability based Monte-Carlo simulation valuation model. The expense on those awards is recognized regardless of whether the criteria for vesting is achieved. Compensation expense related to the achievement of specified performance criteria is variable and based on the fair market value of the Company's common stock on the grant date and an assessment of the probability of achieving specified metrics and is adjusted periodically. Beginning in 2021, the PRSU's granted annually are based on the Company's return on tangible common equity ("ROTCE") compared to a specified peer group's ROTCE over a three year period. The number of awards that vest can range from zero to 150% of the grant amount based on the achievement level compared to the specified performance or market-based criteria. Dividends that accrue during the vesting period are reinvested in dividend equivalent share units. PRSUs and the related dividend equivalent share units are converted into shares of common stock at vesting. Upon qualifying employee retirement, shares can continue to vest through the initial grant period should the vesting criteria continue to be met. PRSUs are not considered participating securities and do not impact the computation of earnings per share.

Options granted under the plan have an exercise price of not less than 100% of the fair market value of the common stock on the date of the grant and must be exercised within seven to ten years from the date of grant depending on the terms of the grant agreement. The exercise price of stock options must be paid for in full in cash or shares of common stock, or a combination of both. The Company generally issues authorized but previously unissued shares to satisfy option exercises. Compensation expense of the options granted is based on the fair value of the options using the assumptions in the Black-Scholes binomial option-pricing model. The dividend yield is based on the estimated future dividend yields. The risk-free rate for periods within the contractual term of the share option is based on the U.S. Treasury yield curve in effect at the time of the grant. Expected volatility is generally based on historical volatility. The expected term of share options granted is generally derived from historical experience. The Company stopped granting stock options in 2019.

All stock compensation expense is recognized on a straight-line basis over the vesting period of the respective stock option, restricted stock, restricted stock unit grants or performance share units. Compensation expense associated with PRSUs is variable in nature based on the probability of achieving specific criteria. Compensation expense of $7.9 million, $5.3 million, and $3.9 million was recognized for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020, respectively, related to the awards of stock options, RSAs, RSUs and PRSUs. The intrinsic value for the stock options exercised was $0.3 million, $8.0 million, and $0.4 million in the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020, respectively. There was no unrecognized compensation cost related to stock options at December 31, 2022. The total of unrecognized compensation cost related to RSAs, RSUs and PRSUs was approximately $7.4 million at December 31, 2022. That cost is expected to be recognized over a weighted average period of approximately 1.8 years.

During the year ended December 31, 2022, the Company granted 169,190 RSUs and PRSUs under the Omnibus Incentive Plan, of which 45,567 are PRSUs subject to achievement of certain performance conditions measured over a three-year performance period

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and 123,623 are RSUs subject to a three year vesting schedule. The Company did not grant any stock options under the Omnibus Incentive Plan during the year ended December 31, 2022.

A summary of the activity for the Company’s restricted stock for the period indicated is presented in the following table:

(In dollars, except share data):	Number of Common Shares	Weighted Average Grant-Date Fair Value
Restricted stock at January 1, 2022	390,520	$	32.67
Granted	169,190	$	44.99
Vested	(155,482)	$	32.77
Forfeited/ cancelled	(14,753)	$	35.82
Restricted stock at December 31, 2022	389,475	$	37.44

A summary of share option activity for the period indicated is reflected in the following table:

	Number of Common Shares	Weighted Average Exercise Share Price		Weighted Average Contractual Remaining Life (Years)	Aggregate Intrinsic Value (in thousands)
Balance at January 1, 2022	159,741	$	17.18		$	5,264
Granted	—	$	—
Exercised	(14,278)	$	20.48		$	337
Forfeited	—	$	—
Expired	(1,416)	$	41.41
Balance at December 31, 2022	144,047	$	16.61	1.6 years	$	2,633
Exercisable at December 31, 2022	144,047	$	16.61	1.6 years	$	2,633

NOTE 13 – PENSION, PROFIT SHARING, AND OTHER EMPLOYEE BENEFIT PLANS

Defined Benefit Pension Plan

The Company maintains a qualified, noncontributory, defined benefit pension plan (the “Pension Plan”). Benefits after January 1, 2005, are based on the benefit earned as of December 31, 2004, plus benefits earned in future years of service based on the employee’s compensation during each such year. All benefit accruals for employees were frozen as of December 31, 2007 based on past service, and thus salary increases and additional years of service after such date no longer affect the defined benefit provided by the Pension Plan, although additional vesting may continue to occur.

The Company's funding policy is to contribute amounts to the Pension Plan sufficient to meet the minimum funding requirements of the Employee Retirement Income Security Act of 1974 (“ERISA”), as amended. In addition, the Company contributes additional amounts as it deems appropriate based on benefits attributed to service prior to the date of the Pension Plan freeze. The Pension Plan invests primarily in a diversified portfolio of managed fixed income and equity funds.

On March 30, 2022, the Board of Directors approved the termination of the Pension Plan with the effective date of June 30, 2022. The Company has executed plan amendments regarding the Pension Plan termination and filed an Application for Determination for Terminating Pension Plan with the Internal Revenue Service (“IRS”) for a determination as to the tax-qualified status of the Pension Plan at the time of termination. The Company also prepared and filed appropriate notices and documents related to the Pension Plan’s termination and wind-down with the Pension Benefit Guaranty Corporation (“PBGC”).

After receiving approval from the IRS and the PBGC, which is expected to be in 2023, the Company will make an additional cash contribution, if necessary, in order to fully fund the Pension Plan on a plan termination basis, followed by the purchase of annuity contracts to transfer its remaining liabilities under the Pension Plan. The actual amount of this cash contribution, if any, will depend

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upon the nature and timing of participant settlements, as well as prevailing market conditions. In addition, the Company expects to recognize a non-cash pension settlement charge upon settlement of the obligations of the Pension Plan.

All participants who are not already receiving annuities will be given the opportunity to elect a lump sum payout. Benefit obligations of participants who do not elect a lump sum or who are being paid in an annuity form will be transferred under an annuity contract from a highly-rated insurance company that will pay and administer future benefit payments. There will be no change in the benefit earned by Pension Plan participants as a result of these actions. The Pension Plan termination is subject to regulatory approvals and the Company has the right to change the effective date of the Pension Plan termination or to revoke its decision to terminate the Pension Plan, but it has no intent to do so.

The Pension Plan’s funded status at December 31 is as follows:

(In thousands)	2022		2021
Reconciliation of Projected Benefit Obligation:
Projected obligation at January 1	$	48,079	$	52,426
Interest cost	1,301		1,269
Actuarial (gain)/ loss	376		(22)
Benefit payments	(2,106)		(1,115)
Increase/ (decrease) related to change in assumptions	(12,111)		(2,040)
Settlement - lump sum payments	—		(2,439)
Projected obligation at December 31	35,539		48,079
Reconciliation of Fair Value of Plan Assets:
Fair value of plan assets at January 1	45,207		48,357
Actual return on plan assets	(10,814)		(596)
Employer contributions	—		1,000
Benefit payments	(2,106)		(1,115)
Settlement - lump sum payments	—		(2,439)
Fair value of plan assets at December 31	$	32,287	$	45,207
Funded status at December 31	$	(3,252)	$	(2,872)
Accumulated benefit obligation at December 31	$	35,539	$	48,079
Unrecognized net actuarial loss	$	10,736	$	11,030
Net periodic pension cost not yet recognized	$	10,736	$	11,030

Weighted average assumptions used to determine benefit obligations at December 31 are presented in the following table:

	2022	2021	2020
Discount rate	5.10%	2.80%	2.50%
Rate of compensation increase	N/A	N/A	N/A

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The components of net periodic benefit cost for the years ended December 31 are presented in the following table:

(In thousands)	2022		2021		2020
Interest cost on projected benefit obligation	$	1,301	$	1,269	$	1,437
Expected return on plan assets	(1,410)		(1,247)		(1,821)
Recognized net actuarial loss	783		909		874
Settlement charge	—		560		—
Net periodic benefit cost	$	674	$	1,491	$	490

Components of the net periodic benefit cost are recorded in salaries and employee benefits expense in the Consolidated Statement of Income.

Weighted average assumptions used to determine net periodic benefit cost for years ended December 31 are presented in the following table:

	2022	2021	2020
Discount rate	2.80%	2.50%	3.25%
Expected return on plan assets	3.75%	3.25%	4.75%
Rate of compensation increase	N/A	N/A	N/A

The expected rate of return on assets of 3.75% reflects the Pension Plan’s predominant investment of assets in fixed income mutual funds and was developed as a weighted average rate based on the target asset allocation of the Pension Plan. Key economic inputs used included future inflation, economic growth, and interest rate environment.

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The following table reflects the components of the net unrecognized benefits costs that is reflected in accumulated other comprehensive income/ (loss) for the periods indicated. Additions/ reductions represent the change in the unrecognized actuarial gain/ loss during the period. Reclassifications represent the portion of the unrecognized benefits that are recognized each period as a component of the net periodic benefit cost.

(In thousands)	Unrecognized Net Loss
Included in accumulated other comprehensive loss at January 1, 2020	$	11,177
Reductions during the year	(4,256)
Reclassifications due to recognition as net periodic pension cost	(874)
Increase related to change in assumptions	6,672
Included in accumulated other comprehensive loss as of December 31, 2020	12,719
Reductions during the year	1,842
Reclassifications due to recognition as net periodic pension cost	(909)
Settlement charge	(560)
Increase related to change in assumptions	(2,062)
Included in accumulated other comprehensive loss as of December 31, 2021	11,030
Additions during the year	12,224
Reclassifications due to recognition as net periodic pension cost	(783)
Settlement charge	—
Decrease related to change in assumptions	(11,735)
Included in accumulated other comprehensive loss as of December 31, 2022	10,736
Applicable tax effect	(2,734)
Included in accumulated other comprehensive loss net of tax effect at December 31, 2022	$	8,002
Amount expected to be recognized as part of net periodic pension cost in the next fiscal year	$	1,160

There are no plan assets expected to be returned to the employer in the next twelve months.

The following items have not yet been recognized as a component of net periodic benefit cost at December 31:

(In thousands)	2022		2021		2020
Net actuarial loss	$	10,736	$	11,030	$	12,719
Net periodic benefit cost not yet recognized	$	10,736	$	11,030	$	12,719

Pension Plan Assets

The Company’s Pension Plan weighted average allocations at December 31 are presented in the following table:

	2022		2021
Asset Category:
Equity Securities Mutual Funds	—	%	11.5	%
Fixed Income Mutual Funds	100.0	%	88.5	%
Total pension plan assets	100.0	%	100.0	%

The Company has a written investment policy approved by the board of directors that governs the investment of the defined benefit pension fund trust portfolio. The investment policy is designed to provide limits on risk that is undertaken by the investment managers both in terms of market volatility of the portfolio and the quality of the individual assets that are held in the portfolio. The investment

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policy statement focuses on the following areas of concern: preservation of capital, diversification, risk tolerance, investment duration, rate of return, liquidity, and investment management costs.

The Company has constituted the Retirement Plans Investment Committee (“RPIC”) in part to monitor the investments of the Pension Plan as well as to recommend to executive management changes in the Investment Policy Statement which governs the Pension Plan’s investment operations. These recommendations include asset allocation changes based on a number of factors including the investment horizon for the Pension Plan. The Company uses outside third parties to advise RPIC on the Pension Plan’s investment matters.

Investment strategies and asset allocations are based on careful consideration of Pension Plan liabilities, the Pension Plan’s funded status and the Company’s financial condition. Investment performance and asset allocation are measured and monitored on an ongoing basis. Management allocates plan assets towards fixed income securities in order to align expected cash outflows with its funding source. This asset allocation has been set after taking into consideration the Pension Plan’s current frozen status and the current ongoing plan terminations.

Market volatility risk is controlled by limiting the asset allocation of the most volatile asset class, equities, to no more than 70% of the portfolio and by ensuring that there is sufficient liquidity to meet distribution requirements from the portfolio without disrupting long-term assets. Diversification of the equity portion of the portfolio is controlled by limiting the value of any initial acquisition so that it does not exceed 5% of the market value of the portfolio when purchased. The policy requires the sale of any portion of an equity position when its value exceeds 10% of the portfolio. Fixed income market volatility risk is managed by limiting the term of fixed income investments to five years. Fixed income investments must carry an “A” or better rating by a recognized credit rating agency. Corporate debt of a single issuer may not exceed 10% of the market value of the portfolio. The investment in derivative instruments such as “naked” call options, futures, commodities, and short selling is prohibited. Investment in equity index funds and the writing of “covered” call options (a conservative strategy to increase portfolio income) are permitted. Foreign currency-denominated debt instruments are not permitted. At December 31, 2022, management is of the opinion that there are no significant concentrations of risk in the assets of the Pension Plan with respect to any single entity, industry, country, commodity or investment fund that are not otherwise mitigated by the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation ("FDIC") insurance available to the participants of the Pension Plan and collateral pledged for any such amount that may not be covered by FDIC insurance. Investment performance is measured against industry accepted benchmarks. The risk tolerance and asset allocation limitations imposed by the policy are consistent with attaining the rate of return assumptions used in the actuarial funding calculations. The RPIC committee meets quarterly to review the activities of the investment managers to ensure adherence with the Investment Policy Statement.

Fair Values

The fair values of the Company’s Pension Plan assets by asset category at December 31 are presented in the following tables:

	2022
(In thousands)	Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets (Level 1)		Significant Other Observable Inputs (Level 2)		Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3)		Total
Asset Category:
Mutual funds:
Large cap U.S. equity funds	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—
Small/Mid cap U.S. equity funds	—		—		—		—
International equity funds	—		—		—		—
Short-term fixed income funds	9,517		22,770		—		32,287
Total mutual funds	9,517		22,770		—		32,287
Total pension plan assets	$	9,517	$	22,770	$	—	$	32,287

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	2021
(In thousands)	Quoted Prices In Active Markets for  Identical Assets  (Level 1)		Significant Other  Observable  Inputs  (Level 2)		Significant Unobservable  Inputs  (Level 3)		Total
Asset Category:
Mutual funds:
Large cap U.S. equity funds	$	2,231	$	575	$	—	$	2,806
Small/Mid cap U.S. equity funds	—		1,536		—		1,536
International equity funds	875		—		—		875
Short-term fixed income funds	9,558		30,432		—		39,990
Total mutual funds	12,664		32,543		—		45,207
Total pension plan assets	$	12,664	$	32,543	$	—	$	45,207

Contributions

The decision as to whether or not to make a plan contribution and the amount of any such contribution is dependent on a number of factors. Such factors include the investment performance of the plan assets in the current economy and, since the Pension Plan is currently frozen, the remaining investment horizon of the Pension Plan. After consideration of these factors, the Company made no contribution during 2022. Management continues to monitor the funding level of the Pension Plan and may make contributions as necessary during 2023.

Estimated Future Benefit Payments

Benefit payments, which reflect expected future service, as appropriate, that are expected to be paid for the years ending December 31 are presented in the following table:

(In thousands)	Pension Benefits
2023	$	2,430
2024	2,900
2025	2,280
2026	2,880
2027	2,950
Thereafter	13,590

Sandy Spring Bank 401(k) Plan

The Sandy Spring Bank 401(k) Plan (“the 401(k)”) is voluntary and covers all eligible employees after 90 days of service. The 401(k) provides that employees contributing to the 401(k) receive a matching contribution of 100% of the first 4% of compensation and 50% of the next 2% of compensation subject to employee contribution limitations. The Company matching contribution vests immediately. The 401(k) permits employees to purchase shares of the Company’s common stock with their 401(k) contributions, Company match, and other contributions under the 401(k). The Company’s matching contribution to the 401(k), which is included in salaries and employee benefits in non-interest expenses in the Consolidated Statements of Income, totaled $5.9 million, $6.0 million, and $5.3 million in 2022, 2021 and 2020, respectively.

Deferred Compensation Plans

The Executive Incentive Retirement Plan ("Executive Plan") is a non-qualified deferred compensation plan that provides for contributions to be made to the participants’ plan accounts based on the attainment of a level of financial performance determined annually by the board of directors. The Company ceased making contributions to the Executive Plan after adoption of the Non-Qualified Deferred Compensation Plan (“NQDC Plan”) in late 2021. The NQDC Plan provides participants with the option to defer receipt of a portion of their base salary and annual cash incentives. Participant contributions are fully vested at all times. At its sole discretion, the Company may credit participant accounts with company contributions. In 2022, executive officers were selected by the

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board of directors for contributions to be made to their plan accounts based on the attainment of a level of financial performance compared to a selected group of peer banks. Benefit costs related to the Executive Plan and NQDC Plan included in salaries and employee benefits in non-interest expenses in the Consolidated Statements of Income for 2022, 2021 and 2020 were $0.7 million, $0.7 million, and $0.6 million, respectively.

NOTE 14 – OTHER NON-INTEREST INCOME AND OTHER NON-INTEREST EXPENSE

Selected components of other non-interest income and other non-interest expense for the years ended December 31 are presented in the following table:

(In thousands)	2022		2021		2020
Letter of credit fees	$	721	$	910	$	710
Extension fees	955		811		1,967
Swap fee income	524		511		1,607
Prepayment penalty fees	1,807		3,216		961
Other income	4,687		9,869		3,976
Total other non-interest income	$	8,694	$	15,317	$	9,221

(In thousands)	2022		2021		2020
Postage and delivery	$	2,040	$	1,906	$	1,624
Communications	2,332		2,508		2,729
Loss on FHLB redemption	—		9,117		5,928
Mortgage processing expense, net	1,048		1,504		1,381
Online services	2,763		2,209		1,591
Franchise taxes	1,974		1,644		1,574
Insurance	1,921		1,586		1,311
Card transaction expense	1,196		1,183		1,083
Office supplies	1,013		742		912
Contingent payment expense	1,247		—		—
Other expenses	12,982		11,993		12,470
Total other non-interest expense	$	28,516	$	34,392	$	30,603

NOTE 15 – INCOME TAXES

The following table provides the components of income tax expense for the years ended December 31:

(In thousands)	2022		2021		2020
Current income taxes:
Federal	$	48,920	$	48,445	$	43,115
State	16,630		15,850		13,785
Total current	65,550		64,295		56,900
Deferred income taxes:
Federal	(7,214)		9,634		(22,793)
State	(2,277)		2,623		(6,636)
Total deferred	(9,491)		12,257		(29,429)
Total income tax expense	$	56,059	$	76,552	$	27,471

The Company does not have uncertain tax positions that are deemed material, and did not recognize any adjustments for unrecognized tax benefits.

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The Company is subject to U.S. federal income tax and income tax in various state jurisdictions. All tax years ending after December 31, 2018     are open to examination. The examination by the District of Columbia for the tax years 2017-2019 was finalized in 2021 with no adjustments.

Temporary differences between the amounts reported in the financial statements and the tax bases of assets and liabilities result in deferred taxes. Deferred tax assets and liabilities, shown as the sum of the appropriate tax effect for each significant type of temporary difference, are presented in the following table at December 31 for the years indicated:

(In thousands)	2022		2021
Deferred tax assets:
Allowance for credit losses	$	34,703	$	27,980
Lease liability	14,692		17,280
Employee benefits	8,247		7,740
Unrealized losses on pension plan	2,735		2,827
Deferred loan fees and costs	3,003		3,879
Equity based compensation	2,327		1,636
Unrealized losses on investments available-for-sale	42,362		121
Losses on other real estate owned	27		21
Other than temporary impairment	—		76
Loan and deposit premium/discount	205		553
Reserve for recourse loans and unfunded commitments	2,169		223
Net operating loss carryforward	2,985		2,023
Other	240		207
Gross deferred tax assets	113,695		64,566
Valuation allowance	(3,124)		(2,137)
Net deferred tax asset	110,571		62,429
Deferred tax liabilities:
Right of use asset	(12,511)		(14,888)
Pension plan costs	(1,906)		(2,092)
Depreciation	(4,203)		(2,552)
Intangible assets	(2,709)		(5,653)
Bond accretion	(289)		(78)
Fair value acquisition adjustments	(660)		(624)
Other	(738)		(626)
Gross deferred tax liabilities	(23,016)		(26,513)
Net deferred tax asset	$	87,555	$	35,916

The Company has approximately $45.8 million of state net operating loss carryover which begins to expire in 2032. The Company believes that it is more likely than not that the future benefit from the state net operating loss carryover will not be realized. As such, there is a valuation allowance on the deferred tax assets of the jurisdictions in which those net operating losses relate.

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The reconcilements between the statutory federal income tax rate and the effective rate for the years ended December 31 are presented in the following table:

(Dollars in thousands)	2022				2021				2020
	Amount		Percentage of Pre-Tax Income		Amount		Percentage of Pre-Tax Income		Amount		Percentage of Pre-Tax Income
Income tax expense at federal statutory rate	$	46,696	21.0	%	$	65,448	21.0	%	$	26,130	21.0	%
Increase/ (decrease) resulting from:
Tax exempt income, net	(1,909)		(0.9)		(2,271)		(0.7)		(2,472)		(2.0)
Bank-owned life insurance	(662)		(0.3)		(602)		(0.2)		(567)		(0.5)
State income taxes, net of federal income tax benefits	11,339		5.1		14,593		4.7		5,648		4.5
Federal tax law change	—		—		—		—		(1,764)		(1.4)
Other, net	595		0.3		(616)		(0.2)		496		0.5
Total income tax expense and rate	$	56,059	25.2	%	$	76,552	24.6	%	$	27,471	22.1	%

Under the CARES Act, which was enacted on March 27, 2020, net operating losses arising in tax years beginning after December 31, 2017, and before January 1, 2021 can be carried back five tax years preceding the tax year in which the loss originated. During 2020, the Company utilized net operating losses acquired as a part of the 2018 WashingtonFirst acquisition. Following the passage of the CARES Act, the Company carried back WashingtonFirst's 2018 net operating loss to tax years 2013 through 2015. As a result, the Company recorded a tax benefit of $1.8 million for 2020 due to the federal statutory rates for the 2013, 2014 and 2015 tax years being higher than the 2018 tax year.

On August 16, 2022, the Inflation Reduction Act ("the IRA") was signed into law. The IRA includes climate and energy provisions, introduces a 15% corporate alternative minimum tax ("CAMT") on corporations whose average annual adjusted financial statement income exceeds $1 billion, and a 1% excise tax on stock repurchases made by publicly traded US corporations. The provisions above generally are effective for tax years beginning after December 31, 2022. These provisions did not have a material impact on the Company's income taxes for 2022.

NOTE 16 – NET INCOME PER COMMON SHARE

The calculation of net income per common share for the years ended December 31 is presented in the following table:

(Dollars and amounts in thousands, except per share data)	2022		2021		2020
Net income	$	166,299	$	235,107	$	96,953
Less: Distributed and undistributed earnings allocated to participating securities	(681)		(1,508)		(783)
Net income attributable to common shareholders	$	165,618	$	233,599	$	96,170
Total weighted average outstanding shares	45,049		46,995		44,312
Less: Weighted average participating securities	(186)		(304)		(365)
Basic weighted average common shares	44,863		46,691		43,947
Dilutive weighted average common stock equivalents	176		208		185
Diluted weighted average common shares	45,039		46,899		44,132
Basic net income per common share	$	3.69	$	5.00	$	2.19
Diluted net income per common share	$	3.68	$	4.98	$	2.18
Anti-dilutive shares	9		—		17

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NOTE 17 – ACCUMULATED OTHER COMPREHENSIVE INCOME/ (LOSS)

Comprehensive income/ (loss) is defined as net income plus transactions and other occurrences that are the result of non-owner changes in equity. For financial statements presented for the Company, non-owner changes in equity are comprised of unrealized gains or losses on investments available-for-sale and held-to-maturity, and any pension liability adjustments. These adjustments do not have an impact on the Company’s net income. Realized gains and losses on available-for-sale debt securities, and the amortization of unrealized losses on held-to-maturity debt securities and net periodic benefit cost impact the Company's net income as discussed in the following tables.

During the quarter ended March 31, 2022, the Company transferred certain debt securities from available-for-sale to held-to-maturity. The total amortized cost of debt securities transferred was $305.6 million with the associated after tax unrealized loss $12.1 million at the date of transfer. This after tax unrealized loss continues to be reported in accumulated other comprehensive income/ (loss) and is amortized over the remaining lives of debt securities.

The following table presents the activity in net accumulated other comprehensive income/ (loss) for the periods indicated:

(In thousands)	Unrealized Gains/ (Losses) on Investments Available-for-Sale		Defined Benefit Pension Plan		Unrealized Losses on Debt Securities Transferred from Available-for-Sale to Held-to-Maturity		Total
Balance at January 1, 2020	$	4,000	$	(8,332)	$	—	$	(4,332)
Period change, net of tax	24,175		(1,138)		—		23,037
Balance at December 31, 2020	28,175		(9,470)		—		18,705
Period change, net of tax	(28,511)		1,267		—		(27,244)
Balance at December 31, 2021	(336)		(8,203)		—		(8,539)
Period change, net of tax	(113,177)		201		(10,436)		(123,412)
Balance at December 31, 2022	$	(113,513)	$	(8,002)	$	(10,436)	$	(131,951)

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The following table provides the information on the reclassification adjustments out of accumulated other comprehensive income/ (loss) for the periods indicated:

	Year Ended December 31,
(In thousands)	2022		2021		2020
Unrealized gains/ (losses) on investments available-for-sale:
Affected line item in the Consolidated Statements of Income:
Investment securities gains/ (losses)	$	(345)	$	212	$	467
Income before taxes	(345)		212		467
Tax (expense)/ benefit	88		(54)		(120)
Net income/ (loss)	$	(257)	$	158	$	347
Amortization of unrealized losses on debt securities transferred from available-for-sale to held-to-maturity:
Affected line item in the Consolidated Statements of Income:
Interest and dividends on investment securities (1)	$	(2,245)	$	—	$	—
Income before taxes	(2,245)		—		—
Tax benefit	598		—		—
Net loss	$	(1,647)	$	—	$	—
Amortization of defined benefit pension plan items:
Affected line item in the Consolidated Statements of Income:
Recognized actuarial loss (2)	$	(783)	$	(909)	$	(874)
Settlement charge (2)	—		(560)		—
Income before taxes	(783)		(1,469)		(874)
Tax benefit	199		376		223
Net loss	$	(584)	$	(1,093)	$	(651)

(1)Amortization of unrealized losses on held-to-maturity debt securities is fully offset by accretion of a discount on held-to-maturity debt securities with no overall impact on net income and yield.

(2)This amount is included in the computation of net periodic benefit cost, see Note 13.

NOTE 18 - DERIVATIVES

The Company enters into interest rate swaps to facilitate customer transactions and meet their financing needs. These swaps qualify as derivatives, but are not designated as hedging instruments. Interest rate swap contracts involve the risk of dealing with counterparties and their ability to meet contractual terms. When the fair value of a derivative instrument contract is positive, this generally indicates that the counterparty or customer owes the Company, and results in credit risk to the Company. When the fair value of a derivative instrument contract is negative, the Company owes the customer or counterparty and therefore, has no credit risk. The swap positions are offset to minimize the potential impact on the Company’s financial statements. Credit risk exists if the borrower’s collateral or financial condition indicates that the underlying collateral or financial condition of the borrower makes it probable that amounts due will be uncollectible. Any amounts due to the Company will be expected to be collected from the borrower. Management reviews this credit exposure on a quarterly basis. At December 31, 2022 and 2021, all loans associated with the swap agreements were determined to be “pass” rated credits as provided by regulatory guidance and therefore no component of credit loss was factored into the valuation of the swaps.

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A summary of the Company’s interest rate swaps at December 31 for the years indicated is included in the following table:

	2022
(Dollars in thousands)	Notional Amount		Estimated Fair Value		Years to Maturity	Receive Rate		Pay Rate
Interest rate swap agreements:
Pay fixed/receive variable swaps	$	169,544	$	(18,596)	6.8 years	6.00	%	3.83	%
Pay variable/receive fixed swaps	169,544		18,596		6.8 years	3.83	%	6.00	%
Total swaps	$	339,088	$	—	6.8 years	4.92	%	4.92	%

	2021
(Dollars in thousands)	Notional Amount		Estimated Fair Value		Years to Maturity	Receive Rate		Pay Rate
Interest rate swap agreements:
Pay fixed/receive variable swaps	$	198,126	$	(5,880)	8.7 years	2.21	%	3.73	%
Pay variable/receive fixed swaps	198,126		5,880		8.7 years	3.73	%	2.21	%
Total swaps	$	396,252	$	—	8.7 years	2.97	%	2.97	%

The estimated fair value of the swaps at December 31 for the periods indicated in the table above were recorded in other assets and other liabilities in the Consolidated Statements of Financial Condition. The associated net gains and losses on the swaps are recorded in other non-interest income in the Consolidated Statement of Income.

NOTE 19 – FINANCIAL INSTRUMENTS WITH OFF-BALANCE SHEET RISK

In the normal course of business, the Company has various outstanding credit commitments that are not reflected in the financial statements. These commitments are made to satisfy the financing needs of the Company's clients. The associated credit risk is controlled by subjecting such activity to the same credit and quality controls as exist for the Company's lending and investing activities. The commitments involve diverse business and consumer customers and are generally well collateralized. Collateral held varies, but may include residential real estate, commercial real estate, property and equipment, inventory and accounts receivable. Commitments do not necessarily represent future cash requirements as a portion of the commitments have some reduced likelihood of being exercised. Additionally, many of the commitments are subject to annual reviews, material change clauses or requirements for inspections prior to draw funding that could result in a curtailment of the funding commitments.

A summary of the financial instruments with off-balance sheet credit risk is as follows at December 31 for the years indicated:

(In thousands)	2022		2021
Commercial real estate development and construction	$	887,154	$	621,725
Residential real estate-development and construction	798,607		885,806
Real estate-residential mortgage	21,118		54,072
Lines of credit, principally home equity and business lines	2,397,533		2,096,874
Standby letters of credit	77,424		70,642
Total commitments to extend credit and available credit lines	$	4,181,836	$	3,729,119

As of December 31, 2022, the total reserve for unfunded commitments was $8.0 million as compared to $0.3 million at December 31, 2021, and is accounted for in other liabilities in the Consolidated Statements of Financial Condition. See Note 1 for more information on the accounting policy for the allowance for unfunded commitments.

NOTE 20 – LITIGATION

The Company and its subsidiaries are subject in the ordinary course of business to various pending or threatened legal proceedings in which claims for monetary damages are asserted. After consultation with legal counsel, management does not anticipate that the

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ultimate liability, if any, arising out of currently pending legal proceedings will have a material adverse effect on the Company’s financial condition, operating results or liquidity.

NOTE 21 – FAIR VALUE

GAAP provides entities the option to measure eligible financial assets, financial liabilities and commitments at fair value (i.e. the fair value option), on an instrument-by-instrument basis, that are otherwise not permitted to be accounted for at fair value under other accounting standards. The election to use the fair value option is available when an entity first recognizes a financial asset or financial liability or upon entering into a commitment. Subsequent changes in fair value must be recorded in earnings. The Company applies the fair value option on residential mortgage loans held for sale. The fair value option on residential mortgage loans allows the recognition of gains on sale of mortgage loans to more accurately reflect the timing and economics of the transaction.

The standard for fair value measurement establishes a fair value hierarchy that prioritizes the inputs to valuation techniques used to measure fair value. The hierarchy gives the highest priority to unadjusted quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities (Level 1 measurements) and the lowest priority to unobservable inputs (Level 3 measurements). The three levels of the fair value hierarchy are described below.

Basis of Fair Value Measurement:

Level 1 - Unadjusted quoted prices in active markets that are accessible at the measurement date for identical, unrestricted assets or liabilities.

Level 2 - Quoted prices in markets that are not active, or inputs that are observable, either directly or indirectly, for substantially the full term of the asset or liability.

Level 3 - Prices or valuation techniques that require inputs that are both significant to the fair value measurement and unobservable (i.e. supported by little or no market activity).

A financial instrument’s level within the fair value hierarchy is based on the lowest level of input that is significant to the fair value measurement.

Changes to interest rates may result in changes in the cash flows due to prepayments or extinguishments. Accordingly, this could result in higher or lower measurements of the fair values.

Assets and Liabilities

Residential mortgage loans held for sale

Residential mortgage loans held for sale are valued based on quotations from the secondary market for similar instruments and are classified as Level 2 in the fair value hierarchy.

Investments available-for-sale

U.S. treasuries and government agencies securities and mortgage-backed and asset-backed securities

Valuations are based on active market data and use of evaluated broker pricing models that vary based by asset class and includes available trade, bid, and other market information. Generally, the methodology includes broker quotes, proprietary models, descriptive terms, and databases coupled with extensive quality control programs. Quality control evaluation processes use available market, credit and deal level information to support the evaluation of the security. Additionally, proprietary models and pricing systems, mathematical tools, actual transacted prices, integration of market developments and experienced evaluators are used to determine the value of a security based on a hierarchy of market information regarding a security or securities with similar characteristics. The Company does not adjust the quoted price for such securities. Such instruments are classified within Level 2 in the fair value hierarchy.

State and municipal securities

The Company primarily uses prices obtained from third-party pricing services to determine the fair value of state and municipal securities. The Company independently evaluates and corroborates the fair value received from pricing services through various methods and techniques, including references to dealer or other market quotes, by reviewing valuations of comparable instruments, and by comparing the prices realized on the sale of similar securities. Such securities are classified within Level 2 in the fair value hierarchy.

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Interest rate swap agreements

Interest rate swap agreements are measured by alternative pricing sources using a discounted cash flow method that incorporates current market interest rates. Based on the complex nature of interest rate swap agreements, the markets these instruments trade in are not as efficient and are less liquid than that of the more mature Level 1 markets. These characteristics classify interest rate swap agreements as Level 2 in the fair value hierarchy.

Assets and Liabilities Measured at Fair Value on a Recurring Basis

The following tables set forth the Company’s financial assets and liabilities at the December 31 for the years indicated that were accounted for or disclosed at fair value. Assets and liabilities are classified in their entirety based on the lowest level of input that is significant to the fair value measurement:

	2022
(In thousands)	Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets (Level 1)		Significant Other Observable Inputs (Level 2)		Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3)		Total
Assets
Residential mortgage loans held for sale (1)	$	—	$	11,706	$	—	$	11,706
Available-for-sale debt securities:
U.S. government agencies	—		93,622		—		93,622
State and municipal	—		265,997		—		265,997
Mortgage-backed and asset-backed	—		854,919		—		854,919
Total available-for-sale debt securities	—		1,214,538		—		1,214,538
Interest rate swap agreements	—		18,596		—		18,596
Total assets	$	—	$	1,244,840	$	—	$	1,244,840
Liabilities
Interest rate swap agreements	$	—	$	(18,596)	$	—	$	(18,596)
Total liabilities	$	—	$	(18,596)	$	—	$	(18,596)

(1)The outstanding principal balance for residential loans held for sale as of December 31, 2022 was $11.3 million.

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	2021
(In thousands)	Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets (Level 1)		Significant Other Observable Inputs (Level 2)		Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3)		Total
Assets
Residential mortgage loans held for sale (1)	$	—	$	39,409	$	—	$	39,409
Investments available-for-sale:
U.S. government agencies	—		68,539		—		68,539
State and municipal	—		326,402		—		326,402
Mortgage-backed and asset-backed	—		1,070,955		—		1,070,955
Total available-for-sale securities	—		1,465,896		—		1,465,896
Interest rate swap agreements	—		5,880		—		5,880
Total assets	$	—	$	1,511,185	$	—	$	1,511,185
Liabilities
Interest rate swap agreements	$	—	$	(5,880)	$	—	$	(5,880)
Total liabilities	$	—	$	(5,880)	$	—	$	(5,880)

(1)The outstanding principal balance for residential loans held for sale as of December 31, 2021 was $38.2 million.

Assets Measured at Fair Value on a Non-recurring Basis

The following tables set forth the Company’s financial assets subject to fair value adjustments on a non-recurring basis at December 31 for the year indicated that are valued at the lower of cost or market. Assets are classified in their entirety based on the lowest level of input that is significant to the fair value measurement:

	2022
(In thousands)	Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets (Level 1)		Significant Other Observable Inputs (Level 2)		Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3)		Total		Total Losses
Loans (1)	$	—	$	—	$	190	$	190	$	(384)
Other real estate owned	—		—		645		645		(105)
Total	$	—	$	—	$	835	$	835	$	(489)

(1)Amounts represent the fair value of collateral for collateral dependent non-accrual loans allocated to the allowance for credit losses. Fair values are determined using actual market prices (Level 2), independent third party valuations and borrower records, discounted as appropriate (Level 3).

	2021
(In thousands)	Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets (Level 1)		Significant Other Observable Inputs (Level 2)		Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3)		Total		Total Losses
Loans (1)	$	—	$	—	$	404	$	404	$	(1,353)
Other real estate owned	—		—		1,034		1,034		(81)
Total	$	—	$	—	$	1,438	$	1,438	$	(1,434)

(1)Amounts represent the fair value of collateral for collateral dependent non-accrual loans allocated to the allowance for credit losses. Fair values are determined using actual market prices (Level 2), independent third party valuations and borrower records, discounted as appropriate (Level 3).

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At December 31, 2022, loans totaling $26.2 million were written down to fair value of $19.3 million as a result of individual credit loss allowances of $6.9 million associated with the collateral dependent non-accrual loans which was included in the allowance for credit losses. Loans totaling $33.5 million were written down to fair value of $26.9 million at December 31, 2021 as a result of individual credit loss allowances of $6.6 million associated with the collateral dependent non-accrual loans.

Fair value of the collateral dependent loans is measured based on the loan’s observable market price or the fair value of the collateral (less estimated selling costs). Collateral may be real estate and/or business assets such as equipment, inventory and/or accounts receivable. The value of business equipment, inventory and accounts receivable collateral is based on net book value on the business’ financial statements and, if necessary, discounted based on management’s review and analysis. Appraised and reported values may be discounted based on management’s historical experience, changes in market conditions from the time of valuation, and/or management’s expertise and knowledge of the client and client’s business. Collateral dependent loans are reviewed and evaluated on at least a quarterly basis for additional individual reserve and adjusted accordingly, based on the factors identified above.

OREO is adjusted to fair value upon transfer of the loans to OREO. Subsequently, OREO is carried at the lower of carrying value or fair value, less cost of disposal. The estimated fair value for OREO included in Level 3 is determined by independent market based appraisals and other available market information, less cost of disposal, that may be reduced further based on market expectations or an executed sales agreement. If the fair value of the collateral deteriorates subsequent to initial recognition, the Company records the OREO as a non-recurring Level 3 adjustment. Valuation techniques are consistent with those techniques applied in prior periods.

Fair Value of Financial Instruments

The Company discloses fair value information, based on the exit price notion, of financial instruments that are not measured at fair value in the financial statements. Fair value is the amount at which a financial instrument could be exchanged in a current transaction between willing parties, other than in a forced sale or liquidation, and is best evidenced by a quoted market price, if one exists.

Quoted market prices, where available, are shown as estimates of fair market values. Because no quoted market prices are available for a significant portion of the Company's financial instruments, the fair value of such instruments has been derived based on the amount and timing of future cash flows and estimated discount rates based on observable inputs (“Level 2”) or unobservable inputs (“Level 3”).

Present value techniques used in estimating the fair value of many of the Company's financial instruments are significantly affected by the assumptions used. In that regard, the derived fair value estimates cannot be substantiated by comparison to independent markets and, in many cases, could not be realized in immediate cash settlement of the instrument. Additionally, the accompanying estimates of fair values are only representative of the fair values of the individual financial assets and liabilities, and should not be considered an indication of the fair value of the Company. Management utilizes internal models used in asset liability management to determine the fair values disclosed below. Other investments include FRB and FHLB stock, whose carrying amounts approximate fair values based on the redemption provisions of each entity.

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The carrying amounts and fair values of the Company’s financial instruments at December 31 for the year indicated are presented in the following table:

					Fair Value Measurements
	2022				Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets (Level 1)		Significant Other Observable Inputs (Level 2)		Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3)
(In thousands)	Carrying Amount		Estimated Fair Value
Financial assets:
Cash and cash equivalents	$	192,232	$	192,232	$	192,232	$	—	$	—
Residential mortgage loans held for sale	11,706		11,706		—		11,706		—
Available-for-sale debt securities	1,214,538		1,214,538		—		1,214,538		—
Held-to-maturity debt securities	259,452		220,123		—		220,123		—
Other investments	69,218		69,218		—		69,218		—
Loans, net of allowance	11,260,464		11,020,992		—		—		11,020,992
Interest rate swap agreements	18,596		18,596		—		18,596		—
Accrued interest receivable	41,172		41,172		41,172		—		—
Bank owned life insurance	153,016		153,016		—		153,016		—
Financial liabilities:
Time deposits	$	2,118,262	$	2,082,319	$	—	$	2,082,319	$	—
Other deposits	8,835,159		8,835,159		8,835,159		—		—
Securities sold under retail repurchase agreements and
federal funds purchased	321,967		321,967		—		321,967		—
Advances from FHLB	550,000		549,530		—		549,530		—
Subordinated debt	370,205		332,470		—		—		332,470
Interest rate swap agreements	18,596		18,596		—		18,596		—
Accrued interest payable	10,867		10,867		10,867		—		—

					Fair Value Measurements
	2021				Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets (Level 1)		Significant Other Observable Inputs (Level 2)		Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3)
(In thousands)	Carrying Amount		Estimated Fair Value
Financial assets:
Cash and cash equivalents	$	420,020	$	420,020	$	420,020	$	—	$	—
Residential mortgage loans held for sale	39,409		39,409		—		39,409		—
Investments available-for-sale	1,465,896		1,465,896		—		1,465,896		—
Other investments	41,166		41,166		—		41,166		—
Loans, net of allowance	9,857,946		9,964,924		—		—		9,964,924
Interest rate swap agreements	5,880		5,880		—		5,880		—
Accrued interest receivable	34,349		34,349		34,349		—		—
Bank owned life insurance	147,528		147,528		—		147,528		—
Financial liabilities:
Time deposits	$	1,290,862	$	1,292,598	$	—	$	1,292,598	$	—
Other deposits	9,333,869		9,333,869		9,333,869		—		—
Securities sold under retail repurchase agreements and
federal funds purchased	141,086		141,086		—		141,086		—
Advances from FHLB	—		—		—		—		—
Subordinated debt	172,712		175,780		—		—		175,780
Interest rate swap agreements	5,880		5,880		—		5,880		—
Accrued interest payable	1,516		1,516		1,516		—		—

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NOTE 22 – PARENT COMPANY FINANCIAL INFORMATION

Financial statements for Sandy Spring Bancorp, Inc. (Parent Only) for the periods indicated are presented in the following tables:

Statements of Condition

	December 31,
(In thousands)	2022		2021
Assets:
Cash and cash equivalents	$	83,923	$	69,038
Other investments	568		568
Investment in subsidiary	1,767,933		1,620,432
Goodwill	1,292		1,292
Other assets	3,375		2,255
Total assets	$	1,857,091	$	1,693,585
Liabilities:
Subordinated debt	$	370,205	$	172,712
Accrued expenses and other liabilities	3,118		1,194
Total liabilities	373,323		173,906
Stockholders’ Equity:
Common stock	44,657		45,119
Additional paid in capital	734,273		751,072
Retained earnings	836,789		732,027
Accumulated other comprehensive loss	(131,951)		(8,539)
Total stockholders’ equity	1,483,768		1,519,679
Total liabilities and stockholders’ equity	$	1,857,091	$	1,693,585

Statements of Income

	Year Ended December 31,
(In thousands)	2022		2021		2020
Income:
Cash dividends from subsidiary	$	65,410	$	189,172	$	74,410
Other income	494		434		932
Total income	65,904		189,606		75,342
Expenses:
Interest	14,055		6,765		9,028
Other expenses	1,750		1,592		1,505
Total expenses	15,805		8,357		10,533
Income before income taxes and equity in undistributed income of subsidiary	50,099		181,249		64,809
Income tax benefit	(3,175)		(1,563)		(1,988)
Income before equity in undistributed income of subsidiary	53,274		182,812		66,797
Equity in undistributed income of subsidiary	113,025		52,295		30,156
Net income	$	166,299	$	235,107	$	96,953

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Statements of Cash Flows

	Year Ended December 31,
(In thousands)	2022		2021		2020
Cash Flows from Operating Activities:
Net income	$	166,299	$	235,107	$	96,953
Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by operating activities:
Equity in undistributed income-subsidiary	(113,025)		(52,295)		(30,156)
Share based compensation expense	7,887		5,299		3,850
Tax benefit from stock options exercised	—		—		5
Other-net	(9,760)		4,133		(9,732)
Net cash provided by operating activities	51,401		192,244		60,920
Cash Flows from Investing Activities:
Proceeds from sales of investment available-for-sale	—		9,099		310
Investment in subsidiary	(150,000)		—		—
Net cash provided by/ (used in) investing activities	(150,000)		9,099		310
Cash Flows from Financing Activities:
Retirement of subordinated debt	—		(32,810)		(10,310)
Proceeds from issuance of subordinated debt	200,000		—		—
Proceeds from issuance of common stock	2,192		5,758		1,997
Stock tendered for payment of withholding taxes	(2,353)		(1,577)		(458)
Repurchase of common stock	(24,987)		(107,268)		(25,702)
Dividends paid	(61,368)		(60,351)		(53,175)
Net cash provided by/ (used in) financing activities	113,484		(196,248)		(87,648)
Net increase/ (decrease) in cash and cash equivalents	14,885		5,095		(26,418)
Cash and cash equivalents at beginning of year	69,038		63,943		90,361
Cash and cash equivalents at end of year	$	83,923	$	69,038	$	63,943

NOTE 23 – REGULATORY MATTERS

The Company and the Bank are subject to various regulatory capital requirements administered by the federal banking agencies. Failure to meet minimum capital requirements can initiate certain mandatory and possibly additional discretionary actions by regulators that, if undertaken, could have a direct material effect on the Company's and the Bank's financial statements. Under capital adequacy guidelines and the regulatory framework for prompt corrective action, the Bank must meet specific capital guidelines that involve quantitative measures of the Bank's assets, liabilities, and certain off-balance sheet items as calculated under regulatory accounting practices. The Company and the Bank's capital amounts and classifications are also subject to qualitative judgments by the regulators about components, risk weightings, and other factors.

Quantitative measures established and defined by regulation to ensure capital adequacy require the Company and the Bank to maintain minimum amounts and ratios of Total, Tier 1 and Common Equity Tier 1 capital to risk-weighted assets, and of Tier 1 capital to average assets. As of December 31, 2022 and 2021, the capital levels of the Company and the Bank substantially exceeded all applicable capital adequacy requirements.

As of December 31, 2022, the most recent notification from the Bank’s primary regulator categorized the Bank as well capitalized under the regulatory framework for prompt corrective action. To be categorized as well capitalized the Bank must maintain minimum Total risk-based, Tier 1 risk-based, Common Equity Tier 1 risk-based, and Tier 1 leverage ratios as set forth in the following table. There are no conditions or events since that notification that management believes have changed the Bank's category.

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The Company's and the Bank's actual capital amounts and ratios at December 31 for the years indicated are presented in the following table:

	Actual				For Capital Adequacy Purposes				To be Well Capitalized Under Prompt Corrective Action Provisions
(Dollars in thousands)	Amount		Ratio		Amount		Ratio		Amount		Ratio
As of December 31, 2022
Tier 1 Leverage:
Company	$	1,250,218	9.33	%	$	536,159	4.00	%	N/A		N/A
Sandy Spring Bank	$	1,535,674	11.46	%	$	536,016	4.00	%	$	670,020	5.00	%
Common Equity Tier 1 Capital to risk-
weighted assets:
Company	$	1,250,218	10.23	%	$	549,992	4.50	%	N/A		N/A
Sandy Spring Bank	$	1,535,674	12.57	%	$	549,681	4.50	%	$	793,984	6.50	%
Tier 1 Capital to risk-weighted assets:
Company	$	1,250,218	10.23	%	$	733,323	6.00	%	N/A		N/A
Sandy Spring Bank	$	1,535,674	12.57	%	$	732,909	6.00	%	$	977,212	8.00	%
Total Capital to risk-weighted assets:
Company	$	1,735,342	14.20	%	$	977,764	8.00	%	N/A		N/A
Sandy Spring Bank	$	1,645,799	13.47	%	$	977,212	8.00	%	$	1,221,514	10.00	%
As of December 31, 2021
Tier 1 Leverage:
Company	$	1,149,694	9.26	%	$	496,520	4.00	%	N/A		N/A
Sandy Spring Bank	$	1,251,739	10.09	%	$	496,171	4.00	%	$	620,214	5.00	%
Common Equity Tier 1 Capital to risk-
weighted assets:
Company	$	1,149,694	11.91	%	$	434,466	4.50	%	N/A		N/A
Sandy Spring Bank	$	1,251,739	12.98	%	$	433,889	4.50	%	$	626,729	6.50	%
Tier 1 Capital to risk-weighted assets:
Company	$	1,149,694	11.91	%	$	579,288	6.00	%	N/A		N/A
Sandy Spring Bank	$	1,251,739	12.98	%	$	578,519	6.00	%	$	771,358	8.00	%
Total Capital to risk-weighted assets:
Company	$	1,408,808	14.59	%	$	772,384	8.00	%	N/A		N/A
Sandy Spring Bank	$	1,335,853	13.85	%	$	771,358	8.00	%	$	964,198	10.00	%

NOTE 24 – SEGMENT REPORTING

Currently, the Company conducts business in two operating segments - Community Banking and Investment Management. Each of the operating segments is a strategic business unit that offers different products and services. The Investment Management segment was a business acquired in a separate transaction where management of the acquired business was retained. The accounting policies of the segments are the same as those of the Company. However, the segment data reflects inter-segment transactions and balances.

The Community Banking segment is conducted through Sandy Spring Bank and involves delivering a broad range of financial products and services, including various loan and deposit products, to both individuals and businesses. Parent company income and assets are included in the Community Banking segment, as the majority of parent company functions are related to this segment. Beginning on April 1, 2020, the Community Banking segment includes the impact from the Revere acquisition. Major revenue sources include net interest income, gains on sales of mortgage loans, trust income fees and service charges on deposit accounts. Expenses include personnel, occupancy, marketing, equipment and other expenses. Non-cash charges associated with amortization of intangibles related to the acquired entities in the Community Banking segment totaled $4.1 million, $4.7 million and $4.3 million for the years ended December 31, 2022, December 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020, respectively.

120

Prior to June 2022, the Company operated the Insurance segment through Sandy Spring Insurance Corporation, a subsidiary of the Bank. Effective June 1, 2022, the Company sold substantially all of the assets of Sandy Spring Insurance Corporation to a leading global insurance brokerage and financial services firm. Results of operations of the Insurance segment are presented in the table below.

The Investment Management segment is conducted through West Financial and RPJ, subsidiaries of the Bank. These asset management and financial planning firms, located in McLean, Virginia and Falls Church, Virginia, respectively, provide comprehensive investment management and financial planning to individuals, families, small businesses and associations, including cash flow analysis, investment review, tax planning, retirement planning, insurance analysis and estate planning. West Financial and RPJ had approximately $3.5 billion in combined assets under management. Major revenue sources include non-interest income earned on the above services. Expenses include personnel, occupancy, support charges and other expenses. Non-cash charges associated with amortization of intangibles related to the acquired entities were $1.7 million, $1.9 million, and $1.9 million for the years ended December 31, 2022, December 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020, respectively.

121

Information for the operating segments and reconciliation of the information to the consolidated financial statements for the years ended December 31 is presented in the following tables:

	2022
(In thousands)	Community Banking		Insurance		Investment Management		Inter-Segment Elimination		Total
Interest income	$	495,665	$	123	$	11	$	(132)	$	495,667
Interest expense	68,795		—		—		(132)		68,663
Provision for credit losses	34,372		—		—		—		34,372
Non-interest income	62,424		19,449		21,926		(16,780)		87,019
Non-interest expenses	238,953		3,755		15,304		(719)		257,293
Income before income taxes	215,969		15,817		6,633		(16,061)		222,358
Income tax expense	49,670		4,472		1,917		—		56,059
Net income	$	166,299	$	11,345	$	4,716	$	(16,061)	$	166,299
Assets	$	13,853,476	$	17,777	$	54,207	$	(92,341)	$	13,833,119
	2021
(In thousands)	Community Banking		Insurance		Investment Management		Inter-Segment Elimination		Total
Interest income	$	450,284	$	2	$	10	$	(12)	$	450,284
Interest expense	25,778		—		—		(12)		25,766
Provision for credit losses	(45,556)		—		—		—		(45,556)
Non-interest income	80,077		7,011		22,378		(7,411)		102,055
Non-interest expenses	240,996		5,869		14,473		(868)		260,470
Income before income taxes	309,143		1,144		7,915		(6,543)		311,659
Income tax expense	74,036		339		2,177		—		76,552
Net income	$	235,107	$	805	$	5,738	$	(6,543)	$	235,107
Assets	$	12,590,176	$	9,110	$	59,099	$	(67,659)	$	12,590,726
	2020
(In thousands)	Community Banking		Insurance		Investment Management		Inter-Segment Elimination		Total
Interest income	$	423,560	$	6	$	7	$	(13)	$	423,560
Interest expense	60,414		—		—		(13)		60,401
Provision for credit losses	85,669		—		—		—		85,669
Non-interest income	78,940		6,810		17,831		(865)		102,716
Non-interest expenses	237,910		5,686		13,051		(865)		255,782
Income before income taxes	118,507		1,130		4,787		—		124,424
Income tax expense	25,907		313		1,251		—		27,471
Net income	$	92,600	$	817	$	3,536	$	—	$	96,953
Assets	$	12,800,537	$	11,335	$	57,768	$	(71,211)	$	12,798,429

122

Item 9. CHANGES IN AND DISAGREEMENTS WITH ACCOUNTANTS ON ACCOUNTING AND FINANCIAL DISCLOSURE

None.

Item 9A. CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES

Fourth Quarter 2022 Changes In Internal Controls Over Financial Reporting

No change occurred during the fourth quarter of 2022 that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the Company’s internal control over financial reporting.

Disclosure Controls and Procedures

As required by Securities and Exchange Commission rules, the Company’s management evaluated the effectiveness of the Company’s disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f)) as of December 31, 2022. The Company’s chief executive officer and chief financial officer participated in the evaluation. Based on this evaluation, the Company’s chief executive officer and chief financial officer concluded that the Company’s disclosure controls and procedures were effective as of December 31, 2022.

Management’s annual report on internal control over financial reporting is located on page 65 of this report.

Item 9B. OTHER INFORMATION

None.

Item 9C. DISCLOSURE REGARDING FOREIGN JURISDICTIONS THAT PREVENT INSPECTION

Not applicable.

PART III

Item 10.    DIRECTORS, EXECUTIVE OFFICERS AND CORPORATE GOVERNANCE

The information under the captions “Proposal 1: Election of Directors,” “Corporate Governance,” “Delinquent Section 16(a) Reports,” “Proposals for the 2024 Annual Meeting of Shareholders,” and “Report of the Audit Committee” in the Proxy Statement is incorporated in this Report by reference. Information regarding executive officers is included under the caption “Information About Our Executive Officers” on page 16 of this Report.

Item 11.    EXECUTIVE COMPENSATION

The information under the captions “Director Compensation,” “Compensation Discussion and Analysis,” “Executive Compensation Tables” (excluding the information under "Pay Versus Performance") and “CEO Pay Ratio” in the Proxy Statement is incorporated in this Report by reference.

Item 12.    SECURITY OWNERSHIP OF CERTAIN BENEFICIAL OWNERS AND MANAGEMENT AND RELATED STOCKHOLDER MATTERS

The information under the caption “Stock Ownership Information” in the Proxy Statement is incorporated in this Report by reference. Information regarding securities authorized for issuance under equity compensation plans is incorporated by reference from “Equity Compensation Plans” on page 33 of this Report.

Item 13.    CERTAIN RELATIONSHIPS AND RELATED TRANSACTIONS AND DIRECTOR INDEPENDENCE

The information under the captions “Director Independence” and “Transactions with Related Persons” in the Proxy Statement is incorporated in this Report by reference.

123

Item 14. PRINCIPAL ACCOUNTANT FEES AND SERVICES

The information under the captions “Audit and Non-Audit Fees” and “Audit Committee’s Preapproval Policies and Procedures” in the Proxy Statement is incorporated in this Report by reference.

124

PART IV.

Item 15. EXHIBITS, FINANCIAL STATEMENT SCHEDULES

The following financial statements are filed as a part of this report:

Consolidated Statements of Condition at December 31, 2022 and 2021

Consolidated Statements of Income for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020

Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020

Consolidated Statements of Changes in Stockholders' Equity for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020

Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020

Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements

Reports of Registered Public Accounting Firm

All financial statement schedules have been omitted, as the required information is either not applicable or included in the Consolidated Financial Statements or related Notes.

Exhibit No.	Description	Location
3.1.1	Articles of Incorporation of Sandy Spring Bancorp, Inc., as amended	Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1 to Form 10-Q for the quarter ended June 30, 1996, SEC File No. 0-19065
3.1.2	Articles of Amendment to the Articles of Incorporation of Sandy Spring Bancorp, Inc.	Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3(b) to Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2011, SEC File No. 0-19065
3.1.3	Articles of Amendment to the Articles of Incorporation of Sandy Spring Bancorp, Inc.	Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1 to Form 8-K filed on May 2, 2018, SEC File No. 0-19065
3.2	Bylaws of Sandy Spring Bancorp, Inc.	Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1 to Form 8-K filed on December 16, 2022, SEC File No. 0-19065
4.1	Description of Common Stock	Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1.1 to Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2019, SEC File No. 0-19065
4.2.1	Subordinated Indenture, dated as of November 5, 2019, between Sandy Spring Bancorp, Inc. and Wilmington Trust, National Association, as Trustee	Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1 to Form 8-K filed on November 5, 2019, SEC File No. 0-19065
4.2.2	First Supplemental Indenture, dated as of November 5, 2019, between Sandy Spring Bancorp, Inc. and Wilmington Trust, National Association, as Trustee	Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.2 to Form 8-K filed on November 5, 2019, SEC File No. 0-19065
4.2.3	Subordinated Indenture, dated as of March 18, 2022, between Sandy Spring Bancorp, Inc. and Wilmington Trust, National Association, as Trustee	Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1 to Form 8-K filed on March 18, 2022, SEC File No. 0-19065
4.2.4	First Supplemental Indenture, dated as of March 18, 2022, between Sandy Spring Bancorp, Inc. and Wilmington Trust, National Association, as Trustee	Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.2 to Form 8-K filed on March 18, 2022, SEC File No. 0-19065
	Other instruments defining the rights of holders of long-term debt securities of Sandy Spring Bancorp, Inc. and its subsidiaries are omitted in accordance with Section (b)(4)(iii)(A) of Item 601 of Regulation S-K. Sandy Spring Bancorp, Inc. agrees to furnish copies of these instruments to the SEC upon request.

125

10.1.1*	Form of Director Fee Deferral Agreement, August 26, 1997, as amended	Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10(h) to Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2003, SEC File No. 0-19065
10.1.2*	Form of Amendment to Directors’ Fee Deferral Agreement	Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10(o) to Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2008, SEC File No. 0-19065
10.2*	Sandy Spring Bank Directors’ Deferred Fee Plan	Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10(d) to Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2016, SEC File No. 0-19065
10.3*	Sandy Spring Bank Executive Incentive Retirement Plan	Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.10 to Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2020, SEC File No. 0-19065
10.4*	Sandy Spring Bancorp, Inc. Employee Stock Purchase Plan, as Amended and Restated	Incorporated by reference to Appendix A of the Definitive Proxy Statement filed on October 7, 2020, SEC File No. 0-19065
10.5*	Sandy Spring Bancorp, Inc. 2015 Omnibus Incentive Plan	Incorporated by reference to Appendix A of the Definitive Proxy Statement filed on March 31, 2015, SEC File No. 0-19065
10.6*	Form of Sandy Spring Bank Split Dollar Life Insurance Agreement	Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to Form 8-K filed on May 27, 2021, SEC File No. 0-19065
10.7*	Sandy Spring Bank Non-Qualified Deferred Compensation Plan	Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to Form 8-K filed on October 28, 2021, SEC File No. 0-19065
10.8*	Sandy Spring Bancorp, Inc. Executive Severance Plan	Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to Form 8-K filed on December 16, 2022, SEC File No. 0-19065
10.9*	Sandy Spring Bancorp, Inc. Annual Incentive Plan	Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to Form 8-K filed on January 26, 2023, SEC File No. 0-19065
21	Subsidiaries	Filed herewith
23	Consent of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm	Filed herewith
31(a)	Rule 13a-14(a)/15d-14(a) Certification	Filed herewith
31(b)	Rule 13a-14(a)/15d-14(a) Certification	Filed herewith
32(a)	18 U.S.C. Section 1350 Certification	Filed herewith
32(b)	18 U.S.C. Section 1350 Certification	Filed herewith
101.SCH	XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Document
101.CAL	XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase Document
101.DEF	XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase Document
101.LAB	XBRL Taxonomy Extension Label Linkbase Document
101.PRE	XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase Document
104	Cover Page Interactive Data File (embedded within the Inline XBRL document)

* Management Contract or Compensatory Plan or Arrangement filed pursuant to Item 15(b) of this Report.

126

Item 16. FORM 10-K SUMMARY

None.

127

SIGNATURES

Pursuant to the requirements of Section 13 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the Registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized.

SANDY SPRING BANCORP, INC.

(Registrant)

By:	/s/ Daniel J. Schrider
	Daniel J. Schrider
	President and Chief Executive Officer
	Date:	February 21, 2023

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, this report has been signed below by the following persons on behalf of the registrant and in the capacities indicated as of February 21, 2023.

Principal Executive Officer and Director:	Principal Financial and Accounting Officer:
/s/ Daniel J. Schrider	/s/ Philip J. Mantua
Daniel J. Schrider	Philip J. Mantua
President and Chief Executive Officer	Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer

Signature	Title
/s/ Ralph F. Boyd	Director
Ralph F. Boyd
/s/ Mark E. Friis	Director
Mark E. Friis
/s/ Brian J. Lemek	Director
Brian J. Lemek
/s/ Pamela A. Little	Director
Pamela A. Little
/s/ Walter C. Martz II	Director
Walter C. Martz II
/s/ Mark C. Michael	Director
Mark C. Michael
/s/ Mark C. Micklem	Director
Mark C. Micklem
/s/ Christina B. O'Meara	Director
Christina B. O'Meara
/s/ Robert L. Orndorff	Director
Robert L. Orndorff
/s/ Craig A. Ruppert	Director
Craig A. Ruppert
/s/ Mona Abutaleb Stephenson	Director
Mona Abutaleb Stephenson

128

EX-21

Exhibit 21

Subsidiaries of the Registrant

Name	Jurisdiction of Incorporation
Sandy Spring Bank	Maryland
West Financial Services, Inc.*	Maryland
SSB Wealth Management, Inc.*(1)	Maryland

__________

*Direct subsidiary of Sandy Spring Bank

(1) Does business under the name “Rembert Pendleton Jackson”.

EX-23

Exhibit 23

Consent of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm

We consent to the incorporation by reference in the following Registration Statements:

(1) Registration Statement (Form S-8 No. 333-204746) pertaining to the Sandy Spring Bancorp, Inc. 2015 Omnibus Incentive Plan and Sandy Spring Bank 401(k) Plan,

(2) (3)	Registration Statement (Form S-8 No. 333-235279) pertaining to the Revere Bank 2013 Equity Compensation Plan, Revere Bank 2008 Equity Compensation Plan, and Blue Ridge Bank 2008 Stock Option Plan, Registration Statement (Form S-8 No. 333-250740) pertaining to the Sandy Spring Bancorp, Inc. Employee Stock Purchase Plan, as amended and restated, and
(4)	Registration Statement (Form S-3 No. 333-253367) of Sandy Spring Bancorp, Inc.

of our reports dated February 21, 2023, with respect to the consolidated financial statements of Sandy Spring Bancorp, Inc. and subsidiaries, and the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting of Sandy Spring Bancorp, Inc. and subsidiaries included in this Annual Report (Form 10-K) of Sandy Spring Bancorp, Inc. and subsidiaries for the year ended December 31, 2022.

/s/ Ernst & Young LLP

Tysons, Virginia

February 21, 2023

EX-31.A

Exhibit 31 (a)

CERTIFICATION

Rule 13a-14(a) / 15d-14(a) Certifications

I, Daniel J. Schrider, President and Chief Executive Officer of Sandy Spring Bancorp, Inc. (“Bancorp”), certify that:

1.I have reviewed this annual report on Form 10-K of Sandy Spring Bancorp, Inc.

2.Based on my knowledge, this report does not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary to make the statements made, in light of the circumstances under which such statements were made, not misleading with respect to the period covered by this report;

3.Based on my knowledge, the financial statements, and other financial information included in this report, fairly present in all material respects the financial condition, results of operations and cash flows of the registrant as of, and for, the periods presented in this report;

4.The registrant's other certifying officer and I are responsible for establishing and maintaining disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d--15(e)) and internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f)) for the registrant and have:

a)Designed such disclosure controls and procedures, or caused such  disclosure controls and procedures to be designed under our supervision, to ensure that material information relating to the registrant, including its consolidated subsidiaries, is made known to us by others within those entities, particularly during the period in which this report is being prepared;

b)Designed such internal control over financial reporting, or caused such internal control over financial reporting to be designed under our supervision, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles;

c)Evaluated the effectiveness of the registrant's disclosure controls and procedures and presented in this report our conclusions about the effectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures as of the end of the period covered by this report based upon such evaluation; and

d)Disclosed in this report any change in the registrant's internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the registrant's most recent fiscal quarter that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the registrant's internal control over financial reporting; and

5.The registrant's other certifying officer and I have disclosed, based on our most recent evaluation of internal control over financial reporting, to the registrant's auditors and the audit committee of the registrant's board of directors (or persons performing the equivalent functions):

a)All significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in the design or operation of internal control over financial reporting which are reasonably likely to adversely affect the registrant's ability to record, process, summarize and report financial information; and

b)Any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in the registrant's internal control over financial reporting.

Date: February 21, 2023	/s/ Daniel J. Schrider
	Daniel J. Schrider
	President and
	Chief Executive Officer

EX-31.B

Exhibit 31 (b)

CERTIFICATION

Rule 13a-14(a) / 15d-14(a) Certifications

I, Philip J. Mantua, Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer of Sandy Spring Bancorp, Inc. (“Bancorp”), certify that:

1.I have reviewed this annual report on Form 10-K of Sandy Spring Bancorp, Inc.

2.Based on my knowledge, this report does not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary to make the statements made, in light of the circumstances under which such statements were made, not misleading with respect to the period covered by this report;

3.Based on my knowledge, the financial statements, and other financial information included in this report, fairly present in all material respects the financial condition, results of operations and cash flows of the registrant as of, and for, the periods presented in this report;

4.The registrant's other certifying officer and I are responsible for establishing and maintaining disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d--15(e)) and internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f)) for the registrant and have:

a)Designed such disclosure controls and procedures, or caused such  disclosure controls and procedures to be designed under our supervision, to ensure that material information relating to the registrant, including its consolidated subsidiaries, is made known to us by others within those entities, particularly during the period in which this report is being prepared;

b)Designed such internal control over financial reporting, or caused such internal control over financial reporting to be designed under our supervision, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles;

c)Evaluated the effectiveness of the registrant's disclosure controls and procedures and presented in this report our conclusions about the effectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures as of the end of the period covered by this report based upon such evaluation; and

d)Disclosed in this report any change in the registrant's internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the registrant's most recent fiscal quarter that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the registrant's internal control over financial reporting; and

5.The registrant's other certifying officer and I have disclosed, based on our most recent evaluation of internal control over financial reporting, to the registrant's auditors and the audit committee of the registrant's board of directors (or persons performing the equivalent functions):

a)All significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in the design or operation of internal control over financial reporting which are reasonably likely to adversely affect the registrant's ability to record, process, summarize and report financial information; and

b)Any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in the registrant's internal control over financial reporting.

Date: February 21, 2023	/s/ Philip J. Mantua
	Philip J. Mantua
	Executive Vice President and
	Chief Financial Officer

EX-32.A

Exhibit 32(a)

18 U.S.C. Section 1350 Certification

I hereby certify pursuant to 18 U.S.C. section 1350, as adopted pursuant to section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, to the best of my knowledge and belief, that the accompanying Form 10-K of Sandy Spring Bancorp, Inc. ("Bancorp") for the period ended December 31, 2022, fully complies with the requirements of section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 (15 U.S.C. 78m or 78o(d)); and that the information contained in this Form 10-K fairly presents, in all material respects, the financial condition and results of operations of Bancorp.

By:	/s/ Daniel J. Schrider
	Daniel J. Schrider
	President and Chief Executive Officer
	Date: February 21, 2023

EX-32.B

Exhibit 32(b)

18 U.S.C. Section 1350 Certification

I hereby certify pursuant to 18 U.S.C. section 1350, as adopted pursuant to section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, to the best of my knowledge and belief, that the accompanying Form 10-K of Sandy Spring Bancorp, Inc. ("Bancorp") for the period ended December 31, 2022, fully complies with the requirements of section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 (15 U.S.C. 78m or 78o(d)); and that the information contained in this Form 10-K fairly presents, in all material respects, the financial condition and results of operations of Bancorp.

By:	/s/ Philip J. Mantua
	Philip J. Mantua
	Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer
	Date: February 21, 2023

XML

COVER - USD ($)
$ in Billions

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2022

Feb. 17, 2023

Jun. 30, 2022

Cover [Abstract]

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Document Annual Report

true

Document Period End Date

Dec. 31, 2022

Current Fiscal Year End Date

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Entity File Number

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Entity Registrant Name

SANDY SPRING BANCORP, INC.

Entity Incorporation, State or Country Code

MD

Entity Tax Identification Number

52-1532952

Entity Address, Address Line One

17801 Georgia Avenue

Entity Address, City or Town

Olney

Entity Address, State or Province

MD

Entity Address, Postal Zip Code

20832

City Area Code

301

Local Phone Number

774-6400

Title of 12(b) Security

Common Stock, par value $1.00 per share

Trading Symbol

SASR

Security Exchange Name

NASDAQ

Entity Well-known Seasoned Issuer

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Entity Voluntary Filers

No

Entity Current Reporting Status

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Entity Interactive Data Current

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Entity Filer Category

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Entity Small Business

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Entity Emerging Growth Company

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ICFR Auditor Attestation Flag

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Entity Shell Company

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Entity Public Float

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Entity Common Stock, Shares Outstanding

44,674,054

Documents Incorporated by Reference

Documents Incorporated By Reference

Part III: Portions of the definitive proxy statement for the Annual Meeting of Shareholders to be held on May 24, 2023 (the "Proxy Statement").

Amendment Flag

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Document Fiscal Period Focus

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AUDIT INFORMATION	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2022
Audit Information [Abstract]
Auditor Firm ID	42
Auditor Name	Ernst & Young LLP
Auditor Location	Tysons, VA

XML

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CONDITION - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021
Assets
Cash and due from banks	$ 88,152	$ 65,630
Federal funds sold	193	312
Interest-bearing deposits with banks	103,887	354,078
Cash and cash equivalents	192,232	420,020
Residential mortgage loans held for sale (at fair value)	11,706	39,409
Investments held-to-maturity, at cost (fair value of $220,123)	259,452	0
Investments available-for-sale (at fair value)	1,214,538	1,465,896
Other investments, at cost	69,218	41,166
Total loans	11,396,706	9,967,091
Less: allowance for credit losses - loans	(136,242)	(109,145)
Net loans	11,260,464	9,857,946
Premises and equipment, net	67,070	59,685
Other real estate owned	645	1,034
Accrued interest receivable	41,172	34,349
Goodwill	363,436	370,223
Other intangible assets, net	19,855	25,920
Other assets	333,331	275,078
Total assets	13,833,119	12,590,726
Liabilities
Noninterest-bearing deposits	3,673,300	3,779,630
Interest-bearing deposits	7,280,121	6,845,101
Total deposits	10,953,421	10,624,731
Securities sold under retail repurchase agreements and federal funds purchased	321,967	141,086
Advances from FHLB	550,000	0
Subordinated debt	370,205	172,712
Total borrowings	1,242,172	313,798
Accrued interest payable and other liabilities	153,758	132,518
Total liabilities	12,349,351	11,071,047
Stockholders' equity
Common stock	44,657	45,119
Additional paid-in capital	734,273	751,072
Retained earnings	836,789	732,027
Accumulated other comprehensive loss	(131,951)	(8,539)
Total stockholders' equity	1,483,768	1,519,679
Total liabilities and stockholders' equity	$ 13,833,119	$ 12,590,726

XML

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CONDITION - (Parenthetical) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021
Statement of Financial Position [Abstract]
Held-to-maturity debt securities, fair value	$ 220,123	$ 0
Common stock, par value (in dollars per share)	$ 1.00	$ 1.00
Common stock, shares authorized (in shares)	100,000,000	100,000,000
Common stock, shares issued (in shares)	44,657,054	45,118,930
Common stock, shares outstanding (in shares)	44,657,054	45,118,930

XML

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF INCOME - USD ($) $ in Thousands	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021	Dec. 31, 2020
Interest income:
Interest and fees on loans	$ 462,121	$ 423,152	$ 393,477
Interest on loans held for sale	738	1,736	1,686
Interest on deposits with banks	2,672	725	446
Interest and dividend income on investment securities:
Taxable	20,519	16,118	22,136
Tax-advantaged	9,609	8,552	5,814
Interest on federal funds sold	8	1	1
Total interest income	495,667	450,284	423,560
Interest expense:
Interest on deposits	43,854	15,022	41,651
Interest on retail repurchase agreements and federal funds purchased	2,929	182	1,965
Interest on advances from FHLB	7,825	2,649	6,593
Interest on subordinated debt	14,055	7,913	10,192
Total interest expense	68,663	25,766	60,401
Net interest income	427,004	424,518	363,159
Provision/ (credit) for credit losses	34,372	(45,556)	85,669
Net interest income after provision/ (credit) for credit losses	392,632	470,074	277,490
Non-interest income:
Investment securities gains/ (losses)	(345)	212	467
Gain on disposal of assets	16,516	0	0
Insurance agency commissions	2,927	7,017	6,795
Income from bank owned life insurance	3,141	3,022	2,867
Other income	8,694	15,317	9,221
Total non-interest income	87,019	102,055	102,716
Non-interest expense:
Salaries and employee benefits	158,504	155,830	134,471
Occupancy expense of premises	19,255	22,405	21,383
Equipment expenses	14,779	12,883	12,224
Marketing	5,197	4,730	4,281
Outside data services	10,199	8,983	8,759
FDIC insurance	4,792	4,294	4,727
Amortization of intangible assets	5,814	6,600	6,221
Merger, acquisition and disposal expense	1,068	45	25,174
Professional fees and services	9,169	10,308	7,939
Other expenses	28,516	34,392	30,603
Total non-interest expense	257,293	260,470	255,782
Income before income tax expense	222,358	311,659	124,424
Income tax expense	56,059	76,552	27,471
Net income	$ 166,299	$ 235,107	$ 96,953
Net income per common share amounts:
Basic net income per common share (in dollars per share)	$ 3.69	$ 5.00	$ 2.19
Diluted net income per common share (in dollars per share)	3.68	4.98	2.18
Dividends declared per share (in dollars per share)	$ 1.36	$ 1.28	$ 1.20
Service charges on deposit accounts
Non-interest income:
Fees and commissions, mortgage banking and servicing	$ 9,803	$ 8,241	$ 7,066
Mortgage banking activities
Non-interest income:
Fees and commissions, mortgage banking and servicing	6,130	24,509	40,058
Wealth management income
Non-interest income:
Fees and commissions, mortgage banking and servicing	35,774	36,841	30,570
Bank card fees
Non-interest income:
Fees and commissions, mortgage banking and servicing	$ 4,379	$ 6,896	$ 5,672

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CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE INCOME - USD ($) $ in Thousands	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021	Dec. 31, 2020
Statement of Comprehensive Income [Abstract]
Net income	$ 166,299	$ 235,107	$ 96,953
Investments available-for-sale:
Net change in unrealized gains/ (losses) on investments available-for-sale	(152,196)	(38,104)	32,950
Related income tax (expense)/ benefit	38,762	9,751	(8,428)
Net investment (gains)/ losses reclassified into earnings	345	(212)	(467)
Related income tax expense/ (benefit)	(88)	54	120
Net effect on other comprehensive income/ (loss)	(113,177)	(28,511)	24,175
Investments held-to-maturity:
Net change in unrealized loss	(14,003)	0	0
Related income tax benefit	3,567	0	0
Net effect on other comprehensive income/ (loss)	(10,436)	0	0
Defined benefit pension plan:
Net change in unrealized gains/ (losses)	294	1,687	(1,542)
Related income tax (expense)/ benefit	(93)	(420)	404
Net effect on other comprehensive income/ (loss)	201	1,267	(1,138)
Total other comprehensive income/ (loss)	(123,412)	(27,244)	23,037
Comprehensive income	$ 42,887	$ 207,863	$ 119,990

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CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CHANGES IN STOCKHOLDERS' EQUITY - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Total	Revision of Prior Period, Accounting Standards Update, Adjustment	Common Stock	Additional Paid-In Capital	Retained Earnings	Retained Earnings Revision of Prior Period, Accounting Standards Update, Adjustment	Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income/ (Loss)
Balance at beginning of period at Dec. 31, 2019	$ 1,132,974	$ (2,221)	$ 34,970	$ 586,622	$ 515,714	$ (2,221)	$ (4,332)
Net income	96,953				96,953
Other comprehensive income, net of tax	23,037						23,037
Comprehensive income	119,990
Common stock dividends	(53,175)				(53,175)
Stock compensation expense	3,850			3,850
Acquisition	289,089		12,769	276,320
Stock option plan	316		27	289
Conversion of stock options	3,611			3,611
Employee stock purchase plan	1,681		65	1,616
Restricted stock vesting, net of tax withholding	(458)		46	(504)
Repurchase of common stock	(25,702)		(820)	(24,882)
Balance at end of period at Dec. 31, 2020	1,469,955		47,057	846,922	557,271		18,705
Net income	235,107				235,107
Other comprehensive income, net of tax	(27,244)						(27,244)
Comprehensive income	207,863
Common stock dividends	(60,351)				(60,351)
Stock compensation expense	5,299			5,299
Stock option plan	3,694		270	3,424
Employee stock purchase plan	2,064		60	2,004
Restricted stock vesting, net of tax withholding	(1,577)		82	(1,659)
Repurchase of common stock	(107,268)		(2,350)	(104,918)
Balance at end of period at Dec. 31, 2021	1,519,679		45,119	751,072	732,027		(8,539)
Net income	166,299				166,299
Other comprehensive income, net of tax	(123,412)						(123,412)
Comprehensive income	42,887
Common stock dividends	(61,537)				(61,537)
Stock compensation expense	7,887			7,887
Stock option plan	293		14	279
Employee stock purchase plan	1,729		44	1,685
Restricted stock vesting, net of tax withholding	(2,183)		105	(2,288)
Repurchase of common stock	(24,987)		(625)	(24,362)
Balance at end of period at Dec. 31, 2022	$ 1,483,768		$ 44,657	$ 734,273	$ 836,789		$ (131,951)

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CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CHANGES IN STOCKHOLDERS' EQUITY - (Parenthetical) - $ / shares	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021	Dec. 31, 2020	Dec. 31, 2019
Statement of Stockholders' Equity [Abstract]
Common stock dividends (in dollars per share)	$ 1.36	$ 1.28	$ 1.20
Revere Bank acquisition (in shares)			12,768,949
Stock option plan (in shares)	14,278	270,297	26,063
Conversion of Revere stock options (in shares)			395,298
Employee stock purchase plan (in shares)	43,837	60,018	65,337
Restricted stock vesting, net of tax withholding (in shares)	105,719	81,838	46,386
Stock repurchased and retired (in shares)	625,710	2,350,000	820,328
Accounting Standards Update [Extensible Enumeration]				Accounting Standards Update 2016-13 [Member]

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CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS - USD ($) $ in Thousands	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021	Dec. 31, 2020
Operating activities:
Net income	$ 166,299	$ 235,107	$ 96,953
Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by operating activities
Depreciation and amortization	11,906	14,522	19,873
Provision/ (credit) for credit losses - loans	34,372	(45,556)	85,669
Share based compensation expense	7,887	5,299	3,850
Gain on disposal of assets	(16,516)	0	0
Deferred income tax / (benefit)	(9,491)	12,255	(29,568)
Origination of loans held for sale	(363,204)	(1,385,664)	(1,576,865)
Proceeds from sales of loans held for sale	398,688	1,456,110	1,585,690
Gains on sales of loans held for sale	(7,781)	(31,561)	(33,418)
Losses on sale of other real estate owned	86	241	32
Investment securities (gains)/ losses	345	(212)	(467)
Tax benefit associated with share based compensation	(646)	(1,850)	(133)
Net (increase)/ decrease in accrued interest receivable	(6,823)	12,082	(15,499)
Net (increase)/ decrease other assets	(4,776)	(35,498)	1,500
Net increase/ (decrease) accrued expenses and other liabilities	9,686	(20,771)	1,704
Other, net	(3,710)	1,894	2,660
Net cash provided by operating activities	216,322	216,398	141,981
Investing activities:
Sales/ (purchases) of other investments	(28,052)		(3,553)
Sales/ (purchases) of other investments		24,594
Purchases of investments available-for-sale	(469,792)	(933,491)	(633,741)
Proceeds from sales of investment available-for-sale	18,087	400,567	121,357
Proceeds from maturities, calls and principal payments of investments available-for-sale	240,217	369,678	441,672
Proceeds from maturities, calls and principal payments of investments held-to-maturity	31,759	0	0
Net (increase)/ decrease in loans	(1,420,983)	457,724	(1,174,467)
Proceeds from the sales of other real estate owned	335	680	60
Proceeds from sale of business activity, net	23,822	0	0
Cash paid for the acquisition of business activity of RPJ, net of cash acquired	0	0	(26,925)
Cash acquired in the acquisition of business activity of Revere Bank, net of cash paid	0	0	80,442
Expenditures for premises and equipment	(14,589)	(11,491)	(5,041)
Net cash provided by/ (used in) investing activities	(1,619,196)	308,261	(1,200,196)
Financing activities:
Net increase in deposits	330,721	595,942	1,270,328
Net increase/ (decrease) in retail repurchase agreements and federal funds purchased	180,881	(402,071)	329,552
Proceeds from FHLB advances	2,526,625	0	400,000
Repayment of FHLB advances	(1,976,625)	(379,075)	(703,117)
Proceeds from issuance of subordinated debt	200,000	0	0
Retirement of subordinated debt	0	(53,000)	(10,310)
Proceeds from issuance of common stock	2,192	5,758	1,997
Stock tendered for payment of withholding taxes	(2,353)	(1,577)	(458)
Repurchase of common stock	(24,987)	(107,268)	(25,702)
Dividends paid	(61,368)	(60,351)	(53,175)
Net cash provided by/ (used in) financing activities	1,175,086	(401,642)	1,209,115
Net increase/ (decrease) in cash and cash equivalents	(227,788)	123,017	150,900
Cash and cash equivalents at beginning of year	420,020	297,003	146,103
Cash and cash equivalents at end of year	192,232	420,020	297,003
Supplemental Disclosures:
Interest payments	62,240	37,847	62,637
Income tax payments, net of refunds of $966, $2,673 and $1,924 in 2022, 2021 and 2020	62,098	71,908	56,430
Transfers from loans to other real estate owned	$ 0	$ 257	$ 70

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CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS - Parenthetical - USD ($) $ in Thousands	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021	Dec. 31, 2020
Statement of Cash Flows [Abstract]
Income tax refunds	$ 966	$ 2,673	$ 1,924

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SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2022

Accounting Policies [Abstract]

SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES

SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES

Nature of Operations

Sandy Spring Bancorp, Inc. ("Bancorp" or, together with its subsidiaries, the "Company"), a Maryland corporation, is the bank holding company for Sandy Spring Bank (the “Bank”). Independent and community-oriented, the Bank offers a broad range of commercial banking, retail banking, mortgage services and trust services throughout central Maryland, northern Virginia, and the greater Washington, D.C. market. The Bank also offers a comprehensive menu of wealth management services through its subsidiaries, West Financial Services, Inc. (“West Financial”) and Rembert Pendleton Jackson (“RPJ”).

Basis of Presentation

The accounting and reporting policies of the Company conform to accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (“GAAP”) and prevailing practices within the financial services industry for financial information. The following summary of significant accounting policies of the Company is presented to assist the reader in understanding the financial and other data presented in this report. The Company has evaluated subsequent events through the date of the issuance of its financial statements.

Principles of Consolidation

The consolidated financial statements include the accounts of the Company and its wholly owned subsidiary, Sandy Spring Bank and its subsidiaries, West Financial, RPJ and Sandy Spring Insurance Corporation. Consolidation has resulted in the elimination of all significant intercompany accounts and transactions. See Note 24 for more information on the Company's segments and consolidation.

Use of Estimates

The preparation of financial statements requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities as of the date of the financial statements, in addition to affecting the reported amounts of revenues earned and expenses incurred during the reporting period. Actual results could differ from those estimates. Estimates that could change significantly relate to the provision for credit losses and the related allowance, potential impairment of goodwill or other intangible assets, valuation of investment securities and the determination of whether available-for-sale debt securities with fair values less than amortized costs are impaired and require an allowance for credit losses, valuation of other real estate owned, valuation of share based compensation, the assessment that a liability should be recognized with respect to any matters under litigation, the calculation of current and deferred income taxes, and the actuarial projections related to pension expense and the related liability.

Assets Under Management

Assets held for others under fiduciary and agency relationships are not assets of the Company or its subsidiaries and are not included in the accompanying Consolidated Statements of Condition. Trust department income and investment management fees are presented on an accrual basis.

Cash Flows

For purposes of reporting cash flows, cash and cash equivalents include cash and due from banks, federal funds sold and interest-bearing deposits with banks (items with an original maturity of three months or less).

Revenue from Contracts with Customers

The Company’s revenue includes net interest income on financial instruments and non-interest income. Specific categories of revenue are presented in the Consolidated Statements of Income. Most of the Company’s revenue is not within the scope of Accounting Standard Codification (“ASC”) 606 – Revenue from Contracts with Customers. For revenue within the scope of ASC 606, the Company provides services to customers and has related performance obligations. The revenue from such services is recognized upon satisfaction of all contractual performance obligations. The following discusses key revenue streams within the scope of revenue recognition guidance.

Wealth Management Income

West Financial and RPJ provide comprehensive investment management and financial planning services. Wealth management income is comprised of income for providing trust, estate and investment management services. Trust services include acting as a trustee for

corporate or personal trusts. Investment management services include investment management, record-keeping and reporting of security portfolios. Fees for these services are recognized based on a contractually-agreed fixed percentage applied to net assets under management at the end of each reporting period. The Company does not charge/recognize any performance-based fees.

Insurance Agency Commissions

Prior to the sale of its assets in June 2022, Sandy Spring Insurance Corporation performed the function of an insurance intermediary by introducing the policyholder and insurer and was compensated by a commission fee for placement of an insurance policy. Sandy Spring Insurance did not provide any captive management services or any claim handling services. Commission fees were set as a percentage of the premium for the insurance policy for which Sandy Spring Insurance was a producer. Sandy Spring Insurance recognized revenue when the insurance policy was contractually agreed to by the insurer and policyholder (at transaction date).

Service Charges on Deposit Accounts

Service charges on deposit accounts are earned on depository accounts for consumer and commercial account holders and include fees for account and overdraft services. Account services include fees for event-driven services and periodic account maintenance activities. An obligation for event-driven services is satisfied at the time of the event when service is delivered and revenue recognized as earned. Obligation for maintenance activities is satisfied over the course of each month and revenue is recognized at month end. The overdraft services obligation is satisfied at the time of the overdraft and revenue is recognized as earned.

Residential Mortgage Loans Held for Sale

The Company engages in sales of residential mortgage loans originated by the Bank. Loans held for sale are carried at fair value. Fair value is derived from secondary market quotations for similar instruments. The Company measures residential mortgage loans at fair value when the Company first recognizes the loan (i.e., the fair value option). Changes in fair value of these loans are recorded in earnings as a component of mortgage banking activities in non-interest income in the Consolidated Statements of Income. The Company's current practice is to sell the majority of such loans on a servicing released basis. Any retained servicing assets are amortized in proportion to their net servicing fee income over the life of the respective loans. Servicing assets are evaluated for impairment on a periodic basis.

Investments Held-to-maturity

Debt securities that are purchased with the positive intent and ability to be held until their maturity are classified as held-to-maturity (“HTM”). HTM debt securities are recorded at cost adjusted for amortization of premiums and accretion of discounts. Transfers of debt securities from available-for-sale ("AFS") category to HTM category are made at fair value as of the transfer date. The unrealized gain or loss at the date of transfer continues to be reported in accumulated other comprehensive income and in the carrying amount of the HTM securities. Both amounts are amortized over the remaining life of the security as a yield adjustment in interest income and effectively offset each other.

Investments Available-for-Sale

Debt securities not classified as held-to-maturity or trading are classified as securities available-for-sale. Securities available-for-sale are acquired as part of the Company's asset/liability management strategy and may be sold in response to changes in interest rates, loan demand, changes in prepayment risk or other factors. Securities available-for-sale are carried at fair value, with unrealized gains or losses based on the difference between amortized cost and fair value, reported net of deferred tax, as accumulated other comprehensive income/ (loss), a separate component of stockholders' equity. The amortized cost of securities available-for-sale are adjusted for premium amortization and discount accretion. Premium is amortized to the earliest call date and discount accreted to the maturity date using the effective interest method. Realized gains and losses on security sales or maturities, using the specific identification method, are included as a separate component of non-interest income. Related interest and dividend income are included in interest income. Declines in the fair value of individual available-for-sale securities below their amortized cost due to credit-related factors are recognized as an allowance for credit losses. Credit-related factors affecting the determination of whether impairment has occurred include a downgrading of the security below investment grade by a rating agency or due to potential default, a significant deterioration in the financial condition of the issuer, increase in entity-specific credit spreads. Additionally, on any available-for-sale securities with unrealized losses, the Company evaluates its intent and ability to hold the investment for a period of time sufficient to allow for any anticipated recovery in fair value.

Other Investments

Equity securities include Federal Reserve Bank stock, Federal Home Loan Bank of Atlanta ("FHLB") stock and other equities that are considered restricted as to marketability and recorded at cost. As these securities do not have readily available market values, they are carried at cost and adjusted for any necessary impairments each reporting period.

Loan Financing Receivables

The Company’s financing receivables consist primarily of loans that are stated at their principal balance outstanding, net of any unearned income, acquisition fair value marks and deferred loan origination fees and costs. Interest income on loans is accrued at the contractual rate based on the principal balance outstanding. Loan origination fees, net of certain direct origination costs, are deferred and recognized as an adjustment of the related loan yield using the interest method.

Loans are considered past due or delinquent when the principal or interest due in accordance with the contractual terms of the loan agreement or any portion thereof remains unpaid after the due date of the scheduled payment. Immaterial shortfalls in payment amounts do not necessarily result in a loan being considered delinquent or past due. If any payments are past due and subsequent payments are resumed without payment of the delinquent amount, the loan shall continue to be considered past due. Whenever any loan is reported delinquent on a principal or interest payment or portion thereof, the amount reported as delinquent is the outstanding principal balance of the loan.

Loans, except for consumer installment loans, are placed into non-accrual status when any portion of the loan principal or interest becomes 90 days past due. Management may determine that certain circumstances warrant earlier discontinuance of interest accruals on specific loans if an evaluation of other relevant factors (such as bankruptcy, interruption of cash flows, etc.) indicates collection of amounts contractually due is unlikely. These loans are considered, collectively, to be non-performing loans. Consumer installment loans that are not secured by real estate are not placed on non-accrual, but are charged down to their net realizable value when they are four months past due. Loans designated as non-accrual have all previously accrued but unpaid interest reversed. Interest income is not recognized on non-accrual loans. All payments received on non-accrual loans are applied using a cost-recovery method to reduce the outstanding principal balance until the loan returns to accrual status. Loans may be returned to accrual status when all principal and interest amounts contractually due are brought current and future payments are reasonably assured.

Loans considered to be TDRs are loans that have their terms restructured (e.g., interest rates, loan maturity date, payment and amortization period, etc.) in circumstances that provide payment relief to a borrower experiencing financial difficulty. All restructured collateral-dependent loans are individually assessed for allowance for credit losses and may either be in accruing or non-accruing status. Non-accruing restructured loans may return to accruing status provided doubt has been removed concerning the collectability of principal and interest as evidenced by a sufficient period of payment performance in accordance with the restructured terms. Loans may be removed from the restructured category if the borrower is no longer experiencing financial difficulty, a re-underwriting event took place, and the revised loan terms of the subsequent restructuring agreement are considered to be consistent with terms that can be obtained in the market for loans with comparable credit risk.

Allowance for Credit Losses

The allowance for credit losses (“allowance” or “ACL”) represents an amount which, in management's judgment, reflects the lifetime expected losses that may be sustained on outstanding loans at the balance sheet date based on the evaluation of the size and current risk characteristics of the loan portfolio, past events, current conditions, reasonable and supportable forecasts of future economic conditions and prepayment experience. The allowance is measured and recorded upon the initial recognition of a financial asset. The allowance is reduced by charge-offs, net of recoveries of previous losses, and is increased or decreased by a provision or credit for credit losses, which is recorded as a current period expense.

Determination of the appropriateness of the allowance is inherently complex and requires the use of significant and highly subjective estimates. The reasonableness of the allowance is reviewed periodically by the Risk Committee of the Board of Directors and formally approved quarterly by that same committee of the Board.

The Company’s methodology for estimating the allowance includes: (1) a collective quantified reserve that reflects the Company’s historical default and loss experience adjusted for expected economic conditions throughout a reasonable and supportable period and the Company’s prepayment and curtailment rates; (2) collective qualitative factors that consider the expected impact of certain factors not fully captured in the collective quantified reserve, including concentrations of the loan portfolio, expected changes to the economic

forecasts, large relationships, early delinquencies, and factors related to credit administration, including, among others, loan-to-value ratios, borrowers’ risk rating and credit score migrations; and (3) individual allowances on collateral-dependent loans where borrowers are experiencing financial difficulty or when the Company determines that the foreclosure is probable. The Company excludes accrued interest from the measurement of the allowance as the Company has a non-accrual policy to reverse any accrued, uncollected interest income as loans are moved to non-accrual status.

Loans are pooled into segments based on the similar risk characteristics of the underlying borrowers, in addition to consideration of collateral type, industry and business purpose of the loans. Portfolio segments used to estimate the allowance are the same as portfolio segments used for general credit risk management purposes. Refer to Note 5 for more details on the Company’s portfolio segments.

The Company applies two calculation methodologies to estimate the collective quantified component of the allowance: discounted cash flows method and weighted average remaining life method. Allowance estimates on commercial acquisition, development and construction (“AD&C”) and residential construction segments are based on the weighted average remaining life method. Allowance estimates on all other portfolio segments are based on the discounted cash flows method. Segments utilizing the discounted cash flows method are further sub-segmented into risk level pools, determined either by risk rating for commercial loans or Beacon Scores ranges for residential and consumer loans. To better manage risk and reasonably determine the sufficiency of reserves, this segregation allows the Company to monitor the allowance component applicable to higher risk loans separate from the remainder of the portfolio. Collective calculation methodologies utilize the Company’s historical default and loss experience adjusted for future economic forecasts. The reasonable and supportable forecast period represents a two-year economic outlook for the applicable economic variables. Following the end of the reasonable and supportable forecast period expected losses revert back to the historical mean over the next two years on a straight-line basis. Economic variables that have the most significant impact on the allowance include: unemployment rate, house price index and business bankruptcies. Contractual loan level cash flows within the discounted cash flows methodology are adjusted for the Company’s historical prepayment and curtailment rate experience.

The individual reserve assessment is applied to collateral dependent loans where borrowers are experiencing financial difficulty or when the Company determines that a foreclosure is probable. The determination of the fair value of the collateral depends on whether a repayment of the loan is expected to be from the sale or the operation of the collateral. When a repayment is expected from the operation of the collateral, the Company uses the present value of expected cash flows from the operation of the collateral as the fair value. When the repayment of the loan is expected from the sale of the collateral the fair value of the collateral is based on an observable market price or the collateral’s appraised value, less estimated costs to sell. Third-party appraisals used in the individual reserve assessment are conducted at least annually with underlying assumptions that are reviewed by management. Third-party appraisals may be obtained on a more frequent basis if deemed necessary. Internal evaluations of collateral value are conducted quarterly to ensure any further deterioration of the collateral value is recognized on a timely basis. During the individual reserve assessment, management also considers the potential future changes in the value of the collateral over the remainder of the loan’s remaining life. The Company may receive updated appraisals which contradict the preliminary determination of fair value used to establish an individual allowance on a loan. In these instances the individual allowance is adjusted to reflect the Company’s evaluation of the updated appraised fair value. In the event a loss was previously confirmed and the loan was charged down to the estimated fair value based on a previous appraisal, the balance of partially charged-off loans are not subsequently increased, but could be further decreased depending on the direction of the change in fair value. Payments on fully or partially charged-off loans are accounted for under the cost-recovery method. Under this method, all payments received are applied on a cash basis to reduce the entire outstanding principal balance, then to recognize a recovery of all previously charged-off amounts before any interest income may be recognized. Based on the individual reserve assessment, if the Company determines that the fair value of the collateral is less than the amortized cost basis of the loan, an individual allowance will be established measured as the difference between the fair value of the collateral (less costs to sell) and the amortized cost basis of the loan. Once a loss has been confirmed, the loan is charged-down to its estimated fair value.

Large groups of smaller non-accrual homogeneous loans are not individually evaluated for allowance and include residential permanent and construction mortgages and consumer installment loans. These portfolios are reserved for on a collective basis using historical loss rates of similar loans over the weighted average life of each pool.

Unfunded lending commitments are reviewed to determine if they are considered unconditionally cancellable. The Company establishes reserves for unfunded commitments that do not meet that criteria as a liability in the Consolidated Statements of Condition.

Changes to the liability are recorded through the provision for credit losses in the Consolidated Statements of Income. The establishment of the reserves for unfunded commitments considers both the likelihood that the funding will occur and an estimate of the expected credit losses over the life of the respective commitments.

Management believes it uses relevant information available to make determinations about the allowance for credit losses and the reserve for unfunded commitments and that it has established both reserves in accordance with GAAP. However, the determination of the allowance requires significant judgment, and estimates of expected lifetime losses in the loan portfolio can vary significantly from the amounts actually observed. While management uses available information to recognize expected losses, future additions to the allowance may be necessary based on changes in the loans comprising the portfolio, changes in the current and forecasted economic conditions, changes to the interest rate environment which may directly impact prepayment and curtailment rate assumptions, and changes in the financial condition of borrowers.

Premises and Equipment

Premises and equipment are stated at cost, less accumulated depreciation and amortization, computed using the straight-line method. Premises and equipment are depreciated over the useful lives of the assets, which generally range from 3 to 10 years for furniture, fixtures and equipment, 3 to 5 years for computer software and hardware, and 10 to 40 years for buildings and building improvements. Leasehold improvements are amortized over the lesser of the lease term or the estimated useful lives of the improvements. The costs of major renewals and betterments are capitalized, while the costs of ordinary maintenance and repairs are included in non-interest expense.

Leases

The Company determines if an arrangement is a lease at inception. All of the Company’s leases are currently classified as operating leases and are included in other assets and other liabilities on the Company’s Consolidated Statements of Condition. Periodic operating lease costs are recorded in occupancy expenses of premises on the Company's Consolidated Statements of Income.

Right-of-use (“ROU”) assets represent the Company’s right to use an underlying asset for the lease term, and lease liabilities represent the Company’s obligation to make lease payments arising from the lease arrangements. Operating lease ROU assets and liabilities are recognized at the lease commencement date based on the present value of the expected future lease payments over the remaining lease term. In determining the present value of future lease payments, the Company uses its incremental borrowing rate based on the information available at the lease commencement date. The operating ROU assets are adjusted for any lease payments made at or before the lease commencement date, initial direct costs, any lease incentives received and, for acquired leases, any favorable or unfavorable fair value adjustments. The present value of the lease liability may include the impact of options to extend or terminate the lease when it is reasonably certain that the Company will exercise such options provided in the lease terms. Lease expense is recognized on a straight-line basis over the expected lease term. Lease agreements that include lease and non-lease components, such as common area maintenance charges, are accounted for separately.

Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets

Goodwill represents the excess purchase price paid over the fair value of the net assets acquired in a business combination. Goodwill is not amortized but is tested for impairment annually or more frequently if events or changes in circumstances indicate that the asset might be impaired. Impairment testing requires that the fair value of each of the Company’s reporting units be compared to the carrying amount of the reporting unit’s net assets, including goodwill. The Company’s reporting units were identified based upon an analysis of each of its individual operating segments. If the fair values of the reporting units exceed their book values, no write-down of recorded goodwill is required. If the fair value of a reporting unit is less than book value, an expense may be required to write-down the related goodwill to the proper carrying value. Any impairment would be realized through a reduction of goodwill or the intangible and an offsetting charge to non-interest expense. Annually, the Company performs an impairment test of goodwill as of October 1 of each year. During the year, any triggering event that occurs may affect goodwill and could require an impairment assessment. Determining the fair value of a reporting unit requires the Company to use a degree of subjectivity. The Company's annual impairment test of goodwill and other intangible assets did not identify any impairment. Additionally, the Company determined that there were no triggering events and as a result no evidence of impairment between the annual impairment test and December 31, 2022.

Accounting guidance provides the option to first assess qualitative factors to determine whether the existence of events or circumstances leads to a determination that it is more likely than not that the fair value of a reporting unit is less than its carrying amount. The Company assesses qualitative factors on a quarterly basis. Based on the assessment of these qualitative factors, if it is

determined that it is more likely than not that the fair value of a reporting unit is not less than the carrying value, then performing the impairment process is not necessary. However, if it is determined that it is more likely than not that the carrying value exceeds the fair value a quantified analysis is required to determine whether an impairment exists.

Other intangible assets represent purchased assets that lack physical substance but can be distinguished from goodwill because of contractual or other legal rights or because the asset is capable of being sold or exchanged either on its own or in combination with a related contract, asset, or liability. Other intangible assets have finite lives and are reviewed for impairment annually. These assets are amortized over their estimated useful lives either on a straight-line or sum-of-the-years basis over varying periods that initially did not exceed 15 years.

Other Real Estate Owned

OREO is comprised of properties acquired in partial or total satisfaction of problem loans. The properties are recorded at fair value less estimated costs of disposal, on the date acquired or on the date that the Company acquires effective control over the property. Gains or losses arising at the time of acquisition of such properties are charged against the allowance for credit losses. During the holding period OREO continues to be measured at lower of cost or fair value less estimated costs of disposal, and any subsequent declines in value are expensed as incurred. Gains and losses realized from the sale of OREO, as well as valuation adjustments and expenses of operation are included in non-interest expense.

Derivative Financial Instruments

Derivative Loan Commitments

Mortgage loan commitments are derivative loan commitments if the loan that will result from exercise of the commitment will be held for sale upon funding. Derivative loan commitments are recognized at fair value in the Consolidated Statements of Condition in other assets or other liabilities with changes in their fair values recorded as a component of mortgage banking activities in the Consolidated Statements of Income.

Mortgage loan commitments are issued to borrowers. Subsequent to commitment date, changes in the fair value of the loan commitment are recognized based on changes in the fair value of the underlying mortgage loan due to interest rate changes, changes in the probability the derivative loan commitment will be exercised, and the passage of time. In estimating fair value, a probability is assigned to a loan commitment based on an expectation that it will be exercised and the loan will be funded.

Forward Loan Sale Commitments

Loan sales agreements are evaluated to determine whether they meet the definition of a derivative as facts and circumstances may differ significantly. If agreements qualify, to protect against the price risk inherent in derivative loan commitments, the Company utilizes both “mandatory delivery” and “best efforts” forward loan sale commitments to mitigate the risk of potential decreases in the values of loans that would result from the exercise of the derivative loan commitments. Mandatory delivery contracts are accounted for as derivative instruments. Generally, best efforts contracts also meet the definition of derivative instruments after the loan to the borrower has closed. Accordingly, forward loan sale commitments that economically hedge the closed loan inventory are recognized at fair value in the Consolidated Statements of Condition in other assets or other liabilities with changes in their fair values recorded as a component of mortgage banking activities in the Consolidated Statements of Income. The Company estimates the fair value of its forward loan sales commitments using a methodology similar to that used for derivative loan commitments.

Interest Rate Swap Agreements

The Company enters into interest rate swaps (“swaps”) with commercial loan customers to provide a facility to mitigate the fluctuations in the variable rate on the respective loans. These swaps are matched in exact offsetting terms to swaps that the Company enters into with an outside third party. The swaps are reported at fair value in other assets or other liabilities in the Consolidated Statements of Condition. The Company's swaps qualify as derivatives, but are not designated as hedging instruments, thus any net gain or loss resulting from changes in the fair value is recognized in other non-interest income in the Consolidated Statements of Income. Further discussion of the Company's financial derivatives is set forth in Note 18.

Off-Balance Sheet Credit Risk

The Company issues financial or standby letters of credit that represent conditional commitments to fund transactions by the Company, typically to guarantee performance of a customer to a third-party related to borrowing arrangements. The credit risk associated with issuing letters of credit is essentially the same as occurs when extending loan facilities to borrowers. The Company monitors the exposure to the letters of credit as part of its credit review process. Extensions of letters of credit, if any, would become

part of the loan balance outstanding and would be evaluated in accordance with the Company’s credit policies. Potential exposure to loss for unfunded letters of credit if deemed necessary would be recorded in other liabilities in the Consolidated Statements of Condition.

In the ordinary course of business the Company originates and sells whole loans to a variety of investors. Mortgage loans sold are subject to representations and warranties made to the third-party purchasers regarding certain attributes. Subsequent to the sale, if a material underwriting deficiency or documentation defect is determined, the Company may be obligated to repurchase the mortgage loan or reimburse the investor for losses incurred if the deficiency or defect cannot be rectified within a specific period subsequent to discovery. The Company monitors the activity regarding the requirement to repurchase loans and the associated losses incurred. This information is applied to determine an estimated recourse reserve that is recorded in other liabilities in the Consolidated Statements of Condition.

Valuation of Long-Lived Assets

The Company reviews long-lived assets, including leases, and certain identifiable intangible assets for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of an asset may not be recoverable. Recoverability is measured by comparing the carrying amount of the asset to future undiscounted net cash flows expected to be generated by the asset. If such assets are considered to be impaired, the impairment to be recognized is measured by the amount by which the carrying amount of the assets exceeds the estimated fair value of the assets. Assets to be disposed of are reported at the lower of the cost or the fair value, less costs to sell.

Transfers of Financial Assets

Transfers of financial assets are accounted for as sales when control over the assets has been surrendered. Control over transferred assets is deemed to be surrendered when (1) the assets have been isolated from the Company, (2) the transferee obtains the right (free of conditions that constrain it from taking advantage of that right or from providing more than a trivial benefit to the transferor) to pledge or exchange the transferred assets, and (3) the Company does not maintain effective control over the transferred assets through any agreement to repurchase or redeem them before their maturity or likely cause a holder to return those assets whether through unilateral ability or a price so favorable to the transferee that it is probable that the transferee will require the transferor to repurchase them. A participating interest must be in an entire financial asset and cannot represent an interest in a group of financial assets. Except for compensation paid for services performed, all cash flows from the asset are allocated to the participating interest holders in proportion to their share of ownership. Financial assets obtained or liabilities incurred in a sale are recognized and initially measured at fair value.

Advertising Costs

Advertising costs are expensed as incurred and included as marketing expense in non-interest expenses in the Consolidated Statements of Income.

Net Income per Common Share

The Company calculates earnings per common share under the two class method, which provides that unvested share-based payment awards that contain non-forfeitable rights to dividends or dividend equivalents (whether paid or unpaid) are participating securities and shall be included in the computation of earnings per share pursuant to the dual class method. The Company has determined that its outstanding non-vested restricted stock awards are participating securities.

Under the two class method, basic earnings per common share is computed by dividing net earnings allocated to common shareholders by the weighted average number of common shares outstanding during the applicable period, which excludes outstanding participating securities. Diluted earnings per common share is computed using the weighted average number of common shares determined for the basic earnings per common share computation plus the dilutive effect of incremental stock options and restricted stock.

Income Taxes

Income tax expense is based on the results of operations, adjusted for permanent differences between items of income or expense reported in the financial statements and those reported for tax purposes. Deferred income tax assets and liabilities are determined using the liability method. Under the liability method, deferred income taxes are determined based on the differences between the financial statement carrying amounts and the income tax bases of assets and liabilities and are measured at the enacted tax rates that will be in effect when these differences reverse. The effects of the enactment of the new tax law are accounted for under the existing authoritative guidance.

The Company’s policy is to recognize interest and penalties on income taxes in other non-interest expense in the Consolidated Statements of Income.

Pending Accounting Pronouncements

In March 2020, the FASB issued ASU 2020-04, “Reference Rate Reform (Topic 848)”. This ASU provided temporary, optional guidance to ease the potential burden in accounting for, or recognizing the effects of, the transition away from the London Interbank Offered Rate ("LIBOR") or other reference rate expected to be discontinued on financial reporting. The standard was elective and provided optional expedients and exceptions for applying GAAP to contracts, hedging relationships, or other transactions that reference LIBOR, or another reference rate expected to be discontinued. The amendments in the update were effective for all entities between March 12, 2020 and December 31, 2022. In January 2021, the FASB issued ASU 2021-01, “Reference Rate Reform (Topic 848): Scope”. This ASU refines the scope of Topic 848 and addresses questions about whether Topic 848 can be applied to derivative instruments that do not reference a rate that is expected to be discontinued, but that use an interest rate for margining, discounting or contract price alignment that is expected to be modified as a result of reference rate reform. ASU 2021-01 is effective upon issuance through December 31, 2024, and can be adopted at any time during this period. The Company has not offered LIBOR for any new contracts since 2021. The Company has identified all known LIBOR exposures, created a plan to address the exposures, and continues to communicate with all stakeholders in order to facilitate the transition to an alternative reference rate. The Company adopted ASU 2020-04 on January 1, 2022. The adoption did not have a material impact on the Company’s Consolidated Financial Statements. The Company continues to evaluate the adoption of ASU 2021-01 and does not expect it to have a material impact on the Company's Consolidated Financial Statements.

In March 2022, the FASB issued ASU 2022-02, which eliminates the accounting guidance on troubled debt restructurings (“TDR”) and amends the guidance on “vintage disclosures” to require disclosure of current period gross charge-offs by year of origination. The ASU also adds enhanced disclosures for creditors with respect to loan refinancing and restructurings for borrowers experiencing financial difficulty. The objective of the disclosures is to provide information about the type and magnitude of modifications and the degree of their success in mitigating potential credit losses. For entities that have adopted the guidance in ASC 326, the amendments are effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2022, and interim periods therein. Early adoption of the amendments is permitted for entities that have adopted ASC 326, including adoption in an interim period. An entity may elect to early adopt the amendments related to TDRs separately from the amendments related to vintage disclosures. The Company is in process of reviewing the enhanced modification disclosure requirements.

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CASH AND DUE FROM BANKS	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2022
Cash and Cash Equivalents [Abstract]
CASH AND DUE FROM BANKS	CASH AND DUE FROM BANKSThe Federal Reserve Act requires that banks maintain cash reserve balances with the Federal Reserve Bank based principally on the type and amount of their deposits. At its option, the Company maintains additional balances to compensate for clearing and safekeeping services. The average balance maintained in 2022 was $185.6 million and in 2021 was $491.9 million.

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INVESTMENTS

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2022

Investments, Debt and Equity Securities [Abstract]

INVESTMENTS

INVESTMENTS

Investments available-for-sale and held-to-maturity

During the quarter ended March 31, 2022, the Company transferred certain debt securities from available-for-sale to held-to-maturity. The total amortized cost of debt securities transferred was $305.6 million with the associated fair value of $289.4 million and unrealized losses of $16.2 million at the date of transfer. All of these investments are either issued by a direct governmental entity or a government-sponsored entity and have no historical evidence supporting expected credit losses. Therefore, the Company has estimated these losses at zero and will monitor this assumption in the future for any economic or governmental policies that could affect this assumption.

The amortized cost and estimated fair values of investments available-for-sale and held-to-maturity at December 31 are presented in the following table:

	2022								2021
(In thousands)	Amortized Cost		Gross Unrealized Gains		Gross Unrealized Losses		Estimated Fair Value		Amortized Cost		Gross Unrealized Gains		Gross Unrealized Losses		Estimated Fair Value
Available-for-sale debt securities
U.S. treasuries and government agencies	$	100,926	$	—	$	(7,304)	$	93,622	$	68,487	$	202	$	(150)	$	68,539
State and municipal	322,519		4		(56,526)		265,997		323,286		6,561		(3,445)		326,402
Mortgage-backed and asset-backed	943,398		73		(88,552)		854,919		1,074,577		8,203		(11,825)		1,070,955
Total available-for-sale debt securities	$	1,366,843	$	77	$	(152,382)	$	1,214,538	$	1,466,350	$	14,966	$	(15,420)	$	1,465,896
Held-to-maturity debt securities:
Mortgage-backed and asset-backed	259,452		—		(39,329)		220,123		—		—		—		—
Total held-to-maturity debt securities	$	259,452	$	—	$	(39,329)	$	220,123	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—
Total debt securities	$	1,626,295	$	77	$	(191,711)	$	1,434,661	$	1,466,350	$	14,966	$	(15,420)	$	1,465,896

Any unrealized losses in the U.S. treasuries and government agencies, state and municipal, mortgage-backed and asset-backed available-for-sale debt securities at December 31, 2022 are due to changes in interest rates and not credit-related events. As such, no allowance for credit losses is required at December 31, 2022. Unrealized losses on available-for-sale debt securities are expected to recover over time as these securities approach maturity. The Company does not intend to sell, nor is it more likely than not it will be required to sell, these securities and has sufficient liquidity to hold these securities for an adequate period of time, which may be maturity, to allow for any anticipated recovery in fair value.

The amortized cost of the available-for-sale and held-to-maturity mortgage-backed and asset-backed securities portfolio at December 31, 2022 is composed entirely of either the most senior tranches of GNMA, FNMA or FHLMC collateralized mortgage obligations ($500.1 million), GNMA, FNMA or FHLMC mortgage-backed securities ($660.5 million) and SBA asset-backed securities ($42.3 million).

Gross unrealized losses and fair values by length of time that individual available-for-sale securities have been in an unrealized loss position at December 31 are presented in the following tables:

	December 31, 2022
	Number of Securities	Less Than 12 Months				12 Months or More				Total
(Dollars in thousands)		Fair Value		Unrealized Losses		Fair Value		Unrealized Losses		Fair Value		Unrealized Losses
U.S. treasuries and government agencies	10	$	53,139	$	3,653	$	40,483	$	3,651	$	93,622	$	7,304
State and municipal	130	200,439		30,803		62,482		25,723		262,921		56,526
Mortgage-backed and asset-backed	324	526,387		44,952		297,216		43,600		823,603		88,552
Total	464	$	779,965	$	79,408	$	400,181	$	72,974	$	1,180,146	$	152,382

	December 31, 2021
	Number of Securities	Less Than 12 Months				12 Months or More				Total
(Dollars in thousands)		Fair Value		Unrealized Losses		Fair Value		Unrealized Losses		Fair Value		Unrealized Losses
U.S. treasuries and government agencies	5	$	49,695	$	150	$	—	$	—	$	49,695	$	150
State and municipal	32	63,206		2,288		21,740		1,157		84,946		3,445
Mortgage-backed and asset-backed	104	665,813		10,145		37,857		1,680		703,670		11,825
Total	141	$	778,714	$	12,583	$	59,597	$	2,837	$	838,311	$	15,420

The Company has allocated mortgage-backed and asset-backed securities into the four maturity groupings reflected in the following table using the expected average life of the individual securities based on statistics provided by independent third-party industry

sources. Expected maturities will differ from contractual maturities as borrowers may have the right to prepay obligations with or without prepayment penalties.

The estimated fair values and amortized costs of available-for-sale and held-to-maturity debt securities by contractual maturity at December 31 are provided in the following table:

	December 31, 2022				December 31, 2021
(In thousands)	Fair Value		Amortized Cost		Fair Value		Amortized Cost
U.S. treasuries and government agencies:
One year or less	$	—	$	—	$	12,029	$	11,995
One to five years	93,622		100,926		56,510		56,492
Five to ten years	—		—		—		—
After ten years	—		—		—		—
State and municipal:
One year or less	8,694		8,783		12,821		12,709
One to five years	51,576		53,948		27,408		26,637
Five to ten years	28,806		34,042		42,960		42,661
After ten years	176,921		225,746		243,213		241,279
Mortgage-backed and asset-backed:
One year or less	7,622		7,704		9,272		9,239
One to five years	45,366		46,802		14,752		14,575
Five to ten years	303,697		335,285		388,918		390,569
After ten years	498,234		553,607		658,013		660,194
After ten years	—		—		—		—
Total available-for-sale debt securities	$	1,214,538	$	1,366,843	$	1,465,896	$	1,466,350

	December 31, 2022				December 31, 2021
(In thousands)	Fair Value		Amortized Cost		Fair Value		Amortized Cost
Held-to-maturity debt securities
Mortgage-backed and asset-backed:
One year or less	—		—		—		—
One to five years	—		—		—		—
Five to ten years	35,304		39,213		—		—
After ten years	184,819		220,239		—		—
Total held-to-maturity debt securities	$	220,123	$	259,452	$	—	$	—

At December 31, 2022 and 2021, available-for-sale and held-to-maturity debt securities with a book value of $533.9 million and $531.6 million, respectively, were pledged as collateral for certain government deposits and for other purposes as required or permitted by law. The outstanding balance of no single issuer, except for U.S. government agency securities, exceeded ten percent of stockholders' equity at December 31, 2022 and 2021.

Other Investments

Other investments are presented in the following table:

(In thousands)	2022		2021
Federal Reserve Bank stock, at cost	$	38,873	$	34,097
Federal Home Loan Bank of Atlanta stock, at cost	29,668		6,392
Other	677		677
Total other investments, at cost	$	69,218	$	41,166

Investment securities gains/ (losses)

Gross realized gains and losses on all investments for the years ended December 31 are presented in the following table:

(In thousands)	2022		2021		2020
Gross realized gains from sales of investments available-for-sale	$	8	$	3,588	$	1,297
Gross realized losses from sales of investments available-for-sale	(393)		(3,478)		(1,068)
Net gains from calls of investments available-for-sale	40		102		238
Net investment securities gains/ (losses)	$	(345)	$	212	$	467

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LOANS

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2022

Receivables [Abstract]

LOANS

LOANS

The lending business of the Company is based on understanding, measuring and controlling the credit risk inherent in the loan portfolio. The Company’s loan portfolio is subject to varying degrees of credit risk. Credit risk entails both general risks, which are inherent in the process of lending, and risk specific to individual borrowers. The Company’s credit risk is mitigated through portfolio diversification, which limits exposure to any single customer, industry or collateral type.

Outstanding loan balances at December 31, 2022 and 2021 are net of unearned income, including net deferred loan fees of $10.5 million and $14.3 million, respectively. Net deferred loan fees at December 31, 2022, included $0.3 million in net fees related to the loans originated under the Paycheck Protection Program (“PPP”) compared to $4.6 million at the end of the prior year.

The loan portfolio segment balances at December 31 are presented in the following table:

(In thousands)	2022		2021
Commercial real estate:
Commercial investor real estate	$	5,130,094	$	4,141,346
Commercial owner-occupied real estate	1,775,037		1,690,881
Commercial AD&C	1,090,028		1,088,094
Commercial business	1,455,885		1,481,834
Total commercial loans	9,451,044		8,402,155
Residential real estate:
Residential mortgage	1,287,933		937,570
Residential construction	224,772		197,652
Consumer	432,957		429,714
Total residential and consumer loans	1,945,662		1,564,936
Total loans	$	11,396,706	$	9,967,091

Portfolio Segments

The Company currently manages its credit products and the respective exposure to credit losses (credit risk) by the following specific portfolio segments which are levels at which the Company develops and documents its systematic methodology to determine the allowance for credit losses attributable to each respective portfolio segment. These segments are:

•Commercial investor real estate loans - Commercial investor real estate loans consist of loans secured by nonowner-occupied properties where an established banking relationship exists and involves investment properties for warehouse, retail, and office space with a history of occupancy and cash flow. This commercial investor real estate category contains mortgage loans to the developers and owners of commercial real estate where the borrower intends to operate or sell the property at a profit and use the income stream or proceeds from the sale(s) to repay the loan.

•Commercial owner-occupied real estate loans - Commercial owner-occupied real estate loans consist of commercial mortgage loans secured by owner-occupied properties where an established banking relationship exists and involves a variety of property types to conduct the borrower’s operations. The decision to extend a loan is based upon the borrower’s financial health and the ability of the borrower and the business to repay. The primary source of repayment for this type of loan is the cash flow from the operations of the business.

•Commercial acquisition, development and construction loans - Commercial acquisition, development and construction loans are intended to finance the construction of commercial properties and include loans for the acquisition and development of land. Construction loans represent a higher degree of risk than permanent real estate loans and may be affected by a variety of additional factors such as the borrower’s ability to control costs and adhere to time schedules and the risk that constructed units may not be absorbed by the market within the anticipated time frame or at the anticipated price. The loan commitment on these loans often includes an interest reserve that allows the lender to periodically advance loan funds to pay interest charges on the outstanding balance of the loan.

•Commercial business loans - Commercial loans are made to provide funds for equipment and general corporate needs. Repayment of a loan primarily comes from the funds obtained from the operation of the borrower’s business. Commercial loans also include lines of credit that are utilized to finance a borrower’s short-term credit needs and/or to finance a percentage of eligible receivables and inventory. Loans issued under the PPP are also included in this category, a substantial portion of which are expected to be forgiven by the Small Business Administration pursuant to the CARES Act.

•Residential mortgage loans - The residential mortgage loans category contains permanent mortgage loans principally to consumers secured by residential real estate. Residential real estate loans are evaluated for the adequacy of repayment sources at the time of approval, based upon measures including credit scores, debt-to-income ratios, and collateral values. Loans may be either conforming or non-conforming.

•Residential construction loans - The Company makes residential construction loans generally to provide interim financing on residential property during the construction period. Borrowers are typically individuals who will ultimately occupy the single-family dwelling. Loan funds are disbursed periodically as pre-specified stages of completion are attained based upon site inspections.

•Consumer loans - This category of loans includes primarily home equity loans and lines, installment loans, personal lines of credit, and other loans. The home equity category consists mainly of revolving lines of credit to consumers which are secured by residential real estate. These loans are typically secured with second mortgages on the homes. Other consumer loans include installment loans used by customers to purchase automobiles, boats and recreational vehicles.

Loans to Related Parties

Certain directors and executive officers have loan transactions with the Company. The following schedule summarizes changes in amounts of loans outstanding, both direct and indirect, to these persons during the periods indicated:

(In thousands)	2022		2021
Balance at January 1	$	78,227	$	96,005
Additions	6,939		7,040
Repayments	(24,310)		(24,818)
Balance at December 31	$	60,856	$	78,227

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CREDIT QUALITY ASSESSMENT

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2022

Credit Loss [Abstract]

CREDIT QUALITY ASSESSMENT

CREDIT QUALITY ASSESSMENT

Allowance for Credit Losses

Summary information on the allowance for credit loss activity for the years ended December 31 is provided in the following table:

(In thousands)	2022		2021		2020
Balance at beginning of year	$	109,145	$	165,367	$	56,132
Initial allowance on PCD loans at adoption of ASC 326	—		—		2,762
Transition impact of adopting ASC 326	—		—		2,983
Initial allowance on Revere PCD loans	—		—		18,628
Provision/ (credit) for credit losses - loans	26,680		(45,556)		85,669
Loans charge-offs	(1,105)		(12,313)		(1,819)
Loans recoveries	1,522		1,647		1,012
Net (charge-offs)/ recoveries	417		(10,666)		(807)
Balance at period end	$	136,242	$	109,145	$	165,367

The following table provides summary information regarding collateral dependent loans individually evaluated for credit loss at the dates indicated:

(In thousands)	2022		2021
Collateral dependent loans individually evaluated for credit loss with an allowance	$	9,743	$	9,510
Collateral dependent loans individually evaluated for credit loss without an allowance	16,454		24,024
Total individually evaluated collateral dependent loans	$	26,197	$	33,534
Allowance for credit losses related to loans evaluated individually	$	6,902	$	6,593
Allowance for credit losses related to loans evaluated collectively	129,340		102,552
Total allowance for credit losses - loans	$	136,242	$	109,145

The following tables provide information on the activity in the allowance for credit losses by the respective loan portfolio segment for the years ended December 31:

	2022
	Commercial Real Estate												Residential Real Estate
(In thousands)	Commercial Investor R/E			Commercial Owner- Occupied R/E			Commercial AD&C			Commercial Business			Residential Mortgage			Residential Construction			Consumer			Total
Balance as of December 31, 2021	$	45,289		$	11,687		$	20,322		$	23,170		$	5,384		$	1,048		$	2,245		$	109,145
Provision/ (credit) for credit losses - loans	19,128			(90)			(1,676)			4,774			4,093			281			170			26,680
Charge-offs	—			—			—			(716)			(155)			—			(234)			(1,105)
Recoveries	320			49			—			799			102			8			244			1,522
Net (charge-offs)/ recoveries	320			49			—			83			(53)			8			10			417
Balance at end of period	$	64,737		$	11,646		$	18,646		$	28,027		$	9,424		$	1,337		$	2,425		$	136,242
Total loans	$	5,130,094		$	1,775,037		$	1,090,028		$	1,455,885		$	1,287,933		$	224,772		$	432,957		$	11,396,706
Allowance for credit losses on loans to total loans ratio	1.26		%	0.66		%	1.71		%	1.93		%	0.73		%	0.59		%	0.56		%	1.20		%
Average loans	$	4,681,607		$	1,730,293		$	1,112,936		$	1,351,906		$	1,117,053		$	221,341		$	423,746		$	10,638,882
Net charge-offs/ (recoveries) to average loans	(0.01)		%	—		%	—		%	(0.01)		%	—		%	—		%	—		%	—		%
Balance of loans individually evaluated for credit loss	$	9,943		$	6,155		$	—		$	8,274		$	1,487		$	—		$	338		$	26,197
Allowance related to loans evaluated individually	$	134		$	1,261		$	—		$	5,507		$	—		$	—		$	—		$	6,902
Individual allowance to loans evaluated individually ratio	1.35		%	20.49		%	—		%	66.56		%	—		%	—		%	—		%	26.35		%
Balance of loans collectively evaluated for credit loss	$	5,120,151		$	1,768,882		$	1,090,028		$	1,447,611		$	1,286,446		$	224,772		$	432,619		$	11,370,509
Allowance related to loans evaluated collectively	$	64,603		$	10,385		$	18,646		$	22,520		$	9,424		$	1,337		$	2,425		$	129,340
Collective allowance to loans evaluated collectively ratio	1.26		%	0.59		%	1.71		%	1.56		%	0.73		%	0.59		%	0.56		%	1.14		%

	2021
	Commercial Real Estate												Residential Real Estate
(In thousands)	Commercial Investor R/E			Commercial Owner- Occupied R/E			Commercial AD&C			Commercial Business			Residential Mortgage			Residential Construction			Consumer			Total
Balance as of December 31, 2020	$	57,404		$	20,061		$	22,157		$	46,806		$	11,295		$	1,502		$	6,142		$	165,367
Provision/ (credit) for credit losses - loans	(6,598)			(8,238)			172			(20,132)			(6,321)			(459)			(3,980)			(45,556)
Charge-offs	(5,802)			(136)			(2,007)			(4,069)			—			—			(299)			(12,313)
Recoveries	285			—			—			565			410			5			382			1,647
Net (charge-offs)/ recoveries	(5,517)			(136)			(2,007)			(3,504)			410			5			83			(10,666)
Balance at end of period	$	45,289		$	11,687		$	20,322		$	23,170		$	5,384		$	1,048		$	2,245		$	109,145
Total loans	$	4,141,346		$	1,690,881		$	1,088,094		$	1,481,834		$	937,570		$	197,652		$	429,714		$	9,967,091
Allowance for credit losses on loans to total loans ratio	1.09		%	0.69		%	1.87		%	1.56		%	0.57		%	0.53		%	0.52		%	1.10		%
Average loans	$	3,689,769		$	1,661,015		$	1,110,420		$	1,952,537		$	979,754		$	178,171		$	463,200		$	10,034,866
Net charge-offs/ (recoveries) to average loans	0.15		%	0.01		%	0.18		%	0.18		%	(0.04)		%	—		%	(0.02)		%	0.11		%
Balance of loans individually evaluated for credit loss	$	12,489		$	9,306		$	650		$	9,033		$	1,704		$	—		$	352		$	33,534
Allowance related to loans evaluated individually	$	213		$	79		$	504		$	5,797		$	—		$	—		$	—		$	6,593
Individual allowance to loans evaluated individually ratio	1.71		%	0.85		%	77.54		%	64.18		%	—		%	—		%	—		%	19.66		%
Balance of loans collectively evaluated for credit loss	$	4,128,857		$	1,681,575		$	1,087,444		$	1,472,801		$	935,866		$	197,652		$	429,362		$	9,933,557
Allowance related to loans evaluated collectively	$	45,076		$	11,608		$	19,818		$	17,373		$	5,384		$	1,048		$	2,245		$	102,552
Collective allowance to loans evaluated collectively ratio	1.09		%	0.69		%	1.82		%	1.18		%	0.58		%	0.53		%	0.52		%	1.03		%

The following table presents collateral dependent loans individually evaluated for credit losses with the associated allowances for credit losses by the applicable portfolio segment:

	2022
	Commercial Real Estate								Residential Real Estate						Total
(In thousands)	Commercial Investor R/E		Commercial Owner- Occupied R/E		Commercial AD&C		Commercial Business		Residential Mortgage		Residential Construction		Consumer
Loans individually evaluated for credit losses with an allowance:
Non-accruing	$	554	$	1,989	$	—	$	3,196	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	5,739
Restructured accruing	—		—		—		952		—		—		—		952
Restructured non-accruing	—		—		—		3,052		—		—		—		3,052
Balance	$	554	$	1,989	$	—	$	7,200	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	9,743
Allowance	$	134	$	1,261	$	—	$	5,507	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	6,902
Loans individually evaluated for credit losses without an allowance:
Non-accruing	$	2,165	$	133	$	—	$	329	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	2,627
Restructured accruing	—		1,136		—		—		1,487		—		—		2,623
Restructured non-accruing	7,224		2,897		—		745		—		—		338		11,204
Balance	$	9,389	$	4,166	$	—	$	1,074	$	1,487	$	—	$	338	$	16,454
Total individually evaluated loans:
Non-accruing	$	2,719	$	2,122	$	—	$	3,525	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	8,366
Restructured accruing	—		1,136		—		952		1,487		—		—		3,575
Restructured non-accruing	7,224		2,897		—		3,797		—		—		338		14,256
Balance	$	9,943	$	6,155	$	—	$	8,274	$	1,487	$	—	$	338	$	26,197
Unpaid contractual principal balance	$	10,882	$	6,849	$	—	$	9,893	$	1,487	$	—	$	364	$	29,475

	2021
	Commercial Real Estate								Residential Real Estate						Total
(In thousands)	Commercial Investor R/E		Commercial Owner- Occupied R/E		Commercial AD&C		Commercial Business		Residential Mortgage		Residential Construction		Consumer
Loans individually evaluated for credit losses with an allowance:
Non-accruing	$	808	$	79	$	650	$	4,849	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	6,386
Restructured accruing	—		—		—		613		—		—		—		613
Restructured non-accruing	336		—		—		2,175		—		—		—		2,511
Balance	$	1,144	$	79	$	650	$	7,637	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	9,510
Allowance	$	213	$	79	$	504	$	5,797	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	6,593
Loans individually evaluated for credit losses without an allowance:
Non-accruing	$	3,498	$	4,775	$	—	$	434	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	8,707
Restructured accruing	—		—		—		—		1,554		—		—		1,554
Restructured non-accruing	7,847		4,452		—		962		150		—		352		13,763
Balance	$	11,345	$	9,227	$	—	$	1,396	$	1,704	$	—	$	352	$	24,024
Total individually evaluated loans:
Non-accruing	$	4,306	$	4,854	$	650	$	5,283	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	15,093
Restructured accruing	—		—		—		613		1,554		—		—		2,167
Restructured non-accruing	8,183		4,452		—		3,137		150		—		352		16,274
Balance	$	12,489	$	9,306	$	650	$	9,033	$	1,704	$	—	$	352	$	33,534
Unpaid contractual principal balance	$	12,857	$	11,132	$	695	$	10,573	$	2,778	$	—	$	364	$	38,399

The following table presents average principal balance of total non-accrual loans and contractual interest due on non-accrual loans for the periods indicated below:

	2022
	Commercial Real Estate								Residential Real Estate						Total
(In thousands)	Commercial Investor R/E		Commercial Owner- Occupied R/E		Commercial AD&C		Commercial Business		Residential Mortgage		Residential Construction		Consumer
Average non-accrual loans for the period	$	11,892	$	7,314	$	617	$	7,768	$	7,769	$	21	$	5,811	$	41,192
Contractual interest income due on non-accrual loans during the period	$	713	$	106	$	30	$	491	$	319	$	1	$	349	$	2,009

	2021
	Commercial Real Estate								Residential Real Estate						Total
(In thousands)	Commercial Investor R/E		Commercial Owner- Occupied R/E		Commercial AD&C		Commercial Business		Residential Mortgage		Residential Construction		Consumer
Average non-accrual loans for the period	$	31,590	$	9,444	$	9,236	$	12,678	$	9,439	$	36	$	7,369	$	79,792
Contractual interest income due on non-accrual loans during the period	$	2,169	$	555	$	597	$	1,096	$	271	$	2	$	402	$	5,092

There was no interest income recognized on non-accrual loans during the year ended December 31, 2022. See Note 1 for additional information on the Company's policies for non-accrual loans. Loans designated as non-accrual have all previously accrued but unpaid interest reversed from interest income. During the year ended December 31, 2022, new loans placed on non-accrual status totaled $12.1 million and the related amount of reversed uncollected accrued interest was $0.2 million.

Credit Quality

The following tables provide information on the credit quality of the loan portfolio by segment at December 31 for the years indicated:

	2022
	Commercial Real Estate								Residential Real Estate
(In thousands)	Commercial Investor R/E		Commercial Owner- Occupied R/E		Commercial AD&C		Commercial Business		Residential Mortgage		Residential Construction		Consumer		Total
Analysis of non-accrual loan activity:
Balance at beginning of period	$	12,489	$	9,306	$	650	$	8,420	$	8,441	$	55	$	6,725	$	46,086
Loans placed on non-accrual	4,761		2,370		—		1,591		2,593		—		815		12,130
Non-accrual balances transferred to OREO	—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—
Non-accrual balances charged-off	—		—		—		(677)		(151)		—		(32)		(860)
Net payments or draws	(7,307)		(4,366)		(650)		(2,012)		(2,615)		(55)		(2,060)		(19,065)
Non-accrual loans brought current	—		(2,291)		—		—		(829)		—		(389)		(3,509)
Balance at end of period	$	9,943	$	5,019	$	—	$	7,322	$	7,439	$	—	$	5,059	$	34,782

	2021
	Commercial Real Estate								Residential Real Estate
(In thousands)	Commercial Investor R/E		Commercial Owner- Occupied R/E		Commercial AD&C		Commercial Business		Residential Mortgage		Residential Construction		Consumer		Total
Analysis of non-accrual loan activity:
Balance at beginning of period	$	45,227	$	11,561	$	15,044	$	22,933	$	10,212	$	—	$	7,384	$	112,361
Loans placed on non-accrual	699		3,676		49		1,339		695		62		1,626		8,146
Non-accrual balances transferred to OREO	—		(257)		—		—		—		—		—		(257)
Non-accrual balances charged-off	(5,803)		(136)		(2,007)		(3,547)		—		—		(100)		(11,593)
Net payments or draws	(26,813)		(5,538)		(12,436)		(12,305)		(2,406)		(7)		(1,725)		(61,230)
Non-accrual loans brought current	(821)		—		—		—		(60)		—		(460)		(1,341)
Balance at end of period	$	12,489	$	9,306	$	650	$	8,420	$	8,441	$	55	$	6,725	$	46,086

	2022
	Commercial Real Estate								Residential Real Estate
(In thousands)	Commercial Investor R/E		Commercial Owner- Occupied R/E		Commercial AD&C		Commercial Business		Residential Mortgage		Residential Construction		Consumer		Total
Performing loans:
Current	$	5,104,204	$	1,767,875	$	1,090,028	$	1,443,012	$	1,261,878	$	222,144	$	422,989	$	11,312,130
30-59 days	9,735		1,007		—		3,556		11,307		2,628		4,343		32,576
60-89 days	6,212		—		—		41		5,822		—		566		12,641
Total performing loans	5,120,151		1,768,882		1,090,028		1,446,609		1,279,007		224,772		427,898		11,357,347
Non-performing loans:
Non-accrual loans	9,943		5,019		—		7,322		7,439		—		5,059		34,782
Loans greater than 90 days past due	—		—		—		1,002		—		—		—		1,002
Restructured loans	—		1,136		—		952		1,487		—		—		3,575
Total non-performing loans	9,943		6,155		—		9,276		8,926		—		5,059		39,359
Total loans	$	5,130,094	$	1,775,037	$	1,090,028	$	1,455,885	$	1,287,933	$	224,772	$	432,957	$	11,396,706

	2021
	Commercial Real Estate								Residential Real Estate
(In thousands)	Commercial Investor R/E		Commercial Owner- Occupied R/E		Commercial AD&C		Commercial Business		Residential Mortgage		Residential Construction		Consumer		Total
Performing loans:
Current	$	4,127,009	$	1,680,635	$	1,085,642	$	1,471,669	$	919,199	$	197,597	$	419,558	$	9,901,309
30-59 days	1,656		86		1,802		753		5,157		—		3,021		12,475
60-89 days	192		854		—		379		2,662		—		410		4,497
Total performing loans	4,128,857		1,681,575		1,087,444		1,472,801		927,018		197,597		422,989		9,918,281
Non-performing loans:
Non-accrual loans	12,489		9,306		650		8,420		8,441		55		6,725		46,086
Loans greater than 90 days past due	—		—		—		—		557		—		—		557
Restructured loans	—		—		—		613		1,554		—		—		2,167
Total non-performing loans	12,489		9,306		650		9,033		10,552		55		6,725		48,810
Total loans	$	4,141,346	$	1,690,881	$	1,088,094	$	1,481,834	$	937,570	$	197,652	$	429,714	$	9,967,091

The credit quality indicators for commercial loans are developed through review of individual borrowers on an ongoing basis. Each borrower is evaluated at least annually with more frequent evaluation of more severely criticized loans. The indicators represent the rating for loans as of the date presented is based on the most recent credit review performed. These credit quality indicators are defined as follows:

Pass - A pass rated credit is not adversely classified because it does not display any of the characteristics for adverse classification.

Special mention - A special mention credit has potential weaknesses that deserve management’s close attention. If uncorrected, such weaknesses may result in deterioration of the repayment prospects or collateral position at some future date. Special mention assets are not adversely classified and do not warrant adverse classification.

Substandard - A substandard loan is inadequately protected by the current net worth and payment capacity of the obligor or of the collateral pledged, if any. Loans classified as substandard generally have a well-defined weakness, or weaknesses, that jeopardize the liquidation of the debt. These loans are characterized by the distinct possibility of loss if the deficiencies are not corrected.

Doubtful - A loan that is classified as doubtful has all the weaknesses inherent in a loan classified as substandard with added characteristics that the weaknesses make collection or liquidation in full highly questionable and improbable, on the basis of currently existing facts, conditions and values.

Loss – Loans classified as a loss are considered uncollectible and of such little value that their continuing to be carried as a loan is not warranted. This classification is not necessarily equivalent to no potential for recovery or salvage value, but rather that it is not appropriate to defer a full write-off even though partial recovery may be effected in the future.

The following tables provide information about credit quality indicators by the year of origination:

	2022
	Term Loans by Origination Year												Revolving
(In thousands)	2022		2021		2020		2019		2018		Prior		Loans		Total
Commercial Investor R/E:
Pass	$	1,510,446	$	1,197,504	$	694,756	$	567,247	$	335,103	$	742,405	$	15,242	$	5,062,703
Special Mention	32,661		17,146		468		94		473		4,814		—		55,656
Substandard	557		1,896		—		—		8,239		1,043		—		11,735
Doubtful	—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—
Total	$	1,543,664	$	1,216,546	$	695,224	$	567,341	$	343,815	$	748,262	$	15,242	$	5,130,094
Current period gross charge-offs	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—
Commercial Owner-Occupied R/E:
Pass	$	391,340	$	328,657	$	240,738	$	260,114	$	140,841	$	381,386	$	1,167	$	1,744,243
Special Mention	4,567		—		1,301		1,740		2,066		7,323		—		16,997
Substandard	3,219		160		133		6,110		2,010		2,165		—		13,797
Doubtful	—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—
Total	$	399,126	$	328,817	$	242,172	$	267,964	$	144,917	$	390,874	$	1,167	$	1,775,037
Current period gross charge-offs	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—
Commercial AD&C:
Pass	$	366,096	$	439,468	$	113,713	$	34,340	$	14,816	$	—	$	119,727	$	1,088,160
Special Mention	1,073		—		—		—		—		—		795		1,868
Substandard	—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—
Doubtful	—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—
Total	$	367,169	$	439,468	$	113,713	$	34,340	$	14,816	$	—	$	120,522	$	1,090,028
Current period gross charge-offs	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—
Commercial Business:
Pass	$	330,598	$	223,245	$	95,787	$	105,922	$	77,891	$	78,009	$	508,839	$	1,420,291
Special Mention	127		458		1,107		7,787		498		322		13,225		23,524
Substandard	2,902		1,611		1,094		2,030		449		2,121		1,863		12,070
Doubtful	—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—
Total	$	333,627	$	225,314	$	97,988	$	115,739	$	78,838	$	80,452	$	523,927	$	1,455,885
Current period gross charge-offs	$	174	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	138	$	404	$	—	$	716
Residential Mortgage:
Beacon score:
660-850	$	330,109	$	344,062	$	171,330	$	41,883	$	51,651	$	262,570	$	—	$	1,201,605
600-659	4,571		6,196		1,173		3,925		6,041		24,006		—		45,912
540-599	369		4,013		1,439		1,256		1,931		6,945		—		15,953
less than 540	1,860		3,036		2,892		3,822		2,347		10,506		—		24,463
Total	$	336,909	$	357,307	$	176,834	$	50,886	$	61,970	$	304,027	$	—	$	1,287,933
Current period gross charge-offs	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	24	$	131	$	—	$	155
Residential Construction:
Beacon score:
660-850	$	131,259	$	75,844	$	12,133	$	150	$	1,432	$	1,245	$	—	$	222,063
600-659	908		373		—		—		—		—		—		1,281
540-599	609		—		—		—		—		—		—		609
less than 540	—		819		—		—		—		—		—		819
Total	$	132,776	$	77,036	$	12,133	$	150	$	1,432	$	1,245	$	—	$	224,772
Current period gross charge-offs	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—
Consumer:
Beacon score:
660-850	$	6,689	$	2,346	$	1,201	$	2,147	$	2,047	$	23,170	$	359,468	$	397,068
600-659	658		467		59		198		664		5,459		11,269		18,774
540-599	123		56		—		465		316		2,802		3,824		7,586
less than 540	156		57		40		133		209		2,918		6,016		9,529
Total	$	7,626	$	2,926	$	1,300	$	2,943	$	3,236	$	34,349	$	380,577	$	432,957
Current period gross charge-offs	$	—	$	5	$	15	$	—	$	13	$	20	$	181	$	234
Total loans	$	3,120,897	$	2,647,414	$	1,339,364	$	1,039,363	$	649,024	$	1,559,209	$	1,041,435	$	11,396,706

	2021
	Term Loans by Origination Year												Revolving
(In thousands)	2021		2020		2019		2018		2017		Prior		Loans		Total
Commercial Investor R/E:
Pass	$	1,391,969	$	748,236	$	616,761	$	357,640	$	328,327	$	633,913	$	19,239	$	4,096,085
Special Mention	2,210		510		4,646		596		2,204		10,438		—		$	20,604
Substandard	807		336		4,308		8,568		10,064		574		—		$	24,657
Doubtful	—		—		—		—		—		—		—		$	—
Total	$	1,394,986	$	749,082	$	625,715	$	366,804	$	340,595	$	644,925	$	19,239	$	4,141,346
Current period gross charge-offs	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	903	$	3,975	$	924	$	—	$	5,802
Commercial Owner-Occupied R/E:
Pass	$	360,169	$	254,350	$	319,348	$	178,416	$	172,354	$	363,685	$	1,149	$	1,649,471
Special Mention	156		1,476		4,388		9,035		4,456		9,106		—		$	28,617
Substandard	1,968		1,800		4,028		2,265		354		2,378		—		$	12,793
Doubtful	—		—		—		—		—		—		—		$	—
Total	$	362,293	$	257,626	$	327,764	$	189,716	$	177,164	$	375,169	$	1,149	$	1,690,881
Current period gross charge-offs	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	136	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	136
Commercial AD&C:
Pass	$	454,207	$	226,332	$	148,260	$	87,934	$	13,938	$	—	$	152,896	$	1,083,567
Special Mention	2,888		—		—		—		—		—		989		$	3,877
Substandard	349		—		301		—		—		—		—		$	650
Doubtful	—		—		—		—		—		—		—		$	—
Total	$	457,444	$	226,332	$	148,561	$	87,934	$	13,938	$	—	$	153,885	$	1,088,094
Current period gross charge-offs	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	2,007	$	—	$	—	$	2,007
Commercial Business:
Pass	$	403,871	$	165,194	$	137,069	$	96,800	$	55,100	$	53,764	$	533,893	$	1,445,691
Special Mention	220		1,998		7,030		1,701		548		577		9,212		$	21,286
Substandard	3,777		3,262		2,609		797		811		2,065		1,536		$	14,857
Doubtful	—		—		—		—		—		—		—		$	—
Total	$	407,868	$	170,454	$	146,708	$	99,298	$	56,459	$	56,406	$	544,641	$	1,481,834
Current period gross charge-offs	$	—	$	—	$	88	$	1,674	$	46	$	2,236	$	25	$	4,069
Residential Mortgage:
Beacon score:
660-850	$	246,612	$	165,623	$	46,925	$	65,865	$	102,628	$	223,420	$	—	$	851,073
600-659	11,102		3,285		3,583		4,255		4,645		20,052		—		$	46,922
540-599	1,472		1,864		2,162		4,522		1,599		8,201		—		$	19,820
less than 540	452		4,293		1,575		1,829		2,079		9,527		—		$	19,755
Total	$	259,638	$	175,065	$	54,245	$	76,471	$	110,951	$	261,200	$	—	$	937,570
Current period gross charge-offs	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—
Residential Construction:
Beacon score:
660-850	$	134,335	$	45,890	$	8,063	$	2,078	$	1,347	$	1,160	$	—	$	192,873
600-659	1,922		—		650		—		—		—		—		$	2,572
540-599	—		—		—		—		—		462		—		$	462
less than 540	1,745		—		—		—		—		—		—		$	1,745
Total	$	138,002	$	45,890	$	8,713	$	2,078	$	1,347	$	1,622	$	—	$	197,652
Current period gross charge-offs	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—
Consumer:
Beacon score:
660-850	$	3,179	$	1,393	$	3,130	$	3,060	$	1,648	$	26,156	$	350,466	$	389,032
600-659	352		123		324		716		430		4,906		14,119		$	20,970
540-599	58		8		311		160		89		2,809		4,926		$	8,361
less than 540	88		58		536		544		98		3,101		6,926		$	11,351
Total	$	3,677	$	1,582	$	4,301	$	4,480	$	2,265	$	36,972	$	376,437	$	429,714
Current period gross charge-offs	$	—	$	—	$	7	$	2	$	—	$	106	$	184	$	299
Total loans	$	3,023,908	$	1,626,031	$	1,316,007	$	826,781	$	702,719	$	1,376,294	$	1,095,351	$	9,967,091

The following table provides the amounts of the restructured loans at the date of restructuring for specific segments of the loan portfolio during the period indicated:

	For the Year Ended December 31, 2022
	Commercial Real Estate
(In thousands)	Commercial Investor R/E		Commercial Owner- Occupied R/E		Commercial AD&C		Commercial Business		All Other Loans		Total
Troubled debt restructurings:
Restructured accruing	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	439	$	—	$	439
Restructured non-accruing	—		—		—		1,269		—		1,269
Balance	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	1,708	$	—	$	1,708
Specific allowance	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	1,233	$	—	$	1,233
Restructured and subsequently defaulted	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—

	For the Year Ended December 31, 2021
	Commercial Real Estate
(In thousands)	Commercial Investor R/E		Commercial Owner- Occupied R/E		Commercial AD&C		Commercial Business		All Other Loans		Total
Troubled debt restructurings:
Restructured accruing	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—
Restructured non-accruing	9,594		3,157		—		1,824		—		14,575
Balance	$	9,594	$	3,157	$	—	$	1,824	$	—	$	14,575
Specific allowance	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	461	$	—	$	461
Restructured and subsequently defaulted	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—

At December 31, 2022, TDR loans totaled $17.9 million, of which $3.6 million were accruing and $14.3 million were non-accruing. There were no commitments to lend additional funds on loans classified as TDRs as of December 31, 2022. TDR loans at December 31, 2021 totaled $18.4 million, of which $2.2 million were accruing and $16.2 million were non-accruing. Commitments to lend additional funds on TDR loans at December 31, 2021 were insignificant.

During the year ended December 31, 2022, the Company restructured $1.7 million in loans that were designated as TDRs. Modifications consisted principally of interest rate concessions. No modifications resulted in the reduction of the principal in the associated loan balances. TDR loans are subject to periodic credit reviews to determine the necessity and appropriateness of an individual credit loss allowance based on the collectability of the recorded investment in the TDR loan. Loans restructured during 2022 had individual reserves of $1.2 million at December 31, 2022. For the year ended December 31, 2021, the Company restructured $14.6 million in loans. Modifications consisted principally of interest rate concessions and no modifications resulted in the reduction of the recorded investment in the associated loan balances. Loans restructured during 2021 had specific reserves of $0.5 million at December 31, 2021.

For more information on the accounting policies for TDRs see Note 1.

Other Real Estate Owned

OREO totaled $0.6 million and $1.0 million at December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively. There were no consumer mortgage loans secured by residential real estate property for which formal foreclosure proceedings were in process as of December 31, 2022.

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PREMISES AND EQUIPMENT

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2022

Property, Plant and Equipment [Abstract]

PREMISES AND EQUIPMENT

PREMISES AND EQUIPMENT

Presented in the following table are the components of premises and equipment at December 31:

(In thousands)	2022		2021
Land	$	22,215	$	21,164
Buildings and leasehold improvements	69,190		70,193
Equipment	58,506		48,889
Total premises and equipment	149,911		140,246
Less: accumulated depreciation and amortization	(82,841)		(80,561)
Net premises and equipment	$	67,070	$	59,685

Depreciation and amortization expense for premises and equipment amounted to $6.1 million, $7.9 million, and $8.5 million for each of the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020, respectively.

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LEASES

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2022

Leases [Abstract]

LEASES

LEASES

The Company leases real estate properties for its network of bank branches, financial centers and corporate offices. All of the Company’s leases are currently classified as operating. Most lease agreements include one or more options to renew, with renewal terms that can extend the original lease term from one to twenty years or more. The Company does not receive sublease income from any of its leased real estate properties.

The following table provides information regarding the Company's leases as of the dates indicated:

	Year Ended
	2022			2021
Components of lease expense:
Operating lease cost (resulting from lease payments)	$	10,924		$	12,304
Supplemental cash flow information related to leases:
Operating cash flows from operating leases	$	11,579		$	12,930
ROU assets obtained in the exchange for lease liabilities due to:
New leases	$	92		$	803
Acquisitions	$	—		$	—
	As of
	December 31, 2022			December 31, 2021
Supplemental balance sheet information related to leases:
Operating lease ROU assets	$	48,910		$	57,872
Operating lease liabilities	$	57,402		$	67,138
Other information related to leases:
Weighted average remaining lease term of operating leases	8.6 years			9.0 years
Weighted average discount rate of operating leases	3.02		%	2.92		%

As of December 31, 2022, the maturities of the Company’s operating lease liabilities were as follows:

(In thousands)	Amount
Maturity:
One year	$	11,537
Two years	9,583
Three years	7,721
Four years	6,973
Five years	5,545
Thereafter	24,967
Total undiscounted lease payments	66,326
Less: Present value discount	(8,924)
Lease Liability	$	57,402

The Company had one operating lease that has not yet commenced operations at December 31, 2022, and is expected to commence operations during the second half of 2023. Total amount of undiscounted future rent cash flows is approximately $0.8 million. The Company does not have any lease arrangements with any of its related parties as of December 31, 2022

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GOODWILL AND OTHER INTANGIBLE ASSETS

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2022

Goodwill and Intangible Assets Disclosure [Abstract]

GOODWILL AND OTHER INTANGIBLE ASSETS

GOODWILL AND OTHER INTANGIBLE ASSETS

The following table presents the net carrying amount of goodwill by segment for the periods indicated:

(In thousands)	Community Banking		Insurance		Investment Management		Total
Balance December 31, 2020	$	331,689	$	6,787	$	31,747	$	370,223
No Activity	—		—		—		—
Balance December 31, 2021	331,689		6,787		31,747		370,223
Disposal of subsidiary's assets(1)	—		(6,787)		—		(6,787)
Balance December 31, 2022	$	331,689	$	—	$	31,747	$	363,436

(1) Relates to a sale of Sandy Spring Insurance Corporation during 2022.

The gross carrying amounts and accumulated amortization of intangible assets and goodwill are presented at December 31 in the following table:

	2022						Weighted	2021						Weighted
	Gross				Net		Average	Gross				Net		Average
	Carrying		Accumulated		Carrying		Remaining	Carrying		Accumulated		Carrying		Remaining
(Dollars in thousands)	Amount		Amortization		Amount		Life	Amount		Amortization		Amount		Life
Amortizing intangible assets:
Core deposit intangibles	$	29,038	$	(16,694)	$	12,344	6.5 years	$	29,038	$	(12,624)	$	16,414	7.4 years
Other identifiable intangibles	13,906		(6,395)		7,511		8.8 years	13,906		(4,400)		9,506		9.7 years
Total amortizing intangible assets	$	42,944	$	(23,089)	$	19,855		$	42,944	$	(17,024)	$	25,920
Goodwill	$	363,436			$	363,436		$	370,223			$	370,223

The following table presents the estimated future amortization expense for amortizing intangible assets within the years ending December 31:

(In thousands)	Amount
2023	$	5,040
2024	4,291
2025	3,530
2026	2,702
2027	1,945
Thereafter	2,347
Total amortizing intangible assets	$	19,855

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DEPOSITS

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2022

Deposits [Abstract]

DEPOSITS

DEPOSITS

The following table presents the composition of deposits at December 31 for the years indicated:

(In thousands)	2022		2021
Noninterest-bearing deposits	$	3,673,300	$	3,779,630
Interest-bearing deposits:
Demand	1,435,454		1,604,714
Money market savings	3,213,045		3,415,663
Regular savings	513,360		533,862
Time deposits of less than $250,000	1,644,645		910,464
Time deposits of $250,000 or more	473,617		380,398
Total interest-bearing deposits	7,280,121		6,845,101
Total deposits	$	10,953,421	$	10,624,731

Demand deposit overdrafts reclassified as loan balances were $10.4 million and $1.8 million at December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively. Overdraft charge-offs and recoveries are reflected in the allowance for credit losses.

The following table presents the maturity schedule for time deposits maturing within years ending December 31:

(In thousands)	Amount
2023	$	1,722,480
2024	271,347
2025	94,816
2026	16,422
2027	13,167
Thereafter	30
Total time deposits	$	2,118,262

The Company's time deposits of less than $250,000 represented 15.0% of total deposits and time deposits of $250,000 or more represented 4.3% of total deposits at December 31, 2022 and are presented by maturity in the following table:

	Months to Maturity
(In thousands)	3 or Less		Over 3 to 6		Over 6 to 12		Over 12		Total
Time deposits - less than $250,000	$	262,907	$	202,825	$	902,562	$	276,351	$	1,644,645
Time deposits - $250,000 or more	$	45,140	$	102,582	$	206,464	$	119,431	$	473,617

Interest expense on time deposits of less than $250,000 amounted to $5.0 million, $6.0 million, and $16.5 million and interest expense on time deposits of $250,000 of more amounted to $11.5 million, $3.0 million, and $10.7 million for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020, respectively.

Deposits received in the ordinary course of business from the directors and officers of the Company and their related interests amounted to $126.7 million and $89.5 million for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively.

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BORROWINGS

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2022

Debt Disclosure [Abstract]

BORROWINGS

BORROWINGS

Subordinated Debt

On March 15, 2022, the Company completed an offering of $200.0 million aggregate principal amount Fixed to Floating Rate Subordinated Notes due in 2032. The notes bear a fixed interest rate of 3.875% per year through March 29, 2027. Commencing on March 30, 2027, the notes will bear interest at a floating rate per annum equal to the benchmark rate (which is expected to be the three-month SOFR rate) plus a spread of 196.5 basis points, payable quarterly in arrears. The total amount of debt issuance costs incurred was $3.1 million, which are being amortized through the contractual life of the debt. The entire amount of the subordinated debt is considered Tier 2 capital under current regulatory guidelines.

On November 5, 2019, the Company completed an offering of $175.0 million aggregate principal amount Fixed to Floating Rate Subordinated Notes due in 2029. The notes bear a fixed interest rate of 4.25% per year through November 14, 2024. Beginning November 15, 2024, the interest rate will become a floating rate equal to three-month LIBOR, or an alternative benchmark rate as determined pursuant to the terms of the indenture for the notes in the event LIBOR has been discontinued by November 15, 2024, plus 262 basis points through the remaining maturity or early redemption date of the notes. The interest will be paid in arrears semi-annually during the fixed rate period and quarterly during the floating rate period. The Company incurred $2.9 million of debt issuance costs which are being amortized through the contractual life of the debt. The entire amount of subordinated debt is considered Tier 2 capital under current regulatory guidelines.

In conjunction with the acquisition of WashingtonFirst Bankshares, Inc. ("WashingtonFirst") in 2018, the Company assumed $25.0 million in subordinated debt with an associated purchase premium at acquisition of $2.2 million. The premium was amortized over the contractual life of the obligation. The subordinated debt had a maturity of 10 years, maturing on October 15, 2025, and was non-callable through October 15, 2020. The subordinated debt held a fixed interest rate of 6.00% per annum through October 5, 2020 at which point the rate became variable at the three-month LIBOR plus 457 basis points payable quarterly. On July 15, 2021, the Company redeemed the entire outstanding principal balance of the WashingtonFirst subordinated debt.

In conjunction with the acquisition of Revere Bank ("Revere") in 2020, the Company assumed $31.0 million in subordinated debt with an associated purchase premium at acquisition of $0.2 million, which was amortized through the call date. The subordinated debt had a 10-year term, maturing on September 30, 2026, and was non-callable until September 30, 2021. The subordinated debt had a fixed interest rate of 5.625% per annum, payable semi-annually, through December 31, 2021 at which point the interest rate reset quarterly to an amount equal to three month LIBOR plus 441 basis points. On September 30, 2021, the Company redeemed the entire outstanding principal balance of the Revere subordinated debt.

The following table provides information on subordinated debentures for the period indicated:

(In thousands)	2022		2021
Fixed to floating rate sub debt, 3.875%	$	200,000	$	—
Fixed to floating rate sub debt, 4.25%	175,000		175,000
Total subordinated debt	375,000		175,000
Less: Debt issuance costs	(4,795)		(2,288)
Long-term borrowings	$	370,205	$	172,712

Other Borrowings

Information relating to retail repurchase agreements and federal funds purchased is presented in the following table at and for the years ending December 31:

	2022				2021
(Dollars in thousands)	Amount		Rate		Amount		Rate
End of period:
Retail repurchase agreements	$	61,967	0.11	%	$	141,086	0.12	%
Federal funds purchased	260,000		4.18		—		—
Average for the year:
Retail repurchase agreements	$	108,273	0.11	%	$	143,734	0.12	%
Federal funds purchased	107,785		2.60		15,154		0.08
Maximum month-end balance:
Retail repurchase agreements	$	139,416			$	154,413
Federal funds purchased	260,000				60,000

The Company pledges U.S. Agencies securities, based upon their market values, as collateral for greater than 102.5% of the principal of its retail repurchase agreements.

At December 31, 2022, the Company had the ability to pledge collateral at prevailing market rates under a line of credit with the FHLB of $3.2 billion. FHLB availability based on pledged collateral at December 31, 2022, amounted to $2.6 billion, with $550.0 million outstanding. At December 31, 2021, the Company possessed the ability to extend its lines of credit with the FHLB totaling $3.9 billion based on collateral that was available to be pledged. The availability of FHLB borrowings based on the collateral pledged at December 31, 2021 was $2.7 billion with no outstanding borrowings.

Under a blanket lien, the Company has pledged qualifying residential mortgage loans amounting to $1.2 billion, commercial real estate loans amounting to $3.6 billion, home equity lines of credit (“HELOC”) amounting to $214.3 million and multifamily loans amounting to $514.8 million at December 31, 2022 as collateral under the borrowing agreement with the FHLB. At December 31, 2021, the Company had pledged collateral of qualifying mortgage loans of $829.1 million, commercial real estate loans of $3.1 billion, HELOC loans of $224.4 million and multifamily loans of $333.4 million under the FHLB borrowing agreement.

The Company also had secured lines of credit available from the Federal Reserve and correspondent banks of $718.6 million and $509.4 million at December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively, collateralized by loans, with no borrowings outstanding at the end of either period. In addition, the Company had unsecured lines of credit with correspondent banks of $1.6 billion and $1.3 billion at December 31, 2022 and 2021. Of the unsecured lines of credit available there were $260.0 million outstanding borrowings at December 31, 2022 and no outstanding borrowings at December 31, 2021.

Advances from the FHLB and the respective maturity schedule at December 31 for the years indicated consisted of the following:

	2022				2021
(Dollars in thousands)	Amounts		Weighted Average Rate		Amounts		Weighted Average Rate
Maturity:
One year	$	350,000	4.28	%	$	—	—	%
Two years	50,000		4.66		—		—
Three years	50,000		4.28		—		—
Four years	50,000		4.16		—		—
Five years	50,000		4.08		—		—
After five years	—		—		—		—
Total advances from FHLB	$	550,000	4.29		$	—	—

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STOCKHOLDERS' EQUITY

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2022

Equity [Abstract]

STOCKHOLDERS' EQUITY

STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY

The Company’s Articles of Incorporation authorize 100,000,000 shares of capital stock (par value $1.00 per share). Issued shares have been classified as common stock. The Articles of Incorporation provide that remaining unissued shares may later be designated as either common or preferred stock.

The Company maintains an employee stock purchase plan (the “Purchase Plan”) that enables employees to purchase up to $25,000 of Company common stock each year at a discount. The Purchase Plan, which was initially authorized on July 1, 2011, was amended and restated as of November 18, 2020. As part of the amendment and restatement, an additional 700,000 shares of common stock were reserved to be issued, which is in addition to the 300,000 shares of common stock authorized for purchase under the previous version of the Purchase Plan. Under the Purchase Plan, shares are purchased at 85% of the lower of the fair market value of the common stock on the offering date or the purchase date, as defined in the Purchase Plan. Contributions are made through monthly payroll deductions of not less than 1% or more than 10% of cash compensation paid in the month. The Purchase Plan is administered by a committee of at least three directors appointed by the board of directors. At December 31, 2022, there were 603,618 shares available for issuance under this Purchase Plan.

On March 30, 2022, the Company's board of directors authorized a stock repurchase plan that permits the repurchase of up to $50.0 million of the Company's common stock. During the twelve months ended December 31, 2022, the Company repurchased and retired 625,710 common shares at an average price of $39.93 per share for the total cost of $25.0 million.

During 2021, the Company completed its previously authorized stock repurchase plan with the repurchase of all 2,350,000 shares of common stock at an average price of $45.65 per share for a total cost of $107.3 million.

The Company has a dividend reinvestment plan that is sponsored and administered by Computershare as independent agent, which enables current shareholders as well as first-time buyers to purchase and sell common stock of Sandy Spring Bancorp, Inc. directly through Computershare. Participants may reinvest cash dividends and make periodic supplemental cash payments to purchase additional shares.

Bank and bank holding company regulations, as well as Maryland law, impose certain restrictions on dividend payments by the Bank, as well as restrictions on extensions of credit and transfers of assets between the Bank and Bancorp. At December 31, 2022, the Bank could have paid additional dividends of $177.9 million to its parent company without regulatory approval. There were no loans outstanding between the Bank and Bancorp at December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively.

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SHARE BASED COMPENSATION

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2022

Share-Based Payment Arrangement [Abstract]

SHARE BASED COMPENSATION

SHARE BASED COMPENSATIONThe Company’s 2015 Omnibus Incentive Plan ("Omnibus Incentive Plan") was approved on May 6, 2015 and provides for the granting of incentive stock options, non-qualifying stock options, stock appreciation rights, restricted stock grants, restricted stock units and performance share units to selected directors and employees on a periodic basis at the discretion of the Company’s Board of

Directors. The Omnibus Incentive Plan authorizes the issuance of up to 1,500,000 shares of common stock, of which 639,014 are available for issuance at December 31, 2022, has a term of 10 years, and is administered by a committee of at least three directors appointed by the Board of Directors. Options granted under the plan have an exercise price which may not be less than 100% of the fair market value of the common stock on the date of the grant and must be exercised within seven or 10 years from the date of grant depending on the terms of the grant agreement. The exercise price of stock options must be paid for in full in cash or shares of common stock, or a combination of both. The board committee has the discretion when making a grant of stock options to impose restrictions on the shares to be purchased upon the exercise of such options. The Company generally issues authorized but previously unissued shares to satisfy option exercises.

The value associated with the grant of restricted stock awards ("RSAs") and restricted share units ("RSUs") is determined by multiplying the fair market value of the Company's common stock on the grant date by the number of shares awarded. Holders of RSAs have the right to vote and receive cash dividends for the unvested RSAs. Non-vested RSAs are considered participating securities that have an immaterial impact on the computation of earnings per share. Holders of RSUs receive cash dividends on the vesting date and these units are not considered participating securities in the earnings per share calculation. Starting in 2022, grants of RSUs allow continued vesting following a qualified retirement. Any non-vested shares are subject to forfeiture upon termination of employment.

Performance restricted stock units ("PRSUs") are subject to the Company's achievement of specified performance criteria over a three year period. A portion of the PRSUs granted in 2020 was based on the relative market performance of the Company's stock with another portion based on the financial performance of the Company. Compensation expense for awards based on the market performance of the Company's stock is based on their fair value determined using a probability based Monte-Carlo simulation valuation model. The expense on those awards is recognized regardless of whether the criteria for vesting is achieved. Compensation expense related to the achievement of specified performance criteria is variable and based on the fair market value of the Company's common stock on the grant date and an assessment of the probability of achieving specified metrics and is adjusted periodically. Beginning in 2021, the PRSU's granted annually are based on the Company's return on tangible common equity ("ROTCE") compared to a specified peer group's ROTCE over a three year period. The number of awards that vest can range from zero to 150% of the grant amount based on the achievement level compared to the specified performance or market-based criteria. Dividends that accrue during the vesting period are reinvested in dividend equivalent share units. PRSUs and the related dividend equivalent share units are converted into shares of common stock at vesting. Upon qualifying employee retirement, shares can continue to vest through the initial grant period should the vesting criteria continue to be met. PRSUs are not considered participating securities and do not impact the computation of earnings per share.

Options granted under the plan have an exercise price of not less than 100% of the fair market value of the common stock on the date of the grant and must be exercised within seven to ten years from the date of grant depending on the terms of the grant agreement. The exercise price of stock options must be paid for in full in cash or shares of common stock, or a combination of both. The Company generally issues authorized but previously unissued shares to satisfy option exercises. Compensation expense of the options granted is based on the fair value of the options using the assumptions in the Black-Scholes binomial option-pricing model. The dividend yield is based on the estimated future dividend yields. The risk-free rate for periods within the contractual term of the share option is based on the U.S. Treasury yield curve in effect at the time of the grant. Expected volatility is generally based on historical volatility. The expected term of share options granted is generally derived from historical experience. The Company stopped granting stock options in 2019.

All stock compensation expense is recognized on a straight-line basis over the vesting period of the respective stock option, restricted stock, restricted stock unit grants or performance share units. Compensation expense associated with PRSUs is variable in nature based on the probability of achieving specific criteria. Compensation expense of $7.9 million, $5.3 million, and $3.9 million was recognized for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020, respectively, related to the awards of stock options, RSAs, RSUs and PRSUs. The intrinsic value for the stock options exercised was $0.3 million, $8.0 million, and $0.4 million in the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020, respectively. There was no unrecognized compensation cost related to stock options at December 31, 2022. The total of unrecognized compensation cost related to RSAs, RSUs and PRSUs was approximately $7.4 million at December 31, 2022. That cost is expected to be recognized over a weighted average period of approximately 1.8 years.

During the year ended December 31, 2022, the Company granted 169,190 RSUs and PRSUs under the Omnibus Incentive Plan, of which 45,567 are PRSUs subject to achievement of certain performance conditions measured over a three-year performance period

and 123,623 are RSUs subject to a three year vesting schedule. The Company did not grant any stock options under the Omnibus Incentive Plan during the year ended December 31, 2022.

A summary of the activity for the Company’s restricted stock for the period indicated is presented in the following table:

(In dollars, except share data):	Number of Common Shares	Weighted Average Grant-Date Fair Value
Restricted stock at January 1, 2022	390,520	$	32.67
Granted	169,190	$	44.99
Vested	(155,482)	$	32.77
Forfeited/ cancelled	(14,753)	$	35.82
Restricted stock at December 31, 2022	389,475	$	37.44

A summary of share option activity for the period indicated is reflected in the following table:

	Number of Common Shares	Weighted Average Exercise Share Price		Weighted Average Contractual Remaining Life (Years)	Aggregate Intrinsic Value (in thousands)
Balance at January 1, 2022	159,741	$	17.18		$	5,264
Granted	—	$	—
Exercised	(14,278)	$	20.48		$	337
Forfeited	—	$	—
Expired	(1,416)	$	41.41
Balance at December 31, 2022	144,047	$	16.61	1.6 years	$	2,633
Exercisable at December 31, 2022	144,047	$	16.61	1.6 years	$	2,633

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PENSION, PROFIT SHARING, AND OTHER EMPLOYEE BENEFIT PLANS

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2022

Retirement Benefits [Abstract]

PENSION, PROFIT SHARING, AND OTHER EMPLOYEE BENEFIT PLANS

PENSION, PROFIT SHARING, AND OTHER EMPLOYEE BENEFIT PLANS

Defined Benefit Pension Plan

The Company maintains a qualified, noncontributory, defined benefit pension plan (the “Pension Plan”). Benefits after January 1, 2005, are based on the benefit earned as of December 31, 2004, plus benefits earned in future years of service based on the employee’s compensation during each such year. All benefit accruals for employees were frozen as of December 31, 2007 based on past service, and thus salary increases and additional years of service after such date no longer affect the defined benefit provided by the Pension Plan, although additional vesting may continue to occur.

The Company's funding policy is to contribute amounts to the Pension Plan sufficient to meet the minimum funding requirements of the Employee Retirement Income Security Act of 1974 (“ERISA”), as amended. In addition, the Company contributes additional amounts as it deems appropriate based on benefits attributed to service prior to the date of the Pension Plan freeze. The Pension Plan invests primarily in a diversified portfolio of managed fixed income and equity funds.

On March 30, 2022, the Board of Directors approved the termination of the Pension Plan with the effective date of June 30, 2022. The Company has executed plan amendments regarding the Pension Plan termination and filed an Application for Determination for Terminating Pension Plan with the Internal Revenue Service (“IRS”) for a determination as to the tax-qualified status of the Pension Plan at the time of termination. The Company also prepared and filed appropriate notices and documents related to the Pension Plan’s termination and wind-down with the Pension Benefit Guaranty Corporation (“PBGC”).

After receiving approval from the IRS and the PBGC, which is expected to be in 2023, the Company will make an additional cash contribution, if necessary, in order to fully fund the Pension Plan on a plan termination basis, followed by the purchase of annuity contracts to transfer its remaining liabilities under the Pension Plan. The actual amount of this cash contribution, if any, will depend

upon the nature and timing of participant settlements, as well as prevailing market conditions. In addition, the Company expects to recognize a non-cash pension settlement charge upon settlement of the obligations of the Pension Plan.

All participants who are not already receiving annuities will be given the opportunity to elect a lump sum payout. Benefit obligations of participants who do not elect a lump sum or who are being paid in an annuity form will be transferred under an annuity contract from a highly-rated insurance company that will pay and administer future benefit payments. There will be no change in the benefit earned by Pension Plan participants as a result of these actions. The Pension Plan termination is subject to regulatory approvals and the Company has the right to change the effective date of the Pension Plan termination or to revoke its decision to terminate the Pension Plan, but it has no intent to do so.

The Pension Plan’s funded status at December 31 is as follows:

(In thousands)	2022		2021
Reconciliation of Projected Benefit Obligation:
Projected obligation at January 1	$	48,079	$	52,426
Interest cost	1,301		1,269
Actuarial (gain)/ loss	376		(22)
Benefit payments	(2,106)		(1,115)
Increase/ (decrease) related to change in assumptions	(12,111)		(2,040)
Settlement - lump sum payments	—		(2,439)
Projected obligation at December 31	35,539		48,079
Reconciliation of Fair Value of Plan Assets:
Fair value of plan assets at January 1	45,207		48,357
Actual return on plan assets	(10,814)		(596)
Employer contributions	—		1,000
Benefit payments	(2,106)		(1,115)
Settlement - lump sum payments	—		(2,439)
Fair value of plan assets at December 31	$	32,287	$	45,207
Funded status at December 31	$	(3,252)	$	(2,872)
Accumulated benefit obligation at December 31	$	35,539	$	48,079
Unrecognized net actuarial loss	$	10,736	$	11,030
Net periodic pension cost not yet recognized	$	10,736	$	11,030

Weighted average assumptions used to determine benefit obligations at December 31 are presented in the following table:

	2022	2021	2020
Discount rate	5.10%	2.80%	2.50%
Rate of compensation increase	N/A	N/A	N/A

The components of net periodic benefit cost for the years ended December 31 are presented in the following table:

(In thousands)	2022		2021		2020
Interest cost on projected benefit obligation	$	1,301	$	1,269	$	1,437
Expected return on plan assets	(1,410)		(1,247)		(1,821)
Recognized net actuarial loss	783		909		874
Settlement charge	—		560		—
Net periodic benefit cost	$	674	$	1,491	$	490

Components of the net periodic benefit cost are recorded in salaries and employee benefits expense in the Consolidated Statement of Income.

Weighted average assumptions used to determine net periodic benefit cost for years ended December 31 are presented in the following table:

	2022	2021	2020
Discount rate	2.80%	2.50%	3.25%
Expected return on plan assets	3.75%	3.25%	4.75%
Rate of compensation increase	N/A	N/A	N/A

The expected rate of return on assets of 3.75% reflects the Pension Plan’s predominant investment of assets in fixed income mutual funds and was developed as a weighted average rate based on the target asset allocation of the Pension Plan. Key economic inputs used included future inflation, economic growth, and interest rate environment.

The following table reflects the components of the net unrecognized benefits costs that is reflected in accumulated other comprehensive income/ (loss) for the periods indicated. Additions/ reductions represent the change in the unrecognized actuarial gain/ loss during the period. Reclassifications represent the portion of the unrecognized benefits that are recognized each period as a component of the net periodic benefit cost.

(In thousands)	Unrecognized Net Loss
Included in accumulated other comprehensive loss at January 1, 2020	$	11,177
Reductions during the year	(4,256)
Reclassifications due to recognition as net periodic pension cost	(874)
Increase related to change in assumptions	6,672
Included in accumulated other comprehensive loss as of December 31, 2020	12,719
Reductions during the year	1,842
Reclassifications due to recognition as net periodic pension cost	(909)
Settlement charge	(560)
Increase related to change in assumptions	(2,062)
Included in accumulated other comprehensive loss as of December 31, 2021	11,030
Additions during the year	12,224
Reclassifications due to recognition as net periodic pension cost	(783)
Settlement charge	—
Decrease related to change in assumptions	(11,735)
Included in accumulated other comprehensive loss as of December 31, 2022	10,736
Applicable tax effect	(2,734)
Included in accumulated other comprehensive loss net of tax effect at December 31, 2022	$	8,002
Amount expected to be recognized as part of net periodic pension cost in the next fiscal year	$	1,160

There are no plan assets expected to be returned to the employer in the next twelve months.

The following items have not yet been recognized as a component of net periodic benefit cost at December 31:

(In thousands)	2022		2021		2020
Net actuarial loss	$	10,736	$	11,030	$	12,719
Net periodic benefit cost not yet recognized	$	10,736	$	11,030	$	12,719

Pension Plan Assets

The Company’s Pension Plan weighted average allocations at December 31 are presented in the following table:

	2022		2021
Asset Category:
Equity Securities Mutual Funds	—	%	11.5	%
Fixed Income Mutual Funds	100.0	%	88.5	%
Total pension plan assets	100.0	%	100.0	%

The Company has a written investment policy approved by the board of directors that governs the investment of the defined benefit pension fund trust portfolio. The investment policy is designed to provide limits on risk that is undertaken by the investment managers both in terms of market volatility of the portfolio and the quality of the individual assets that are held in the portfolio. The investment

policy statement focuses on the following areas of concern: preservation of capital, diversification, risk tolerance, investment duration, rate of return, liquidity, and investment management costs.

The Company has constituted the Retirement Plans Investment Committee (“RPIC”) in part to monitor the investments of the Pension Plan as well as to recommend to executive management changes in the Investment Policy Statement which governs the Pension Plan’s investment operations. These recommendations include asset allocation changes based on a number of factors including the investment horizon for the Pension Plan. The Company uses outside third parties to advise RPIC on the Pension Plan’s investment matters.

Investment strategies and asset allocations are based on careful consideration of Pension Plan liabilities, the Pension Plan’s funded status and the Company’s financial condition. Investment performance and asset allocation are measured and monitored on an ongoing basis. Management allocates plan assets towards fixed income securities in order to align expected cash outflows with its funding source. This asset allocation has been set after taking into consideration the Pension Plan’s current frozen status and the current ongoing plan terminations.

Market volatility risk is controlled by limiting the asset allocation of the most volatile asset class, equities, to no more than 70% of the portfolio and by ensuring that there is sufficient liquidity to meet distribution requirements from the portfolio without disrupting long-term assets. Diversification of the equity portion of the portfolio is controlled by limiting the value of any initial acquisition so that it does not exceed 5% of the market value of the portfolio when purchased. The policy requires the sale of any portion of an equity position when its value exceeds 10% of the portfolio. Fixed income market volatility risk is managed by limiting the term of fixed income investments to five years. Fixed income investments must carry an “A” or better rating by a recognized credit rating agency. Corporate debt of a single issuer may not exceed 10% of the market value of the portfolio. The investment in derivative instruments such as “naked” call options, futures, commodities, and short selling is prohibited. Investment in equity index funds and the writing of “covered” call options (a conservative strategy to increase portfolio income) are permitted. Foreign currency-denominated debt instruments are not permitted. At December 31, 2022, management is of the opinion that there are no significant concentrations of risk in the assets of the Pension Plan with respect to any single entity, industry, country, commodity or investment fund that are not otherwise mitigated by the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation ("FDIC") insurance available to the participants of the Pension Plan and collateral pledged for any such amount that may not be covered by FDIC insurance. Investment performance is measured against industry accepted benchmarks. The risk tolerance and asset allocation limitations imposed by the policy are consistent with attaining the rate of return assumptions used in the actuarial funding calculations. The RPIC committee meets quarterly to review the activities of the investment managers to ensure adherence with the Investment Policy Statement.

Fair Values

The fair values of the Company’s Pension Plan assets by asset category at December 31 are presented in the following tables:

	2022
(In thousands)	Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets (Level 1)		Significant Other Observable Inputs (Level 2)		Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3)		Total
Asset Category:
Mutual funds:
Large cap U.S. equity funds	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—
Small/Mid cap U.S. equity funds	—		—		—		—
International equity funds	—		—		—		—
Short-term fixed income funds	9,517		22,770		—		32,287
Total mutual funds	9,517		22,770		—		32,287
Total pension plan assets	$	9,517	$	22,770	$	—	$	32,287

	2021
(In thousands)	Quoted Prices In Active Markets for  Identical Assets  (Level 1)		Significant Other  Observable  Inputs  (Level 2)		Significant Unobservable  Inputs  (Level 3)		Total
Asset Category:
Mutual funds:
Large cap U.S. equity funds	$	2,231	$	575	$	—	$	2,806
Small/Mid cap U.S. equity funds	—		1,536		—		1,536
International equity funds	875		—		—		875
Short-term fixed income funds	9,558		30,432		—		39,990
Total mutual funds	12,664		32,543		—		45,207
Total pension plan assets	$	12,664	$	32,543	$	—	$	45,207

Contributions

The decision as to whether or not to make a plan contribution and the amount of any such contribution is dependent on a number of factors. Such factors include the investment performance of the plan assets in the current economy and, since the Pension Plan is currently frozen, the remaining investment horizon of the Pension Plan. After consideration of these factors, the Company made no contribution during 2022. Management continues to monitor the funding level of the Pension Plan and may make contributions as necessary during 2023.

Estimated Future Benefit Payments

Benefit payments, which reflect expected future service, as appropriate, that are expected to be paid for the years ending December 31 are presented in the following table:

(In thousands)	Pension Benefits
2023	$	2,430
2024	2,900
2025	2,280
2026	2,880
2027	2,950
Thereafter	13,590

Sandy Spring Bank 401(k) Plan

The Sandy Spring Bank 401(k) Plan (“the 401(k)”) is voluntary and covers all eligible employees after 90 days of service. The 401(k) provides that employees contributing to the 401(k) receive a matching contribution of 100% of the first 4% of compensation and 50% of the next 2% of compensation subject to employee contribution limitations. The Company matching contribution vests immediately. The 401(k) permits employees to purchase shares of the Company’s common stock with their 401(k) contributions, Company match, and other contributions under the 401(k). The Company’s matching contribution to the 401(k), which is included in salaries and employee benefits in non-interest expenses in the Consolidated Statements of Income, totaled $5.9 million, $6.0 million, and $5.3 million in 2022, 2021 and 2020, respectively.

Deferred Compensation Plans

The Executive Incentive Retirement Plan ("Executive Plan") is a non-qualified deferred compensation plan that provides for contributions to be made to the participants’ plan accounts based on the attainment of a level of financial performance determined annually by the board of directors. The Company ceased making contributions to the Executive Plan after adoption of the Non-Qualified Deferred Compensation Plan (“NQDC Plan”) in late 2021. The NQDC Plan provides participants with the option to defer receipt of a portion of their base salary and annual cash incentives. Participant contributions are fully vested at all times. At its sole discretion, the Company may credit participant accounts with company contributions. In 2022, executive officers were selected by the

board of directors for contributions to be made to their plan accounts based on the attainment of a level of financial performance compared to a selected group of peer banks. Benefit costs related to the Executive Plan and NQDC Plan included in salaries and employee benefits in non-interest expenses in the Consolidated Statements of Income for 2022, 2021 and 2020 were $0.7 million, $0.7 million, and $0.6 million, respectively.

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OTHER NON-INTEREST INCOME AND OTHER NON-INTEREST EXPENSE

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2022

Other Income and Expenses [Abstract]

OTHER NON-INTEREST INCOME AND OTHER NON-INTEREST EXPENSE

OTHER NON-INTEREST INCOME AND OTHER NON-INTEREST EXPENSE

Selected components of other non-interest income and other non-interest expense for the years ended December 31 are presented in the following table:

(In thousands)	2022		2021		2020
Letter of credit fees	$	721	$	910	$	710
Extension fees	955		811		1,967
Swap fee income	524		511		1,607
Prepayment penalty fees	1,807		3,216		961
Other income	4,687		9,869		3,976
Total other non-interest income	$	8,694	$	15,317	$	9,221

(In thousands)	2022		2021		2020
Postage and delivery	$	2,040	$	1,906	$	1,624
Communications	2,332		2,508		2,729
Loss on FHLB redemption	—		9,117		5,928
Mortgage processing expense, net	1,048		1,504		1,381
Online services	2,763		2,209		1,591
Franchise taxes	1,974		1,644		1,574
Insurance	1,921		1,586		1,311
Card transaction expense	1,196		1,183		1,083
Office supplies	1,013		742		912
Contingent payment expense	1,247		—		—
Other expenses	12,982		11,993		12,470
Total other non-interest expense	$	28,516	$	34,392	$	30,603

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INCOME TAXES

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2022

Income Tax Disclosure [Abstract]

INCOME TAXES

INCOME TAXES

The following table provides the components of income tax expense for the years ended December 31:

(In thousands)	2022		2021		2020
Current income taxes:
Federal	$	48,920	$	48,445	$	43,115
State	16,630		15,850		13,785
Total current	65,550		64,295		56,900
Deferred income taxes:
Federal	(7,214)		9,634		(22,793)
State	(2,277)		2,623		(6,636)
Total deferred	(9,491)		12,257		(29,429)
Total income tax expense	$	56,059	$	76,552	$	27,471

The Company does not have uncertain tax positions that are deemed material, and did not recognize any adjustments for unrecognized tax benefits.

The Company is subject to U.S. federal income tax and income tax in various state jurisdictions. All tax years ending after December 31, 2018     are open to examination. The examination by the District of Columbia for the tax years 2017-2019 was finalized in 2021 with no adjustments.

Temporary differences between the amounts reported in the financial statements and the tax bases of assets and liabilities result in deferred taxes. Deferred tax assets and liabilities, shown as the sum of the appropriate tax effect for each significant type of temporary difference, are presented in the following table at December 31 for the years indicated:

(In thousands)	2022		2021
Deferred tax assets:
Allowance for credit losses	$	34,703	$	27,980
Lease liability	14,692		17,280
Employee benefits	8,247		7,740
Unrealized losses on pension plan	2,735		2,827
Deferred loan fees and costs	3,003		3,879
Equity based compensation	2,327		1,636
Unrealized losses on investments available-for-sale	42,362		121
Losses on other real estate owned	27		21
Other than temporary impairment	—		76
Loan and deposit premium/discount	205		553
Reserve for recourse loans and unfunded commitments	2,169		223
Net operating loss carryforward	2,985		2,023
Other	240		207
Gross deferred tax assets	113,695		64,566
Valuation allowance	(3,124)		(2,137)
Net deferred tax asset	110,571		62,429
Deferred tax liabilities:
Right of use asset	(12,511)		(14,888)
Pension plan costs	(1,906)		(2,092)
Depreciation	(4,203)		(2,552)
Intangible assets	(2,709)		(5,653)
Bond accretion	(289)		(78)
Fair value acquisition adjustments	(660)		(624)
Other	(738)		(626)
Gross deferred tax liabilities	(23,016)		(26,513)
Net deferred tax asset	$	87,555	$	35,916

The Company has approximately $45.8 million of state net operating loss carryover which begins to expire in 2032. The Company believes that it is more likely than not that the future benefit from the state net operating loss carryover will not be realized. As such, there is a valuation allowance on the deferred tax assets of the jurisdictions in which those net operating losses relate.

The reconcilements between the statutory federal income tax rate and the effective rate for the years ended December 31 are presented in the following table:

(Dollars in thousands)	2022				2021				2020
	Amount		Percentage of Pre-Tax Income		Amount		Percentage of Pre-Tax Income		Amount		Percentage of Pre-Tax Income
Income tax expense at federal statutory rate	$	46,696	21.0	%	$	65,448	21.0	%	$	26,130	21.0	%
Increase/ (decrease) resulting from:
Tax exempt income, net	(1,909)		(0.9)		(2,271)		(0.7)		(2,472)		(2.0)
Bank-owned life insurance	(662)		(0.3)		(602)		(0.2)		(567)		(0.5)
State income taxes, net of federal income tax benefits	11,339		5.1		14,593		4.7		5,648		4.5
Federal tax law change	—		—		—		—		(1,764)		(1.4)
Other, net	595		0.3		(616)		(0.2)		496		0.5
Total income tax expense and rate	$	56,059	25.2	%	$	76,552	24.6	%	$	27,471	22.1	%

Under the CARES Act, which was enacted on March 27, 2020, net operating losses arising in tax years beginning after December 31, 2017, and before January 1, 2021 can be carried back five tax years preceding the tax year in which the loss originated. During 2020, the Company utilized net operating losses acquired as a part of the 2018 WashingtonFirst acquisition. Following the passage of the CARES Act, the Company carried back WashingtonFirst's 2018 net operating loss to tax years 2013 through 2015. As a result, the Company recorded a tax benefit of $1.8 million for 2020 due to the federal statutory rates for the 2013, 2014 and 2015 tax years being higher than the 2018 tax year.

On August 16, 2022, the Inflation Reduction Act ("the IRA") was signed into law. The IRA includes climate and energy provisions, introduces a 15% corporate alternative minimum tax ("CAMT") on corporations whose average annual adjusted financial statement income exceeds $1 billion, and a 1% excise tax on stock repurchases made by publicly traded US corporations. The provisions above generally are effective for tax years beginning after December 31, 2022. These provisions did not have a material impact on the Company's income taxes for 2022.

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NET INCOME PER COMMON SHARE

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2022

Earnings Per Share [Abstract]

NET INCOME PER COMMON SHARE

NET INCOME PER COMMON SHARE

The calculation of net income per common share for the years ended December 31 is presented in the following table:

(Dollars and amounts in thousands, except per share data)	2022		2021		2020
Net income	$	166,299	$	235,107	$	96,953
Less: Distributed and undistributed earnings allocated to participating securities	(681)		(1,508)		(783)
Net income attributable to common shareholders	$	165,618	$	233,599	$	96,170
Total weighted average outstanding shares	45,049		46,995		44,312
Less: Weighted average participating securities	(186)		(304)		(365)
Basic weighted average common shares	44,863		46,691		43,947
Dilutive weighted average common stock equivalents	176		208		185
Diluted weighted average common shares	45,039		46,899		44,132
Basic net income per common share	$	3.69	$	5.00	$	2.19
Diluted net income per common share	$	3.68	$	4.98	$	2.18
Anti-dilutive shares	9		—		17

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ACCUMULATED OTHER COMPREHENSIVE INCOME/ (LOSS)

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2022

Equity [Abstract]

ACCUMULATED OTHER COMPREHENSIVE INCOME/ (LOSS)

ACCUMULATED OTHER COMPREHENSIVE INCOME/ (LOSS)

Comprehensive income/ (loss) is defined as net income plus transactions and other occurrences that are the result of non-owner changes in equity. For financial statements presented for the Company, non-owner changes in equity are comprised of unrealized gains or losses on investments available-for-sale and held-to-maturity, and any pension liability adjustments. These adjustments do not have an impact on the Company’s net income. Realized gains and losses on available-for-sale debt securities, and the amortization of unrealized losses on held-to-maturity debt securities and net periodic benefit cost impact the Company's net income as discussed in the following tables.

During the quarter ended March 31, 2022, the Company transferred certain debt securities from available-for-sale to held-to-maturity. The total amortized cost of debt securities transferred was $305.6 million with the associated after tax unrealized loss $12.1 million at the date of transfer. This after tax unrealized loss continues to be reported in accumulated other comprehensive income/ (loss) and is amortized over the remaining lives of debt securities.

The following table presents the activity in net accumulated other comprehensive income/ (loss) for the periods indicated:

(In thousands)	Unrealized Gains/ (Losses) on Investments Available-for-Sale		Defined Benefit Pension Plan		Unrealized Losses on Debt Securities Transferred from Available-for-Sale to Held-to-Maturity		Total
Balance at January 1, 2020	$	4,000	$	(8,332)	$	—	$	(4,332)
Period change, net of tax	24,175		(1,138)		—		23,037
Balance at December 31, 2020	28,175		(9,470)		—		18,705
Period change, net of tax	(28,511)		1,267		—		(27,244)
Balance at December 31, 2021	(336)		(8,203)		—		(8,539)
Period change, net of tax	(113,177)		201		(10,436)		(123,412)
Balance at December 31, 2022	$	(113,513)	$	(8,002)	$	(10,436)	$	(131,951)

The following table provides the information on the reclassification adjustments out of accumulated other comprehensive income/ (loss) for the periods indicated:

	Year Ended December 31,
(In thousands)	2022		2021		2020
Unrealized gains/ (losses) on investments available-for-sale:
Affected line item in the Consolidated Statements of Income:
Investment securities gains/ (losses)	$	(345)	$	212	$	467
Income before taxes	(345)		212		467
Tax (expense)/ benefit	88		(54)		(120)
Net income/ (loss)	$	(257)	$	158	$	347
Amortization of unrealized losses on debt securities transferred from available-for-sale to held-to-maturity:
Affected line item in the Consolidated Statements of Income:
Interest and dividends on investment securities (1)	$	(2,245)	$	—	$	—
Income before taxes	(2,245)		—		—
Tax benefit	598		—		—
Net loss	$	(1,647)	$	—	$	—
Amortization of defined benefit pension plan items:
Affected line item in the Consolidated Statements of Income:
Recognized actuarial loss (2)	$	(783)	$	(909)	$	(874)
Settlement charge (2)	—		(560)		—
Income before taxes	(783)		(1,469)		(874)
Tax benefit	199		376		223
Net loss	$	(584)	$	(1,093)	$	(651)

(1)Amortization of unrealized losses on held-to-maturity debt securities is fully offset by accretion of a discount on held-to-maturity debt securities with no overall impact on net income and yield.

(2)This amount is included in the computation of net periodic benefit cost, see Note 13.

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DERIVATIVES

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2022

Derivative Instruments and Hedging Activities Disclosure [Abstract]

DERIVATIVES

DERIVATIVESThe Company enters into interest rate swaps to facilitate customer transactions and meet their financing needs. These swaps qualify as derivatives, but are not designated as hedging instruments. Interest rate swap contracts involve the risk of dealing with counterparties and their ability to meet contractual terms. When the fair value of a derivative instrument contract is positive, this generally indicates that the counterparty or customer owes the Company, and results in credit risk to the Company. When the fair value of a derivative instrument contract is negative, the Company owes the customer or counterparty and therefore, has no credit risk. The swap positions are offset to minimize the potential impact on the Company’s financial statements. Credit risk exists if the borrower’s collateral or financial condition indicates that the underlying collateral or financial condition of the borrower makes it probable that amounts due will be uncollectible. Any amounts due to the Company will be expected to be collected from the borrower. Management reviews this credit exposure on a quarterly basis. At December 31, 2022 and 2021, all loans associated with the swap agreements were determined to be “pass” rated credits as provided by regulatory guidance and therefore no component of credit loss was factored into the valuation of the swaps.

A summary of the Company’s interest rate swaps at December 31 for the years indicated is included in the following table:

	2022
(Dollars in thousands)	Notional Amount		Estimated Fair Value		Years to Maturity	Receive Rate		Pay Rate
Interest rate swap agreements:
Pay fixed/receive variable swaps	$	169,544	$	(18,596)	6.8 years	6.00	%	3.83	%
Pay variable/receive fixed swaps	169,544		18,596		6.8 years	3.83	%	6.00	%
Total swaps	$	339,088	$	—	6.8 years	4.92	%	4.92	%

	2021
(Dollars in thousands)	Notional Amount		Estimated Fair Value		Years to Maturity	Receive Rate		Pay Rate
Interest rate swap agreements:
Pay fixed/receive variable swaps	$	198,126	$	(5,880)	8.7 years	2.21	%	3.73	%
Pay variable/receive fixed swaps	198,126		5,880		8.7 years	3.73	%	2.21	%
Total swaps	$	396,252	$	—	8.7 years	2.97	%	2.97	%

The estimated fair value of the swaps at December 31 for the periods indicated in the table above were recorded in other assets and other liabilities in the Consolidated Statements of Financial Condition. The associated net gains and losses on the swaps are recorded in other non-interest income in the Consolidated Statement of Income.

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FINANCIAL INSTRUMENTS WITH OFF-BALANCE SHEET RISK

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2022

Condensed Financial Information Disclosure [Abstract]

FINANCIAL INSTRUMENTS WITH OFF-BALANCE SHEET RISK

FINANCIAL INSTRUMENTS WITH OFF-BALANCE SHEET RISK

In the normal course of business, the Company has various outstanding credit commitments that are not reflected in the financial statements. These commitments are made to satisfy the financing needs of the Company's clients. The associated credit risk is controlled by subjecting such activity to the same credit and quality controls as exist for the Company's lending and investing activities. The commitments involve diverse business and consumer customers and are generally well collateralized. Collateral held varies, but may include residential real estate, commercial real estate, property and equipment, inventory and accounts receivable. Commitments do not necessarily represent future cash requirements as a portion of the commitments have some reduced likelihood of being exercised. Additionally, many of the commitments are subject to annual reviews, material change clauses or requirements for inspections prior to draw funding that could result in a curtailment of the funding commitments.

A summary of the financial instruments with off-balance sheet credit risk is as follows at December 31 for the years indicated:

(In thousands)	2022		2021
Commercial real estate development and construction	$	887,154	$	621,725
Residential real estate-development and construction	798,607		885,806
Real estate-residential mortgage	21,118		54,072
Lines of credit, principally home equity and business lines	2,397,533		2,096,874
Standby letters of credit	77,424		70,642
Total commitments to extend credit and available credit lines	$	4,181,836	$	3,729,119

As of December 31, 2022, the total reserve for unfunded commitments was $8.0 million as compared to $0.3 million at December 31, 2021, and is accounted for in other liabilities in the Consolidated Statements of Financial Condition. See Note 1 for more information on the accounting policy for the allowance for unfunded commitments.

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LITIGATION	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2022
Commitments and Contingencies Disclosure [Abstract]
LITIGATION	LITIGATIONThe Company and its subsidiaries are subject in the ordinary course of business to various pending or threatened legal proceedings in which claims for monetary damages are asserted. After consultation with legal counsel, management does not anticipate that the ultimate liability, if any, arising out of currently pending legal proceedings will have a material adverse effect on the Company’s financial condition, operating results or liquidity.

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FAIR VALUE

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2022

Fair Value Disclosures [Abstract]

FAIR VALUE

FAIR VALUE

GAAP provides entities the option to measure eligible financial assets, financial liabilities and commitments at fair value (i.e. the fair value option), on an instrument-by-instrument basis, that are otherwise not permitted to be accounted for at fair value under other accounting standards. The election to use the fair value option is available when an entity first recognizes a financial asset or financial liability or upon entering into a commitment. Subsequent changes in fair value must be recorded in earnings. The Company applies the fair value option on residential mortgage loans held for sale. The fair value option on residential mortgage loans allows the recognition of gains on sale of mortgage loans to more accurately reflect the timing and economics of the transaction.

The standard for fair value measurement establishes a fair value hierarchy that prioritizes the inputs to valuation techniques used to measure fair value. The hierarchy gives the highest priority to unadjusted quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities (Level 1 measurements) and the lowest priority to unobservable inputs (Level 3 measurements). The three levels of the fair value hierarchy are described below.

Basis of Fair Value Measurement:

Level 1 - Unadjusted quoted prices in active markets that are accessible at the measurement date for identical, unrestricted assets or liabilities.

Level 2 - Quoted prices in markets that are not active, or inputs that are observable, either directly or indirectly, for substantially the full term of the asset or liability.

Level 3 - Prices or valuation techniques that require inputs that are both significant to the fair value measurement and unobservable (i.e. supported by little or no market activity).

A financial instrument’s level within the fair value hierarchy is based on the lowest level of input that is significant to the fair value measurement.

Changes to interest rates may result in changes in the cash flows due to prepayments or extinguishments. Accordingly, this could result in higher or lower measurements of the fair values.

Assets and Liabilities

Residential mortgage loans held for sale

Residential mortgage loans held for sale are valued based on quotations from the secondary market for similar instruments and are classified as Level 2 in the fair value hierarchy.

Investments available-for-sale

U.S. treasuries and government agencies securities and mortgage-backed and asset-backed securities

Valuations are based on active market data and use of evaluated broker pricing models that vary based by asset class and includes available trade, bid, and other market information. Generally, the methodology includes broker quotes, proprietary models, descriptive terms, and databases coupled with extensive quality control programs. Quality control evaluation processes use available market, credit and deal level information to support the evaluation of the security. Additionally, proprietary models and pricing systems, mathematical tools, actual transacted prices, integration of market developments and experienced evaluators are used to determine the value of a security based on a hierarchy of market information regarding a security or securities with similar characteristics. The Company does not adjust the quoted price for such securities. Such instruments are classified within Level 2 in the fair value hierarchy.

State and municipal securities

The Company primarily uses prices obtained from third-party pricing services to determine the fair value of state and municipal securities. The Company independently evaluates and corroborates the fair value received from pricing services through various methods and techniques, including references to dealer or other market quotes, by reviewing valuations of comparable instruments, and by comparing the prices realized on the sale of similar securities. Such securities are classified within Level 2 in the fair value hierarchy.

Interest rate swap agreements

Interest rate swap agreements are measured by alternative pricing sources using a discounted cash flow method that incorporates current market interest rates. Based on the complex nature of interest rate swap agreements, the markets these instruments trade in are not as efficient and are less liquid than that of the more mature Level 1 markets. These characteristics classify interest rate swap agreements as Level 2 in the fair value hierarchy.

Assets and Liabilities Measured at Fair Value on a Recurring Basis

The following tables set forth the Company’s financial assets and liabilities at the December 31 for the years indicated that were accounted for or disclosed at fair value. Assets and liabilities are classified in their entirety based on the lowest level of input that is significant to the fair value measurement:

	2022
(In thousands)	Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets (Level 1)		Significant Other Observable Inputs (Level 2)		Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3)		Total
Assets
Residential mortgage loans held for sale (1)	$	—	$	11,706	$	—	$	11,706
Available-for-sale debt securities:
U.S. government agencies	—		93,622		—		93,622
State and municipal	—		265,997		—		265,997
Mortgage-backed and asset-backed	—		854,919		—		854,919
Total available-for-sale debt securities	—		1,214,538		—		1,214,538
Interest rate swap agreements	—		18,596		—		18,596
Total assets	$	—	$	1,244,840	$	—	$	1,244,840
Liabilities
Interest rate swap agreements	$	—	$	(18,596)	$	—	$	(18,596)
Total liabilities	$	—	$	(18,596)	$	—	$	(18,596)

(1)The outstanding principal balance for residential loans held for sale as of December 31, 2022 was $11.3 million.

	2021
(In thousands)	Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets (Level 1)		Significant Other Observable Inputs (Level 2)		Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3)		Total
Assets
Residential mortgage loans held for sale (1)	$	—	$	39,409	$	—	$	39,409
Investments available-for-sale:
U.S. government agencies	—		68,539		—		68,539
State and municipal	—		326,402		—		326,402
Mortgage-backed and asset-backed	—		1,070,955		—		1,070,955
Total available-for-sale securities	—		1,465,896		—		1,465,896
Interest rate swap agreements	—		5,880		—		5,880
Total assets	$	—	$	1,511,185	$	—	$	1,511,185
Liabilities
Interest rate swap agreements	$	—	$	(5,880)	$	—	$	(5,880)
Total liabilities	$	—	$	(5,880)	$	—	$	(5,880)

(1)The outstanding principal balance for residential loans held for sale as of December 31, 2021 was $38.2 million.

Assets Measured at Fair Value on a Non-recurring Basis

The following tables set forth the Company’s financial assets subject to fair value adjustments on a non-recurring basis at December 31 for the year indicated that are valued at the lower of cost or market. Assets are classified in their entirety based on the lowest level of input that is significant to the fair value measurement:

	2022
(In thousands)	Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets (Level 1)		Significant Other Observable Inputs (Level 2)		Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3)		Total		Total Losses
Loans (1)	$	—	$	—	$	190	$	190	$	(384)
Other real estate owned	—		—		645		645		(105)
Total	$	—	$	—	$	835	$	835	$	(489)

(1)Amounts represent the fair value of collateral for collateral dependent non-accrual loans allocated to the allowance for credit losses. Fair values are determined using actual market prices (Level 2), independent third party valuations and borrower records, discounted as appropriate (Level 3).

	2021
(In thousands)	Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets (Level 1)		Significant Other Observable Inputs (Level 2)		Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3)		Total		Total Losses
Loans (1)	$	—	$	—	$	404	$	404	$	(1,353)
Other real estate owned	—		—		1,034		1,034		(81)
Total	$	—	$	—	$	1,438	$	1,438	$	(1,434)

(1)Amounts represent the fair value of collateral for collateral dependent non-accrual loans allocated to the allowance for credit losses. Fair values are determined using actual market prices (Level 2), independent third party valuations and borrower records, discounted as appropriate (Level 3).

At December 31, 2022, loans totaling $26.2 million were written down to fair value of $19.3 million as a result of individual credit loss allowances of $6.9 million associated with the collateral dependent non-accrual loans which was included in the allowance for credit losses. Loans totaling $33.5 million were written down to fair value of $26.9 million at December 31, 2021 as a result of individual credit loss allowances of $6.6 million associated with the collateral dependent non-accrual loans.

Fair value of the collateral dependent loans is measured based on the loan’s observable market price or the fair value of the collateral (less estimated selling costs). Collateral may be real estate and/or business assets such as equipment, inventory and/or accounts receivable. The value of business equipment, inventory and accounts receivable collateral is based on net book value on the business’ financial statements and, if necessary, discounted based on management’s review and analysis. Appraised and reported values may be discounted based on management’s historical experience, changes in market conditions from the time of valuation, and/or management’s expertise and knowledge of the client and client’s business. Collateral dependent loans are reviewed and evaluated on at least a quarterly basis for additional individual reserve and adjusted accordingly, based on the factors identified above.

OREO is adjusted to fair value upon transfer of the loans to OREO. Subsequently, OREO is carried at the lower of carrying value or fair value, less cost of disposal. The estimated fair value for OREO included in Level 3 is determined by independent market based appraisals and other available market information, less cost of disposal, that may be reduced further based on market expectations or an executed sales agreement. If the fair value of the collateral deteriorates subsequent to initial recognition, the Company records the OREO as a non-recurring Level 3 adjustment. Valuation techniques are consistent with those techniques applied in prior periods.

Fair Value of Financial Instruments

The Company discloses fair value information, based on the exit price notion, of financial instruments that are not measured at fair value in the financial statements. Fair value is the amount at which a financial instrument could be exchanged in a current transaction between willing parties, other than in a forced sale or liquidation, and is best evidenced by a quoted market price, if one exists.

Quoted market prices, where available, are shown as estimates of fair market values. Because no quoted market prices are available for a significant portion of the Company's financial instruments, the fair value of such instruments has been derived based on the amount and timing of future cash flows and estimated discount rates based on observable inputs (“Level 2”) or unobservable inputs (“Level 3”).

Present value techniques used in estimating the fair value of many of the Company's financial instruments are significantly affected by the assumptions used. In that regard, the derived fair value estimates cannot be substantiated by comparison to independent markets and, in many cases, could not be realized in immediate cash settlement of the instrument. Additionally, the accompanying estimates of fair values are only representative of the fair values of the individual financial assets and liabilities, and should not be considered an indication of the fair value of the Company. Management utilizes internal models used in asset liability management to determine the fair values disclosed below. Other investments include FRB and FHLB stock, whose carrying amounts approximate fair values based on the redemption provisions of each entity.

The carrying amounts and fair values of the Company’s financial instruments at December 31 for the year indicated are presented in the following table:

					Fair Value Measurements
	2022				Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets (Level 1)		Significant Other Observable Inputs (Level 2)		Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3)
(In thousands)	Carrying Amount		Estimated Fair Value
Financial assets:
Cash and cash equivalents	$	192,232	$	192,232	$	192,232	$	—	$	—
Residential mortgage loans held for sale	11,706		11,706		—		11,706		—
Available-for-sale debt securities	1,214,538		1,214,538		—		1,214,538		—
Held-to-maturity debt securities	259,452		220,123		—		220,123		—
Other investments	69,218		69,218		—		69,218		—
Loans, net of allowance	11,260,464		11,020,992		—		—		11,020,992
Interest rate swap agreements	18,596		18,596		—		18,596		—
Accrued interest receivable	41,172		41,172		41,172		—		—
Bank owned life insurance	153,016		153,016		—		153,016		—
Financial liabilities:
Time deposits	$	2,118,262	$	2,082,319	$	—	$	2,082,319	$	—
Other deposits	8,835,159		8,835,159		8,835,159		—		—
Securities sold under retail repurchase agreements and
federal funds purchased	321,967		321,967		—		321,967		—
Advances from FHLB	550,000		549,530		—		549,530		—
Subordinated debt	370,205		332,470		—		—		332,470
Interest rate swap agreements	18,596		18,596		—		18,596		—
Accrued interest payable	10,867		10,867		10,867		—		—

					Fair Value Measurements
	2021				Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets (Level 1)		Significant Other Observable Inputs (Level 2)		Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3)
(In thousands)	Carrying Amount		Estimated Fair Value
Financial assets:
Cash and cash equivalents	$	420,020	$	420,020	$	420,020	$	—	$	—
Residential mortgage loans held for sale	39,409		39,409		—		39,409		—
Investments available-for-sale	1,465,896		1,465,896		—		1,465,896		—
Other investments	41,166		41,166		—		41,166		—
Loans, net of allowance	9,857,946		9,964,924		—		—		9,964,924
Interest rate swap agreements	5,880		5,880		—		5,880		—
Accrued interest receivable	34,349		34,349		34,349		—		—
Bank owned life insurance	147,528		147,528		—		147,528		—
Financial liabilities:
Time deposits	$	1,290,862	$	1,292,598	$	—	$	1,292,598	$	—
Other deposits	9,333,869		9,333,869		9,333,869		—		—
Securities sold under retail repurchase agreements and
federal funds purchased	141,086		141,086		—		141,086		—
Advances from FHLB	—		—		—		—		—
Subordinated debt	172,712		175,780		—		—		175,780
Interest rate swap agreements	5,880		5,880		—		5,880		—
Accrued interest payable	1,516		1,516		1,516		—		—

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PARENT COMPANY FINANCIAL INFORMATION

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2022

Condensed Financial Information Disclosure [Abstract]

PARENT COMPANY FINANCIAL INFORMATION

PARENT COMPANY FINANCIAL INFORMATION

Financial statements for Sandy Spring Bancorp, Inc. (Parent Only) for the periods indicated are presented in the following tables:

Statements of Condition

	December 31,
(In thousands)	2022		2021
Assets:
Cash and cash equivalents	$	83,923	$	69,038
Other investments	568		568
Investment in subsidiary	1,767,933		1,620,432
Goodwill	1,292		1,292
Other assets	3,375		2,255
Total assets	$	1,857,091	$	1,693,585
Liabilities:
Subordinated debt	$	370,205	$	172,712
Accrued expenses and other liabilities	3,118		1,194
Total liabilities	373,323		173,906
Stockholders’ Equity:
Common stock	44,657		45,119
Additional paid in capital	734,273		751,072
Retained earnings	836,789		732,027
Accumulated other comprehensive loss	(131,951)		(8,539)
Total stockholders’ equity	1,483,768		1,519,679
Total liabilities and stockholders’ equity	$	1,857,091	$	1,693,585

Statements of Income

	Year Ended December 31,
(In thousands)	2022		2021		2020
Income:
Cash dividends from subsidiary	$	65,410	$	189,172	$	74,410
Other income	494		434		932
Total income	65,904		189,606		75,342
Expenses:
Interest	14,055		6,765		9,028
Other expenses	1,750		1,592		1,505
Total expenses	15,805		8,357		10,533
Income before income taxes and equity in undistributed income of subsidiary	50,099		181,249		64,809
Income tax benefit	(3,175)		(1,563)		(1,988)
Income before equity in undistributed income of subsidiary	53,274		182,812		66,797
Equity in undistributed income of subsidiary	113,025		52,295		30,156
Net income	$	166,299	$	235,107	$	96,953

Statements of Cash Flows

	Year Ended December 31,
(In thousands)	2022		2021		2020
Cash Flows from Operating Activities:
Net income	$	166,299	$	235,107	$	96,953
Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by operating activities:
Equity in undistributed income-subsidiary	(113,025)		(52,295)		(30,156)
Share based compensation expense	7,887		5,299		3,850
Tax benefit from stock options exercised	—		—		5
Other-net	(9,760)		4,133		(9,732)
Net cash provided by operating activities	51,401		192,244		60,920
Cash Flows from Investing Activities:
Proceeds from sales of investment available-for-sale	—		9,099		310
Investment in subsidiary	(150,000)		—		—
Net cash provided by/ (used in) investing activities	(150,000)		9,099		310
Cash Flows from Financing Activities:
Retirement of subordinated debt	—		(32,810)		(10,310)
Proceeds from issuance of subordinated debt	200,000		—		—
Proceeds from issuance of common stock	2,192		5,758		1,997
Stock tendered for payment of withholding taxes	(2,353)		(1,577)		(458)
Repurchase of common stock	(24,987)		(107,268)		(25,702)
Dividends paid	(61,368)		(60,351)		(53,175)
Net cash provided by/ (used in) financing activities	113,484		(196,248)		(87,648)
Net increase/ (decrease) in cash and cash equivalents	14,885		5,095		(26,418)
Cash and cash equivalents at beginning of year	69,038		63,943		90,361
Cash and cash equivalents at end of year	$	83,923	$	69,038	$	63,943

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REGULATORY MATTERS

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2022

Banking and Thrift, Interest [Abstract]

REGULATORY MATTERS

REGULATORY MATTERS

The Company and the Bank are subject to various regulatory capital requirements administered by the federal banking agencies. Failure to meet minimum capital requirements can initiate certain mandatory and possibly additional discretionary actions by regulators that, if undertaken, could have a direct material effect on the Company's and the Bank's financial statements. Under capital adequacy guidelines and the regulatory framework for prompt corrective action, the Bank must meet specific capital guidelines that involve quantitative measures of the Bank's assets, liabilities, and certain off-balance sheet items as calculated under regulatory accounting practices. The Company and the Bank's capital amounts and classifications are also subject to qualitative judgments by the regulators about components, risk weightings, and other factors.

Quantitative measures established and defined by regulation to ensure capital adequacy require the Company and the Bank to maintain minimum amounts and ratios of Total, Tier 1 and Common Equity Tier 1 capital to risk-weighted assets, and of Tier 1 capital to average assets. As of December 31, 2022 and 2021, the capital levels of the Company and the Bank substantially exceeded all applicable capital adequacy requirements.

As of December 31, 2022, the most recent notification from the Bank’s primary regulator categorized the Bank as well capitalized under the regulatory framework for prompt corrective action. To be categorized as well capitalized the Bank must maintain minimum Total risk-based, Tier 1 risk-based, Common Equity Tier 1 risk-based, and Tier 1 leverage ratios as set forth in the following table. There are no conditions or events since that notification that management believes have changed the Bank's category.

The Company's and the Bank's actual capital amounts and ratios at December 31 for the years indicated are presented in the following table:

	Actual				For Capital Adequacy Purposes				To be Well Capitalized Under Prompt Corrective Action Provisions
(Dollars in thousands)	Amount		Ratio		Amount		Ratio		Amount		Ratio
As of December 31, 2022
Tier 1 Leverage:
Company	$	1,250,218	9.33	%	$	536,159	4.00	%	N/A		N/A
Sandy Spring Bank	$	1,535,674	11.46	%	$	536,016	4.00	%	$	670,020	5.00	%
Common Equity Tier 1 Capital to risk-
weighted assets:
Company	$	1,250,218	10.23	%	$	549,992	4.50	%	N/A		N/A
Sandy Spring Bank	$	1,535,674	12.57	%	$	549,681	4.50	%	$	793,984	6.50	%
Tier 1 Capital to risk-weighted assets:
Company	$	1,250,218	10.23	%	$	733,323	6.00	%	N/A		N/A
Sandy Spring Bank	$	1,535,674	12.57	%	$	732,909	6.00	%	$	977,212	8.00	%
Total Capital to risk-weighted assets:
Company	$	1,735,342	14.20	%	$	977,764	8.00	%	N/A		N/A
Sandy Spring Bank	$	1,645,799	13.47	%	$	977,212	8.00	%	$	1,221,514	10.00	%
As of December 31, 2021
Tier 1 Leverage:
Company	$	1,149,694	9.26	%	$	496,520	4.00	%	N/A		N/A
Sandy Spring Bank	$	1,251,739	10.09	%	$	496,171	4.00	%	$	620,214	5.00	%
Common Equity Tier 1 Capital to risk-
weighted assets:
Company	$	1,149,694	11.91	%	$	434,466	4.50	%	N/A		N/A
Sandy Spring Bank	$	1,251,739	12.98	%	$	433,889	4.50	%	$	626,729	6.50	%
Tier 1 Capital to risk-weighted assets:
Company	$	1,149,694	11.91	%	$	579,288	6.00	%	N/A		N/A
Sandy Spring Bank	$	1,251,739	12.98	%	$	578,519	6.00	%	$	771,358	8.00	%
Total Capital to risk-weighted assets:
Company	$	1,408,808	14.59	%	$	772,384	8.00	%	N/A		N/A
Sandy Spring Bank	$	1,335,853	13.85	%	$	771,358	8.00	%	$	964,198	10.00	%

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SEGMENT REPORTING

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2022

Segment Reporting [Abstract]

SEGMENT REPORTING

SEGMENT REPORTING

Currently, the Company conducts business in two operating segments - Community Banking and Investment Management. Each of the operating segments is a strategic business unit that offers different products and services. The Investment Management segment was a business acquired in a separate transaction where management of the acquired business was retained. The accounting policies of the segments are the same as those of the Company. However, the segment data reflects inter-segment transactions and balances.

The Community Banking segment is conducted through Sandy Spring Bank and involves delivering a broad range of financial products and services, including various loan and deposit products, to both individuals and businesses. Parent company income and assets are included in the Community Banking segment, as the majority of parent company functions are related to this segment. Beginning on April 1, 2020, the Community Banking segment includes the impact from the Revere acquisition. Major revenue sources include net interest income, gains on sales of mortgage loans, trust income fees and service charges on deposit accounts. Expenses include personnel, occupancy, marketing, equipment and other expenses. Non-cash charges associated with amortization of intangibles related to the acquired entities in the Community Banking segment totaled $4.1 million, $4.7 million and $4.3 million for the years ended December 31, 2022, December 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020, respectively.

Prior to June 2022, the Company operated the Insurance segment through Sandy Spring Insurance Corporation, a subsidiary of the Bank. Effective June 1, 2022, the Company sold substantially all of the assets of Sandy Spring Insurance Corporation to a leading global insurance brokerage and financial services firm. Results of operations of the Insurance segment are presented in the table below.

The Investment Management segment is conducted through West Financial and RPJ, subsidiaries of the Bank. These asset management and financial planning firms, located in McLean, Virginia and Falls Church, Virginia, respectively, provide comprehensive investment management and financial planning to individuals, families, small businesses and associations, including cash flow analysis, investment review, tax planning, retirement planning, insurance analysis and estate planning. West Financial and RPJ had approximately $3.5 billion in combined assets under management. Major revenue sources include non-interest income earned on the above services. Expenses include personnel, occupancy, support charges and other expenses. Non-cash charges associated with amortization of intangibles related to the acquired entities were $1.7 million, $1.9 million, and $1.9 million for the years ended December 31, 2022, December 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020, respectively.

Information for the operating segments and reconciliation of the information to the consolidated financial statements for the years ended December 31 is presented in the following tables:

	2022
(In thousands)	Community Banking		Insurance		Investment Management		Inter-Segment Elimination		Total
Interest income	$	495,665	$	123	$	11	$	(132)	$	495,667
Interest expense	68,795		—		—		(132)		68,663
Provision for credit losses	34,372		—		—		—		34,372
Non-interest income	62,424		19,449		21,926		(16,780)		87,019
Non-interest expenses	238,953		3,755		15,304		(719)		257,293
Income before income taxes	215,969		15,817		6,633		(16,061)		222,358
Income tax expense	49,670		4,472		1,917		—		56,059
Net income	$	166,299	$	11,345	$	4,716	$	(16,061)	$	166,299
Assets	$	13,853,476	$	17,777	$	54,207	$	(92,341)	$	13,833,119
	2021
(In thousands)	Community Banking		Insurance		Investment Management		Inter-Segment Elimination		Total
Interest income	$	450,284	$	2	$	10	$	(12)	$	450,284
Interest expense	25,778		—		—		(12)		25,766
Provision for credit losses	(45,556)		—		—		—		(45,556)
Non-interest income	80,077		7,011		22,378		(7,411)		102,055
Non-interest expenses	240,996		5,869		14,473		(868)		260,470
Income before income taxes	309,143		1,144		7,915		(6,543)		311,659
Income tax expense	74,036		339		2,177		—		76,552
Net income	$	235,107	$	805	$	5,738	$	(6,543)	$	235,107
Assets	$	12,590,176	$	9,110	$	59,099	$	(67,659)	$	12,590,726
	2020
(In thousands)	Community Banking		Insurance		Investment Management		Inter-Segment Elimination		Total
Interest income	$	423,560	$	6	$	7	$	(13)	$	423,560
Interest expense	60,414		—		—		(13)		60,401
Provision for credit losses	85,669		—		—		—		85,669
Non-interest income	78,940		6,810		17,831		(865)		102,716
Non-interest expenses	237,910		5,686		13,051		(865)		255,782
Income before income taxes	118,507		1,130		4,787		—		124,424
Income tax expense	25,907		313		1,251		—		27,471
Net income	$	92,600	$	817	$	3,536	$	—	$	96,953
Assets	$	12,800,537	$	11,335	$	57,768	$	(71,211)	$	12,798,429

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SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES (Policies)

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2022

Accounting Policies [Abstract]

Nature of Operations

Nature of Operations

Sandy Spring Bancorp, Inc. ("Bancorp" or, together with its subsidiaries, the "Company"), a Maryland corporation, is the bank holding company for Sandy Spring Bank (the “Bank”). Independent and community-oriented, the Bank offers a broad range of commercial banking, retail banking, mortgage services and trust services throughout central Maryland, northern Virginia, and the greater Washington, D.C. market. The Bank also offers a comprehensive menu of wealth management services through its subsidiaries, West Financial Services, Inc. (“West Financial”) and Rembert Pendleton Jackson (“RPJ”).

Basis of Presentation

Basis of Presentation

The accounting and reporting policies of the Company conform to accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (“GAAP”) and prevailing practices within the financial services industry for financial information. The following summary of significant accounting policies of the Company is presented to assist the reader in understanding the financial and other data presented in this report. The Company has evaluated subsequent events through the date of the issuance of its financial statements.

Principles of Consolidation

Principles of Consolidation

The consolidated financial statements include the accounts of the Company and its wholly owned subsidiary, Sandy Spring Bank and its subsidiaries, West Financial, RPJ and Sandy Spring Insurance Corporation. Consolidation has resulted in the elimination of all significant intercompany accounts and transactions. See Note 24 for more information on the Company's segments and consolidation.

Use of Estimates

Use of Estimates

The preparation of financial statements requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities as of the date of the financial statements, in addition to affecting the reported amounts of revenues earned and expenses incurred during the reporting period. Actual results could differ from those estimates. Estimates that could change significantly relate to the provision for credit losses and the related allowance, potential impairment of goodwill or other intangible assets, valuation of investment securities and the determination of whether available-for-sale debt securities with fair values less than amortized costs are impaired and require an allowance for credit losses, valuation of other real estate owned, valuation of share based compensation, the assessment that a liability should be recognized with respect to any matters under litigation, the calculation of current and deferred income taxes, and the actuarial projections related to pension expense and the related liability.

Assets Under Management

Assets Under Management

Assets held for others under fiduciary and agency relationships are not assets of the Company or its subsidiaries and are not included in the accompanying Consolidated Statements of Condition. Trust department income and investment management fees are presented on an accrual basis.

Cash Flows

Cash Flows

For purposes of reporting cash flows, cash and cash equivalents include cash and due from banks, federal funds sold and interest-bearing deposits with banks (items with an original maturity of three months or less).

Revenue from Contract with Customers

Revenue from Contracts with Customers

The Company’s revenue includes net interest income on financial instruments and non-interest income. Specific categories of revenue are presented in the Consolidated Statements of Income. Most of the Company’s revenue is not within the scope of Accounting Standard Codification (“ASC”) 606 – Revenue from Contracts with Customers. For revenue within the scope of ASC 606, the Company provides services to customers and has related performance obligations. The revenue from such services is recognized upon satisfaction of all contractual performance obligations. The following discusses key revenue streams within the scope of revenue recognition guidance.

Wealth Management Income

West Financial and RPJ provide comprehensive investment management and financial planning services. Wealth management income is comprised of income for providing trust, estate and investment management services. Trust services include acting as a trustee for

corporate or personal trusts. Investment management services include investment management, record-keeping and reporting of security portfolios. Fees for these services are recognized based on a contractually-agreed fixed percentage applied to net assets under management at the end of each reporting period. The Company does not charge/recognize any performance-based fees.

Insurance Agency Commissions

Prior to the sale of its assets in June 2022, Sandy Spring Insurance Corporation performed the function of an insurance intermediary by introducing the policyholder and insurer and was compensated by a commission fee for placement of an insurance policy. Sandy Spring Insurance did not provide any captive management services or any claim handling services. Commission fees were set as a percentage of the premium for the insurance policy for which Sandy Spring Insurance was a producer. Sandy Spring Insurance recognized revenue when the insurance policy was contractually agreed to by the insurer and policyholder (at transaction date).

Service Charges on Deposit Accounts

Service charges on deposit accounts are earned on depository accounts for consumer and commercial account holders and include fees for account and overdraft services. Account services include fees for event-driven services and periodic account maintenance activities. An obligation for event-driven services is satisfied at the time of the event when service is delivered and revenue recognized as earned. Obligation for maintenance activities is satisfied over the course of each month and revenue is recognized at month end. The overdraft services obligation is satisfied at the time of the overdraft and revenue is recognized as earned.

Residential Mortgage Loans Held For Sale

Residential Mortgage Loans Held for Sale

The Company engages in sales of residential mortgage loans originated by the Bank. Loans held for sale are carried at fair value. Fair value is derived from secondary market quotations for similar instruments. The Company measures residential mortgage loans at fair value when the Company first recognizes the loan (i.e., the fair value option). Changes in fair value of these loans are recorded in earnings as a component of mortgage banking activities in non-interest income in the Consolidated Statements of Income. The Company's current practice is to sell the majority of such loans on a servicing released basis. Any retained servicing assets are amortized in proportion to their net servicing fee income over the life of the respective loans. Servicing assets are evaluated for impairment on a periodic basis.

Investments Held-to-maturity

Investments Held-to-maturity

Debt securities that are purchased with the positive intent and ability to be held until their maturity are classified as held-to-maturity (“HTM”). HTM debt securities are recorded at cost adjusted for amortization of premiums and accretion of discounts. Transfers of debt securities from available-for-sale ("AFS") category to HTM category are made at fair value as of the transfer date. The unrealized gain or loss at the date of transfer continues to be reported in accumulated other comprehensive income and in the carrying amount of the HTM securities. Both amounts are amortized over the remaining life of the security as a yield adjustment in interest income and effectively offset each other.

Investments Available-for-sale

Investments Available-for-Sale

Debt securities not classified as held-to-maturity or trading are classified as securities available-for-sale. Securities available-for-sale are acquired as part of the Company's asset/liability management strategy and may be sold in response to changes in interest rates, loan demand, changes in prepayment risk or other factors. Securities available-for-sale are carried at fair value, with unrealized gains or losses based on the difference between amortized cost and fair value, reported net of deferred tax, as accumulated other comprehensive income/ (loss), a separate component of stockholders' equity. The amortized cost of securities available-for-sale are adjusted for premium amortization and discount accretion. Premium is amortized to the earliest call date and discount accreted to the maturity date using the effective interest method. Realized gains and losses on security sales or maturities, using the specific identification method, are included as a separate component of non-interest income. Related interest and dividend income are included in interest income. Declines in the fair value of individual available-for-sale securities below their amortized cost due to credit-related factors are recognized as an allowance for credit losses. Credit-related factors affecting the determination of whether impairment has occurred include a downgrading of the security below investment grade by a rating agency or due to potential default, a significant deterioration in the financial condition of the issuer, increase in entity-specific credit spreads. Additionally, on any available-for-sale securities with unrealized losses, the Company evaluates its intent and ability to hold the investment for a period of time sufficient to allow for any anticipated recovery in fair value.

Other Investments

Other Investments

Equity securities include Federal Reserve Bank stock, Federal Home Loan Bank of Atlanta ("FHLB") stock and other equities that are considered restricted as to marketability and recorded at cost. As these securities do not have readily available market values, they are carried at cost and adjusted for any necessary impairments each reporting period.

Loan Financing Receivables

Loan Financing Receivables

The Company’s financing receivables consist primarily of loans that are stated at their principal balance outstanding, net of any unearned income, acquisition fair value marks and deferred loan origination fees and costs. Interest income on loans is accrued at the contractual rate based on the principal balance outstanding. Loan origination fees, net of certain direct origination costs, are deferred and recognized as an adjustment of the related loan yield using the interest method.

Loans are considered past due or delinquent when the principal or interest due in accordance with the contractual terms of the loan agreement or any portion thereof remains unpaid after the due date of the scheduled payment. Immaterial shortfalls in payment amounts do not necessarily result in a loan being considered delinquent or past due. If any payments are past due and subsequent payments are resumed without payment of the delinquent amount, the loan shall continue to be considered past due. Whenever any loan is reported delinquent on a principal or interest payment or portion thereof, the amount reported as delinquent is the outstanding principal balance of the loan.

Loans, except for consumer installment loans, are placed into non-accrual status when any portion of the loan principal or interest becomes 90 days past due. Management may determine that certain circumstances warrant earlier discontinuance of interest accruals on specific loans if an evaluation of other relevant factors (such as bankruptcy, interruption of cash flows, etc.) indicates collection of amounts contractually due is unlikely. These loans are considered, collectively, to be non-performing loans. Consumer installment loans that are not secured by real estate are not placed on non-accrual, but are charged down to their net realizable value when they are four months past due. Loans designated as non-accrual have all previously accrued but unpaid interest reversed. Interest income is not recognized on non-accrual loans. All payments received on non-accrual loans are applied using a cost-recovery method to reduce the outstanding principal balance until the loan returns to accrual status. Loans may be returned to accrual status when all principal and interest amounts contractually due are brought current and future payments are reasonably assured.

Loans considered to be TDRs are loans that have their terms restructured (e.g., interest rates, loan maturity date, payment and amortization period, etc.) in circumstances that provide payment relief to a borrower experiencing financial difficulty. All restructured collateral-dependent loans are individually assessed for allowance for credit losses and may either be in accruing or non-accruing status. Non-accruing restructured loans may return to accruing status provided doubt has been removed concerning the collectability of principal and interest as evidenced by a sufficient period of payment performance in accordance with the restructured terms. Loans may be removed from the restructured category if the borrower is no longer experiencing financial difficulty, a re-underwriting event took place, and the revised loan terms of the subsequent restructuring agreement are considered to be consistent with terms that can be obtained in the market for loans with comparable credit risk.

Allowance for Credit Losses

Allowance for Credit Losses

The allowance for credit losses (“allowance” or “ACL”) represents an amount which, in management's judgment, reflects the lifetime expected losses that may be sustained on outstanding loans at the balance sheet date based on the evaluation of the size and current risk characteristics of the loan portfolio, past events, current conditions, reasonable and supportable forecasts of future economic conditions and prepayment experience. The allowance is measured and recorded upon the initial recognition of a financial asset. The allowance is reduced by charge-offs, net of recoveries of previous losses, and is increased or decreased by a provision or credit for credit losses, which is recorded as a current period expense.

Determination of the appropriateness of the allowance is inherently complex and requires the use of significant and highly subjective estimates. The reasonableness of the allowance is reviewed periodically by the Risk Committee of the Board of Directors and formally approved quarterly by that same committee of the Board.

The Company’s methodology for estimating the allowance includes: (1) a collective quantified reserve that reflects the Company’s historical default and loss experience adjusted for expected economic conditions throughout a reasonable and supportable period and the Company’s prepayment and curtailment rates; (2) collective qualitative factors that consider the expected impact of certain factors not fully captured in the collective quantified reserve, including concentrations of the loan portfolio, expected changes to the economic

forecasts, large relationships, early delinquencies, and factors related to credit administration, including, among others, loan-to-value ratios, borrowers’ risk rating and credit score migrations; and (3) individual allowances on collateral-dependent loans where borrowers are experiencing financial difficulty or when the Company determines that the foreclosure is probable. The Company excludes accrued interest from the measurement of the allowance as the Company has a non-accrual policy to reverse any accrued, uncollected interest income as loans are moved to non-accrual status.

Loans are pooled into segments based on the similar risk characteristics of the underlying borrowers, in addition to consideration of collateral type, industry and business purpose of the loans. Portfolio segments used to estimate the allowance are the same as portfolio segments used for general credit risk management purposes. Refer to Note 5 for more details on the Company’s portfolio segments.

The Company applies two calculation methodologies to estimate the collective quantified component of the allowance: discounted cash flows method and weighted average remaining life method. Allowance estimates on commercial acquisition, development and construction (“AD&C”) and residential construction segments are based on the weighted average remaining life method. Allowance estimates on all other portfolio segments are based on the discounted cash flows method. Segments utilizing the discounted cash flows method are further sub-segmented into risk level pools, determined either by risk rating for commercial loans or Beacon Scores ranges for residential and consumer loans. To better manage risk and reasonably determine the sufficiency of reserves, this segregation allows the Company to monitor the allowance component applicable to higher risk loans separate from the remainder of the portfolio. Collective calculation methodologies utilize the Company’s historical default and loss experience adjusted for future economic forecasts. The reasonable and supportable forecast period represents a two-year economic outlook for the applicable economic variables. Following the end of the reasonable and supportable forecast period expected losses revert back to the historical mean over the next two years on a straight-line basis. Economic variables that have the most significant impact on the allowance include: unemployment rate, house price index and business bankruptcies. Contractual loan level cash flows within the discounted cash flows methodology are adjusted for the Company’s historical prepayment and curtailment rate experience.

The individual reserve assessment is applied to collateral dependent loans where borrowers are experiencing financial difficulty or when the Company determines that a foreclosure is probable. The determination of the fair value of the collateral depends on whether a repayment of the loan is expected to be from the sale or the operation of the collateral. When a repayment is expected from the operation of the collateral, the Company uses the present value of expected cash flows from the operation of the collateral as the fair value. When the repayment of the loan is expected from the sale of the collateral the fair value of the collateral is based on an observable market price or the collateral’s appraised value, less estimated costs to sell. Third-party appraisals used in the individual reserve assessment are conducted at least annually with underlying assumptions that are reviewed by management. Third-party appraisals may be obtained on a more frequent basis if deemed necessary. Internal evaluations of collateral value are conducted quarterly to ensure any further deterioration of the collateral value is recognized on a timely basis. During the individual reserve assessment, management also considers the potential future changes in the value of the collateral over the remainder of the loan’s remaining life. The Company may receive updated appraisals which contradict the preliminary determination of fair value used to establish an individual allowance on a loan. In these instances the individual allowance is adjusted to reflect the Company’s evaluation of the updated appraised fair value. In the event a loss was previously confirmed and the loan was charged down to the estimated fair value based on a previous appraisal, the balance of partially charged-off loans are not subsequently increased, but could be further decreased depending on the direction of the change in fair value. Payments on fully or partially charged-off loans are accounted for under the cost-recovery method. Under this method, all payments received are applied on a cash basis to reduce the entire outstanding principal balance, then to recognize a recovery of all previously charged-off amounts before any interest income may be recognized. Based on the individual reserve assessment, if the Company determines that the fair value of the collateral is less than the amortized cost basis of the loan, an individual allowance will be established measured as the difference between the fair value of the collateral (less costs to sell) and the amortized cost basis of the loan. Once a loss has been confirmed, the loan is charged-down to its estimated fair value.

Large groups of smaller non-accrual homogeneous loans are not individually evaluated for allowance and include residential permanent and construction mortgages and consumer installment loans. These portfolios are reserved for on a collective basis using historical loss rates of similar loans over the weighted average life of each pool.

Unfunded lending commitments are reviewed to determine if they are considered unconditionally cancellable. The Company establishes reserves for unfunded commitments that do not meet that criteria as a liability in the Consolidated Statements of Condition.

Changes to the liability are recorded through the provision for credit losses in the Consolidated Statements of Income. The establishment of the reserves for unfunded commitments considers both the likelihood that the funding will occur and an estimate of the expected credit losses over the life of the respective commitments.

Management believes it uses relevant information available to make determinations about the allowance for credit losses and the reserve for unfunded commitments and that it has established both reserves in accordance with GAAP. However, the determination of the allowance requires significant judgment, and estimates of expected lifetime losses in the loan portfolio can vary significantly from the amounts actually observed. While management uses available information to recognize expected losses, future additions to the allowance may be necessary based on changes in the loans comprising the portfolio, changes in the current and forecasted economic conditions, changes to the interest rate environment which may directly impact prepayment and curtailment rate assumptions, and changes in the financial condition of borrowers.

Premises and Equipment

Premises and Equipment

Premises and equipment are stated at cost, less accumulated depreciation and amortization, computed using the straight-line method. Premises and equipment are depreciated over the useful lives of the assets, which generally range from 3 to 10 years for furniture, fixtures and equipment, 3 to 5 years for computer software and hardware, and 10 to 40 years for buildings and building improvements. Leasehold improvements are amortized over the lesser of the lease term or the estimated useful lives of the improvements. The costs of major renewals and betterments are capitalized, while the costs of ordinary maintenance and repairs are included in non-interest expense.

Leases

Leases

The Company determines if an arrangement is a lease at inception. All of the Company’s leases are currently classified as operating leases and are included in other assets and other liabilities on the Company’s Consolidated Statements of Condition. Periodic operating lease costs are recorded in occupancy expenses of premises on the Company's Consolidated Statements of Income.

Right-of-use (“ROU”) assets represent the Company’s right to use an underlying asset for the lease term, and lease liabilities represent the Company’s obligation to make lease payments arising from the lease arrangements. Operating lease ROU assets and liabilities are recognized at the lease commencement date based on the present value of the expected future lease payments over the remaining lease term. In determining the present value of future lease payments, the Company uses its incremental borrowing rate based on the information available at the lease commencement date. The operating ROU assets are adjusted for any lease payments made at or before the lease commencement date, initial direct costs, any lease incentives received and, for acquired leases, any favorable or unfavorable fair value adjustments. The present value of the lease liability may include the impact of options to extend or terminate the lease when it is reasonably certain that the Company will exercise such options provided in the lease terms. Lease expense is recognized on a straight-line basis over the expected lease term. Lease agreements that include lease and non-lease components, such as common area maintenance charges, are accounted for separately.

Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets

Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets

Goodwill represents the excess purchase price paid over the fair value of the net assets acquired in a business combination. Goodwill is not amortized but is tested for impairment annually or more frequently if events or changes in circumstances indicate that the asset might be impaired. Impairment testing requires that the fair value of each of the Company’s reporting units be compared to the carrying amount of the reporting unit’s net assets, including goodwill. The Company’s reporting units were identified based upon an analysis of each of its individual operating segments. If the fair values of the reporting units exceed their book values, no write-down of recorded goodwill is required. If the fair value of a reporting unit is less than book value, an expense may be required to write-down the related goodwill to the proper carrying value. Any impairment would be realized through a reduction of goodwill or the intangible and an offsetting charge to non-interest expense. Annually, the Company performs an impairment test of goodwill as of October 1 of each year. During the year, any triggering event that occurs may affect goodwill and could require an impairment assessment. Determining the fair value of a reporting unit requires the Company to use a degree of subjectivity. The Company's annual impairment test of goodwill and other intangible assets did not identify any impairment. Additionally, the Company determined that there were no triggering events and as a result no evidence of impairment between the annual impairment test and December 31, 2022.

Accounting guidance provides the option to first assess qualitative factors to determine whether the existence of events or circumstances leads to a determination that it is more likely than not that the fair value of a reporting unit is less than its carrying amount. The Company assesses qualitative factors on a quarterly basis. Based on the assessment of these qualitative factors, if it is

determined that it is more likely than not that the fair value of a reporting unit is not less than the carrying value, then performing the impairment process is not necessary. However, if it is determined that it is more likely than not that the carrying value exceeds the fair value a quantified analysis is required to determine whether an impairment exists.

Other intangible assets represent purchased assets that lack physical substance but can be distinguished from goodwill because of contractual or other legal rights or because the asset is capable of being sold or exchanged either on its own or in combination with a related contract, asset, or liability. Other intangible assets have finite lives and are reviewed for impairment annually. These assets are amortized over their estimated useful lives either on a straight-line or sum-of-the-years basis over varying periods that initially did not exceed 15 years.

Other Real Estate Owned

Other Real Estate Owned

OREO is comprised of properties acquired in partial or total satisfaction of problem loans. The properties are recorded at fair value less estimated costs of disposal, on the date acquired or on the date that the Company acquires effective control over the property. Gains or losses arising at the time of acquisition of such properties are charged against the allowance for credit losses. During the holding period OREO continues to be measured at lower of cost or fair value less estimated costs of disposal, and any subsequent declines in value are expensed as incurred. Gains and losses realized from the sale of OREO, as well as valuation adjustments and expenses of operation are included in non-interest expense.

Derivative Financial Instruments

Derivative Financial Instruments

Derivative Loan Commitments

Mortgage loan commitments are derivative loan commitments if the loan that will result from exercise of the commitment will be held for sale upon funding. Derivative loan commitments are recognized at fair value in the Consolidated Statements of Condition in other assets or other liabilities with changes in their fair values recorded as a component of mortgage banking activities in the Consolidated Statements of Income.

Mortgage loan commitments are issued to borrowers. Subsequent to commitment date, changes in the fair value of the loan commitment are recognized based on changes in the fair value of the underlying mortgage loan due to interest rate changes, changes in the probability the derivative loan commitment will be exercised, and the passage of time. In estimating fair value, a probability is assigned to a loan commitment based on an expectation that it will be exercised and the loan will be funded.

Forward Loan Sale Commitments

Loan sales agreements are evaluated to determine whether they meet the definition of a derivative as facts and circumstances may differ significantly. If agreements qualify, to protect against the price risk inherent in derivative loan commitments, the Company utilizes both “mandatory delivery” and “best efforts” forward loan sale commitments to mitigate the risk of potential decreases in the values of loans that would result from the exercise of the derivative loan commitments. Mandatory delivery contracts are accounted for as derivative instruments. Generally, best efforts contracts also meet the definition of derivative instruments after the loan to the borrower has closed. Accordingly, forward loan sale commitments that economically hedge the closed loan inventory are recognized at fair value in the Consolidated Statements of Condition in other assets or other liabilities with changes in their fair values recorded as a component of mortgage banking activities in the Consolidated Statements of Income. The Company estimates the fair value of its forward loan sales commitments using a methodology similar to that used for derivative loan commitments.

Interest Rate Swap Agreements

The Company enters into interest rate swaps (“swaps”) with commercial loan customers to provide a facility to mitigate the fluctuations in the variable rate on the respective loans. These swaps are matched in exact offsetting terms to swaps that the Company enters into with an outside third party. The swaps are reported at fair value in other assets or other liabilities in the Consolidated Statements of Condition. The Company's swaps qualify as derivatives, but are not designated as hedging instruments, thus any net gain or loss resulting from changes in the fair value is recognized in other non-interest income in the Consolidated Statements of Income. Further discussion of the Company's financial derivatives is set forth in Note 18.

Off-Balance Sheet Credit Risk

Off-Balance Sheet Credit Risk

The Company issues financial or standby letters of credit that represent conditional commitments to fund transactions by the Company, typically to guarantee performance of a customer to a third-party related to borrowing arrangements. The credit risk associated with issuing letters of credit is essentially the same as occurs when extending loan facilities to borrowers. The Company monitors the exposure to the letters of credit as part of its credit review process. Extensions of letters of credit, if any, would become

part of the loan balance outstanding and would be evaluated in accordance with the Company’s credit policies. Potential exposure to loss for unfunded letters of credit if deemed necessary would be recorded in other liabilities in the Consolidated Statements of Condition.

In the ordinary course of business the Company originates and sells whole loans to a variety of investors. Mortgage loans sold are subject to representations and warranties made to the third-party purchasers regarding certain attributes. Subsequent to the sale, if a material underwriting deficiency or documentation defect is determined, the Company may be obligated to repurchase the mortgage loan or reimburse the investor for losses incurred if the deficiency or defect cannot be rectified within a specific period subsequent to discovery. The Company monitors the activity regarding the requirement to repurchase loans and the associated losses incurred. This information is applied to determine an estimated recourse reserve that is recorded in other liabilities in the Consolidated Statements of Condition.

Valuation of Long-Lived Assets

Valuation of Long-Lived Assets

The Company reviews long-lived assets, including leases, and certain identifiable intangible assets for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of an asset may not be recoverable. Recoverability is measured by comparing the carrying amount of the asset to future undiscounted net cash flows expected to be generated by the asset. If such assets are considered to be impaired, the impairment to be recognized is measured by the amount by which the carrying amount of the assets exceeds the estimated fair value of the assets. Assets to be disposed of are reported at the lower of the cost or the fair value, less costs to sell.

Transfers of Financial Assets

Transfers of Financial Assets

Transfers of financial assets are accounted for as sales when control over the assets has been surrendered. Control over transferred assets is deemed to be surrendered when (1) the assets have been isolated from the Company, (2) the transferee obtains the right (free of conditions that constrain it from taking advantage of that right or from providing more than a trivial benefit to the transferor) to pledge or exchange the transferred assets, and (3) the Company does not maintain effective control over the transferred assets through any agreement to repurchase or redeem them before their maturity or likely cause a holder to return those assets whether through unilateral ability or a price so favorable to the transferee that it is probable that the transferee will require the transferor to repurchase them. A participating interest must be in an entire financial asset and cannot represent an interest in a group of financial assets. Except for compensation paid for services performed, all cash flows from the asset are allocated to the participating interest holders in proportion to their share of ownership. Financial assets obtained or liabilities incurred in a sale are recognized and initially measured at fair value.

Advertising Costs

Advertising Costs

Advertising costs are expensed as incurred and included as marketing expense in non-interest expenses in the Consolidated Statements of Income.

Net Income per Common Share

Net Income per Common Share

The Company calculates earnings per common share under the two class method, which provides that unvested share-based payment awards that contain non-forfeitable rights to dividends or dividend equivalents (whether paid or unpaid) are participating securities and shall be included in the computation of earnings per share pursuant to the dual class method. The Company has determined that its outstanding non-vested restricted stock awards are participating securities.

Under the two class method, basic earnings per common share is computed by dividing net earnings allocated to common shareholders by the weighted average number of common shares outstanding during the applicable period, which excludes outstanding participating securities. Diluted earnings per common share is computed using the weighted average number of common shares determined for the basic earnings per common share computation plus the dilutive effect of incremental stock options and restricted stock.

Income Taxes

Income Taxes

Income tax expense is based on the results of operations, adjusted for permanent differences between items of income or expense reported in the financial statements and those reported for tax purposes. Deferred income tax assets and liabilities are determined using the liability method. Under the liability method, deferred income taxes are determined based on the differences between the financial statement carrying amounts and the income tax bases of assets and liabilities and are measured at the enacted tax rates that will be in effect when these differences reverse. The effects of the enactment of the new tax law are accounted for under the existing authoritative guidance.

The Company’s policy is to recognize interest and penalties on income taxes in other non-interest expense in the Consolidated Statements of Income.

Pending Accounting Pronouncements

Pending Accounting Pronouncements

In March 2020, the FASB issued ASU 2020-04, “Reference Rate Reform (Topic 848)”. This ASU provided temporary, optional guidance to ease the potential burden in accounting for, or recognizing the effects of, the transition away from the London Interbank Offered Rate ("LIBOR") or other reference rate expected to be discontinued on financial reporting. The standard was elective and provided optional expedients and exceptions for applying GAAP to contracts, hedging relationships, or other transactions that reference LIBOR, or another reference rate expected to be discontinued. The amendments in the update were effective for all entities between March 12, 2020 and December 31, 2022. In January 2021, the FASB issued ASU 2021-01, “Reference Rate Reform (Topic 848): Scope”. This ASU refines the scope of Topic 848 and addresses questions about whether Topic 848 can be applied to derivative instruments that do not reference a rate that is expected to be discontinued, but that use an interest rate for margining, discounting or contract price alignment that is expected to be modified as a result of reference rate reform. ASU 2021-01 is effective upon issuance through December 31, 2024, and can be adopted at any time during this period. The Company has not offered LIBOR for any new contracts since 2021. The Company has identified all known LIBOR exposures, created a plan to address the exposures, and continues to communicate with all stakeholders in order to facilitate the transition to an alternative reference rate. The Company adopted ASU 2020-04 on January 1, 2022. The adoption did not have a material impact on the Company’s Consolidated Financial Statements. The Company continues to evaluate the adoption of ASU 2021-01 and does not expect it to have a material impact on the Company's Consolidated Financial Statements.

In March 2022, the FASB issued ASU 2022-02, which eliminates the accounting guidance on troubled debt restructurings (“TDR”) and amends the guidance on “vintage disclosures” to require disclosure of current period gross charge-offs by year of origination. The ASU also adds enhanced disclosures for creditors with respect to loan refinancing and restructurings for borrowers experiencing financial difficulty. The objective of the disclosures is to provide information about the type and magnitude of modifications and the degree of their success in mitigating potential credit losses. For entities that have adopted the guidance in ASC 326, the amendments are effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2022, and interim periods therein. Early adoption of the amendments is permitted for entities that have adopted ASC 326, including adoption in an interim period. An entity may elect to early adopt the amendments related to TDRs separately from the amendments related to vintage disclosures. The Company is in process of reviewing the enhanced modification disclosure requirements.

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INVESTMENTS (Tables)

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2022

Investments, Debt and Equity Securities [Abstract]

Amortized Cost and Estimated Fair Values of Investments

The amortized cost and estimated fair values of investments available-for-sale and held-to-maturity at December 31 are presented in the following table:

	2022								2021
(In thousands)	Amortized Cost		Gross Unrealized Gains		Gross Unrealized Losses		Estimated Fair Value		Amortized Cost		Gross Unrealized Gains		Gross Unrealized Losses		Estimated Fair Value
Available-for-sale debt securities
U.S. treasuries and government agencies	$	100,926	$	—	$	(7,304)	$	93,622	$	68,487	$	202	$	(150)	$	68,539
State and municipal	322,519		4		(56,526)		265,997		323,286		6,561		(3,445)		326,402
Mortgage-backed and asset-backed	943,398		73		(88,552)		854,919		1,074,577		8,203		(11,825)		1,070,955
Total available-for-sale debt securities	$	1,366,843	$	77	$	(152,382)	$	1,214,538	$	1,466,350	$	14,966	$	(15,420)	$	1,465,896
Held-to-maturity debt securities:
Mortgage-backed and asset-backed	259,452		—		(39,329)		220,123		—		—		—		—
Total held-to-maturity debt securities	$	259,452	$	—	$	(39,329)	$	220,123	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—
Total debt securities	$	1,626,295	$	77	$	(191,711)	$	1,434,661	$	1,466,350	$	14,966	$	(15,420)	$	1,465,896

Gross Unrealized Losses and Fair Value by Length of Time

Gross unrealized losses and fair values by length of time that individual available-for-sale securities have been in an unrealized loss position at December 31 are presented in the following tables:

	December 31, 2022
	Number of Securities	Less Than 12 Months				12 Months or More				Total
(Dollars in thousands)		Fair Value		Unrealized Losses		Fair Value		Unrealized Losses		Fair Value		Unrealized Losses
U.S. treasuries and government agencies	10	$	53,139	$	3,653	$	40,483	$	3,651	$	93,622	$	7,304
State and municipal	130	200,439		30,803		62,482		25,723		262,921		56,526
Mortgage-backed and asset-backed	324	526,387		44,952		297,216		43,600		823,603		88,552
Total	464	$	779,965	$	79,408	$	400,181	$	72,974	$	1,180,146	$	152,382

	December 31, 2021
	Number of Securities	Less Than 12 Months				12 Months or More				Total
(Dollars in thousands)		Fair Value		Unrealized Losses		Fair Value		Unrealized Losses		Fair Value		Unrealized Losses
U.S. treasuries and government agencies	5	$	49,695	$	150	$	—	$	—	$	49,695	$	150
State and municipal	32	63,206		2,288		21,740		1,157		84,946		3,445
Mortgage-backed and asset-backed	104	665,813		10,145		37,857		1,680		703,670		11,825
Total	141	$	778,714	$	12,583	$	59,597	$	2,837	$	838,311	$	15,420

Estimated Fair Values of Debt Securities by Contractual Maturity

The estimated fair values and amortized costs of available-for-sale and held-to-maturity debt securities by contractual maturity at December 31 are provided in the following table:

	December 31, 2022				December 31, 2021
(In thousands)	Fair Value		Amortized Cost		Fair Value		Amortized Cost
U.S. treasuries and government agencies:
One year or less	$	—	$	—	$	12,029	$	11,995
One to five years	93,622		100,926		56,510		56,492
Five to ten years	—		—		—		—
After ten years	—		—		—		—
State and municipal:
One year or less	8,694		8,783		12,821		12,709
One to five years	51,576		53,948		27,408		26,637
Five to ten years	28,806		34,042		42,960		42,661
After ten years	176,921		225,746		243,213		241,279
Mortgage-backed and asset-backed:
One year or less	7,622		7,704		9,272		9,239
One to five years	45,366		46,802		14,752		14,575
Five to ten years	303,697		335,285		388,918		390,569
After ten years	498,234		553,607		658,013		660,194
After ten years	—		—		—		—
Total available-for-sale debt securities	$	1,214,538	$	1,366,843	$	1,465,896	$	1,466,350

	December 31, 2022				December 31, 2021
(In thousands)	Fair Value		Amortized Cost		Fair Value		Amortized Cost
Held-to-maturity debt securities
Mortgage-backed and asset-backed:
One year or less	—		—		—		—
One to five years	—		—		—		—
Five to ten years	35,304		39,213		—		—
After ten years	184,819		220,239		—		—
Total held-to-maturity debt securities	$	220,123	$	259,452	$	—	$	—

Other Investments

Other investments are presented in the following table:

(In thousands)	2022		2021
Federal Reserve Bank stock, at cost	$	38,873	$	34,097
Federal Home Loan Bank of Atlanta stock, at cost	29,668		6,392
Other	677		677
Total other investments, at cost	$	69,218	$	41,166

Gross Realized Gains and Losses on All Investments

Gross realized gains and losses on all investments for the years ended December 31 are presented in the following table:

(In thousands)	2022		2021		2020
Gross realized gains from sales of investments available-for-sale	$	8	$	3,588	$	1,297
Gross realized losses from sales of investments available-for-sale	(393)		(3,478)		(1,068)
Net gains from calls of investments available-for-sale	40		102		238
Net investment securities gains/ (losses)	$	(345)	$	212	$	467

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LOANS (Tables)

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2022

Receivables [Abstract]

Loan Portfolio Segment Balances

The loan portfolio segment balances at December 31 are presented in the following table:

(In thousands)	2022		2021
Commercial real estate:
Commercial investor real estate	$	5,130,094	$	4,141,346
Commercial owner-occupied real estate	1,775,037		1,690,881
Commercial AD&C	1,090,028		1,088,094
Commercial business	1,455,885		1,481,834
Total commercial loans	9,451,044		8,402,155
Residential real estate:
Residential mortgage	1,287,933		937,570
Residential construction	224,772		197,652
Consumer	432,957		429,714
Total residential and consumer loans	1,945,662		1,564,936
Total loans	$	11,396,706	$	9,967,091

Summary of Loans to Related Parties

Certain directors and executive officers have loan transactions with the Company. The following schedule summarizes changes in amounts of loans outstanding, both direct and indirect, to these persons during the periods indicated:

(In thousands)	2022		2021
Balance at January 1	$	78,227	$	96,005
Additions	6,939		7,040
Repayments	(24,310)		(24,818)
Balance at December 31	$	60,856	$	78,227

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CREDIT QUALITY ASSESSMENT (Tables)

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2022

Credit Loss [Abstract]

Allowance For Credit Loss Activity

Summary information on the allowance for credit loss activity for the years ended December 31 is provided in the following table:

(In thousands)	2022		2021		2020
Balance at beginning of year	$	109,145	$	165,367	$	56,132
Initial allowance on PCD loans at adoption of ASC 326	—		—		2,762
Transition impact of adopting ASC 326	—		—		2,983
Initial allowance on Revere PCD loans	—		—		18,628
Provision/ (credit) for credit losses - loans	26,680		(45,556)		85,669
Loans charge-offs	(1,105)		(12,313)		(1,819)
Loans recoveries	1,522		1,647		1,012
Net (charge-offs)/ recoveries	417		(10,666)		(807)
Balance at period end	$	136,242	$	109,145	$	165,367

Schedule of Collateral Dependent Loans Individually Evaluated for Credit Loss

The following table provides summary information regarding collateral dependent loans individually evaluated for credit loss at the dates indicated:

(In thousands)	2022		2021
Collateral dependent loans individually evaluated for credit loss with an allowance	$	9,743	$	9,510
Collateral dependent loans individually evaluated for credit loss without an allowance	16,454		24,024
Total individually evaluated collateral dependent loans	$	26,197	$	33,534
Allowance for credit losses related to loans evaluated individually	$	6,902	$	6,593
Allowance for credit losses related to loans evaluated collectively	129,340		102,552
Total allowance for credit losses - loans	$	136,242	$	109,145

Activity in Allowance for Credit Losses by Respective Loan Portfolio Segment

The following tables provide information on the activity in the allowance for credit losses by the respective loan portfolio segment for the years ended December 31:

	2022
	Commercial Real Estate												Residential Real Estate
(In thousands)	Commercial Investor R/E			Commercial Owner- Occupied R/E			Commercial AD&C			Commercial Business			Residential Mortgage			Residential Construction			Consumer			Total
Balance as of December 31, 2021	$	45,289		$	11,687		$	20,322		$	23,170		$	5,384		$	1,048		$	2,245		$	109,145
Provision/ (credit) for credit losses - loans	19,128			(90)			(1,676)			4,774			4,093			281			170			26,680
Charge-offs	—			—			—			(716)			(155)			—			(234)			(1,105)
Recoveries	320			49			—			799			102			8			244			1,522
Net (charge-offs)/ recoveries	320			49			—			83			(53)			8			10			417
Balance at end of period	$	64,737		$	11,646		$	18,646		$	28,027		$	9,424		$	1,337		$	2,425		$	136,242
Total loans	$	5,130,094		$	1,775,037		$	1,090,028		$	1,455,885		$	1,287,933		$	224,772		$	432,957		$	11,396,706
Allowance for credit losses on loans to total loans ratio	1.26		%	0.66		%	1.71		%	1.93		%	0.73		%	0.59		%	0.56		%	1.20		%
Average loans	$	4,681,607		$	1,730,293		$	1,112,936		$	1,351,906		$	1,117,053		$	221,341		$	423,746		$	10,638,882
Net charge-offs/ (recoveries) to average loans	(0.01)		%	—		%	—		%	(0.01)		%	—		%	—		%	—		%	—		%
Balance of loans individually evaluated for credit loss	$	9,943		$	6,155		$	—		$	8,274		$	1,487		$	—		$	338		$	26,197
Allowance related to loans evaluated individually	$	134		$	1,261		$	—		$	5,507		$	—		$	—		$	—		$	6,902
Individual allowance to loans evaluated individually ratio	1.35		%	20.49		%	—		%	66.56		%	—		%	—		%	—		%	26.35		%
Balance of loans collectively evaluated for credit loss	$	5,120,151		$	1,768,882		$	1,090,028		$	1,447,611		$	1,286,446		$	224,772		$	432,619		$	11,370,509
Allowance related to loans evaluated collectively	$	64,603		$	10,385		$	18,646		$	22,520		$	9,424		$	1,337		$	2,425		$	129,340
Collective allowance to loans evaluated collectively ratio	1.26		%	0.59		%	1.71		%	1.56		%	0.73		%	0.59		%	0.56		%	1.14		%

	2021
	Commercial Real Estate												Residential Real Estate
(In thousands)	Commercial Investor R/E			Commercial Owner- Occupied R/E			Commercial AD&C			Commercial Business			Residential Mortgage			Residential Construction			Consumer			Total
Balance as of December 31, 2020	$	57,404		$	20,061		$	22,157		$	46,806		$	11,295		$	1,502		$	6,142		$	165,367
Provision/ (credit) for credit losses - loans	(6,598)			(8,238)			172			(20,132)			(6,321)			(459)			(3,980)			(45,556)
Charge-offs	(5,802)			(136)			(2,007)			(4,069)			—			—			(299)			(12,313)
Recoveries	285			—			—			565			410			5			382			1,647
Net (charge-offs)/ recoveries	(5,517)			(136)			(2,007)			(3,504)			410			5			83			(10,666)
Balance at end of period	$	45,289		$	11,687		$	20,322		$	23,170		$	5,384		$	1,048		$	2,245		$	109,145
Total loans	$	4,141,346		$	1,690,881		$	1,088,094		$	1,481,834		$	937,570		$	197,652		$	429,714		$	9,967,091
Allowance for credit losses on loans to total loans ratio	1.09		%	0.69		%	1.87		%	1.56		%	0.57		%	0.53		%	0.52		%	1.10		%
Average loans	$	3,689,769		$	1,661,015		$	1,110,420		$	1,952,537		$	979,754		$	178,171		$	463,200		$	10,034,866
Net charge-offs/ (recoveries) to average loans	0.15		%	0.01		%	0.18		%	0.18		%	(0.04)		%	—		%	(0.02)		%	0.11		%
Balance of loans individually evaluated for credit loss	$	12,489		$	9,306		$	650		$	9,033		$	1,704		$	—		$	352		$	33,534
Allowance related to loans evaluated individually	$	213		$	79		$	504		$	5,797		$	—		$	—		$	—		$	6,593
Individual allowance to loans evaluated individually ratio	1.71		%	0.85		%	77.54		%	64.18		%	—		%	—		%	—		%	19.66		%
Balance of loans collectively evaluated for credit loss	$	4,128,857		$	1,681,575		$	1,087,444		$	1,472,801		$	935,866		$	197,652		$	429,362		$	9,933,557
Allowance related to loans evaluated collectively	$	45,076		$	11,608		$	19,818		$	17,373		$	5,384		$	1,048		$	2,245		$	102,552
Collective allowance to loans evaluated collectively ratio	1.09		%	0.69		%	1.82		%	1.18		%	0.58		%	0.53		%	0.52		%	1.03		%

Schedule of Collateral Dependent Loans Individually Evaluated for Credit Loss with the Associated Allowances

The following table presents collateral dependent loans individually evaluated for credit losses with the associated allowances for credit losses by the applicable portfolio segment:

	2022
	Commercial Real Estate								Residential Real Estate						Total
(In thousands)	Commercial Investor R/E		Commercial Owner- Occupied R/E		Commercial AD&C		Commercial Business		Residential Mortgage		Residential Construction		Consumer
Loans individually evaluated for credit losses with an allowance:
Non-accruing	$	554	$	1,989	$	—	$	3,196	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	5,739
Restructured accruing	—		—		—		952		—		—		—		952
Restructured non-accruing	—		—		—		3,052		—		—		—		3,052
Balance	$	554	$	1,989	$	—	$	7,200	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	9,743
Allowance	$	134	$	1,261	$	—	$	5,507	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	6,902
Loans individually evaluated for credit losses without an allowance:
Non-accruing	$	2,165	$	133	$	—	$	329	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	2,627
Restructured accruing	—		1,136		—		—		1,487		—		—		2,623
Restructured non-accruing	7,224		2,897		—		745		—		—		338		11,204
Balance	$	9,389	$	4,166	$	—	$	1,074	$	1,487	$	—	$	338	$	16,454
Total individually evaluated loans:
Non-accruing	$	2,719	$	2,122	$	—	$	3,525	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	8,366
Restructured accruing	—		1,136		—		952		1,487		—		—		3,575
Restructured non-accruing	7,224		2,897		—		3,797		—		—		338		14,256
Balance	$	9,943	$	6,155	$	—	$	8,274	$	1,487	$	—	$	338	$	26,197
Unpaid contractual principal balance	$	10,882	$	6,849	$	—	$	9,893	$	1,487	$	—	$	364	$	29,475

	2021
	Commercial Real Estate								Residential Real Estate						Total
(In thousands)	Commercial Investor R/E		Commercial Owner- Occupied R/E		Commercial AD&C		Commercial Business		Residential Mortgage		Residential Construction		Consumer
Loans individually evaluated for credit losses with an allowance:
Non-accruing	$	808	$	79	$	650	$	4,849	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	6,386
Restructured accruing	—		—		—		613		—		—		—		613
Restructured non-accruing	336		—		—		2,175		—		—		—		2,511
Balance	$	1,144	$	79	$	650	$	7,637	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	9,510
Allowance	$	213	$	79	$	504	$	5,797	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	6,593
Loans individually evaluated for credit losses without an allowance:
Non-accruing	$	3,498	$	4,775	$	—	$	434	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	8,707
Restructured accruing	—		—		—		—		1,554		—		—		1,554
Restructured non-accruing	7,847		4,452		—		962		150		—		352		13,763
Balance	$	11,345	$	9,227	$	—	$	1,396	$	1,704	$	—	$	352	$	24,024
Total individually evaluated loans:
Non-accruing	$	4,306	$	4,854	$	650	$	5,283	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	15,093
Restructured accruing	—		—		—		613		1,554		—		—		2,167
Restructured non-accruing	8,183		4,452		—		3,137		150		—		352		16,274
Balance	$	12,489	$	9,306	$	650	$	9,033	$	1,704	$	—	$	352	$	33,534
Unpaid contractual principal balance	$	12,857	$	11,132	$	695	$	10,573	$	2,778	$	—	$	364	$	38,399

Schedule of Nonaccrual Related Information

The following table presents average principal balance of total non-accrual loans and contractual interest due on non-accrual loans for the periods indicated below:

	2022
	Commercial Real Estate								Residential Real Estate						Total
(In thousands)	Commercial Investor R/E		Commercial Owner- Occupied R/E		Commercial AD&C		Commercial Business		Residential Mortgage		Residential Construction		Consumer
Average non-accrual loans for the period	$	11,892	$	7,314	$	617	$	7,768	$	7,769	$	21	$	5,811	$	41,192
Contractual interest income due on non-accrual loans during the period	$	713	$	106	$	30	$	491	$	319	$	1	$	349	$	2,009

	2021
	Commercial Real Estate								Residential Real Estate						Total
(In thousands)	Commercial Investor R/E		Commercial Owner- Occupied R/E		Commercial AD&C		Commercial Business		Residential Mortgage		Residential Construction		Consumer
Average non-accrual loans for the period	$	31,590	$	9,444	$	9,236	$	12,678	$	9,439	$	36	$	7,369	$	79,792
Contractual interest income due on non-accrual loans during the period	$	2,169	$	555	$	597	$	1,096	$	271	$	2	$	402	$	5,092

Schedule of Information on the Credit Quality of Loan Portfolio

The following tables provide information on the credit quality of the loan portfolio by segment at December 31 for the years indicated:

	2022
	Commercial Real Estate								Residential Real Estate
(In thousands)	Commercial Investor R/E		Commercial Owner- Occupied R/E		Commercial AD&C		Commercial Business		Residential Mortgage		Residential Construction		Consumer		Total
Analysis of non-accrual loan activity:
Balance at beginning of period	$	12,489	$	9,306	$	650	$	8,420	$	8,441	$	55	$	6,725	$	46,086
Loans placed on non-accrual	4,761		2,370		—		1,591		2,593		—		815		12,130
Non-accrual balances transferred to OREO	—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—
Non-accrual balances charged-off	—		—		—		(677)		(151)		—		(32)		(860)
Net payments or draws	(7,307)		(4,366)		(650)		(2,012)		(2,615)		(55)		(2,060)		(19,065)
Non-accrual loans brought current	—		(2,291)		—		—		(829)		—		(389)		(3,509)
Balance at end of period	$	9,943	$	5,019	$	—	$	7,322	$	7,439	$	—	$	5,059	$	34,782

	2021
	Commercial Real Estate								Residential Real Estate
(In thousands)	Commercial Investor R/E		Commercial Owner- Occupied R/E		Commercial AD&C		Commercial Business		Residential Mortgage		Residential Construction		Consumer		Total
Analysis of non-accrual loan activity:
Balance at beginning of period	$	45,227	$	11,561	$	15,044	$	22,933	$	10,212	$	—	$	7,384	$	112,361
Loans placed on non-accrual	699		3,676		49		1,339		695		62		1,626		8,146
Non-accrual balances transferred to OREO	—		(257)		—		—		—		—		—		(257)
Non-accrual balances charged-off	(5,803)		(136)		(2,007)		(3,547)		—		—		(100)		(11,593)
Net payments or draws	(26,813)		(5,538)		(12,436)		(12,305)		(2,406)		(7)		(1,725)		(61,230)
Non-accrual loans brought current	(821)		—		—		—		(60)		—		(460)		(1,341)
Balance at end of period	$	12,489	$	9,306	$	650	$	8,420	$	8,441	$	55	$	6,725	$	46,086

Credit Quality of Loan Portfolio by Segment

	2022
	Commercial Real Estate								Residential Real Estate
(In thousands)	Commercial Investor R/E		Commercial Owner- Occupied R/E		Commercial AD&C		Commercial Business		Residential Mortgage		Residential Construction		Consumer		Total
Performing loans:
Current	$	5,104,204	$	1,767,875	$	1,090,028	$	1,443,012	$	1,261,878	$	222,144	$	422,989	$	11,312,130
30-59 days	9,735		1,007		—		3,556		11,307		2,628		4,343		32,576
60-89 days	6,212		—		—		41		5,822		—		566		12,641
Total performing loans	5,120,151		1,768,882		1,090,028		1,446,609		1,279,007		224,772		427,898		11,357,347
Non-performing loans:
Non-accrual loans	9,943		5,019		—		7,322		7,439		—		5,059		34,782
Loans greater than 90 days past due	—		—		—		1,002		—		—		—		1,002
Restructured loans	—		1,136		—		952		1,487		—		—		3,575
Total non-performing loans	9,943		6,155		—		9,276		8,926		—		5,059		39,359
Total loans	$	5,130,094	$	1,775,037	$	1,090,028	$	1,455,885	$	1,287,933	$	224,772	$	432,957	$	11,396,706

	2021
	Commercial Real Estate								Residential Real Estate
(In thousands)	Commercial Investor R/E		Commercial Owner- Occupied R/E		Commercial AD&C		Commercial Business		Residential Mortgage		Residential Construction		Consumer		Total
Performing loans:
Current	$	4,127,009	$	1,680,635	$	1,085,642	$	1,471,669	$	919,199	$	197,597	$	419,558	$	9,901,309
30-59 days	1,656		86		1,802		753		5,157		—		3,021		12,475
60-89 days	192		854		—		379		2,662		—		410		4,497
Total performing loans	4,128,857		1,681,575		1,087,444		1,472,801		927,018		197,597		422,989		9,918,281
Non-performing loans:
Non-accrual loans	12,489		9,306		650		8,420		8,441		55		6,725		46,086
Loans greater than 90 days past due	—		—		—		—		557		—		—		557
Restructured loans	—		—		—		613		1,554		—		—		2,167
Total non-performing loans	12,489		9,306		650		9,033		10,552		55		6,725		48,810
Total loans	$	4,141,346	$	1,690,881	$	1,088,094	$	1,481,834	$	937,570	$	197,652	$	429,714	$	9,967,091

Information about Credit Quality Indicators by the Year of Origination

The following tables provide information about credit quality indicators by the year of origination:

	2022
	Term Loans by Origination Year												Revolving
(In thousands)	2022		2021		2020		2019		2018		Prior		Loans		Total
Commercial Investor R/E:
Pass	$	1,510,446	$	1,197,504	$	694,756	$	567,247	$	335,103	$	742,405	$	15,242	$	5,062,703
Special Mention	32,661		17,146		468		94		473		4,814		—		55,656
Substandard	557		1,896		—		—		8,239		1,043		—		11,735
Doubtful	—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—
Total	$	1,543,664	$	1,216,546	$	695,224	$	567,341	$	343,815	$	748,262	$	15,242	$	5,130,094
Current period gross charge-offs	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—
Commercial Owner-Occupied R/E:
Pass	$	391,340	$	328,657	$	240,738	$	260,114	$	140,841	$	381,386	$	1,167	$	1,744,243
Special Mention	4,567		—		1,301		1,740		2,066		7,323		—		16,997
Substandard	3,219		160		133		6,110		2,010		2,165		—		13,797
Doubtful	—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—
Total	$	399,126	$	328,817	$	242,172	$	267,964	$	144,917	$	390,874	$	1,167	$	1,775,037
Current period gross charge-offs	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—
Commercial AD&C:
Pass	$	366,096	$	439,468	$	113,713	$	34,340	$	14,816	$	—	$	119,727	$	1,088,160
Special Mention	1,073		—		—		—		—		—		795		1,868
Substandard	—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—
Doubtful	—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—
Total	$	367,169	$	439,468	$	113,713	$	34,340	$	14,816	$	—	$	120,522	$	1,090,028
Current period gross charge-offs	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—
Commercial Business:
Pass	$	330,598	$	223,245	$	95,787	$	105,922	$	77,891	$	78,009	$	508,839	$	1,420,291
Special Mention	127		458		1,107		7,787		498		322		13,225		23,524
Substandard	2,902		1,611		1,094		2,030		449		2,121		1,863		12,070
Doubtful	—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—
Total	$	333,627	$	225,314	$	97,988	$	115,739	$	78,838	$	80,452	$	523,927	$	1,455,885
Current period gross charge-offs	$	174	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	138	$	404	$	—	$	716
Residential Mortgage:
Beacon score:
660-850	$	330,109	$	344,062	$	171,330	$	41,883	$	51,651	$	262,570	$	—	$	1,201,605
600-659	4,571		6,196		1,173		3,925		6,041		24,006		—		45,912
540-599	369		4,013		1,439		1,256		1,931		6,945		—		15,953
less than 540	1,860		3,036		2,892		3,822		2,347		10,506		—		24,463
Total	$	336,909	$	357,307	$	176,834	$	50,886	$	61,970	$	304,027	$	—	$	1,287,933
Current period gross charge-offs	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	24	$	131	$	—	$	155
Residential Construction:
Beacon score:
660-850	$	131,259	$	75,844	$	12,133	$	150	$	1,432	$	1,245	$	—	$	222,063
600-659	908		373		—		—		—		—		—		1,281
540-599	609		—		—		—		—		—		—		609
less than 540	—		819		—		—		—		—		—		819
Total	$	132,776	$	77,036	$	12,133	$	150	$	1,432	$	1,245	$	—	$	224,772
Current period gross charge-offs	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—
Consumer:
Beacon score:
660-850	$	6,689	$	2,346	$	1,201	$	2,147	$	2,047	$	23,170	$	359,468	$	397,068
600-659	658		467		59		198		664		5,459		11,269		18,774
540-599	123		56		—		465		316		2,802		3,824		7,586
less than 540	156		57		40		133		209		2,918		6,016		9,529
Total	$	7,626	$	2,926	$	1,300	$	2,943	$	3,236	$	34,349	$	380,577	$	432,957
Current period gross charge-offs	$	—	$	5	$	15	$	—	$	13	$	20	$	181	$	234
Total loans	$	3,120,897	$	2,647,414	$	1,339,364	$	1,039,363	$	649,024	$	1,559,209	$	1,041,435	$	11,396,706

	2021
	Term Loans by Origination Year												Revolving
(In thousands)	2021		2020		2019		2018		2017		Prior		Loans		Total
Commercial Investor R/E:
Pass	$	1,391,969	$	748,236	$	616,761	$	357,640	$	328,327	$	633,913	$	19,239	$	4,096,085
Special Mention	2,210		510		4,646		596		2,204		10,438		—		$	20,604
Substandard	807		336		4,308		8,568		10,064		574		—		$	24,657
Doubtful	—		—		—		—		—		—		—		$	—
Total	$	1,394,986	$	749,082	$	625,715	$	366,804	$	340,595	$	644,925	$	19,239	$	4,141,346
Current period gross charge-offs	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	903	$	3,975	$	924	$	—	$	5,802
Commercial Owner-Occupied R/E:
Pass	$	360,169	$	254,350	$	319,348	$	178,416	$	172,354	$	363,685	$	1,149	$	1,649,471
Special Mention	156		1,476		4,388		9,035		4,456		9,106		—		$	28,617
Substandard	1,968		1,800		4,028		2,265		354		2,378		—		$	12,793
Doubtful	—		—		—		—		—		—		—		$	—
Total	$	362,293	$	257,626	$	327,764	$	189,716	$	177,164	$	375,169	$	1,149	$	1,690,881
Current period gross charge-offs	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	136	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	136
Commercial AD&C:
Pass	$	454,207	$	226,332	$	148,260	$	87,934	$	13,938	$	—	$	152,896	$	1,083,567
Special Mention	2,888		—		—		—		—		—		989		$	3,877
Substandard	349		—		301		—		—		—		—		$	650
Doubtful	—		—		—		—		—		—		—		$	—
Total	$	457,444	$	226,332	$	148,561	$	87,934	$	13,938	$	—	$	153,885	$	1,088,094
Current period gross charge-offs	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	2,007	$	—	$	—	$	2,007
Commercial Business:
Pass	$	403,871	$	165,194	$	137,069	$	96,800	$	55,100	$	53,764	$	533,893	$	1,445,691
Special Mention	220		1,998		7,030		1,701		548		577		9,212		$	21,286
Substandard	3,777		3,262		2,609		797		811		2,065		1,536		$	14,857
Doubtful	—		—		—		—		—		—		—		$	—
Total	$	407,868	$	170,454	$	146,708	$	99,298	$	56,459	$	56,406	$	544,641	$	1,481,834
Current period gross charge-offs	$	—	$	—	$	88	$	1,674	$	46	$	2,236	$	25	$	4,069
Residential Mortgage:
Beacon score:
660-850	$	246,612	$	165,623	$	46,925	$	65,865	$	102,628	$	223,420	$	—	$	851,073
600-659	11,102		3,285		3,583		4,255		4,645		20,052		—		$	46,922
540-599	1,472		1,864		2,162		4,522		1,599		8,201		—		$	19,820
less than 540	452		4,293		1,575		1,829		2,079		9,527		—		$	19,755
Total	$	259,638	$	175,065	$	54,245	$	76,471	$	110,951	$	261,200	$	—	$	937,570
Current period gross charge-offs	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—
Residential Construction:
Beacon score:
660-850	$	134,335	$	45,890	$	8,063	$	2,078	$	1,347	$	1,160	$	—	$	192,873
600-659	1,922		—		650		—		—		—		—		$	2,572
540-599	—		—		—		—		—		462		—		$	462
less than 540	1,745		—		—		—		—		—		—		$	1,745
Total	$	138,002	$	45,890	$	8,713	$	2,078	$	1,347	$	1,622	$	—	$	197,652
Current period gross charge-offs	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—
Consumer:
Beacon score:
660-850	$	3,179	$	1,393	$	3,130	$	3,060	$	1,648	$	26,156	$	350,466	$	389,032
600-659	352		123		324		716		430		4,906		14,119		$	20,970
540-599	58		8		311		160		89		2,809		4,926		$	8,361
less than 540	88		58		536		544		98		3,101		6,926		$	11,351
Total	$	3,677	$	1,582	$	4,301	$	4,480	$	2,265	$	36,972	$	376,437	$	429,714
Current period gross charge-offs	$	—	$	—	$	7	$	2	$	—	$	106	$	184	$	299
Total loans	$	3,023,908	$	1,626,031	$	1,316,007	$	826,781	$	702,719	$	1,376,294	$	1,095,351	$	9,967,091

Restructured Loans for Specific Segments of Loan Portfolio

The following table provides the amounts of the restructured loans at the date of restructuring for specific segments of the loan portfolio during the period indicated:

	For the Year Ended December 31, 2022
	Commercial Real Estate
(In thousands)	Commercial Investor R/E		Commercial Owner- Occupied R/E		Commercial AD&C		Commercial Business		All Other Loans		Total
Troubled debt restructurings:
Restructured accruing	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	439	$	—	$	439
Restructured non-accruing	—		—		—		1,269		—		1,269
Balance	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	1,708	$	—	$	1,708
Specific allowance	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	1,233	$	—	$	1,233
Restructured and subsequently defaulted	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—

	For the Year Ended December 31, 2021
	Commercial Real Estate
(In thousands)	Commercial Investor R/E		Commercial Owner- Occupied R/E		Commercial AD&C		Commercial Business		All Other Loans		Total
Troubled debt restructurings:
Restructured accruing	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—
Restructured non-accruing	9,594		3,157		—		1,824		—		14,575
Balance	$	9,594	$	3,157	$	—	$	1,824	$	—	$	14,575
Specific allowance	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	461	$	—	$	461
Restructured and subsequently defaulted	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—

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PREMISES AND EQUIPMENT (Tables)

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2022

Property, Plant and Equipment [Abstract]

Components of premises and equipment

Presented in the following table are the components of premises and equipment at December 31:

(In thousands)	2022		2021
Land	$	22,215	$	21,164
Buildings and leasehold improvements	69,190		70,193
Equipment	58,506		48,889
Total premises and equipment	149,911		140,246
Less: accumulated depreciation and amortization	(82,841)		(80,561)
Net premises and equipment	$	67,070	$	59,685

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LEASES (Tables)

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2022

Leases [Abstract]

Schedule of Lease Cost

The following table provides information regarding the Company's leases as of the dates indicated:

	Year Ended
	2022			2021
Components of lease expense:
Operating lease cost (resulting from lease payments)	$	10,924		$	12,304
Supplemental cash flow information related to leases:
Operating cash flows from operating leases	$	11,579		$	12,930
ROU assets obtained in the exchange for lease liabilities due to:
New leases	$	92		$	803
Acquisitions	$	—		$	—
	As of
	December 31, 2022			December 31, 2021
Supplemental balance sheet information related to leases:
Operating lease ROU assets	$	48,910		$	57,872
Operating lease liabilities	$	57,402		$	67,138
Other information related to leases:
Weighted average remaining lease term of operating leases	8.6 years			9.0 years
Weighted average discount rate of operating leases	3.02		%	2.92		%

Schedule of Maturities of Operating Lease Liabilities

As of December 31, 2022, the maturities of the Company’s operating lease liabilities were as follows:

(In thousands)	Amount
Maturity:
One year	$	11,537
Two years	9,583
Three years	7,721
Four years	6,973
Five years	5,545
Thereafter	24,967
Total undiscounted lease payments	66,326
Less: Present value discount	(8,924)
Lease Liability	$	57,402

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GOODWILL AND OTHER INTANGIBLE ASSETS (Tables)

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2022

Goodwill and Intangible Assets Disclosure [Abstract]

Net Carrying Amount of Goodwill by Segment

The following table presents the net carrying amount of goodwill by segment for the periods indicated:

(In thousands)	Community Banking		Insurance		Investment Management		Total
Balance December 31, 2020	$	331,689	$	6,787	$	31,747	$	370,223
No Activity	—		—		—		—
Balance December 31, 2021	331,689		6,787		31,747		370,223
Disposal of subsidiary's assets(1)	—		(6,787)		—		(6,787)
Balance December 31, 2022	$	331,689	$	—	$	31,747	$	363,436

(1) Relates to a sale of Sandy Spring Insurance Corporation during 2022.

Gross Carrying Amounts and Accumulated Amortization of Intangible Assets and Goodwill

The gross carrying amounts and accumulated amortization of intangible assets and goodwill are presented at December 31 in the following table:

	2022						Weighted	2021						Weighted
	Gross				Net		Average	Gross				Net		Average
	Carrying		Accumulated		Carrying		Remaining	Carrying		Accumulated		Carrying		Remaining
(Dollars in thousands)	Amount		Amortization		Amount		Life	Amount		Amortization		Amount		Life
Amortizing intangible assets:
Core deposit intangibles	$	29,038	$	(16,694)	$	12,344	6.5 years	$	29,038	$	(12,624)	$	16,414	7.4 years
Other identifiable intangibles	13,906		(6,395)		7,511		8.8 years	13,906		(4,400)		9,506		9.7 years
Total amortizing intangible assets	$	42,944	$	(23,089)	$	19,855		$	42,944	$	(17,024)	$	25,920
Goodwill	$	363,436			$	363,436		$	370,223			$	370,223

Estimated Future Amortization Expense for Amortizing Intangibles

The following table presents the estimated future amortization expense for amortizing intangible assets within the years ending December 31:

(In thousands)	Amount
2023	$	5,040
2024	4,291
2025	3,530
2026	2,702
2027	1,945
Thereafter	2,347
Total amortizing intangible assets	$	19,855

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DEPOSITS (Tables)

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2022

Deposits [Abstract]

Composition of Deposits

The following table presents the composition of deposits at December 31 for the years indicated:

(In thousands)	2022		2021
Noninterest-bearing deposits	$	3,673,300	$	3,779,630
Interest-bearing deposits:
Demand	1,435,454		1,604,714
Money market savings	3,213,045		3,415,663
Regular savings	513,360		533,862
Time deposits of less than $250,000	1,644,645		910,464
Time deposits of $250,000 or more	473,617		380,398
Total interest-bearing deposits	7,280,121		6,845,101
Total deposits	$	10,953,421	$	10,624,731

Maturity Schedule for Time Deposits

The following table presents the maturity schedule for time deposits maturing within years ending December 31:

(In thousands)	Amount
2023	$	1,722,480
2024	271,347
2025	94,816
2026	16,422
2027	13,167
Thereafter	30
Total time deposits	$	2,118,262

Months to Maturities of Time Deposits

The Company's time deposits of less than $250,000 represented 15.0% of total deposits and time deposits of $250,000 or more represented 4.3% of total deposits at December 31, 2022 and are presented by maturity in the following table:

	Months to Maturity
(In thousands)	3 or Less		Over 3 to 6		Over 6 to 12		Over 12		Total
Time deposits - less than $250,000	$	262,907	$	202,825	$	902,562	$	276,351	$	1,644,645
Time deposits - $250,000 or more	$	45,140	$	102,582	$	206,464	$	119,431	$	473,617

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BORROWINGS (Tables)

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2022

Debt Disclosure [Abstract]

Schedule of Subordinated Borrowing

The following table provides information on subordinated debentures for the period indicated:

(In thousands)	2022		2021
Fixed to floating rate sub debt, 3.875%	$	200,000	$	—
Fixed to floating rate sub debt, 4.25%	175,000		175,000
Total subordinated debt	375,000		175,000
Less: Debt issuance costs	(4,795)		(2,288)
Long-term borrowings	$	370,205	$	172,712

Retail Repurchase Agreements and Federal Funds Purchased

Information relating to retail repurchase agreements and federal funds purchased is presented in the following table at and for the years ending December 31:

	2022				2021
(Dollars in thousands)	Amount		Rate		Amount		Rate
End of period:
Retail repurchase agreements	$	61,967	0.11	%	$	141,086	0.12	%
Federal funds purchased	260,000		4.18		—		—
Average for the year:
Retail repurchase agreements	$	108,273	0.11	%	$	143,734	0.12	%
Federal funds purchased	107,785		2.60		15,154		0.08
Maximum month-end balance:
Retail repurchase agreements	$	139,416			$	154,413
Federal funds purchased	260,000				60,000

Advances from the FHLB and the Respective Maturity Schedule

Advances from the FHLB and the respective maturity schedule at December 31 for the years indicated consisted of the following:

	2022				2021
(Dollars in thousands)	Amounts		Weighted Average Rate		Amounts		Weighted Average Rate
Maturity:
One year	$	350,000	4.28	%	$	—	—	%
Two years	50,000		4.66		—		—
Three years	50,000		4.28		—		—
Four years	50,000		4.16		—		—
Five years	50,000		4.08		—		—
After five years	—		—		—		—
Total advances from FHLB	$	550,000	4.29		$	—	—

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SHARE BASED COMPENSATION (Tables)

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2022

Share-Based Payment Arrangement [Abstract]

Summary of Activity for Company's Restricted Stock

A summary of the activity for the Company’s restricted stock for the period indicated is presented in the following table:

(In dollars, except share data):	Number of Common Shares	Weighted Average Grant-Date Fair Value
Restricted stock at January 1, 2022	390,520	$	32.67
Granted	169,190	$	44.99
Vested	(155,482)	$	32.77
Forfeited/ cancelled	(14,753)	$	35.82
Restricted stock at December 31, 2022	389,475	$	37.44

Summary of Share Option Activity

A summary of share option activity for the period indicated is reflected in the following table:

	Number of Common Shares	Weighted Average Exercise Share Price		Weighted Average Contractual Remaining Life (Years)	Aggregate Intrinsic Value (in thousands)
Balance at January 1, 2022	159,741	$	17.18		$	5,264
Granted	—	$	—
Exercised	(14,278)	$	20.48		$	337
Forfeited	—	$	—
Expired	(1,416)	$	41.41
Balance at December 31, 2022	144,047	$	16.61	1.6 years	$	2,633
Exercisable at December 31, 2022	144,047	$	16.61	1.6 years	$	2,633

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PENSION, PROFIT SHARING, AND OTHER EMPLOYEE BENEFIT PLANS (Tables)

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2022

Retirement Benefits [Abstract]

The Plan's Funded Status

The Pension Plan’s funded status at December 31 is as follows:

(In thousands)	2022		2021
Reconciliation of Projected Benefit Obligation:
Projected obligation at January 1	$	48,079	$	52,426
Interest cost	1,301		1,269
Actuarial (gain)/ loss	376		(22)
Benefit payments	(2,106)		(1,115)
Increase/ (decrease) related to change in assumptions	(12,111)		(2,040)
Settlement - lump sum payments	—		(2,439)
Projected obligation at December 31	35,539		48,079
Reconciliation of Fair Value of Plan Assets:
Fair value of plan assets at January 1	45,207		48,357
Actual return on plan assets	(10,814)		(596)
Employer contributions	—		1,000
Benefit payments	(2,106)		(1,115)
Settlement - lump sum payments	—		(2,439)
Fair value of plan assets at December 31	$	32,287	$	45,207
Funded status at December 31	$	(3,252)	$	(2,872)
Accumulated benefit obligation at December 31	$	35,539	$	48,079
Unrecognized net actuarial loss	$	10,736	$	11,030
Net periodic pension cost not yet recognized	$	10,736	$	11,030

Weighted-Average Assumptions Used To Determine Benefit Obligations

Weighted average assumptions used to determine benefit obligations at December 31 are presented in the following table:

	2022	2021	2020
Discount rate	5.10%	2.80%	2.50%
Rate of compensation increase	N/A	N/A	N/A

Net Periodic Benefit Cost

The components of net periodic benefit cost for the years ended December 31 are presented in the following table:

(In thousands)	2022		2021		2020
Interest cost on projected benefit obligation	$	1,301	$	1,269	$	1,437
Expected return on plan assets	(1,410)		(1,247)		(1,821)
Recognized net actuarial loss	783		909		874
Settlement charge	—		560		—
Net periodic benefit cost	$	674	$	1,491	$	490

Weighted-Average Assumptions Used To Determine Net Periodic Benefit Cost

Weighted average assumptions used to determine net periodic benefit cost for years ended December 31 are presented in the following table:

	2022	2021	2020
Discount rate	2.80%	2.50%	3.25%
Expected return on plan assets	3.75%	3.25%	4.75%
Rate of compensation increase	N/A	N/A	N/A

Components Of Net Unrecognized Benefits Costs That Is Reflected In Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss)

Reclassifications represent the portion of the unrecognized benefits that are recognized each period as a component of the net periodic benefit cost.

(In thousands)	Unrecognized Net Loss
Included in accumulated other comprehensive loss at January 1, 2020	$	11,177
Reductions during the year	(4,256)
Reclassifications due to recognition as net periodic pension cost	(874)
Increase related to change in assumptions	6,672
Included in accumulated other comprehensive loss as of December 31, 2020	12,719
Reductions during the year	1,842
Reclassifications due to recognition as net periodic pension cost	(909)
Settlement charge	(560)
Increase related to change in assumptions	(2,062)
Included in accumulated other comprehensive loss as of December 31, 2021	11,030
Additions during the year	12,224
Reclassifications due to recognition as net periodic pension cost	(783)
Settlement charge	—
Decrease related to change in assumptions	(11,735)
Included in accumulated other comprehensive loss as of December 31, 2022	10,736
Applicable tax effect	(2,734)
Included in accumulated other comprehensive loss net of tax effect at December 31, 2022	$	8,002
Amount expected to be recognized as part of net periodic pension cost in the next fiscal year	$	1,160

Component of Net Periodic Benefit

The following items have not yet been recognized as a component of net periodic benefit cost at December 31:

(In thousands)	2022		2021		2020
Net actuarial loss	$	10,736	$	11,030	$	12,719
Net periodic benefit cost not yet recognized	$	10,736	$	11,030	$	12,719

Pension Plan Weighted Average Allocations

The Company’s Pension Plan weighted average allocations at December 31 are presented in the following table:

	2022		2021
Asset Category:
Equity Securities Mutual Funds	—	%	11.5	%
Fixed Income Mutual Funds	100.0	%	88.5	%
Total pension plan assets	100.0	%	100.0	%

Fair Values Of Pension Plan Assets By Asset Category

The fair values of the Company’s Pension Plan assets by asset category at December 31 are presented in the following tables:

	2022
(In thousands)	Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets (Level 1)		Significant Other Observable Inputs (Level 2)		Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3)		Total
Asset Category:
Mutual funds:
Large cap U.S. equity funds	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—
Small/Mid cap U.S. equity funds	—		—		—		—
International equity funds	—		—		—		—
Short-term fixed income funds	9,517		22,770		—		32,287
Total mutual funds	9,517		22,770		—		32,287
Total pension plan assets	$	9,517	$	22,770	$	—	$	32,287

	2021
(In thousands)	Quoted Prices In Active Markets for  Identical Assets  (Level 1)		Significant Other  Observable  Inputs  (Level 2)		Significant Unobservable  Inputs  (Level 3)		Total
Asset Category:
Mutual funds:
Large cap U.S. equity funds	$	2,231	$	575	$	—	$	2,806
Small/Mid cap U.S. equity funds	—		1,536		—		1,536
International equity funds	875		—		—		875
Short-term fixed income funds	9,558		30,432		—		39,990
Total mutual funds	12,664		32,543		—		45,207
Total pension plan assets	$	12,664	$	32,543	$	—	$	45,207

Schedule of Benefit Payments

Benefit payments, which reflect expected future service, as appropriate, that are expected to be paid for the years ending December 31 are presented in the following table:

(In thousands)	Pension Benefits
2023	$	2,430
2024	2,900
2025	2,280
2026	2,880
2027	2,950
Thereafter	13,590

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OTHER NON-INTEREST INCOME AND OTHER NON-INTEREST EXPENSE (Tables)

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2022

Other Income and Expenses [Abstract]

Selected Components of Other Non-Interest Income and Other Non-Interest Expense

Selected components of other non-interest income and other non-interest expense for the years ended December 31 are presented in the following table:

(In thousands)	2022		2021		2020
Letter of credit fees	$	721	$	910	$	710
Extension fees	955		811		1,967
Swap fee income	524		511		1,607
Prepayment penalty fees	1,807		3,216		961
Other income	4,687		9,869		3,976
Total other non-interest income	$	8,694	$	15,317	$	9,221

(In thousands)	2022		2021		2020
Postage and delivery	$	2,040	$	1,906	$	1,624
Communications	2,332		2,508		2,729
Loss on FHLB redemption	—		9,117		5,928
Mortgage processing expense, net	1,048		1,504		1,381
Online services	2,763		2,209		1,591
Franchise taxes	1,974		1,644		1,574
Insurance	1,921		1,586		1,311
Card transaction expense	1,196		1,183		1,083
Office supplies	1,013		742		912
Contingent payment expense	1,247		—		—
Other expenses	12,982		11,993		12,470
Total other non-interest expense	$	28,516	$	34,392	$	30,603

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INCOME TAXES (Tables)

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2022

Income Tax Disclosure [Abstract]

Components of Income Tax Expense

The following table provides the components of income tax expense for the years ended December 31:

(In thousands)	2022		2021		2020
Current income taxes:
Federal	$	48,920	$	48,445	$	43,115
State	16,630		15,850		13,785
Total current	65,550		64,295		56,900
Deferred income taxes:
Federal	(7,214)		9,634		(22,793)
State	(2,277)		2,623		(6,636)
Total deferred	(9,491)		12,257		(29,429)
Total income tax expense	$	56,059	$	76,552	$	27,471

Deferred Tax Assets and Liabilities

Deferred tax assets and liabilities, shown as the sum of the appropriate tax effect for each significant type of temporary difference, are presented in the following table at December 31 for the years indicated:

(In thousands)	2022		2021
Deferred tax assets:
Allowance for credit losses	$	34,703	$	27,980
Lease liability	14,692		17,280
Employee benefits	8,247		7,740
Unrealized losses on pension plan	2,735		2,827
Deferred loan fees and costs	3,003		3,879
Equity based compensation	2,327		1,636
Unrealized losses on investments available-for-sale	42,362		121
Losses on other real estate owned	27		21
Other than temporary impairment	—		76
Loan and deposit premium/discount	205		553
Reserve for recourse loans and unfunded commitments	2,169		223
Net operating loss carryforward	2,985		2,023
Other	240		207
Gross deferred tax assets	113,695		64,566
Valuation allowance	(3,124)		(2,137)
Net deferred tax asset	110,571		62,429
Deferred tax liabilities:
Right of use asset	(12,511)		(14,888)
Pension plan costs	(1,906)		(2,092)
Depreciation	(4,203)		(2,552)
Intangible assets	(2,709)		(5,653)
Bond accretion	(289)		(78)
Fair value acquisition adjustments	(660)		(624)
Other	(738)		(626)
Gross deferred tax liabilities	(23,016)		(26,513)
Net deferred tax asset	$	87,555	$	35,916

Reconcilements Between Statutory Federal Income Tax Rate and Effective Tax Rate

The reconcilements between the statutory federal income tax rate and the effective rate for the years ended December 31 are presented in the following table:

(Dollars in thousands)	2022				2021				2020
	Amount		Percentage of Pre-Tax Income		Amount		Percentage of Pre-Tax Income		Amount		Percentage of Pre-Tax Income
Income tax expense at federal statutory rate	$	46,696	21.0	%	$	65,448	21.0	%	$	26,130	21.0	%
Increase/ (decrease) resulting from:
Tax exempt income, net	(1,909)		(0.9)		(2,271)		(0.7)		(2,472)		(2.0)
Bank-owned life insurance	(662)		(0.3)		(602)		(0.2)		(567)		(0.5)
State income taxes, net of federal income tax benefits	11,339		5.1		14,593		4.7		5,648		4.5
Federal tax law change	—		—		—		—		(1,764)		(1.4)
Other, net	595		0.3		(616)		(0.2)		496		0.5
Total income tax expense and rate	$	56,059	25.2	%	$	76,552	24.6	%	$	27,471	22.1	%

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NET INCOME PER COMMON SHARE (Tables)

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2022

Earnings Per Share [Abstract]

Calculation of Net Income Per Common Share

The calculation of net income per common share for the years ended December 31 is presented in the following table:

(Dollars and amounts in thousands, except per share data)	2022		2021		2020
Net income	$	166,299	$	235,107	$	96,953
Less: Distributed and undistributed earnings allocated to participating securities	(681)		(1,508)		(783)
Net income attributable to common shareholders	$	165,618	$	233,599	$	96,170
Total weighted average outstanding shares	45,049		46,995		44,312
Less: Weighted average participating securities	(186)		(304)		(365)
Basic weighted average common shares	44,863		46,691		43,947
Dilutive weighted average common stock equivalents	176		208		185
Diluted weighted average common shares	45,039		46,899		44,132
Basic net income per common share	$	3.69	$	5.00	$	2.19
Diluted net income per common share	$	3.68	$	4.98	$	2.18
Anti-dilutive shares	9		—		17

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ACCUMULATED OTHER COMPREHENSIVE INCOME/ (LOSS) (Tables)

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2022

Equity [Abstract]

Net Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss

The following table presents the activity in net accumulated other comprehensive income/ (loss) for the periods indicated:

(In thousands)	Unrealized Gains/ (Losses) on Investments Available-for-Sale		Defined Benefit Pension Plan		Unrealized Losses on Debt Securities Transferred from Available-for-Sale to Held-to-Maturity		Total
Balance at January 1, 2020	$	4,000	$	(8,332)	$	—	$	(4,332)
Period change, net of tax	24,175		(1,138)		—		23,037
Balance at December 31, 2020	28,175		(9,470)		—		18,705
Period change, net of tax	(28,511)		1,267		—		(27,244)
Balance at December 31, 2021	(336)		(8,203)		—		(8,539)
Period change, net of tax	(113,177)		201		(10,436)		(123,412)
Balance at December 31, 2022	$	(113,513)	$	(8,002)	$	(10,436)	$	(131,951)

Reclassification Adjustments Out of Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income

The following table provides the information on the reclassification adjustments out of accumulated other comprehensive income/ (loss) for the periods indicated:

	Year Ended December 31,
(In thousands)	2022		2021		2020
Unrealized gains/ (losses) on investments available-for-sale:
Affected line item in the Consolidated Statements of Income:
Investment securities gains/ (losses)	$	(345)	$	212	$	467
Income before taxes	(345)		212		467
Tax (expense)/ benefit	88		(54)		(120)
Net income/ (loss)	$	(257)	$	158	$	347
Amortization of unrealized losses on debt securities transferred from available-for-sale to held-to-maturity:
Affected line item in the Consolidated Statements of Income:
Interest and dividends on investment securities (1)	$	(2,245)	$	—	$	—
Income before taxes	(2,245)		—		—
Tax benefit	598		—		—
Net loss	$	(1,647)	$	—	$	—
Amortization of defined benefit pension plan items:
Affected line item in the Consolidated Statements of Income:
Recognized actuarial loss (2)	$	(783)	$	(909)	$	(874)
Settlement charge (2)	—		(560)		—
Income before taxes	(783)		(1,469)		(874)
Tax benefit	199		376		223
Net loss	$	(584)	$	(1,093)	$	(651)

(1)Amortization of unrealized losses on held-to-maturity debt securities is fully offset by accretion of a discount on held-to-maturity debt securities with no overall impact on net income and yield.

(2)This amount is included in the computation of net periodic benefit cost, see Note 13.

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DERIVATIVES (Tables)

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2022

Derivative Instruments and Hedging Activities Disclosure [Abstract]

Summary of Interest Rate Swaps

A summary of the Company’s interest rate swaps at December 31 for the years indicated is included in the following table:

	2022
(Dollars in thousands)	Notional Amount		Estimated Fair Value		Years to Maturity	Receive Rate		Pay Rate
Interest rate swap agreements:
Pay fixed/receive variable swaps	$	169,544	$	(18,596)	6.8 years	6.00	%	3.83	%
Pay variable/receive fixed swaps	169,544		18,596		6.8 years	3.83	%	6.00	%
Total swaps	$	339,088	$	—	6.8 years	4.92	%	4.92	%

	2021
(Dollars in thousands)	Notional Amount		Estimated Fair Value		Years to Maturity	Receive Rate		Pay Rate
Interest rate swap agreements:
Pay fixed/receive variable swaps	$	198,126	$	(5,880)	8.7 years	2.21	%	3.73	%
Pay variable/receive fixed swaps	198,126		5,880		8.7 years	3.73	%	2.21	%
Total swaps	$	396,252	$	—	8.7 years	2.97	%	2.97	%

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FINANCIAL INSTRUMENTS WITH OFF-BALANCE SHEET RISK (Tables)

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2022

Condensed Financial Information Disclosure [Abstract]

Summary of Financial Instruments With Off-Balance Sheet Credit Risk

A summary of the financial instruments with off-balance sheet credit risk is as follows at December 31 for the years indicated:

(In thousands)	2022		2021
Commercial real estate development and construction	$	887,154	$	621,725
Residential real estate-development and construction	798,607		885,806
Real estate-residential mortgage	21,118		54,072
Lines of credit, principally home equity and business lines	2,397,533		2,096,874
Standby letters of credit	77,424		70,642
Total commitments to extend credit and available credit lines	$	4,181,836	$	3,729,119

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FAIR VALUE (Tables)

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2022

Fair Value Disclosures [Abstract]

Schedule of Financial Assets and Liabilities Accounted for or Disclosed at Fair Value

The following tables set forth the Company’s financial assets and liabilities at the December 31 for the years indicated that were accounted for or disclosed at fair value. Assets and liabilities are classified in their entirety based on the lowest level of input that is significant to the fair value measurement:

	2022
(In thousands)	Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets (Level 1)		Significant Other Observable Inputs (Level 2)		Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3)		Total
Assets
Residential mortgage loans held for sale (1)	$	—	$	11,706	$	—	$	11,706
Available-for-sale debt securities:
U.S. government agencies	—		93,622		—		93,622
State and municipal	—		265,997		—		265,997
Mortgage-backed and asset-backed	—		854,919		—		854,919
Total available-for-sale debt securities	—		1,214,538		—		1,214,538
Interest rate swap agreements	—		18,596		—		18,596
Total assets	$	—	$	1,244,840	$	—	$	1,244,840
Liabilities
Interest rate swap agreements	$	—	$	(18,596)	$	—	$	(18,596)
Total liabilities	$	—	$	(18,596)	$	—	$	(18,596)

(1)The outstanding principal balance for residential loans held for sale as of December 31, 2022 was $11.3 million.

	2021
(In thousands)	Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets (Level 1)		Significant Other Observable Inputs (Level 2)		Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3)		Total
Assets
Residential mortgage loans held for sale (1)	$	—	$	39,409	$	—	$	39,409
Investments available-for-sale:
U.S. government agencies	—		68,539		—		68,539
State and municipal	—		326,402		—		326,402
Mortgage-backed and asset-backed	—		1,070,955		—		1,070,955
Total available-for-sale securities	—		1,465,896		—		1,465,896
Interest rate swap agreements	—		5,880		—		5,880
Total assets	$	—	$	1,511,185	$	—	$	1,511,185
Liabilities
Interest rate swap agreements	$	—	$	(5,880)	$	—	$	(5,880)
Total liabilities	$	—	$	(5,880)	$	—	$	(5,880)

(1)The outstanding principal balance for residential loans held for sale as of December 31, 2021 was $38.2 million.

Assets Measured at Fair Value on Nonrecurring Basis

The following tables set forth the Company’s financial assets subject to fair value adjustments on a non-recurring basis at December 31 for the year indicated that are valued at the lower of cost or market. Assets are classified in their entirety based on the lowest level of input that is significant to the fair value measurement:

	2022
(In thousands)	Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets (Level 1)		Significant Other Observable Inputs (Level 2)		Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3)		Total		Total Losses
Loans (1)	$	—	$	—	$	190	$	190	$	(384)
Other real estate owned	—		—		645		645		(105)
Total	$	—	$	—	$	835	$	835	$	(489)

(1)Amounts represent the fair value of collateral for collateral dependent non-accrual loans allocated to the allowance for credit losses. Fair values are determined using actual market prices (Level 2), independent third party valuations and borrower records, discounted as appropriate (Level 3).

	2021
(In thousands)	Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets (Level 1)		Significant Other Observable Inputs (Level 2)		Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3)		Total		Total Losses
Loans (1)	$	—	$	—	$	404	$	404	$	(1,353)
Other real estate owned	—		—		1,034		1,034		(81)
Total	$	—	$	—	$	1,438	$	1,438	$	(1,434)

(1)Amounts represent the fair value of collateral for collateral dependent non-accrual loans allocated to the allowance for credit losses. Fair values are determined using actual market prices (Level 2), independent third party valuations and borrower records, discounted as appropriate (Level 3).

Carrying Amounts And Fair Values of Company's Financial Instruments

The carrying amounts and fair values of the Company’s financial instruments at December 31 for the year indicated are presented in the following table:

					Fair Value Measurements
	2022				Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets (Level 1)		Significant Other Observable Inputs (Level 2)		Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3)
(In thousands)	Carrying Amount		Estimated Fair Value
Financial assets:
Cash and cash equivalents	$	192,232	$	192,232	$	192,232	$	—	$	—
Residential mortgage loans held for sale	11,706		11,706		—		11,706		—
Available-for-sale debt securities	1,214,538		1,214,538		—		1,214,538		—
Held-to-maturity debt securities	259,452		220,123		—		220,123		—
Other investments	69,218		69,218		—		69,218		—
Loans, net of allowance	11,260,464		11,020,992		—		—		11,020,992
Interest rate swap agreements	18,596		18,596		—		18,596		—
Accrued interest receivable	41,172		41,172		41,172		—		—
Bank owned life insurance	153,016		153,016		—		153,016		—
Financial liabilities:
Time deposits	$	2,118,262	$	2,082,319	$	—	$	2,082,319	$	—
Other deposits	8,835,159		8,835,159		8,835,159		—		—
Securities sold under retail repurchase agreements and
federal funds purchased	321,967		321,967		—		321,967		—
Advances from FHLB	550,000		549,530		—		549,530		—
Subordinated debt	370,205		332,470		—		—		332,470
Interest rate swap agreements	18,596		18,596		—		18,596		—
Accrued interest payable	10,867		10,867		10,867		—		—

					Fair Value Measurements
	2021				Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets (Level 1)		Significant Other Observable Inputs (Level 2)		Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3)
(In thousands)	Carrying Amount		Estimated Fair Value
Financial assets:
Cash and cash equivalents	$	420,020	$	420,020	$	420,020	$	—	$	—
Residential mortgage loans held for sale	39,409		39,409		—		39,409		—
Investments available-for-sale	1,465,896		1,465,896		—		1,465,896		—
Other investments	41,166		41,166		—		41,166		—
Loans, net of allowance	9,857,946		9,964,924		—		—		9,964,924
Interest rate swap agreements	5,880		5,880		—		5,880		—
Accrued interest receivable	34,349		34,349		34,349		—		—
Bank owned life insurance	147,528		147,528		—		147,528		—
Financial liabilities:
Time deposits	$	1,290,862	$	1,292,598	$	—	$	1,292,598	$	—
Other deposits	9,333,869		9,333,869		9,333,869		—		—
Securities sold under retail repurchase agreements and
federal funds purchased	141,086		141,086		—		141,086		—
Advances from FHLB	—		—		—		—		—
Subordinated debt	172,712		175,780		—		—		175,780
Interest rate swap agreements	5,880		5,880		—		5,880		—
Accrued interest payable	1,516		1,516		1,516		—		—

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PARENT COMPANY FINANCIAL INFORMATION (Tables)

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2022

Condensed Financial Information Disclosure [Abstract]

Statements of Condition

Financial statements for Sandy Spring Bancorp, Inc. (Parent Only) for the periods indicated are presented in the following tables:

Statements of Condition

	December 31,
(In thousands)	2022		2021
Assets:
Cash and cash equivalents	$	83,923	$	69,038
Other investments	568		568
Investment in subsidiary	1,767,933		1,620,432
Goodwill	1,292		1,292
Other assets	3,375		2,255
Total assets	$	1,857,091	$	1,693,585
Liabilities:
Subordinated debt	$	370,205	$	172,712
Accrued expenses and other liabilities	3,118		1,194
Total liabilities	373,323		173,906
Stockholders’ Equity:
Common stock	44,657		45,119
Additional paid in capital	734,273		751,072
Retained earnings	836,789		732,027
Accumulated other comprehensive loss	(131,951)		(8,539)
Total stockholders’ equity	1,483,768		1,519,679
Total liabilities and stockholders’ equity	$	1,857,091	$	1,693,585

Statements of Income

Statements of Income

	Year Ended December 31,
(In thousands)	2022		2021		2020
Income:
Cash dividends from subsidiary	$	65,410	$	189,172	$	74,410
Other income	494		434		932
Total income	65,904		189,606		75,342
Expenses:
Interest	14,055		6,765		9,028
Other expenses	1,750		1,592		1,505
Total expenses	15,805		8,357		10,533
Income before income taxes and equity in undistributed income of subsidiary	50,099		181,249		64,809
Income tax benefit	(3,175)		(1,563)		(1,988)
Income before equity in undistributed income of subsidiary	53,274		182,812		66,797
Equity in undistributed income of subsidiary	113,025		52,295		30,156
Net income	$	166,299	$	235,107	$	96,953

Statements of Cash Flows

Statements of Cash Flows

	Year Ended December 31,
(In thousands)	2022		2021		2020
Cash Flows from Operating Activities:
Net income	$	166,299	$	235,107	$	96,953
Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by operating activities:
Equity in undistributed income-subsidiary	(113,025)		(52,295)		(30,156)
Share based compensation expense	7,887		5,299		3,850
Tax benefit from stock options exercised	—		—		5
Other-net	(9,760)		4,133		(9,732)
Net cash provided by operating activities	51,401		192,244		60,920
Cash Flows from Investing Activities:
Proceeds from sales of investment available-for-sale	—		9,099		310
Investment in subsidiary	(150,000)		—		—
Net cash provided by/ (used in) investing activities	(150,000)		9,099		310
Cash Flows from Financing Activities:
Retirement of subordinated debt	—		(32,810)		(10,310)
Proceeds from issuance of subordinated debt	200,000		—		—
Proceeds from issuance of common stock	2,192		5,758		1,997
Stock tendered for payment of withholding taxes	(2,353)		(1,577)		(458)
Repurchase of common stock	(24,987)		(107,268)		(25,702)
Dividends paid	(61,368)		(60,351)		(53,175)
Net cash provided by/ (used in) financing activities	113,484		(196,248)		(87,648)
Net increase/ (decrease) in cash and cash equivalents	14,885		5,095		(26,418)
Cash and cash equivalents at beginning of year	69,038		63,943		90,361
Cash and cash equivalents at end of year	$	83,923	$	69,038	$	63,943

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REGULATORY MATTERS (Tables)

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2022

Banking and Thrift, Interest [Abstract]

Schedule of Actual Capital Amounts and Ratios

The Company's and the Bank's actual capital amounts and ratios at December 31 for the years indicated are presented in the following table:

	Actual				For Capital Adequacy Purposes				To be Well Capitalized Under Prompt Corrective Action Provisions
(Dollars in thousands)	Amount		Ratio		Amount		Ratio		Amount		Ratio
As of December 31, 2022
Tier 1 Leverage:
Company	$	1,250,218	9.33	%	$	536,159	4.00	%	N/A		N/A
Sandy Spring Bank	$	1,535,674	11.46	%	$	536,016	4.00	%	$	670,020	5.00	%
Common Equity Tier 1 Capital to risk-
weighted assets:
Company	$	1,250,218	10.23	%	$	549,992	4.50	%	N/A		N/A
Sandy Spring Bank	$	1,535,674	12.57	%	$	549,681	4.50	%	$	793,984	6.50	%
Tier 1 Capital to risk-weighted assets:
Company	$	1,250,218	10.23	%	$	733,323	6.00	%	N/A		N/A
Sandy Spring Bank	$	1,535,674	12.57	%	$	732,909	6.00	%	$	977,212	8.00	%
Total Capital to risk-weighted assets:
Company	$	1,735,342	14.20	%	$	977,764	8.00	%	N/A		N/A
Sandy Spring Bank	$	1,645,799	13.47	%	$	977,212	8.00	%	$	1,221,514	10.00	%
As of December 31, 2021
Tier 1 Leverage:
Company	$	1,149,694	9.26	%	$	496,520	4.00	%	N/A		N/A
Sandy Spring Bank	$	1,251,739	10.09	%	$	496,171	4.00	%	$	620,214	5.00	%
Common Equity Tier 1 Capital to risk-
weighted assets:
Company	$	1,149,694	11.91	%	$	434,466	4.50	%	N/A		N/A
Sandy Spring Bank	$	1,251,739	12.98	%	$	433,889	4.50	%	$	626,729	6.50	%
Tier 1 Capital to risk-weighted assets:
Company	$	1,149,694	11.91	%	$	579,288	6.00	%	N/A		N/A
Sandy Spring Bank	$	1,251,739	12.98	%	$	578,519	6.00	%	$	771,358	8.00	%
Total Capital to risk-weighted assets:
Company	$	1,408,808	14.59	%	$	772,384	8.00	%	N/A		N/A
Sandy Spring Bank	$	1,335,853	13.85	%	$	771,358	8.00	%	$	964,198	10.00	%

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SEGMENT REPORTING (Tables)

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2022

Segment Reporting [Abstract]

Operating Segments and Reconciliation of Information to Consolidated Financial Statements

Information for the operating segments and reconciliation of the information to the consolidated financial statements for the years ended December 31 is presented in the following tables:

	2022
(In thousands)	Community Banking		Insurance		Investment Management		Inter-Segment Elimination		Total
Interest income	$	495,665	$	123	$	11	$	(132)	$	495,667
Interest expense	68,795		—		—		(132)		68,663
Provision for credit losses	34,372		—		—		—		34,372
Non-interest income	62,424		19,449		21,926		(16,780)		87,019
Non-interest expenses	238,953		3,755		15,304		(719)		257,293
Income before income taxes	215,969		15,817		6,633		(16,061)		222,358
Income tax expense	49,670		4,472		1,917		—		56,059
Net income	$	166,299	$	11,345	$	4,716	$	(16,061)	$	166,299
Assets	$	13,853,476	$	17,777	$	54,207	$	(92,341)	$	13,833,119
	2021
(In thousands)	Community Banking		Insurance		Investment Management		Inter-Segment Elimination		Total
Interest income	$	450,284	$	2	$	10	$	(12)	$	450,284
Interest expense	25,778		—		—		(12)		25,766
Provision for credit losses	(45,556)		—		—		—		(45,556)
Non-interest income	80,077		7,011		22,378		(7,411)		102,055
Non-interest expenses	240,996		5,869		14,473		(868)		260,470
Income before income taxes	309,143		1,144		7,915		(6,543)		311,659
Income tax expense	74,036		339		2,177		—		76,552
Net income	$	235,107	$	805	$	5,738	$	(6,543)	$	235,107
Assets	$	12,590,176	$	9,110	$	59,099	$	(67,659)	$	12,590,726
	2020
(In thousands)	Community Banking		Insurance		Investment Management		Inter-Segment Elimination		Total
Interest income	$	423,560	$	6	$	7	$	(13)	$	423,560
Interest expense	60,414		—		—		(13)		60,401
Provision for credit losses	85,669		—		—		—		85,669
Non-interest income	78,940		6,810		17,831		(865)		102,716
Non-interest expenses	237,910		5,686		13,051		(865)		255,782
Income before income taxes	118,507		1,130		4,787		—		124,424
Income tax expense	25,907		313		1,251		—		27,471
Net income	$	92,600	$	817	$	3,536	$	—	$	96,953
Assets	$	12,800,537	$	11,335	$	57,768	$	(71,211)	$	12,798,429

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SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES (Narrative) (Details)	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2022
Maximum
Property, Plant and Equipment [Line Items]
Finite-lived intangible asset, useful life	15 years
Furniture and Fixtures | Minimum
Property, Plant and Equipment [Line Items]
Property, plant and equipment, useful life	3 years
Furniture and Fixtures | Maximum
Property, Plant and Equipment [Line Items]
Property, plant and equipment, useful life	10 years
Computer Equipment | Minimum
Property, Plant and Equipment [Line Items]
Property, plant and equipment, useful life	3 years
Computer Equipment | Maximum
Property, Plant and Equipment [Line Items]
Property, plant and equipment, useful life	5 years
Building and Building Improvements | Minimum
Property, Plant and Equipment [Line Items]
Property, plant and equipment, useful life	10 years
Building and Building Improvements | Maximum
Property, Plant and Equipment [Line Items]
Property, plant and equipment, useful life	40 years

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CASH AND DUE FROM BANKS (Narrative) (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021
Cash and Cash Equivalents [Abstract]
Compensating balance	$ 185.6	$ 491.9

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INVESTMENTS - Narrative (Detail) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Dec. 31, 2022	Mar. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021
Schedule of Investments [Line Items]
Amortized cost of debt securities transferred to held-to-maturity		$ 305,600
Fair value of debt securities transferred to held-to-maturity		289,400
Unrealized losses on debt securities transferred to held-to-maturity		$ 16,200
Book value of debt securities pledged as collateral	$ 1,626,295		$ 1,466,350
Asset Pledged as Collateral | Deposits
Schedule of Investments [Line Items]
Book value of debt securities pledged as collateral	533,900		$ 531,600
GNMA, FNMA, and FHLMC | Collateralized mortgage obligations
Schedule of Investments [Line Items]
Mortgage-backed securities	500,100
GNMA, FNMA, and FHLMC | Mortgage-backed securities
Schedule of Investments [Line Items]
Mortgage-backed securities	660,500
GNMA, FNMA, and FHLMC | SBA asset-backed securities
Schedule of Investments [Line Items]
Mortgage-backed securities	$ 42,300

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INVESTMENTS - Amortized Cost and Estimated Fair Values of Investments (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021
Available-for-sale debt securities:
Amortized Cost	$ 1,366,843	$ 1,466,350
Gross Unrealized Gains	77	14,966
Gross Unrealized Losses	(152,382)	(15,420)
Investments available-for-sale (at fair value)	1,214,538	1,465,896
Held-to-maturity debt securities
Amortized Cost	259,452	0
Gross Unrealized Gains	0	0
Gross Unrealized Losses	(39,329)	0
Investments held-to-maturity (at fair value)	220,123	0
Total debt securities
Book value of debt securities pledged as collateral	1,626,295	1,466,350
Gross Unrealized Gains	77	14,966
Gross Unrealized Losses	(191,711)	(15,420)
Estimated Fair Value	1,434,661	1,465,896
U.S. treasuries and government agencies
Available-for-sale debt securities:
Amortized Cost	100,926	68,487
Gross Unrealized Gains	0	202
Gross Unrealized Losses	(7,304)	(150)
Investments available-for-sale (at fair value)	93,622	68,539
State and municipal
Available-for-sale debt securities:
Amortized Cost	322,519	323,286
Gross Unrealized Gains	4	6,561
Gross Unrealized Losses	(56,526)	(3,445)
Investments available-for-sale (at fair value)	265,997	326,402
Mortgage-backed and asset-backed
Available-for-sale debt securities:
Amortized Cost	943,398	1,074,577
Gross Unrealized Gains	73	8,203
Gross Unrealized Losses	(88,552)	(11,825)
Investments available-for-sale (at fair value)	854,919	1,070,955
Held-to-maturity debt securities
Amortized Cost	259,452	0
Gross Unrealized Gains	0	0
Gross Unrealized Losses	(39,329)	0
Investments held-to-maturity (at fair value)	$ 220,123	$ 0

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INVESTMENTS - Gross Unrealized Losses and Fair Value by Length of Time of Available-For-Sale Securities (Detail) $ in Thousands	Dec. 31, 2022 USD ($) security	Dec. 31, 2021 USD ($) security
Debt Securities, Available-for-sale [Line Items]
Number of Securities | security	464	141
Fair Value
Less Than 12 Months	$ 779,965	$ 778,714
12 Months or More	400,181	59,597
Total	1,180,146	838,311
Unrealized Losses
Less Than 12 Months	79,408	12,583
12 Months or More	72,974	2,837
Total	$ 152,382	$ 15,420
U.S. treasuries and government agencies
Debt Securities, Available-for-sale [Line Items]
Number of Securities | security	10	5
Fair Value
Less Than 12 Months	$ 53,139	$ 49,695
12 Months or More	40,483	0
Total	93,622	49,695
Unrealized Losses
Less Than 12 Months	3,653	150
12 Months or More	3,651	0
Total	$ 7,304	$ 150
State and municipal
Debt Securities, Available-for-sale [Line Items]
Number of Securities | security	130	32
Fair Value
Less Than 12 Months	$ 200,439	$ 63,206
12 Months or More	62,482	21,740
Total	262,921	84,946
Unrealized Losses
Less Than 12 Months	30,803	2,288
12 Months or More	25,723	1,157
Total	$ 56,526	$ 3,445
Mortgage-backed and asset-backed
Debt Securities, Available-for-sale [Line Items]
Number of Securities | security	324	104
Fair Value
Less Than 12 Months	$ 526,387	$ 665,813
12 Months or More	297,216	37,857
Total	823,603	703,670
Unrealized Losses
Less Than 12 Months	44,952	10,145
12 Months or More	43,600	1,680
Total	$ 88,552	$ 11,825

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INVESTMENTS - Estimated Fair Values of Debt Securities by Contractual Maturity (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021
Fair Value
Total available-for-sale debt securities	$ 1,214,538	$ 1,465,896
Amortized Cost
Amortized Cost	1,366,843	1,466,350
Fair Value
Total held-to-maturity debt securities	220,123	0
Amortized Cost
Amortized Cost	259,452	0
U.S. treasuries and government agencies
Fair Value
One year or less	0	12,029
One to five years	93,622	56,510
Five to ten years	0	0
After ten years	0	0
Total available-for-sale debt securities	93,622	68,539
Amortized Cost
One year or less	0	11,995
One to five years	100,926	56,492
Five to ten years	0	0
After ten years	0	0
Amortized Cost	100,926	68,487
State and municipal
Fair Value
One year or less	8,694	12,821
One to five years	51,576	27,408
Five to ten years	28,806	42,960
After ten years	176,921	243,213
Total available-for-sale debt securities	265,997	326,402
Amortized Cost
One year or less	8,783	12,709
One to five years	53,948	26,637
Five to ten years	34,042	42,661
After ten years	225,746	241,279
Amortized Cost	322,519	323,286
Mortgage-backed and asset-backed
Fair Value
One year or less	7,622	9,272
One to five years	45,366	14,752
Five to ten years	303,697	388,918
After ten years	498,234	658,013
Total available-for-sale debt securities	854,919	1,070,955
Amortized Cost
One year or less	7,704	9,239
One to five years	46,802	14,575
Five to ten years	335,285	390,569
After ten years	553,607	660,194
Amortized Cost	943,398	1,074,577
Fair Value
One year or less	0	0
One to five years	0	0
Five to ten years	35,304	0
After ten years	184,819	0
Total held-to-maturity debt securities	220,123	0
Amortized Cost
One year or less	0	0
One to five years	0	0
Five to ten years	39,213	0
After ten years	220,239	0
Amortized Cost	259,452	0
Corporate debt
Fair Value
After ten years	0	0
Amortized Cost
After ten years	$ 0	$ 0

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INVESTMENTS - Other Investments (Detail) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021
Federal Home Loan Bank Stock and Federal Reserve Bank Stock [Abstract]
Federal Reserve Bank stock, at cost	$ 38,873	$ 34,097
Federal Home Loan Bank of Atlanta stock, at cost	29,668	6,392
Other	677	677
Total other investments, at cost	$ 69,218	$ 41,166

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INVESTMENTS - Gross Realized Gains and Losses on All Investments (Detail) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021	Dec. 31, 2020
Investments, Debt and Equity Securities [Abstract]
Gross realized gains from sales of investments available-for-sale	$ 8	$ 3,588	$ 1,297
Gross realized losses from sales of investments available-for-sale	(393)	(3,478)	(1,068)
Net gains from calls of investments available-for-sale	40	102	238
Net investment securities gains/ (losses)	$ (345)	$ 212	$ 467

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LOANS - Narrative (Detail) - USD ($) $ in Millions	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021
Loans and Leases Receivable Disclosure [Line Items]
Unearned income and deferred fees	$ 10.5	$ 14.3
Paycheck Protection Program
Loans and Leases Receivable Disclosure [Line Items]
Unearned income and deferred fees	$ 0.3	$ 4.6

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LOANS - Loan Portfolio Segment Balances (Detail) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021
Accounts, Notes, Loans and Financing Receivable [Line Items]
Total loans	$ 11,396,706	$ 9,967,091
Commercial investor real estate
Accounts, Notes, Loans and Financing Receivable [Line Items]
Total loans	5,130,094	4,141,346
Commercial owner-occupied real estate
Accounts, Notes, Loans and Financing Receivable [Line Items]
Total loans	1,775,037	1,690,881
Commercial AD&C
Accounts, Notes, Loans and Financing Receivable [Line Items]
Total loans	1,090,028	1,088,094
Residential mortgage
Accounts, Notes, Loans and Financing Receivable [Line Items]
Total loans	1,287,933	937,570
Residential construction
Accounts, Notes, Loans and Financing Receivable [Line Items]
Total loans	224,772	197,652
Commercial real estate: | Commercial investor real estate
Accounts, Notes, Loans and Financing Receivable [Line Items]
Total loans	5,130,094	4,141,346
Commercial real estate: | Commercial owner-occupied real estate
Accounts, Notes, Loans and Financing Receivable [Line Items]
Total loans	1,775,037	1,690,881
Commercial real estate: | Commercial AD&C
Accounts, Notes, Loans and Financing Receivable [Line Items]
Total loans	1,090,028	1,088,094
Commercial
Accounts, Notes, Loans and Financing Receivable [Line Items]
Total loans	9,451,044	8,402,155
Commercial | Commercial business
Accounts, Notes, Loans and Financing Receivable [Line Items]
Total loans	1,455,885	1,481,834
Residential real estate: | Residential mortgage
Accounts, Notes, Loans and Financing Receivable [Line Items]
Total loans	1,287,933	937,570
Residential real estate: | Residential construction
Accounts, Notes, Loans and Financing Receivable [Line Items]
Total loans	224,772	197,652
Consumer
Accounts, Notes, Loans and Financing Receivable [Line Items]
Total loans	432,957	429,714
Total residential and consumer loans
Accounts, Notes, Loans and Financing Receivable [Line Items]
Total loans	$ 1,945,662	$ 1,564,936

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LOANS - Summary of Loans to Related Parties (Detail) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021
Loans and Leases Receivable, Related Parties [Roll Forward]
Balance at beginning of period	$ 78,227	$ 96,005
Additions	6,939	7,040
Repayments	(24,310)	(24,818)
Balance at end of period	$ 60,856	$ 78,227

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CREDIT QUALITY ASSESSMENT - Allowance for Credit Loss Activity (Detail) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021	Dec. 31, 2020
Financing Receivable, Allowance for Credit Loss [Roll Forward]
Balance at beginning of year	$ 109,145	$ 165,367	$ 56,132
Initial allowance on Revere PCD loans	0	0	18,628
Provision/ (credit) for credit losses - loans	26,680	(45,556)	85,669
Loans charge-offs	(1,105)	(12,313)	(1,819)
Loans recoveries	1,522	1,647	1,012
Net (charge-offs)/ recoveries	417	(10,666)	(807)
Balance at period end	136,242	109,145	165,367
Revision of Prior Period, Reclassification, Adjustment
Financing Receivable, Allowance for Credit Loss [Roll Forward]
Balance at beginning of year	0	0	2,762
Balance at period end		0	0
Revision of Prior Period, Accounting Standards Update, Adjustment
Financing Receivable, Allowance for Credit Loss [Roll Forward]
Balance at beginning of year	$ 0	0	2,983
Balance at period end		$ 0	$ 0

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CREDIT QUALITY ASSESSMENT - Collateral Dependent Loans (Detail) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021	Dec. 31, 2020	Dec. 31, 2019
Credit Loss [Abstract]
Loans individually evaluated for credit losses with an allowance:	$ 9,743	$ 9,510
Loans individually evaluated for credit losses without an allowance:	16,454	24,024
Total individually evaluated collateral dependent loans	26,197	33,534
Allowance for credit losses related to loans evaluated individually	6,902	6,593
Allowance for credit losses related to loans evaluated collectively	129,340	102,552
Total allowance for credit losses - loans	$ 136,242	$ 109,145	$ 165,367	$ 56,132

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CREDIT QUALITY ASSESSMENT - Allowance for Credit or Loan Losses by Respective Loan Portfolio Segment (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021	Dec. 31, 2020
Financing Receivable, Allowance for Credit Loss [Roll Forward]
Balance at beginning of year	$ 109,145	$ 165,367	$ 56,132
Provision/ (credit) for credit losses - loans	26,680	(45,556)	85,669
Loans charge-offs	(1,105)	(12,313)	(1,819)
Loans recoveries	1,522	1,647	1,012
Net (charge-offs)/ recoveries	417	(10,666)	(807)
Balance at period end	136,242	109,145	165,367
Total loans	$ 11,396,706	$ 9,967,091
Allowance for credit losses on loans to total loans ratio	1.20%	1.10%
Average loans	$ 10,638,882	$ 10,034,866
Net charge-offs/ (recoveries) to average loans	0.00%	0.11%
Total individually evaluated loans:	$ 26,197	$ 33,534
Allowance for credit losses related to loans evaluated individually	$ 6,902	$ 6,593
Individual allowance to loans evaluated individually ratio	26.35%	19.66%
Balance of loans collectively evaluated for credit loss	$ 11,370,509	$ 9,933,557
Allowance for credit losses related to loans evaluated collectively	$ 129,340	$ 102,552
Collective allowance to loans evaluated collectively ratio	1.14%	1.03%
Commercial investor real estate
Financing Receivable, Allowance for Credit Loss [Roll Forward]
Loans charge-offs	$ 0	$ (5,802)
Total loans	5,130,094	4,141,346
Commercial owner-occupied real estate
Financing Receivable, Allowance for Credit Loss [Roll Forward]
Loans charge-offs	0	(136)
Total loans	1,775,037	1,690,881
Commercial AD&C
Financing Receivable, Allowance for Credit Loss [Roll Forward]
Loans charge-offs	0	(2,007)
Total loans	1,090,028	1,088,094
Residential mortgage
Financing Receivable, Allowance for Credit Loss [Roll Forward]
Loans charge-offs	(155)	0
Total loans	1,287,933	937,570
Residential construction
Financing Receivable, Allowance for Credit Loss [Roll Forward]
Loans charge-offs	0	0
Total loans	224,772	197,652
Commercial real estate: | Commercial investor real estate
Financing Receivable, Allowance for Credit Loss [Roll Forward]
Balance at beginning of year	45,289	57,404
Provision/ (credit) for credit losses - loans	19,128	(6,598)
Loans charge-offs	0	(5,802)
Loans recoveries	320	285
Net (charge-offs)/ recoveries	320	(5,517)
Balance at period end	64,737	45,289	57,404
Total loans	$ 5,130,094	$ 4,141,346
Allowance for credit losses on loans to total loans ratio	1.26%	1.09%
Average loans	$ 4,681,607	$ 3,689,769
Net charge-offs/ (recoveries) to average loans	(0.01%)	0.15%
Total individually evaluated loans:	$ 9,943	$ 12,489
Allowance for credit losses related to loans evaluated individually	$ 134	$ 213
Individual allowance to loans evaluated individually ratio	1.35%	1.71%
Balance of loans collectively evaluated for credit loss	$ 5,120,151	$ 4,128,857
Allowance for credit losses related to loans evaluated collectively	$ 64,603	$ 45,076
Collective allowance to loans evaluated collectively ratio	1.26%	1.09%
Commercial real estate: | Commercial owner-occupied real estate
Financing Receivable, Allowance for Credit Loss [Roll Forward]
Balance at beginning of year	$ 11,687	$ 20,061
Provision/ (credit) for credit losses - loans	(90)	(8,238)
Loans charge-offs	0	(136)
Loans recoveries	49	0
Net (charge-offs)/ recoveries	49	(136)
Balance at period end	11,646	11,687	20,061
Total loans	$ 1,775,037	$ 1,690,881
Allowance for credit losses on loans to total loans ratio	0.66%	0.69%
Average loans	$ 1,730,293	$ 1,661,015
Net charge-offs/ (recoveries) to average loans	0.00%	0.01%
Total individually evaluated loans:	$ 6,155	$ 9,306
Allowance for credit losses related to loans evaluated individually	$ 1,261	$ 79
Individual allowance to loans evaluated individually ratio	20.49%	0.85%
Balance of loans collectively evaluated for credit loss	$ 1,768,882	$ 1,681,575
Allowance for credit losses related to loans evaluated collectively	$ 10,385	$ 11,608
Collective allowance to loans evaluated collectively ratio	0.59%	0.69%
Commercial real estate: | Commercial AD&C
Financing Receivable, Allowance for Credit Loss [Roll Forward]
Balance at beginning of year	$ 20,322	$ 22,157
Provision/ (credit) for credit losses - loans	(1,676)	172
Loans charge-offs	0	(2,007)
Loans recoveries	0	0
Net (charge-offs)/ recoveries	0	(2,007)
Balance at period end	18,646	20,322	22,157
Total loans	$ 1,090,028	$ 1,088,094
Allowance for credit losses on loans to total loans ratio	1.71%	1.87%
Average loans	$ 1,112,936	$ 1,110,420
Net charge-offs/ (recoveries) to average loans	0.00%	0.18%
Total individually evaluated loans:	$ 0	$ 650
Allowance for credit losses related to loans evaluated individually	$ 0	$ 504
Individual allowance to loans evaluated individually ratio	0.00%	77.54%
Balance of loans collectively evaluated for credit loss	$ 1,090,028	$ 1,087,444
Allowance for credit losses related to loans evaluated collectively	$ 18,646	$ 19,818
Collective allowance to loans evaluated collectively ratio	1.71%	1.82%
Commercial Business
Financing Receivable, Allowance for Credit Loss [Roll Forward]
Total loans	$ 9,451,044	$ 8,402,155
Total individually evaluated loans:	8,274	9,033
Allowance for credit losses related to loans evaluated individually	5,507	5,797
Commercial Business | Commercial business
Financing Receivable, Allowance for Credit Loss [Roll Forward]
Balance at beginning of year	23,170	46,806
Provision/ (credit) for credit losses - loans	4,774	(20,132)
Loans charge-offs	(716)	(4,069)
Loans recoveries	799	565
Net (charge-offs)/ recoveries	83	(3,504)
Balance at period end	28,027	23,170	46,806
Total loans	$ 1,455,885	$ 1,481,834
Allowance for credit losses on loans to total loans ratio	1.93%	1.56%
Average loans	$ 1,351,906	$ 1,952,537
Net charge-offs/ (recoveries) to average loans	(0.01%)	0.18%
Total individually evaluated loans:	$ 8,274	$ 9,033
Allowance for credit losses related to loans evaluated individually	$ 5,507	$ 5,797
Individual allowance to loans evaluated individually ratio	66.56%	64.18%
Balance of loans collectively evaluated for credit loss	$ 1,447,611	$ 1,472,801
Allowance for credit losses related to loans evaluated collectively	$ 22,520	$ 17,373
Collective allowance to loans evaluated collectively ratio	1.56%	1.18%
Residential real estate: | Residential mortgage
Financing Receivable, Allowance for Credit Loss [Roll Forward]
Balance at beginning of year	$ 5,384	$ 11,295
Provision/ (credit) for credit losses - loans	4,093	(6,321)
Loans charge-offs	(155)	0
Loans recoveries	102	410
Net (charge-offs)/ recoveries	(53)	410
Balance at period end	9,424	5,384	11,295
Total loans	$ 1,287,933	$ 937,570
Allowance for credit losses on loans to total loans ratio	0.73%	0.57%
Average loans	$ 1,117,053	$ 979,754
Net charge-offs/ (recoveries) to average loans	0.00%	(0.04%)
Total individually evaluated loans:	$ 1,487	$ 1,704
Allowance for credit losses related to loans evaluated individually	$ 0	$ 0
Individual allowance to loans evaluated individually ratio	0.00%	0.00%
Balance of loans collectively evaluated for credit loss	$ 1,286,446	$ 935,866
Allowance for credit losses related to loans evaluated collectively	$ 9,424	$ 5,384
Collective allowance to loans evaluated collectively ratio	0.73%	0.58%
Residential real estate: | Residential construction
Financing Receivable, Allowance for Credit Loss [Roll Forward]
Balance at beginning of year	$ 1,048	$ 1,502
Provision/ (credit) for credit losses - loans	281	(459)
Loans charge-offs	0	0
Loans recoveries	8	5
Net (charge-offs)/ recoveries	8	5
Balance at period end	1,337	1,048	1,502
Total loans	$ 224,772	$ 197,652
Allowance for credit losses on loans to total loans ratio	0.59%	0.53%
Average loans	$ 221,341	$ 178,171
Net charge-offs/ (recoveries) to average loans	0.00%	0.00%
Total individually evaluated loans:	$ 0	$ 0
Allowance for credit losses related to loans evaluated individually	$ 0	$ 0
Individual allowance to loans evaluated individually ratio	0.00%	0.00%
Balance of loans collectively evaluated for credit loss	$ 224,772	$ 197,652
Allowance for credit losses related to loans evaluated collectively	$ 1,337	$ 1,048
Collective allowance to loans evaluated collectively ratio	0.59%	0.53%
Consumer
Financing Receivable, Allowance for Credit Loss [Roll Forward]
Balance at beginning of year	$ 2,245	$ 6,142
Provision/ (credit) for credit losses - loans	170	(3,980)
Loans charge-offs	(234)	(299)
Loans recoveries	244	382
Net (charge-offs)/ recoveries	10	83
Balance at period end	2,425	2,245	$ 6,142
Total loans	$ 432,957	$ 429,714
Allowance for credit losses on loans to total loans ratio	0.56%	0.52%
Average loans	$ 423,746	$ 463,200
Net charge-offs/ (recoveries) to average loans	0.00%	(0.02%)
Total individually evaluated loans:	$ 338	$ 352
Allowance for credit losses related to loans evaluated individually	$ 0	$ 0
Individual allowance to loans evaluated individually ratio	0.00%	0.00%
Balance of loans collectively evaluated for credit loss	$ 432,619	$ 429,362
Allowance for credit losses related to loans evaluated collectively	$ 2,425	$ 2,245
Collective allowance to loans evaluated collectively ratio	0.56%	0.52%

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CREDIT QUALITY ASSESSMENT - Collateral Dependent Loans Individually Evaluated for Credit Loss (Detail) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021
Financing Receivable, Allowance for Credit Loss [Line Items]
Loans individually evaluated for credit losses with an allowance:	$ 9,743	$ 9,510
Allowance for credit losses related to loans evaluated individually	6,902	6,593
Loans individually evaluated for credit losses without an allowance:	16,454	24,024
Total individually evaluated loans:	26,197	33,534
Unpaid contractual principal balance	29,475	38,399
Non-accruing
Financing Receivable, Allowance for Credit Loss [Line Items]
Loans individually evaluated for credit losses with an allowance:	5,739	6,386
Loans individually evaluated for credit losses without an allowance:	2,627	8,707
Total individually evaluated loans:	8,366	15,093
Non-accruing | Restructured
Financing Receivable, Allowance for Credit Loss [Line Items]
Loans individually evaluated for credit losses with an allowance:	3,052	2,511
Loans individually evaluated for credit losses without an allowance:	11,204	13,763
Total individually evaluated loans:	14,256	16,274
Accruing | Restructured
Financing Receivable, Allowance for Credit Loss [Line Items]
Loans individually evaluated for credit losses with an allowance:	952	613
Loans individually evaluated for credit losses without an allowance:	2,623	1,554
Total individually evaluated loans:	3,575	2,167
Commercial real estate: | Commercial investor real estate
Financing Receivable, Allowance for Credit Loss [Line Items]
Loans individually evaluated for credit losses with an allowance:	554	1,144
Allowance for credit losses related to loans evaluated individually	134	213
Loans individually evaluated for credit losses without an allowance:	9,389	11,345
Total individually evaluated loans:	9,943	12,489
Unpaid contractual principal balance	10,882	12,857
Commercial real estate: | Commercial investor real estate | Non-accruing
Financing Receivable, Allowance for Credit Loss [Line Items]
Loans individually evaluated for credit losses with an allowance:	554	808
Loans individually evaluated for credit losses without an allowance:	2,165	3,498
Total individually evaluated loans:	2,719	4,306
Commercial real estate: | Commercial investor real estate | Non-accruing | Restructured
Financing Receivable, Allowance for Credit Loss [Line Items]
Loans individually evaluated for credit losses with an allowance:	0	336
Loans individually evaluated for credit losses without an allowance:	7,224	7,847
Total individually evaluated loans:	7,224	8,183
Commercial real estate: | Commercial investor real estate | Accruing | Restructured
Financing Receivable, Allowance for Credit Loss [Line Items]
Loans individually evaluated for credit losses with an allowance:	0	0
Loans individually evaluated for credit losses without an allowance:	0	0
Total individually evaluated loans:	0	0
Commercial real estate: | Commercial owner-occupied real estate
Financing Receivable, Allowance for Credit Loss [Line Items]
Loans individually evaluated for credit losses with an allowance:	1,989	79
Allowance for credit losses related to loans evaluated individually	1,261	79
Loans individually evaluated for credit losses without an allowance:	4,166	9,227
Total individually evaluated loans:	6,155	9,306
Unpaid contractual principal balance	6,849	11,132
Commercial real estate: | Commercial owner-occupied real estate | Non-accruing
Financing Receivable, Allowance for Credit Loss [Line Items]
Loans individually evaluated for credit losses with an allowance:	1,989	79
Loans individually evaluated for credit losses without an allowance:	133	4,775
Total individually evaluated loans:	2,122	4,854
Commercial real estate: | Commercial owner-occupied real estate | Non-accruing | Restructured
Financing Receivable, Allowance for Credit Loss [Line Items]
Loans individually evaluated for credit losses with an allowance:	0	0
Loans individually evaluated for credit losses without an allowance:	2,897	4,452
Total individually evaluated loans:	2,897	4,452
Commercial real estate: | Commercial owner-occupied real estate | Accruing | Restructured
Financing Receivable, Allowance for Credit Loss [Line Items]
Loans individually evaluated for credit losses with an allowance:	0	0
Loans individually evaluated for credit losses without an allowance:	1,136	0
Total individually evaluated loans:	1,136	0
Commercial real estate: | Commercial AD&C
Financing Receivable, Allowance for Credit Loss [Line Items]
Loans individually evaluated for credit losses with an allowance:	0	650
Allowance for credit losses related to loans evaluated individually	0	504
Loans individually evaluated for credit losses without an allowance:	0	0
Total individually evaluated loans:	0	650
Unpaid contractual principal balance	0	695
Commercial real estate: | Commercial AD&C | Non-accruing
Financing Receivable, Allowance for Credit Loss [Line Items]
Loans individually evaluated for credit losses with an allowance:	0	650
Loans individually evaluated for credit losses without an allowance:	0	0
Total individually evaluated loans:	0	650
Commercial real estate: | Commercial AD&C | Non-accruing | Restructured
Financing Receivable, Allowance for Credit Loss [Line Items]
Loans individually evaluated for credit losses with an allowance:	0	0
Loans individually evaluated for credit losses without an allowance:	0	0
Total individually evaluated loans:	0	0
Commercial real estate: | Commercial AD&C | Accruing | Restructured
Financing Receivable, Allowance for Credit Loss [Line Items]
Loans individually evaluated for credit losses with an allowance:	0	0
Loans individually evaluated for credit losses without an allowance:	0	0
Total individually evaluated loans:	0	0
Commercial Business
Financing Receivable, Allowance for Credit Loss [Line Items]
Loans individually evaluated for credit losses with an allowance:	7,200	7,637
Allowance for credit losses related to loans evaluated individually	5,507	5,797
Loans individually evaluated for credit losses without an allowance:	1,074	1,396
Total individually evaluated loans:	8,274	9,033
Unpaid contractual principal balance	9,893	10,573
Commercial Business | Non-accruing
Financing Receivable, Allowance for Credit Loss [Line Items]
Loans individually evaluated for credit losses with an allowance:	3,196	4,849
Loans individually evaluated for credit losses without an allowance:	329	434
Total individually evaluated loans:	3,525	5,283
Commercial Business | Non-accruing | Restructured
Financing Receivable, Allowance for Credit Loss [Line Items]
Loans individually evaluated for credit losses with an allowance:	3,052	2,175
Loans individually evaluated for credit losses without an allowance:	745	962
Total individually evaluated loans:	3,797	3,137
Commercial Business | Accruing | Restructured
Financing Receivable, Allowance for Credit Loss [Line Items]
Loans individually evaluated for credit losses with an allowance:	952	613
Loans individually evaluated for credit losses without an allowance:	0	0
Total individually evaluated loans:	952	613
Residential real estate: | Residential mortgage
Financing Receivable, Allowance for Credit Loss [Line Items]
Loans individually evaluated for credit losses with an allowance:	0	0
Allowance for credit losses related to loans evaluated individually	0	0
Loans individually evaluated for credit losses without an allowance:	1,487	1,704
Total individually evaluated loans:	1,487	1,704
Unpaid contractual principal balance	1,487	2,778
Residential real estate: | Residential mortgage | Non-accruing
Financing Receivable, Allowance for Credit Loss [Line Items]
Loans individually evaluated for credit losses with an allowance:	0	0
Loans individually evaluated for credit losses without an allowance:	0	0
Total individually evaluated loans:	0	0
Residential real estate: | Residential mortgage | Non-accruing | Restructured
Financing Receivable, Allowance for Credit Loss [Line Items]
Loans individually evaluated for credit losses with an allowance:	0	0
Loans individually evaluated for credit losses without an allowance:	0	150
Total individually evaluated loans:	0	150
Residential real estate: | Residential mortgage | Accruing | Restructured
Financing Receivable, Allowance for Credit Loss [Line Items]
Loans individually evaluated for credit losses with an allowance:	0	0
Loans individually evaluated for credit losses without an allowance:	1,487	1,554
Total individually evaluated loans:	1,487	1,554
Residential real estate: | Residential construction
Financing Receivable, Allowance for Credit Loss [Line Items]
Loans individually evaluated for credit losses with an allowance:	0	0
Allowance for credit losses related to loans evaluated individually	0	0
Loans individually evaluated for credit losses without an allowance:	0	0
Total individually evaluated loans:	0	0
Unpaid contractual principal balance	0	0
Residential real estate: | Residential construction | Non-accruing
Financing Receivable, Allowance for Credit Loss [Line Items]
Loans individually evaluated for credit losses with an allowance:	0	0
Loans individually evaluated for credit losses without an allowance:	0	0
Total individually evaluated loans:	0	0
Residential real estate: | Residential construction | Non-accruing | Restructured
Financing Receivable, Allowance for Credit Loss [Line Items]
Loans individually evaluated for credit losses with an allowance:	0	0
Loans individually evaluated for credit losses without an allowance:	0	0
Total individually evaluated loans:	0	0
Residential real estate: | Residential construction | Accruing | Restructured
Financing Receivable, Allowance for Credit Loss [Line Items]
Loans individually evaluated for credit losses with an allowance:	0	0
Loans individually evaluated for credit losses without an allowance:	0	0
Total individually evaluated loans:	0	0
Consumer
Financing Receivable, Allowance for Credit Loss [Line Items]
Loans individually evaluated for credit losses with an allowance:	0	0
Allowance for credit losses related to loans evaluated individually	0	0
Loans individually evaluated for credit losses without an allowance:	338	352
Total individually evaluated loans:	338	352
Unpaid contractual principal balance	364	364
Consumer | Non-accruing
Financing Receivable, Allowance for Credit Loss [Line Items]
Loans individually evaluated for credit losses with an allowance:	0	0
Loans individually evaluated for credit losses without an allowance:	0	0
Total individually evaluated loans:	0	0
Consumer | Non-accruing | Restructured
Financing Receivable, Allowance for Credit Loss [Line Items]
Loans individually evaluated for credit losses with an allowance:	0	0
Loans individually evaluated for credit losses without an allowance:	338	352
Total individually evaluated loans:	338	352
Consumer | Accruing | Restructured
Financing Receivable, Allowance for Credit Loss [Line Items]
Loans individually evaluated for credit losses with an allowance:	0	0
Loans individually evaluated for credit losses without an allowance:	0	0
Total individually evaluated loans:	$ 0	$ 0

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CREDIT QUALITY ASSESSMENT - Nonaccrual Related Information (Detail) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021
Financing Receivable, Nonaccrual [Line Items]
Average non-accrual loans for the period	$ 41,192	$ 79,792
Contractual interest income due on non-accrual loans during the period	2,009	5,092
Commercial real estate: | Commercial investor real estate
Financing Receivable, Nonaccrual [Line Items]
Average non-accrual loans for the period	11,892	31,590
Contractual interest income due on non-accrual loans during the period	713	2,169
Commercial real estate: | Commercial owner-occupied real estate
Financing Receivable, Nonaccrual [Line Items]
Average non-accrual loans for the period	7,314	9,444
Contractual interest income due on non-accrual loans during the period	106	555
Commercial real estate: | Commercial AD&C
Financing Receivable, Nonaccrual [Line Items]
Average non-accrual loans for the period	617	9,236
Contractual interest income due on non-accrual loans during the period	30	597
Commercial Business
Financing Receivable, Nonaccrual [Line Items]
Average non-accrual loans for the period	7,768	12,678
Contractual interest income due on non-accrual loans during the period	491	1,096
Residential real estate: | Residential mortgage
Financing Receivable, Nonaccrual [Line Items]
Average non-accrual loans for the period	7,769	9,439
Contractual interest income due on non-accrual loans during the period	319	271
Residential real estate: | Residential construction
Financing Receivable, Nonaccrual [Line Items]
Average non-accrual loans for the period	21	36
Contractual interest income due on non-accrual loans during the period	1	2
Consumer
Financing Receivable, Nonaccrual [Line Items]
Average non-accrual loans for the period	5,811	7,369
Contractual interest income due on non-accrual loans during the period	$ 349	$ 402

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CREDIT QUALITY ASSESSMENT - Narrative (Detail) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021
Accounts, Notes, Loans and Financing Receivable [Line Items]
Loans placed on non-accrual	$ 12,100
Reversal of uncollected accrued interest	200
Specific allowance	1,233	$ 461
Other real estate owned	645	1,034
Restructured Loans
Accounts, Notes, Loans and Financing Receivable [Line Items]
Troubled debt restructurings, balance	17,900	18,400
Troubled debt restructurings restructured, accruing	3,600	2,200
Troubled debt restructurings restructured, non-accruing	14,300	16,200
Loans restructured during the period	1,700	14,600
Specific allowance	1,200	500
Other real estate owned	$ 600	$ 1,000

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CREDIT QUALITY ASSESSMENT - Information on the Credit Quality of Loan Portfolio (Detail) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021
Accounts Receivable, Allowance for Credit Loss [Roll Forward]
Loans placed on non-accrual	$ 12,100
Non-accrual status
Accounts Receivable, Allowance for Credit Loss [Roll Forward]
Balance at beginning of period	46,086	$ 112,361
Loans placed on non-accrual	12,130	8,146
Non-accrual balances transferred to OREO	0	(257)
Non-accrual balances charged-off	(860)	(11,593)
Net payments or draws	(19,065)	(61,230)
Non-accrual loans brought current	(3,509)	(1,341)
Balance at end of period	34,782	46,086
Non-accrual status | Commercial real estate: | Commercial investor real estate
Accounts Receivable, Allowance for Credit Loss [Roll Forward]
Balance at beginning of period	12,489	45,227
Loans placed on non-accrual	4,761	699
Non-accrual balances transferred to OREO	0	0
Non-accrual balances charged-off	0	(5,803)
Net payments or draws	(7,307)	(26,813)
Non-accrual loans brought current	0	(821)
Balance at end of period	9,943	12,489
Non-accrual status | Commercial real estate: | Commercial owner-occupied real estate
Accounts Receivable, Allowance for Credit Loss [Roll Forward]
Balance at beginning of period	9,306	11,561
Loans placed on non-accrual	2,370	3,676
Non-accrual balances transferred to OREO	0	(257)
Non-accrual balances charged-off	0	(136)
Net payments or draws	(4,366)	(5,538)
Non-accrual loans brought current	(2,291)	0
Balance at end of period	5,019	9,306
Non-accrual status | Commercial real estate: | Commercial AD&C
Accounts Receivable, Allowance for Credit Loss [Roll Forward]
Balance at beginning of period	650	15,044
Loans placed on non-accrual	0	49
Non-accrual balances transferred to OREO	0	0
Non-accrual balances charged-off	0	(2,007)
Net payments or draws	(650)	(12,436)
Non-accrual loans brought current	0	0
Balance at end of period	0	650
Non-accrual status | Commercial Business
Accounts Receivable, Allowance for Credit Loss [Roll Forward]
Balance at beginning of period	8,420	22,933
Loans placed on non-accrual	1,591	1,339
Non-accrual balances transferred to OREO	0	0
Non-accrual balances charged-off	(677)	(3,547)
Net payments or draws	(2,012)	(12,305)
Non-accrual loans brought current	0	0
Balance at end of period	7,322	8,420
Non-accrual status | Residential real estate: | Residential mortgage
Accounts Receivable, Allowance for Credit Loss [Roll Forward]
Balance at beginning of period	8,441	10,212
Loans placed on non-accrual	2,593	695
Non-accrual balances transferred to OREO	0	0
Non-accrual balances charged-off	(151)	0
Net payments or draws	(2,615)	(2,406)
Non-accrual loans brought current	(829)	(60)
Balance at end of period	7,439	8,441
Non-accrual status | Residential real estate: | Residential construction
Accounts Receivable, Allowance for Credit Loss [Roll Forward]
Balance at beginning of period	55	0
Loans placed on non-accrual	0	62
Non-accrual balances transferred to OREO	0	0
Non-accrual balances charged-off	0	0
Net payments or draws	(55)	(7)
Non-accrual loans brought current	0	0
Balance at end of period	0	55
Non-accrual status | Consumer
Accounts Receivable, Allowance for Credit Loss [Roll Forward]
Balance at beginning of period	6,725	7,384
Loans placed on non-accrual	815	1,626
Non-accrual balances transferred to OREO	0	0
Non-accrual balances charged-off	(32)	(100)
Net payments or draws	(2,060)	(1,725)
Non-accrual loans brought current	(389)	(460)
Balance at end of period	$ 5,059	$ 6,725

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CREDIT QUALITY ASSESSMENT - Credit Quality of Loan Portfolio by Segment (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021
Financing Receivable, Past Due [Line Items]
Total loans	$ 11,396,706	$ 9,967,091
Performing loans:
Financing Receivable, Past Due [Line Items]
Total loans	11,357,347	9,918,281
Non-performing loans:
Financing Receivable, Past Due [Line Items]
Non-accrual loans	34,782	46,086
Loans greater than 90 days past due	1,002	557
Restructured loans	3,575	2,167
Total loans	39,359	48,810
Current | Performing loans:
Financing Receivable, Past Due [Line Items]
Total loans	11,312,130	9,901,309
30-59 days | Performing loans:
Financing Receivable, Past Due [Line Items]
Total loans	32,576	12,475
60-89 days | Performing loans:
Financing Receivable, Past Due [Line Items]
Total loans	12,641	4,497
Commercial investor real estate
Financing Receivable, Past Due [Line Items]
Total loans	5,130,094	4,141,346
Commercial owner-occupied real estate
Financing Receivable, Past Due [Line Items]
Total loans	1,775,037	1,690,881
Commercial AD&C
Financing Receivable, Past Due [Line Items]
Total loans	1,090,028	1,088,094
Residential mortgage
Financing Receivable, Past Due [Line Items]
Total loans	1,287,933	937,570
Residential construction
Financing Receivable, Past Due [Line Items]
Total loans	224,772	197,652
Commercial real estate: | Commercial investor real estate
Financing Receivable, Past Due [Line Items]
Total loans	5,130,094	4,141,346
Commercial real estate: | Commercial investor real estate | Performing loans:
Financing Receivable, Past Due [Line Items]
Total loans	5,120,151	4,128,857
Commercial real estate: | Commercial investor real estate | Non-performing loans:
Financing Receivable, Past Due [Line Items]
Non-accrual loans	9,943	12,489
Loans greater than 90 days past due	0	0
Restructured loans	0	0
Total loans	9,943	12,489
Commercial real estate: | Commercial investor real estate | Current | Performing loans:
Financing Receivable, Past Due [Line Items]
Total loans	5,104,204	4,127,009
Commercial real estate: | Commercial investor real estate | 30-59 days | Performing loans:
Financing Receivable, Past Due [Line Items]
Total loans	9,735	1,656
Commercial real estate: | Commercial investor real estate | 60-89 days | Performing loans:
Financing Receivable, Past Due [Line Items]
Total loans	6,212	192
Commercial real estate: | Commercial owner-occupied real estate
Financing Receivable, Past Due [Line Items]
Total loans	1,775,037	1,690,881
Commercial real estate: | Commercial owner-occupied real estate | Performing loans:
Financing Receivable, Past Due [Line Items]
Total loans	1,768,882	1,681,575
Commercial real estate: | Commercial owner-occupied real estate | Non-performing loans:
Financing Receivable, Past Due [Line Items]
Non-accrual loans	5,019	9,306
Loans greater than 90 days past due	0	0
Restructured loans	1,136	0
Total loans	6,155	9,306
Commercial real estate: | Commercial owner-occupied real estate | Current | Performing loans:
Financing Receivable, Past Due [Line Items]
Total loans	1,767,875	1,680,635
Commercial real estate: | Commercial owner-occupied real estate | 30-59 days | Performing loans:
Financing Receivable, Past Due [Line Items]
Total loans	1,007	86
Commercial real estate: | Commercial owner-occupied real estate | 60-89 days | Performing loans:
Financing Receivable, Past Due [Line Items]
Total loans	0	854
Commercial real estate: | Commercial AD&C
Financing Receivable, Past Due [Line Items]
Total loans	1,090,028	1,088,094
Commercial real estate: | Commercial AD&C | Performing loans:
Financing Receivable, Past Due [Line Items]
Total loans	1,090,028	1,087,444
Commercial real estate: | Commercial AD&C | Non-performing loans:
Financing Receivable, Past Due [Line Items]
Non-accrual loans	0	650
Loans greater than 90 days past due	0	0
Restructured loans	0	0
Total loans	0	650
Commercial real estate: | Commercial AD&C | Current | Performing loans:
Financing Receivable, Past Due [Line Items]
Total loans	1,090,028	1,085,642
Commercial real estate: | Commercial AD&C | 30-59 days | Performing loans:
Financing Receivable, Past Due [Line Items]
Total loans	0	1,802
Commercial real estate: | Commercial AD&C | 60-89 days | Performing loans:
Financing Receivable, Past Due [Line Items]
Total loans	0	0
Commercial Business
Financing Receivable, Past Due [Line Items]
Total loans	9,451,044	8,402,155
Commercial Business | Commercial business
Financing Receivable, Past Due [Line Items]
Total loans	1,455,885	1,481,834
Commercial Business | Commercial business | Performing loans:
Financing Receivable, Past Due [Line Items]
Total loans	1,446,609	1,472,801
Commercial Business | Commercial business | Non-performing loans:
Financing Receivable, Past Due [Line Items]
Non-accrual loans	7,322	8,420
Loans greater than 90 days past due	1,002	0
Restructured loans	952	613
Total loans	9,276	9,033
Commercial Business | Commercial business | Current | Performing loans:
Financing Receivable, Past Due [Line Items]
Total loans	1,443,012	1,471,669
Commercial Business | Commercial business | 30-59 days | Performing loans:
Financing Receivable, Past Due [Line Items]
Total loans	3,556	753
Commercial Business | Commercial business | 60-89 days | Performing loans:
Financing Receivable, Past Due [Line Items]
Total loans	41	379
Residential real estate: | Residential mortgage
Financing Receivable, Past Due [Line Items]
Total loans	1,287,933	937,570
Residential real estate: | Residential mortgage | Performing loans:
Financing Receivable, Past Due [Line Items]
Total loans	1,279,007	927,018
Residential real estate: | Residential mortgage | Non-performing loans:
Financing Receivable, Past Due [Line Items]
Non-accrual loans	7,439	8,441
Loans greater than 90 days past due	0	557
Restructured loans	1,487	1,554
Total loans	8,926	10,552
Residential real estate: | Residential mortgage | Current | Performing loans:
Financing Receivable, Past Due [Line Items]
Total loans	1,261,878	919,199
Residential real estate: | Residential mortgage | 30-59 days | Performing loans:
Financing Receivable, Past Due [Line Items]
Total loans	11,307	5,157
Residential real estate: | Residential mortgage | 60-89 days | Performing loans:
Financing Receivable, Past Due [Line Items]
Total loans	5,822	2,662
Residential real estate: | Residential construction
Financing Receivable, Past Due [Line Items]
Total loans	224,772	197,652
Residential real estate: | Residential construction | Performing loans:
Financing Receivable, Past Due [Line Items]
Total loans	224,772	197,597
Residential real estate: | Residential construction | Non-performing loans:
Financing Receivable, Past Due [Line Items]
Non-accrual loans	0	55
Loans greater than 90 days past due	0	0
Restructured loans	0	0
Total loans	0	55
Residential real estate: | Residential construction | Current | Performing loans:
Financing Receivable, Past Due [Line Items]
Total loans	222,144	197,597
Residential real estate: | Residential construction | 30-59 days | Performing loans:
Financing Receivable, Past Due [Line Items]
Total loans	2,628	0
Residential real estate: | Residential construction | 60-89 days | Performing loans:
Financing Receivable, Past Due [Line Items]
Total loans	0	0
Consumer
Financing Receivable, Past Due [Line Items]
Total loans	432,957	429,714
Consumer | Performing loans:
Financing Receivable, Past Due [Line Items]
Total loans	427,898	422,989
Consumer | Non-performing loans:
Financing Receivable, Past Due [Line Items]
Non-accrual loans	5,059	6,725
Loans greater than 90 days past due	0	0
Restructured loans	0	0
Total loans	5,059	6,725
Consumer | Current | Performing loans:
Financing Receivable, Past Due [Line Items]
Total loans	422,989	419,558
Consumer | 30-59 days | Performing loans:
Financing Receivable, Past Due [Line Items]
Total loans	4,343	3,021
Consumer | 60-89 days | Performing loans:
Financing Receivable, Past Due [Line Items]
Total loans	$ 566	$ 410

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CREDIT QUALITY ASSESSMENT - Information about Credit Quality Indicator by Year of Origination (Detail) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021	Dec. 31, 2020
Financing Receivable, Credit Quality Indicator [Line Items]
Current year	$ 3,120,897	$ 3,023,908
Year one	2,647,414	1,626,031
Year two	1,339,364	1,316,007
Year three	1,039,363	826,781
Year four	649,024	702,719
Prior	1,559,209	1,376,294
Revolving Loans	1,041,435	1,095,351
Total loans	11,396,706	9,967,091
Current period gross charge-offs, total	1,105	12,313	$ 1,819
Commercial investor real estate
Financing Receivable, Credit Quality Indicator [Line Items]
Current year	1,543,664	1,394,986
Year one	1,216,546	749,082
Year two	695,224	625,715
Year three	567,341	366,804
Year four	343,815	340,595
Prior	748,262	644,925
Revolving Loans	15,242	19,239
Total loans	5,130,094	4,141,346
Current period gross charge-offs, current year	0	0
Current period gross charge-offs, year one	0	0
Current period gross charge-offs, year two	0	0
Current period gross charge-offs, year three	0	903
Current period gross charge-offs, year four	0	3,975
Current period gross charge-offs, prior	0	924
Current period gross charge-offs, revolving loans	0	0
Current period gross charge-offs, total	0	5,802
Commercial investor real estate | Pass
Financing Receivable, Credit Quality Indicator [Line Items]
Current year	1,510,446	1,391,969
Year one	1,197,504	748,236
Year two	694,756	616,761
Year three	567,247	357,640
Year four	335,103	328,327
Prior	742,405	633,913
Revolving Loans	15,242	19,239
Total loans	5,062,703	4,096,085
Commercial investor real estate | Special Mention
Financing Receivable, Credit Quality Indicator [Line Items]
Current year	32,661	2,210
Year one	17,146	510
Year two	468	4,646
Year three	94	596
Year four	473	2,204
Prior	4,814	10,438
Revolving Loans	0	0
Total loans	55,656	20,604
Commercial investor real estate | Substandard
Financing Receivable, Credit Quality Indicator [Line Items]
Current year	557	807
Year one	1,896	336
Year two	0	4,308
Year three	0	8,568
Year four	8,239	10,064
Prior	1,043	574
Revolving Loans	0	0
Total loans	11,735	24,657
Commercial investor real estate | Doubtful
Financing Receivable, Credit Quality Indicator [Line Items]
Current year	0	0
Year one	0	0
Year two	0	0
Year three	0	0
Year four	0	0
Prior	0	0
Revolving Loans	0	0
Total loans	0	0
Commercial owner-occupied real estate
Financing Receivable, Credit Quality Indicator [Line Items]
Current year	399,126	362,293
Year one	328,817	257,626
Year two	242,172	327,764
Year three	267,964	189,716
Year four	144,917	177,164
Prior	390,874	375,169
Revolving Loans	1,167	1,149
Total loans	1,775,037	1,690,881
Current period gross charge-offs, current year	0	0
Current period gross charge-offs, year one	0	0
Current period gross charge-offs, year two	0	0
Current period gross charge-offs, year three	0	136
Current period gross charge-offs, year four	0	0
Current period gross charge-offs, prior	0	0
Current period gross charge-offs, revolving loans	0	0
Current period gross charge-offs, total	0	136
Commercial owner-occupied real estate | Pass
Financing Receivable, Credit Quality Indicator [Line Items]
Current year	391,340	360,169
Year one	328,657	254,350
Year two	240,738	319,348
Year three	260,114	178,416
Year four	140,841	172,354
Prior	381,386	363,685
Revolving Loans	1,167	1,149
Total loans	1,744,243	1,649,471
Commercial owner-occupied real estate | Special Mention
Financing Receivable, Credit Quality Indicator [Line Items]
Current year	4,567	156
Year one	0	1,476
Year two	1,301	4,388
Year three	1,740	9,035
Year four	2,066	4,456
Prior	7,323	9,106
Revolving Loans	0	0
Total loans	16,997	28,617
Commercial owner-occupied real estate | Substandard
Financing Receivable, Credit Quality Indicator [Line Items]
Current year	3,219	1,968
Year one	160	1,800
Year two	133	4,028
Year three	6,110	2,265
Year four	2,010	354
Prior	2,165	2,378
Revolving Loans	0	0
Total loans	13,797	12,793
Commercial owner-occupied real estate | Doubtful
Financing Receivable, Credit Quality Indicator [Line Items]
Current year	0	0
Year one	0	0
Year two	0	0
Year three	0	0
Year four	0	0
Prior	0	0
Revolving Loans	0	0
Total loans	0	0
Commercial AD&C
Financing Receivable, Credit Quality Indicator [Line Items]
Current year	367,169	457,444
Year one	439,468	226,332
Year two	113,713	148,561
Year three	34,340	87,934
Year four	14,816	13,938
Prior	0	0
Revolving Loans	120,522	153,885
Total loans	1,090,028	1,088,094
Current period gross charge-offs, current year	0	0
Current period gross charge-offs, year one	0	0
Current period gross charge-offs, year two	0	0
Current period gross charge-offs, year three	0	0
Current period gross charge-offs, year four	0	2,007
Current period gross charge-offs, prior	0	0
Current period gross charge-offs, revolving loans	0	0
Current period gross charge-offs, total	0	2,007
Commercial AD&C | Pass
Financing Receivable, Credit Quality Indicator [Line Items]
Current year	366,096	454,207
Year one	439,468	226,332
Year two	113,713	148,260
Year three	34,340	87,934
Year four	14,816	13,938
Prior	0	0
Revolving Loans	119,727	152,896
Total loans	1,088,160	1,083,567
Commercial AD&C | Special Mention
Financing Receivable, Credit Quality Indicator [Line Items]
Current year	1,073	2,888
Year one	0	0
Year two	0	0
Year three	0	0
Year four	0	0
Prior	0	0
Revolving Loans	795	989
Total loans	1,868	3,877
Commercial AD&C | Substandard
Financing Receivable, Credit Quality Indicator [Line Items]
Current year	0	349
Year one	0	0
Year two	0	301
Year three	0	0
Year four	0	0
Prior	0	0
Revolving Loans	0	0
Total loans	0	650
Commercial AD&C | Doubtful
Financing Receivable, Credit Quality Indicator [Line Items]
Current year	0	0
Year one	0	0
Year two	0	0
Year three	0	0
Year four	0	0
Prior	0	0
Revolving Loans	0	0
Total loans	0	0
Residential mortgage
Financing Receivable, Credit Quality Indicator [Line Items]
Current year	336,909	259,638
Year one	357,307	175,065
Year two	176,834	54,245
Year three	50,886	76,471
Year four	61,970	110,951
Prior	304,027	261,200
Revolving Loans	0	0
Total loans	1,287,933	937,570
Current period gross charge-offs, current year	0	0
Current period gross charge-offs, year one	0	0
Current period gross charge-offs, year two	0	0
Current period gross charge-offs, year three	0	0
Current period gross charge-offs, year four	24	0
Current period gross charge-offs, prior	131	0
Current period gross charge-offs, revolving loans	0	0
Current period gross charge-offs, total	155	0
Residential mortgage | 660-850
Financing Receivable, Credit Quality Indicator [Line Items]
Current year	330,109	246,612
Year one	344,062	165,623
Year two	171,330	46,925
Year three	41,883	65,865
Year four	51,651	102,628
Prior	262,570	223,420
Revolving Loans	0	0
Total loans	1,201,605	851,073
Residential mortgage | 600-659
Financing Receivable, Credit Quality Indicator [Line Items]
Current year	4,571	11,102
Year one	6,196	3,285
Year two	1,173	3,583
Year three	3,925	4,255
Year four	6,041	4,645
Prior	24,006	20,052
Revolving Loans	0	0
Total loans	45,912	46,922
Residential mortgage | 540-599
Financing Receivable, Credit Quality Indicator [Line Items]
Current year	369	1,472
Year one	4,013	1,864
Year two	1,439	2,162
Year three	1,256	4,522
Year four	1,931	1,599
Prior	6,945	8,201
Revolving Loans	0	0
Total loans	15,953	19,820
Residential mortgage | less than 540
Financing Receivable, Credit Quality Indicator [Line Items]
Current year	1,860	452
Year one	3,036	4,293
Year two	2,892	1,575
Year three	3,822	1,829
Year four	2,347	2,079
Prior	10,506	9,527
Revolving Loans	0	0
Total loans	24,463	19,755
Residential construction
Financing Receivable, Credit Quality Indicator [Line Items]
Current year	132,776	138,002
Year one	77,036	45,890
Year two	12,133	8,713
Year three	150	2,078
Year four	1,432	1,347
Prior	1,245	1,622
Revolving Loans	0	0
Total loans	224,772	197,652
Current period gross charge-offs, current year	0	0
Current period gross charge-offs, year one	0	0
Current period gross charge-offs, year two	0	0
Current period gross charge-offs, year three	0	0
Current period gross charge-offs, year four	0	0
Current period gross charge-offs, prior	0	0
Current period gross charge-offs, revolving loans	0	0
Current period gross charge-offs, total	0	0
Residential construction | 660-850
Financing Receivable, Credit Quality Indicator [Line Items]
Current year	131,259	134,335
Year one	75,844	45,890
Year two	12,133	8,063
Year three	150	2,078
Year four	1,432	1,347
Prior	1,245	1,160
Revolving Loans	0	0
Total loans	222,063	192,873
Residential construction | 600-659
Financing Receivable, Credit Quality Indicator [Line Items]
Current year	908	1,922
Year one	373	0
Year two	0	650
Year three	0	0
Year four	0	0
Prior	0	0
Revolving Loans	0	0
Total loans	1,281	2,572
Residential construction | 540-599
Financing Receivable, Credit Quality Indicator [Line Items]
Current year	609	0
Year one	0	0
Year two	0	0
Year three	0	0
Year four	0	0
Prior	0	462
Revolving Loans	0	0
Total loans	609	462
Residential construction | less than 540
Financing Receivable, Credit Quality Indicator [Line Items]
Current year	0	1,745
Year one	819	0
Year two	0	0
Year three	0	0
Year four	0	0
Prior	0	0
Revolving Loans	0	0
Total loans	819	1,745
Commercial Business
Financing Receivable, Credit Quality Indicator [Line Items]
Total loans	9,451,044	8,402,155
Commercial Business | Commercial business
Financing Receivable, Credit Quality Indicator [Line Items]
Current year	333,627	407,868
Year one	225,314	170,454
Year two	97,988	146,708
Year three	115,739	99,298
Year four	78,838	56,459
Prior	80,452	56,406
Revolving Loans	523,927	544,641
Total loans	1,455,885	1,481,834
Current period gross charge-offs, current year	174	0
Current period gross charge-offs, year one	0	0
Current period gross charge-offs, year two	0	88
Current period gross charge-offs, year three	0	1,674
Current period gross charge-offs, year four	138	46
Current period gross charge-offs, prior	404	2,236
Current period gross charge-offs, revolving loans	0	25
Current period gross charge-offs, total	716	4,069
Commercial Business | Commercial business | Pass
Financing Receivable, Credit Quality Indicator [Line Items]
Current year	330,598	403,871
Year one	223,245	165,194
Year two	95,787	137,069
Year three	105,922	96,800
Year four	77,891	55,100
Prior	78,009	53,764
Revolving Loans	508,839	533,893
Total loans	1,420,291	1,445,691
Commercial Business | Commercial business | Special Mention
Financing Receivable, Credit Quality Indicator [Line Items]
Current year	127	220
Year one	458	1,998
Year two	1,107	7,030
Year three	7,787	1,701
Year four	498	548
Prior	322	577
Revolving Loans	13,225	9,212
Total loans	23,524	21,286
Commercial Business | Commercial business | Substandard
Financing Receivable, Credit Quality Indicator [Line Items]
Current year	2,902	3,777
Year one	1,611	3,262
Year two	1,094	2,609
Year three	2,030	797
Year four	449	811
Prior	2,121	2,065
Revolving Loans	1,863	1,536
Total loans	12,070	14,857
Commercial Business | Commercial business | Doubtful
Financing Receivable, Credit Quality Indicator [Line Items]
Current year	0	0
Year one	0	0
Year two	0	0
Year three	0	0
Year four	0	0
Prior	0	0
Revolving Loans	0	0
Total loans	0	0
Consumer
Financing Receivable, Credit Quality Indicator [Line Items]
Current year	7,626	3,677
Year one	2,926	1,582
Year two	1,300	4,301
Year three	2,943	4,480
Year four	3,236	2,265
Prior	34,349	36,972
Revolving Loans	380,577	376,437
Total loans	432,957	429,714
Current period gross charge-offs, current year	0	0
Current period gross charge-offs, year one	5	0
Current period gross charge-offs, year two	15	7
Current period gross charge-offs, year three	0	2
Current period gross charge-offs, year four	13	0
Current period gross charge-offs, prior	20	106
Current period gross charge-offs, revolving loans	181	184
Current period gross charge-offs, total	234	299
Consumer | 660-850
Financing Receivable, Credit Quality Indicator [Line Items]
Current year	6,689	3,179
Year one	2,346	1,393
Year two	1,201	3,130
Year three	2,147	3,060
Year four	2,047	1,648
Prior	23,170	26,156
Revolving Loans	359,468	350,466
Total loans	397,068	389,032
Consumer | 600-659
Financing Receivable, Credit Quality Indicator [Line Items]
Current year	658	352
Year one	467	123
Year two	59	324
Year three	198	716
Year four	664	430
Prior	5,459	4,906
Revolving Loans	11,269	14,119
Total loans	18,774	20,970
Consumer | 540-599
Financing Receivable, Credit Quality Indicator [Line Items]
Current year	123	58
Year one	56	8
Year two	0	311
Year three	465	160
Year four	316	89
Prior	2,802	2,809
Revolving Loans	3,824	4,926
Total loans	7,586	8,361
Consumer | less than 540
Financing Receivable, Credit Quality Indicator [Line Items]
Current year	156	88
Year one	57	58
Year two	40	536
Year three	133	544
Year four	209	98
Prior	2,918	3,101
Revolving Loans	6,016	6,926
Total loans	$ 9,529	$ 11,351

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CREDIT QUALITY ASSESSMENT - Restructured Loans For Specific Segments of the Loan Portfolio (Detail) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021
Financing Receivable, Troubled Debt Restructuring [Line Items]
Balance	$ 1,708	$ 14,575
Specific allowance	1,233	461
Restructured and subsequently defaulted	0	0
All Other Loans
Financing Receivable, Troubled Debt Restructuring [Line Items]
Balance	0	0
Specific allowance	0	0
Restructured and subsequently defaulted	0	0
Troubled debt restructurings:
Financing Receivable, Troubled Debt Restructuring [Line Items]
Restructured accruing	439	0
Restructured non-accruing	1,269	14,575
Troubled debt restructurings: | All Other Loans
Financing Receivable, Troubled Debt Restructuring [Line Items]
Restructured accruing	0	0
Restructured non-accruing	0	0
Commercial real estate: | Commercial investor real estate
Financing Receivable, Troubled Debt Restructuring [Line Items]
Balance	0	9,594
Specific allowance	0	0
Restructured and subsequently defaulted	0	0
Commercial real estate: | Commercial owner-occupied real estate
Financing Receivable, Troubled Debt Restructuring [Line Items]
Balance	0	3,157
Specific allowance	0	0
Restructured and subsequently defaulted	0	0
Commercial real estate: | Commercial AD&C
Financing Receivable, Troubled Debt Restructuring [Line Items]
Balance	0	0
Specific allowance	0	0
Restructured and subsequently defaulted	0	0
Commercial real estate: | Troubled debt restructurings: | Commercial investor real estate
Financing Receivable, Troubled Debt Restructuring [Line Items]
Restructured accruing	0	0
Restructured non-accruing	0	9,594
Commercial real estate: | Troubled debt restructurings: | Commercial owner-occupied real estate
Financing Receivable, Troubled Debt Restructuring [Line Items]
Restructured accruing	0	0
Restructured non-accruing	0	3,157
Commercial real estate: | Troubled debt restructurings: | Commercial AD&C
Financing Receivable, Troubled Debt Restructuring [Line Items]
Restructured accruing	0	0
Restructured non-accruing	0	0
Commercial Business
Financing Receivable, Troubled Debt Restructuring [Line Items]
Balance	1,708	1,824
Specific allowance	1,233	461
Restructured and subsequently defaulted	0	0
Commercial Business | Troubled debt restructurings:
Financing Receivable, Troubled Debt Restructuring [Line Items]
Restructured accruing	439	0
Restructured non-accruing	$ 1,269	$ 1,824

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PREMISES AND EQUIPMENT - Components of Premises and Equipment (Detail) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021
Property, Plant and Equipment [Abstract]
Land	$ 22,215	$ 21,164
Buildings and leasehold improvements	69,190	70,193
Equipment	58,506	48,889
Total premises and equipment	149,911	140,246
Less: accumulated depreciation and amortization	(82,841)	(80,561)
Net premises and equipment	$ 67,070	$ 59,685

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PREMISES AND EQUIPMENT - Narrative (Detail) - USD ($) $ in Millions	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021	Dec. 31, 2020
Property, Plant and Equipment [Abstract]
Depreciation and amortization	$ 6.1	$ 7.9	$ 8.5

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LEASES - Narrative (Details) $ in Thousands	Dec. 31, 2022 USD ($) lease
Lessee, Lease, Description [Line Items]
Undiscounted future rent cash flows	$ 66,326
Total undiscounted future rent cash flows for lease that has not yet commenced	$ 800
Minimum
Lessee, Lease, Description [Line Items]
Renewal term	1 year
Maximum
Lessee, Lease, Description [Line Items]
Renewal term	20 years
Lease Operations, Not Yet Commenced
Lessee, Lease, Description [Line Items]
Number of operating leases | lease	1

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LEASES - Schedule of Lease Cost (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021
Components of lease expense:
Operating lease cost (resulting from lease payments)	$ 10,924	$ 12,304
Supplemental cash flow information related to leases:
Operating cash flows from operating leases	11,579	12,930
ROU assets obtained in exchange for lease liabilities	92	803
Supplemental balance sheet information related to leases:
Operating lease ROU assets	48,910	57,872
Operating lease liabilities	$ 57,402	$ 67,138
Operating Lease, Right-of-Use Asset, Statement of Financial Position [Extensible Enumeration]	Other assets	Other assets
Operating Lease, Liability, Statement of Financial Position [Extensible Enumeration]	Accrued interest payable and other liabilities	Accrued interest payable and other liabilities
Weighted average remaining lease term of operating leases	8 years 7 months 6 days	9 years
Weighted average discount rate of operating leases	3.02%	2.92%
Revere Bank and RPJ
Supplemental cash flow information related to leases:
ROU assets obtained in exchange for lease liabilities	$ 0	$ 0

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LEASES - Schedule of Maturities of Operating Lease Liabilities (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021
Maturity:
One year	$ 11,537
Two years	9,583
Three years	7,721
Four years	6,973
Five years	5,545
Thereafter	24,967
Total undiscounted lease payments	66,326
Less: Present value discount	(8,924)
Lease Liability	$ 57,402	$ 67,138

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GOODWILL AND OTHER INTANGIBLE ASSETS - Net Carrying Amount of Goodwill By Segment (Detail) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021
Goodwill [Roll Forward]
Beginning balance	$ 370,223	$ 370,223
No Activity		0
Disposal of subsidiary's assets	(6,787)
Ending balance	363,436	370,223
Community Banking
Goodwill [Roll Forward]
Beginning balance	331,689	331,689
No Activity		0
Disposal of subsidiary's assets	0
Ending balance	331,689	331,689
Insurance
Goodwill [Roll Forward]
Beginning balance	6,787	6,787
No Activity		0
Disposal of subsidiary's assets	(6,787)
Ending balance	0	6,787
Investment Management
Goodwill [Roll Forward]
Beginning balance	31,747	31,747
No Activity		0
Disposal of subsidiary's assets	0
Ending balance	$ 31,747	$ 31,747

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GOODWILL AND OTHER INTANGIBLE ASSETS - Gross Carrying Amounts and Accumulated Amortization of Intangible Assets and Goodwill (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021	Dec. 31, 2020
Finite-Lived Intangible Assets [Line Items]
Gross Carrying Amount	$ 42,944	$ 42,944
Accumulated Amortization	(23,089)	(17,024)
Net Carrying Amount	19,855	25,920
Goodwill, gross	363,436	370,223
Goodwill	363,436	370,223	$ 370,223
Core deposit intangibles
Finite-Lived Intangible Assets [Line Items]
Gross Carrying Amount	29,038	29,038
Accumulated Amortization	(16,694)	(12,624)
Net Carrying Amount	$ 12,344	$ 16,414
Core deposit intangibles | Weighted Average
Finite-Lived Intangible Assets [Line Items]
Finite-lived intangible asset, useful life	6 years 6 months	7 years 4 months 24 days
Other identifiable intangibles
Finite-Lived Intangible Assets [Line Items]
Gross Carrying Amount	$ 13,906	$ 13,906
Accumulated Amortization	(6,395)	(4,400)
Net Carrying Amount	$ 7,511	$ 9,506
Other identifiable intangibles | Weighted Average
Finite-Lived Intangible Assets [Line Items]
Finite-lived intangible asset, useful life	8 years 9 months 18 days	9 years 8 months 12 days

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GOODWILL AND OTHER INTANGIBLE ASSETS - Estimated Future Amortization Expense for Amortizing Intangibles (Detail) $ in Thousands	Dec. 31, 2022 USD ($)
Goodwill and Intangible Assets Disclosure [Abstract]
2023	$ 5,040
2024	4,291
2025	3,530
2026	2,702
2027	1,945
Thereafter	2,347
Total amortizing intangible assets	$ 19,855

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DEPOSITS - Composition of Deposits (Detail) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021
Deposits [Abstract]
Noninterest-bearing deposits	$ 3,673,300	$ 3,779,630
Interest-bearing deposits:
Demand	1,435,454	1,604,714
Money market savings	3,213,045	3,415,663
Regular savings	513,360	533,862
Time deposits of less than $250,000	1,644,645	910,464
Time deposits of $250,000 or more	473,617	380,398
Total interest-bearing deposits	7,280,121	6,845,101
Total deposits	$ 10,953,421	$ 10,624,731

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DEPOSITS - Narrative (Detail) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021	Dec. 31, 2020
Time Deposits [Line Items]
Deposit liabilities reclassified as loans receivable	$ 10,400	$ 1,800
Percentage of time deposits, less than $250,000 of total deposits	15.00%
Percentage of time deposits of $250,000 or more of total deposits	4.30%
Interest expense, time deposits, less than $250,000	$ 5,000	6,000	$ 16,500
Interest expense, time deposits, $250,000 or more	11,500	3,000	$ 10,700
Total deposits	10,953,421	10,624,731
Director and Executive Officer
Time Deposits [Line Items]
Total deposits	$ 126,700	$ 89,500

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DEPOSITS - Maturity Schedule for Time Deposits (Detail) $ in Thousands	Dec. 31, 2022 USD ($)
Deposits [Abstract]
2023	$ 1,722,480
2024	271,347
2025	94,816
2026	16,422
2027	13,167
Thereafter	30
Total time deposits	$ 2,118,262

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DEPOSITS - Months to Maturities Of Time Deposits (Detail) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021
Time deposits - less than $250,000
3 or Less	$ 262,907
Over 3 to 6	202,825
Over 6 to 12	902,562
Over 12	276,351
Total	1,644,645	$ 910,464
Time deposits - $250,000 or more
3 or Less	45,140
Over 3 to 6	102,582
Over 6 to 12	206,464
Over 12	119,431
Time deposits of $250,000 or more	$ 473,617	$ 380,398

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BORROWINGS - Narrative (Detail) - USD ($)				9 Months Ended	12 Months Ended
	Mar. 15, 2022	Apr. 01, 2020	Nov. 05, 2019	Jul. 15, 2021	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2018	Dec. 31, 2021	Oct. 05, 2020
Subordinated debentures [Line Items]:
Subordinated debt					$ 370,205,000		$ 172,712,000
Percentage of principal and accrued interest of retail repurchase agreements collateralized					102.50%
FHLB availability					$ 2,600,000,000		2,700,000,000
FHLB advances outstanding					550,000,000		0
Federal Home Loan Bank Advances
Subordinated debentures [Line Items]:
Line of credit amount available for borrowing					3,200,000,000		3,900,000,000
Federal Reserve and Correspondent Banks
Subordinated debentures [Line Items]:
Line of credit amount available for borrowing					718,600,000		509,400,000
Long-term line of credit					0		0
Unsecured lines of credit, correspondent banks
Subordinated debentures [Line Items]:
Line of credit amount available for borrowing					1,600,000,000		1,300,000,000
Long-term line of credit					260,000,000		0
Residential mortgage | Asset Pledged as Collateral | Federal Home Loan Bank Advances | Federal Home Loan Bank Advances
Subordinated debentures [Line Items]:
Line of credit amount available for borrowing					1,200,000,000		829,100,000
Commercial real estate loans | Asset Pledged as Collateral | Federal Home Loan Bank Advances | Federal Home Loan Bank Advances
Subordinated debentures [Line Items]:
Line of credit amount available for borrowing					3,600,000,000		3,100,000,000
HELOC | Asset Pledged as Collateral | Federal Home Loan Bank Advances | Federal Home Loan Bank Advances
Subordinated debentures [Line Items]:
Line of credit amount available for borrowing					214,300,000		224,400,000
Multifamily Loans | Asset Pledged as Collateral | Federal Home Loan Bank Advances | Federal Home Loan Bank Advances
Subordinated debentures [Line Items]:
Line of credit amount available for borrowing					$ 514,800,000		$ 333,400,000
Subordinated Debt | WashingtonFirst Bankshares Inc
Subordinated debentures [Line Items]:
Subordinated debt						$ 25,000,000
Interest rate								6.00%
Basis spread on variable rate				4.57%
Purchase premium						$ 2,200,000
Debt instrument, term						10 years
Subordinated Debt | Revere acquisition
Subordinated debentures [Line Items]:
Subordinated debt		$ 31,000,000
Interest rate		5.625%
Basis spread on variable rate					4.41%
Purchase premium		$ 200,000
Debt instrument, term		10 years
Subordinated Debt | Fixed Floating Rate Subordinated Notes Due 2032
Subordinated debentures [Line Items]:
Subordinated debt	$ 200,000,000
Interest rate	3.875%				3.875%
Basis spread on variable rate	1.965%
Unamortized discount (premium) and debt issuance costs, net	$ 3,100,000
Subordinated Debt | Fixed Floating Rate Subordinated Notes Due 2029
Subordinated debentures [Line Items]:
Subordinated debt			$ 175,000,000
Interest rate			4.25%		4.25%
Basis spread on variable rate			2.62%
Unamortized discount (premium) and debt issuance costs, net			$ 2,900,000

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BORROWINGS - Schedule of Subordinated Borrowing (Detail) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Dec. 31, 2022	Mar. 15, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021	Nov. 05, 2019
Subordinated Borrowing [Line Items]
Long-term borrowings	$ 370,205		$ 172,712
Subordinated Debt
Subordinated Borrowing [Line Items]
Subordinated debt, gross	375,000		175,000
Less: Debt issuance costs	(4,795)		(2,288)
Subordinated Debt | Fixed Floating Rate Subordinated Notes Due 2032
Subordinated Borrowing [Line Items]
Subordinated debt, gross	$ 200,000		0
Long-term borrowings		$ 200,000
Interest rate	3.875%	3.875%
Subordinated Debt | Fixed Floating Rate Subordinated Notes Due 2029
Subordinated Borrowing [Line Items]
Subordinated debt, gross	$ 175,000		$ 175,000
Long-term borrowings				$ 175,000
Interest rate	4.25%			4.25%

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BORROWINGS - Retail Repurchase Agreements and Federal Funds Purchased (Detail) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021
Retail repurchase agreements
Short-term Debt [Line Items]
Other short-term borrowings	$ 61,967	$ 141,086
Short-term debt, average outstanding amount	108,273	143,734
Other short term borrowings, maximum month end balance	$ 139,416	$ 154,413
Interest rate	0.11%	0.12%
Weighted average interest rate, over time	0.11%	0.12%
Federal funds purchased
Short-term Debt [Line Items]
Other short-term borrowings	$ 260,000	$ 0
Short-term debt, average outstanding amount	107,785	15,154
Other short term borrowings, maximum month end balance	$ 260,000	$ 60,000
Interest rate	4.18%	0.00%
Weighted average interest rate, over time	2.60%	0.08%

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BORROWINGS - Advances from FHLB and Respective Maturity Schedule (Detail) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021
Maturity, Amounts
One year	$ 350,000	$ 0
Two years	50,000	0
Three years	50,000	0
Four years	50,000	0
Five years	50,000	0
After five years	0	0
Total advances from FHLB	$ 550,000	$ 0
Maturity, Weighted Average Rate
One year	4.28%	0.00%
Two years	4.66%	0.00%
Three years	4.28%	0.00%
Four years	4.16%	0.00%
Five years	4.08%	0.00%
After five years	0.00%	0.00%
Total advances from FHLB	4.29%	0.00%

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STOCKHOLDERS' EQUITY - Narrative (Detail) - USD ($)		12 Months Ended
	Jul. 01, 2011	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021	Mar. 31, 2022	Nov. 18, 2020
Equity, Class of Treasury Stock [Line Items]
Common stock, shares authorized (in shares)		100,000,000	100,000,000
Common stock, par value (in dollars per share)		$ 1.00	$ 1.00
Dividend Reinvestment Plan
Equity, Class of Treasury Stock [Line Items]
Additional dividends potential payment		$ 177,900,000
Due to related parties		$ 0	$ 0
Common Stock | Employee Stock Purchase Plan
Equity, Class of Treasury Stock [Line Items]
Common stock, shares authorized (in shares)	300,000
Maximum contribution amount	$ 25,000
Common Stock | Restated Employee Stock Purchase Plan
Equity, Class of Treasury Stock [Line Items]
Common stock, shares authorized (in shares)					700,000
Percentage of fair market value of share price		85.00%
Shares available for issuance (in shares)		603,618
Common Stock | Restated Employee Stock Purchase Plan | Minimum
Equity, Class of Treasury Stock [Line Items]
Percentage of cash compensation paid through payroll deductions		1.00%
Common Stock | Restated Employee Stock Purchase Plan | Maximum
Equity, Class of Treasury Stock [Line Items]
Percentage of cash compensation paid through payroll deductions		10.00%
Common Stock | 2022 Stock Repurchase Plan
Equity, Class of Treasury Stock [Line Items]
Value of stock authorized for repurchase				$ 50,000,000
Stock repurchased during period (in shares)		625,710
Average cost per share (in dollars per share)		$ 39.93
Stock repurchased during period		$ 25,000,000
Common Stock | 2020 Stock Repurchase Plan
Equity, Class of Treasury Stock [Line Items]
Stock repurchased during period (in shares)			2,350,000
Average cost per share (in dollars per share)			$ 45.65
Stock repurchased during period			$ 107,300,000

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SHARE BASED COMPENSATION - Narrative (Detail)	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2022 USD ($) director shares	Dec. 31, 2021 USD ($)	Dec. 31, 2020 USD ($)	May 06, 2015 shares
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award [Line Items]
Number of directors | director	3
Options exercised intrinsic value | $	$ 337,000
2015 Omnibus Incentive Plan
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award [Line Items]
Shares authorized (in shares) | shares				1,500,000
Shares available for issuance (in shares) | shares	639,014
Expiration period	10 years
2015 Omnibus Incentive Plan | Minimum
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award [Line Items]
Award vesting rights, percentage	100.00%
Exercise period	7 years
2015 Omnibus Incentive Plan | Maximum
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award [Line Items]
Exercise period	10 years
2015 Omnibus Incentive Plan | Performance Shares
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award [Line Items]
Vesting period	3 years
2015 Omnibus Incentive Plan | Performance Shares | Minimum
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award [Line Items]
Award vesting rights, percentage	0.00%
2015 Omnibus Incentive Plan | Performance Shares | Maximum
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award [Line Items]
Award vesting rights, percentage	150.00%
2015 Omnibus Incentive Plan | Performance Shares | Tranche one
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award [Line Items]
Shares issued (in shares) | shares	45,567
Performance period	3 years
2015 Omnibus Incentive Plan | Stock Options and Restricted Stock
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award [Line Items]
Recognized compensation expense | $	$ 7,900,000	$ 5,300,000	$ 3,900,000
2015 Omnibus Incentive Plan | Stock Option
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award [Line Items]
Options exercised intrinsic value | $	300,000	$ 8,000,000	$ 400,000
Unrecognized compensation expense | $	0
2015 Omnibus Incentive Plan | Restricted Stock Awards, Restricted Stock Unit Grants, and Performance Share Unit Grants
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award [Line Items]
Unrecognized compensation expense | $	$ 7,400,000
Expected cost recognition weighted average period	1 year 9 months 18 days
2015 Omnibus Incentive Plan | Restricted Stock
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award [Line Items]
Granted (in shares) | shares	169,190
2015 Omnibus Incentive Plan | Time Based Shares | Tranche two
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award [Line Items]
Shares issued (in shares) | shares	123,623
2015 Omnibus Incentive Plan | Time Based Shares | Tranche two | Minimum
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award [Line Items]
Vesting period	3 years

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SHARE BASED COMPENSATION - Summary of Activity for Company's Restricted Stock (Detail) - Restricted Stock	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2022 $ / shares shares
Number of Common Shares
Restricted stock beginning balance (in shares) | shares	390,520
Granted (in shares) | shares	169,190
Vested (in shares) | shares	(155,482)
Forfeited (in shares) | shares	(14,753)
Restricted stock ending balance (in shares) | shares	389,475
Weighted Average Grant-Date Fair Value
Restricted stock beginning balance (in dollars per share) | $ / shares	$ 32.67
Granted (in dollars per share) | $ / shares	44.99
Vested (in dollars per share) | $ / shares	32.77
Forfeited (in dollars per share) | $ / shares	35.82
Restricted stock ending balance (in dollars per share) | $ / shares	$ 37.44

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SHARE BASED COMPENSATION - Summary of Share Option Activity (Detail) - USD ($) $ / shares in Units, $ in Thousands	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021	Dec. 31, 2020
Number of Common Shares
Beginning balance (in shares)	159,741
Granted (in shares)	0
Exercised (in shares)	(14,278)	(270,297)	(26,063)
Forfeited (in shares)	0
Expired (in shares)	(1,416)
Ending balance (in shares)	144,047	159,741
Exercisable at period end (in shares)	144,047
Weighted Average Exercise Share Price
Beginning balance (in dollars per share)	$ 17.18
Granted (in dollars per share)	0
Exercised (in dollars per share)	20.48
Forfeited (in dollars per share)	0
Expired (in dollars per share)	41.41
Ending balance (in dollars per share)	16.61	$ 17.18
Exercisable at period end (in dollars per share)	$ 16.61
Weighted Average Contractual Remaining Life (Years)
Balance at end of period	1 year 7 months 6 days
Exercisable at end of period	1 year 7 months 6 days
Aggregate Intrinsic Value (in thousands)
Beginning balance	$ 5,264
Exercised	337
Ending balance	2,633	$ 5,264
Exercisable at period end	$ 2,633

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PENSION, PROFIT SHARING, AND OTHER EMPLOYEE BENEFIT PLANS - Plan's Funded Status (Detail) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021	Dec. 31, 2020
Reconciliation of Projected Benefit Obligation:
Projected obligation at beginning of period	$ 48,079	$ 52,426
Interest cost	1,301	1,269	$ 1,437
Actuarial (gain)/ loss	376	(22)
Benefit payments	(2,106)	(1,115)
Increase/ (decrease) related to change in assumptions	(12,111)	(2,040)
Settlement - lump sum payments	0	(2,439)
Projected obligation at period end	35,539	48,079	52,426
Reconciliation of Fair Value of Plan Assets:
Fair value of plan assets at beginning period	45,207	48,357
Actual return on plan assets	(10,814)	(596)
Employer contributions	0	1,000
Benefit payments	(2,106)	(1,115)
Settlement - lump sum payments	0	(2,439)
Fair value of plan assets at end of period	32,287	45,207	48,357
Funded status at period end	(3,252)	(2,872)
Accumulated benefit obligation at period end	35,539	48,079
Unrecognized net actuarial loss	10,736	11,030	12,719
Net periodic pension cost not yet recognized	$ 10,736	$ 11,030	$ 12,719

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PENSION, PROFIT SHARING, AND OTHER EMPLOYEE BENEFIT PLANS - Weighted Average Assumptions Used to Determine Benefit Obligations (Detail)	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021	Dec. 31, 2020
Retirement Benefits [Abstract]
Discount rate	5.10%	2.80%	2.50%

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PENSION, PROFIT SHARING, AND OTHER EMPLOYEE BENEFIT PLANS - Net Periodic Benefit Cost (Detail) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021	Dec. 31, 2020
Retirement Benefits [Abstract]
Interest cost on projected benefit obligation	$ 1,301	$ 1,269	$ 1,437
Expected return on plan assets	(1,410)	(1,247)	(1,821)
Recognized net actuarial loss	783	909	874
Settlement charge	0	560	0
Net periodic benefit cost	$ 674	$ 1,491	$ 490

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PENSION, PROFIT SHARING, AND OTHER EMPLOYEE BENEFIT PLANS - Weighted Average Assumptions Used to Determine Net Periodic Benefit Cost (Detail)	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021	Dec. 31, 2020
Retirement Benefits [Abstract]
Discount rate	2.80%	2.50%	3.25%
Expected return on plan assets	3.75%	3.25%	4.75%

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PENSION, PROFIT SHARING, AND OTHER EMPLOYEE BENEFIT PLANS - Narrative (Detail) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021	Dec. 31, 2020
Retirement Benefits [Abstract]
Expected return on plan assets	3.75%	3.25%	4.75%
Maximum percentage of asset allocated to control market volatility	70.00%
Maximum percentage of market value for initial acquisition of equity portion	5.00%
Minimum percentage of value of equity portion for sale	10.00%
Maximum percentage of corporate debt issuable to single issuer	10.00%
Contribution by employer	$ 0	$ 1,000
Employer matching contribution	100.00%
Percent of employee deferrals	4.00%
Employer matching contribution, secondary	50.00%
Percent of employee deferrals, secondary	2.00%
Profit sharing and matching contribution	$ 5,900	6,000	$ 5,300
Executive incentive retirement plan benefit cost	$ 700	$ 700	$ 600
Defined Benefit Plan, Net Periodic Benefit Cost (Credit) Excluding Service Cost, Statement of Income or Comprehensive Income [Extensible Enumeration]	Salaries and employee benefits	Salaries and employee benefits	Salaries and employee benefits

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PENSION, PROFIT SHARING, AND OTHER EMPLOYEE BENEFIT PLANS - Components of Net Unrecognized Benefits Costs (Detail) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021	Dec. 31, 2020
Defined Benefit Plan, Change in Benefit Obligation [Roll Forward]
Included in accumulated other comprehensive income (loss), beginning balance	$ 11,030	$ 12,719	$ 11,177
Additions/(Reductions) during the year	12,224	1,842	(4,256)
Reclassifications due to recognition as net periodic pension cost	(783)	(909)	(874)
Settlement charge	0	(560)
Increase (decrease) related to change in discount rate assumption	(11,735)	(2,062)	6,672
Included in accumulated other comprehensive income (loss), ending balance	10,736	$ 11,030	$ 12,719
Applicable tax effect	(2,734)
Included in accumulated other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax effect	8,002
Amount expected to be recognized as part of net periodic pension cost in the next fiscal year	$ 1,160

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PENSION, PROFIT SHARING, AND OTHER EMPLOYEE BENEFIT PLANS - Component of Net Periodic Benefit (Detail) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021	Dec. 31, 2020
Retirement Benefits [Abstract]
Net actuarial loss	$ 10,736	$ 11,030	$ 12,719
Net periodic pension cost not yet recognized	$ 10,736	$ 11,030	$ 12,719

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PENSION, PROFIT SHARING, AND OTHER EMPLOYEE BENEFIT PLANS - Pension Plan Weighted Average Allocations (Detail)	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure [Line Items]
Total pension plan assets	100.00%	100.00%
Equity Securities
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure [Line Items]
Total pension plan assets	0.00%	11.50%
Mutual Fund
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure [Line Items]
Total pension plan assets	100.00%	88.50%

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PENSION, PROFIT SHARING, AND OTHER EMPLOYEE BENEFIT PLANS - Fair Values of Pension Plan Assets by Asset Catetory (Detail) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021	Dec. 31, 2020
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure [Line Items]
Fair value of plan assets, asset category	$ 32,287	$ 45,207	$ 48,357
Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets (Level 1)
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure [Line Items]
Fair value of plan assets, asset category	9,517	12,664
Significant Other Observable Inputs (Level 2)
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure [Line Items]
Fair value of plan assets, asset category	22,770	32,543
Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3)
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure [Line Items]
Fair value of plan assets, asset category	0	0
Mutual Fund
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure [Line Items]
Fair value of plan assets, asset category	32,287	45,207
Mutual Fund | Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets (Level 1)
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure [Line Items]
Fair value of plan assets, asset category	9,517	12,664
Mutual Fund | Significant Other Observable Inputs (Level 2)
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure [Line Items]
Fair value of plan assets, asset category	22,770	32,543
Mutual Fund | Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3)
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure [Line Items]
Fair value of plan assets, asset category	0	0
Large cap U.S. equity funds
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure [Line Items]
Fair value of plan assets, asset category	0	2,806
Large cap U.S. equity funds | Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets (Level 1)
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure [Line Items]
Fair value of plan assets, asset category	0	2,231
Large cap U.S. equity funds | Significant Other Observable Inputs (Level 2)
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure [Line Items]
Fair value of plan assets, asset category	0	575
Large cap U.S. equity funds | Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3)
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure [Line Items]
Fair value of plan assets, asset category	0	0
Small/Mid cap U.S. equity funds
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure [Line Items]
Fair value of plan assets, asset category	0	1,536
Small/Mid cap U.S. equity funds | Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets (Level 1)
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure [Line Items]
Fair value of plan assets, asset category	0	0
Small/Mid cap U.S. equity funds | Significant Other Observable Inputs (Level 2)
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure [Line Items]
Fair value of plan assets, asset category	0	1,536
Small/Mid cap U.S. equity funds | Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3)
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure [Line Items]
Fair value of plan assets, asset category	0	0
International equity funds
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure [Line Items]
Fair value of plan assets, asset category	0	875
International equity funds | Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets (Level 1)
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure [Line Items]
Fair value of plan assets, asset category	0	875
International equity funds | Significant Other Observable Inputs (Level 2)
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure [Line Items]
Fair value of plan assets, asset category	0	0
International equity funds | Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3)
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure [Line Items]
Fair value of plan assets, asset category	0	0
Short-term fixed income funds
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure [Line Items]
Fair value of plan assets, asset category	32,287	39,990
Short-term fixed income funds | Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets (Level 1)
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure [Line Items]
Fair value of plan assets, asset category	9,517	9,558
Short-term fixed income funds | Significant Other Observable Inputs (Level 2)
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure [Line Items]
Fair value of plan assets, asset category	22,770	30,432
Short-term fixed income funds | Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3)
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure [Line Items]
Fair value of plan assets, asset category	$ 0	$ 0

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PENSION, PROFIT SHARING, AND OTHER EMPLOYEE BENEFIT PLANS - Benefit Payments (Detail) $ in Thousands	Dec. 31, 2022 USD ($)
Retirement Benefits [Abstract]
2023	$ 2,430
2024	2,900
2025	2,280
2026	2,880
2027	2,950
Thereafter	$ 13,590

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OTHER NON-INTEREST INCOME AND OTHER NON-INTEREST EXPENSE - Selected Components of Other Non-Interest Income And Other Non-Interest Expense (Detail) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021	Dec. 31, 2020
Other Income and Expenses [Abstract]
Letter of credit fees	$ 721	$ 910	$ 710
Extension fees	955	811	1,967
Swap fee income	524	511	1,607
Prepayment penalty fees	1,807	3,216	961
Other income	4,687	9,869	3,976
Total other non-interest income	8,694	15,317	9,221
Postage and delivery	2,040	1,906	1,624
Communications	2,332	2,508	2,729
Loss on FHLB redemption	0	9,117	5,928
Mortgage processing expense, net	1,048	1,504	1,381
Online services	2,763	2,209	1,591
Franchise taxes	1,974	1,644	1,574
Insurance	1,921	1,586	1,311
Card transaction expense	1,196	1,183	1,083
Office supplies	1,013	742	912
Contingent payment expense	1,247	0	0
Other expenses	12,982	11,993	12,470
Total other non-interest expense	$ 28,516	$ 34,392	$ 30,603

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INCOME TAXES - Components of Income Tax Expense (Detail) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021	Dec. 31, 2020
Current income taxes:
Federal	$ 48,920	$ 48,445	$ 43,115
State	16,630	15,850	13,785
Total current	65,550	64,295	56,900
Deferred income taxes:
Federal	(7,214)	9,634	(22,793)
State	(2,277)	2,623	(6,636)
Total deferred	(9,491)	12,257	(29,429)
Total income tax expense	$ 56,059	$ 76,552	$ 27,471

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INCOME TAXES - Deferred Tax Assets And Liabilities (Detail) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021
Deferred tax assets:
Allowance for credit losses	$ 34,703	$ 27,980
Lease liability	14,692	17,280
Employee benefits	8,247	7,740
Unrealized losses on pension plan	2,735	2,827
Deferred loan fees and costs	3,003	3,879
Equity based compensation	2,327	1,636
Unrealized losses on investments available-for-sale	42,362	121
Losses on other real estate owned	27	21
Other than temporary impairment	0	76
Loan and deposit premium/discount	205	553
Reserve for recourse loans and unfunded commitments	2,169	223
Net operating loss carryforward	2,985	2,023
Other	240	207
Gross deferred tax assets	113,695	64,566
Valuation allowance	(3,124)	(2,137)
Net deferred tax asset	110,571	62,429
Deferred tax liabilities:
Right of use asset	(12,511)	(14,888)
Pension plan costs	(1,906)	(2,092)
Depreciation	(4,203)	(2,552)
Intangible assets	(2,709)	(5,653)
Bond accretion	(289)	(78)
Fair value acquisition adjustments	(660)	(624)
Other	(738)	(626)
Gross deferred tax liabilities	(23,016)	(26,513)
Net deferred tax asset	$ 87,555	$ 35,916

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INCOME TAXES - Narrative (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021	Dec. 31, 2020
Operating Loss Carryforwards [Line Items]
Operating loss carryforwards	$ 2,985	$ 2,023
Income tax benefit	(56,059)	$ (76,552)	$ (27,471)
State and Local Jurisdiction
Operating Loss Carryforwards [Line Items]
Operating loss carryforwards	$ 45,800
WashingtonFirst Bankshares Inc | CARES Act
Operating Loss Carryforwards [Line Items]
Income tax benefit			$ 1,800

XML

INCOME TAXES - Reconcilements Between Statutory Federal Income Tax Rate And Effective Tax Rate (Detail) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021	Dec. 31, 2020
Income Tax Disclosure [Abstract]
Income tax expense at federal statutory rate	$ 46,696	$ 65,448	$ 26,130
Income tax expense at federal statutory rate	21.00%	21.00%	21.00%
Increase/ (decrease) resulting from:
Tax exempt income, net	$ (1,909)	$ (2,271)	$ (2,472)
Bank-owned life insurance	(662)	(602)	(567)
State income taxes, net of federal income tax benefits	11,339	14,593	5,648
Federal tax law change	0	0	(1,764)
Other, net	595	(616)	496
Total income tax expense	$ 56,059	$ 76,552	$ 27,471
Increase/ (decrease) resulting from:
Tax exempt income, net	(0.90%)	(0.70%)	(2.00%)
Bank-owned life insurance	(0.30%)	(0.20%)	(0.50%)
State income taxes, net of federal income tax benefits	5.10%	4.70%	4.50%
Federal tax law change	0.00%	0.00%	(1.40%)
Other, net	0.30%	(0.20%)	0.50%
Total income tax expense and rate	25.20%	24.60%	22.10%

XML

NET INCOME PER COMMON SHARE - Calculation of Net Income per Common Share (Detail) - USD ($) $ / shares in Units, shares in Thousands, $ in Thousands	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021	Dec. 31, 2020
Earnings Per Share [Abstract]
Net income	$ 166,299	$ 235,107	$ 96,953
Less: Distributed and undistributed earnings allocated to participating securities	(681)	(1,508)	(783)
Net income attributable to common shareholders	$ 165,618	$ 233,599	$ 96,170
Total weighted average outstanding shares (in shares)	45,049	46,995	44,312
Less: weighted average participating securities (in shares)	(186)	(304)	(365)
Basic weighted average common shares (in shares)	44,863	46,691	43,947
Dilutive weighted average common stock equivalents (in shares)	176	208	185
Diluted weighted average common shares (in shares)	45,039	46,899	44,132
Basic net income per common share (in dollars per share)	$ 3.69	$ 5.00	$ 2.19
Diluted net income per common share (in dollars per share)	$ 3.68	$ 4.98	$ 2.18
Anti-dilutive shares (in shares)	9	0	17

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ACCUMULATED OTHER COMPREHENSIVE INCOME/ (LOSS) - Net Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss (Detail) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021	Dec. 31, 2020	Mar. 31, 2022
Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss) [Line Items]
Amortized cost of debt securities transferred to held-to-maturity				$ 305,600
After tax unrealized loss of debt securities transferred to held-to-maturity				$ 12,100
Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss) [Roll Forward]
Balance at beginning of period	$ 1,519,679	$ 1,469,955	$ 1,132,974
Period change, net of tax	(123,412)	(27,244)	23,037
Balance at end of period	1,483,768	1,519,679	1,469,955
Total
Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss) [Roll Forward]
Balance at beginning of period	(8,539)	18,705	(4,332)
Period change, net of tax	(123,412)	(27,244)	23,037
Balance at end of period	(131,951)	(8,539)	18,705
Unrealized Gains/ (Losses) on Investments Available-for-Sale
Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss) [Roll Forward]
Balance at beginning of period	(336)	28,175	4,000
Period change, net of tax	(113,177)	(28,511)	24,175
Balance at end of period	(113,513)	(336)	28,175
Defined Benefit Pension Plan
Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss) [Roll Forward]
Balance at beginning of period	(8,203)	(9,470)	(8,332)
Period change, net of tax	201	1,267	(1,138)
Balance at end of period	(8,002)	(8,203)	(9,470)
Unrealized Losses on Debt Securities Transferred from Available-for-Sale to Held-to-Maturity
Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss) [Roll Forward]
Balance at beginning of period	0	0	0
Period change, net of tax	(10,436)	0	0
Balance at end of period	$ (10,436)	$ 0	$ 0

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ACCUMULATED OTHER COMPREHENSIVE INCOME/ (LOSS) - Reclassification Adjustments Out of Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Detail) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021	Dec. 31, 2020
Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss) [Line Items]
Investment securities gains/ (losses)	$ (345)	$ 212	$ 467
Interest and dividends on investment securities	495,667	450,284	423,560
Recognized net actuarial loss	783	909	874
Settlement charge	0	(560)	0
Income before taxes	222,358	311,659	124,424
Tax expense (benefit)	(56,059)	(76,552)	(27,471)
Net income	166,299	235,107	96,953
Reclassification out of Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income | Unrealized Gains/ (Losses) on Investments Available-for-Sale
Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss) [Line Items]
Investment securities gains/ (losses)	(345)	212	467
Income before taxes	(345)	212	467
Tax expense (benefit)	88	(54)	(120)
Net income	(257)	158	347
Reclassification out of Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income | Unrealized Losses on Debt Securities Transferred from Available-for-Sale to Held-to-Maturity
Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss) [Line Items]
Interest and dividends on investment securities	(2,245)	0	0
Income before taxes	(2,245)	0	0
Tax expense (benefit)	598	0	0
Net income	(1,647)	0	0
Reclassification out of Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income | Accumulated Defined Benefit Plans Adjustment, Net Gain (Loss) Attributable to Parent
Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss) [Line Items]
Recognized net actuarial loss	(783)	(909)	(874)
Settlement charge	0	(560)	0
Reclassification out of Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income | Defined Benefit Pension Plan
Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss) [Line Items]
Income before taxes	(783)	(1,469)	(874)
Tax expense (benefit)	199	376	223
Net income	$ (584)	$ (1,093)	$ (651)

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DERIVATIVES - Interest Rate Swaps (Details) - Not Designated as Hedging Instrument - USD ($) $ in Thousands	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021
Pay fixed/receive variable swaps
Derivatives, Fair Value [Line Items]
Notional Amount	$ 169,544	$ 198,126
Estimated Fair Value	$ (18,596)	$ (5,880)
Years to Maturity	6 years 9 months 18 days	8 years 8 months 12 days
Receive Rate	6.00%	2.21%
Pay Rate	3.83%	3.73%
Pay variable/receive fixed swaps
Derivatives, Fair Value [Line Items]
Notional Amount	$ 169,544	$ 198,126
Estimated Fair Value	$ 18,596	$ 5,880
Years to Maturity	6 years 9 months 18 days	8 years 8 months 12 days
Receive Rate	3.83%	3.73%
Pay Rate	6.00%	2.21%
Total swaps
Derivatives, Fair Value [Line Items]
Notional Amount	$ 339,088	$ 396,252
Estimated Fair Value	$ 0	$ 0
Years to Maturity	6 years 9 months 18 days	8 years 8 months 12 days
Receive Rate	4.92%	2.97%
Pay Rate	4.92%	2.97%

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FINANCIAL INSTRUMENTS WITH OFF-BALANCE SHEET RISK - Summary Of Financial Instruments With Off-Balance Sheet Credit Risk (Detail) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021
Derivative Instruments and Hedging Activities Disclosures [Line Items]
Total commitments to extend credit and available credit lines	$ 4,181,836	$ 3,729,119
Commercial real estate development and construction
Derivative Instruments and Hedging Activities Disclosures [Line Items]
Total commitments to extend credit and available credit lines	887,154	621,725
Residential real estate-development and construction
Derivative Instruments and Hedging Activities Disclosures [Line Items]
Total commitments to extend credit and available credit lines	798,607	885,806
Real estate-residential mortgage
Derivative Instruments and Hedging Activities Disclosures [Line Items]
Total commitments to extend credit and available credit lines	21,118	54,072
Lines of credit, principally home equity and business lines
Derivative Instruments and Hedging Activities Disclosures [Line Items]
Total commitments to extend credit and available credit lines	2,397,533	2,096,874
Standby letters of credit
Derivative Instruments and Hedging Activities Disclosures [Line Items]
Total commitments to extend credit and available credit lines	$ 77,424	$ 70,642

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FINANCIAL INSTRUMENTS WITH OFF-BALANCE SHEET RISK - Narrative (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021
Condensed Financial Information Disclosure [Abstract]
Reserve for unfunded commitments	$ 8.0	$ 0.3

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FAIR VALUE - Financial Assets and Liabilities Accounted for or Disclosed at Fair Value (Detail) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021
Fair Value, Balance Sheet Grouping, Financial Statement Captions [Line Items]
Investments available-for-sale	$ 1,214,538	$ 1,465,896
Residential mortgage loans held for sale (at fair value)	11,706	39,409
Residential mortgage loans held for sale
Fair Value, Balance Sheet Grouping, Financial Statement Captions [Line Items]
Residential mortgage loans held for sale (at fair value)	11,300	38,200
U.S. treasuries and government agencies
Fair Value, Balance Sheet Grouping, Financial Statement Captions [Line Items]
Investments available-for-sale	93,622	68,539
State and municipal
Fair Value, Balance Sheet Grouping, Financial Statement Captions [Line Items]
Investments available-for-sale	265,997	326,402
Mortgage-backed and asset-backed
Fair Value, Balance Sheet Grouping, Financial Statement Captions [Line Items]
Investments available-for-sale	854,919	1,070,955
Fair Value, Measurements, Recurring
Fair Value, Balance Sheet Grouping, Financial Statement Captions [Line Items]
Investments available-for-sale	1,214,538	1,465,896
Total assets	1,244,840	1,511,185
Total liabilities	(18,596)	(5,880)
Fair Value, Measurements, Recurring | Residential mortgage loans held for sale
Fair Value, Balance Sheet Grouping, Financial Statement Captions [Line Items]
Residential mortgage loans held for sale	11,706	39,409
Fair Value, Measurements, Recurring | U.S. treasuries and government agencies
Fair Value, Balance Sheet Grouping, Financial Statement Captions [Line Items]
Investments available-for-sale	93,622	68,539
Fair Value, Measurements, Recurring | State and municipal
Fair Value, Balance Sheet Grouping, Financial Statement Captions [Line Items]
Investments available-for-sale	265,997	326,402
Fair Value, Measurements, Recurring | Mortgage-backed and asset-backed
Fair Value, Balance Sheet Grouping, Financial Statement Captions [Line Items]
Investments available-for-sale	854,919	1,070,955
Fair Value, Measurements, Recurring | Total swaps
Fair Value, Balance Sheet Grouping, Financial Statement Captions [Line Items]
Interest rate swap agreements	18,596	5,880
Interest rate swap agreements	(18,596)	(5,880)
Fair Value, Measurements, Recurring | Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets (Level 1)
Fair Value, Balance Sheet Grouping, Financial Statement Captions [Line Items]
Investments available-for-sale	0	0
Total assets	0	0
Total liabilities	0	0
Fair Value, Measurements, Recurring | Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets (Level 1) | Residential mortgage loans held for sale
Fair Value, Balance Sheet Grouping, Financial Statement Captions [Line Items]
Residential mortgage loans held for sale	0	0
Fair Value, Measurements, Recurring | Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets (Level 1) | U.S. treasuries and government agencies
Fair Value, Balance Sheet Grouping, Financial Statement Captions [Line Items]
Investments available-for-sale	0	0
Fair Value, Measurements, Recurring | Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets (Level 1) | State and municipal
Fair Value, Balance Sheet Grouping, Financial Statement Captions [Line Items]
Investments available-for-sale	0	0
Fair Value, Measurements, Recurring | Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets (Level 1) | Mortgage-backed and asset-backed
Fair Value, Balance Sheet Grouping, Financial Statement Captions [Line Items]
Investments available-for-sale	0	0
Fair Value, Measurements, Recurring | Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets (Level 1) | Total swaps
Fair Value, Balance Sheet Grouping, Financial Statement Captions [Line Items]
Interest rate swap agreements	0	0
Interest rate swap agreements	0	0
Fair Value, Measurements, Recurring | Significant Other Observable Inputs (Level 2)
Fair Value, Balance Sheet Grouping, Financial Statement Captions [Line Items]
Investments available-for-sale	1,214,538	1,465,896
Total assets	1,244,840	1,511,185
Total liabilities	(18,596)	(5,880)
Fair Value, Measurements, Recurring | Significant Other Observable Inputs (Level 2) | Residential mortgage loans held for sale
Fair Value, Balance Sheet Grouping, Financial Statement Captions [Line Items]
Residential mortgage loans held for sale	11,706	39,409
Fair Value, Measurements, Recurring | Significant Other Observable Inputs (Level 2) | U.S. treasuries and government agencies
Fair Value, Balance Sheet Grouping, Financial Statement Captions [Line Items]
Investments available-for-sale	93,622	68,539
Fair Value, Measurements, Recurring | Significant Other Observable Inputs (Level 2) | State and municipal
Fair Value, Balance Sheet Grouping, Financial Statement Captions [Line Items]
Investments available-for-sale	265,997	326,402
Fair Value, Measurements, Recurring | Significant Other Observable Inputs (Level 2) | Mortgage-backed and asset-backed
Fair Value, Balance Sheet Grouping, Financial Statement Captions [Line Items]
Investments available-for-sale	854,919	1,070,955
Fair Value, Measurements, Recurring | Significant Other Observable Inputs (Level 2) | Total swaps
Fair Value, Balance Sheet Grouping, Financial Statement Captions [Line Items]
Interest rate swap agreements	18,596	5,880
Interest rate swap agreements	(18,596)	(5,880)
Fair Value, Measurements, Recurring | Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3)
Fair Value, Balance Sheet Grouping, Financial Statement Captions [Line Items]
Investments available-for-sale	0	0
Total assets	0	0
Total liabilities	0	0
Fair Value, Measurements, Recurring | Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3) | Residential mortgage loans held for sale
Fair Value, Balance Sheet Grouping, Financial Statement Captions [Line Items]
Residential mortgage loans held for sale	0	0
Fair Value, Measurements, Recurring | Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3) | U.S. treasuries and government agencies
Fair Value, Balance Sheet Grouping, Financial Statement Captions [Line Items]
Investments available-for-sale	0	0
Fair Value, Measurements, Recurring | Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3) | State and municipal
Fair Value, Balance Sheet Grouping, Financial Statement Captions [Line Items]
Investments available-for-sale	0	0
Fair Value, Measurements, Recurring | Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3) | Mortgage-backed and asset-backed
Fair Value, Balance Sheet Grouping, Financial Statement Captions [Line Items]
Investments available-for-sale	0	0
Fair Value, Measurements, Recurring | Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3) | Total swaps
Fair Value, Balance Sheet Grouping, Financial Statement Captions [Line Items]
Interest rate swap agreements	0	0
Interest rate swap agreements	$ 0	$ 0

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FAIR VALUE - Assets Measured at Fair Value on Nonrecurring Basis (Detail) - Fair Value, Nonrecurring - USD ($) $ in Thousands	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021
Fair Value, Assets and Liabilities Measured on Recurring and Nonrecurring Basis [Line Items]
Assets, fair value disclosure, nonrecurring	$ 835	$ 1,438
Total Losses	(489)	(1,434)
Loans
Fair Value, Assets and Liabilities Measured on Recurring and Nonrecurring Basis [Line Items]
Assets, fair value disclosure, nonrecurring	190	404
Total Losses	(384)	(1,353)
Other real estate owned
Fair Value, Assets and Liabilities Measured on Recurring and Nonrecurring Basis [Line Items]
Assets, fair value disclosure, nonrecurring	645	1,034
Total Losses	(105)	(81)
Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets (Level 1)
Fair Value, Assets and Liabilities Measured on Recurring and Nonrecurring Basis [Line Items]
Assets, fair value disclosure, nonrecurring	0	0
Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets (Level 1) | Loans
Fair Value, Assets and Liabilities Measured on Recurring and Nonrecurring Basis [Line Items]
Assets, fair value disclosure, nonrecurring	0	0
Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets (Level 1) | Other real estate owned
Fair Value, Assets and Liabilities Measured on Recurring and Nonrecurring Basis [Line Items]
Assets, fair value disclosure, nonrecurring	0	0
Significant Other Observable Inputs (Level 2)
Fair Value, Assets and Liabilities Measured on Recurring and Nonrecurring Basis [Line Items]
Assets, fair value disclosure, nonrecurring	0	0
Significant Other Observable Inputs (Level 2) | Loans
Fair Value, Assets and Liabilities Measured on Recurring and Nonrecurring Basis [Line Items]
Assets, fair value disclosure, nonrecurring	0	0
Significant Other Observable Inputs (Level 2) | Other real estate owned
Fair Value, Assets and Liabilities Measured on Recurring and Nonrecurring Basis [Line Items]
Assets, fair value disclosure, nonrecurring	0	0
Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3)
Fair Value, Assets and Liabilities Measured on Recurring and Nonrecurring Basis [Line Items]
Assets, fair value disclosure, nonrecurring	835	1,438
Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3) | Loans
Fair Value, Assets and Liabilities Measured on Recurring and Nonrecurring Basis [Line Items]
Assets, fair value disclosure, nonrecurring	190	404
Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3) | Other real estate owned
Fair Value, Assets and Liabilities Measured on Recurring and Nonrecurring Basis [Line Items]
Assets, fair value disclosure, nonrecurring	$ 645	$ 1,034

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FAIR VALUE - Narrative (Detail) - USD ($) $ in Millions	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021
Fair Value Disclosures [Abstract]
Balance of loans individually evaluated for credit loss	$ 26.2	$ 33.5
Fair value disclosure	19.3	26.9
Allowance related to loans evaluated individually	$ 6.9	$ 6.6

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FAIR VALUE - Carrying Amounts and Fair Values of Company's Financial Instruments (Detail) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021
Financial assets:
Residential mortgage loans held for sale	$ 11,706	$ 39,409
Investments available-for-sale	1,214,538	1,465,896
Investments held-to-maturity (at fair value)	220,123	0
Loans, net of allowance	11,260,464	9,857,946
Accrued interest receivable	41,172	34,349
Financial liabilities:
Time deposits	2,118,262
Other deposits	10,953,421	10,624,731
Securities sold under retail repurchase agreements and federal funds purchased	321,967	141,086
Advances from FHLB	550,000	0
Subordinated debt	370,205	172,712
Carrying Amount
Financial assets:
Cash and cash equivalents	192,232	420,020
Residential mortgage loans held for sale	11,706	39,409
Investments available-for-sale	1,214,538	1,465,896
Investments held-to-maturity (at fair value)	259,452
Other investments	69,218	41,166
Loans, net of allowance	11,260,464	9,857,946
Interest rate swap agreements	18,596	5,880
Accrued interest receivable	41,172	34,349
Bank owned life insurance	153,016	147,528
Financial liabilities:
Time deposits	2,118,262	1,290,862
Other deposits	8,835,159	9,333,869
Securities sold under retail repurchase agreements and federal funds purchased	321,967	141,086
Advances from FHLB	550,000	0
Subordinated debt	370,205	172,712
Interest rate swap agreements	18,596	5,880
Accrued interest payable	10,867	1,516
Estimated Fair Value
Financial assets:
Cash and cash equivalents	192,232	420,020
Residential mortgage loans held for sale	11,706	39,409
Investments available-for-sale	1,214,538	1,465,896
Investments held-to-maturity (at fair value)	220,123
Other investments	69,218	41,166
Loans, net of allowance	11,020,992	9,964,924
Interest rate swap agreements	18,596	5,880
Accrued interest receivable	41,172	34,349
Bank owned life insurance	153,016	147,528
Financial liabilities:
Time deposits	2,082,319	1,292,598
Other deposits	8,835,159	9,333,869
Securities sold under retail repurchase agreements and federal funds purchased	321,967	141,086
Advances from FHLB	549,530	0
Subordinated debt	332,470	175,780
Interest rate swap agreements	18,596	5,880
Accrued interest payable	10,867	1,516
Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets (Level 1) | Estimated Fair Value
Financial assets:
Cash and cash equivalents	192,232	420,020
Residential mortgage loans held for sale	0	0
Investments available-for-sale	0	0
Investments held-to-maturity (at fair value)	0
Other investments	0	0
Loans, net of allowance	0	0
Interest rate swap agreements	0	0
Accrued interest receivable	41,172	34,349
Bank owned life insurance	0	0
Financial liabilities:
Time deposits	0	0
Other deposits	8,835,159	9,333,869
Securities sold under retail repurchase agreements and federal funds purchased	0	0
Advances from FHLB	0	0
Subordinated debt	0	0
Interest rate swap agreements	0	0
Accrued interest payable	10,867	1,516
Significant Other Observable Inputs (Level 2) | Estimated Fair Value
Financial assets:
Cash and cash equivalents	0	0
Residential mortgage loans held for sale	11,706	39,409
Investments available-for-sale	1,214,538	1,465,896
Investments held-to-maturity (at fair value)	220,123
Other investments	69,218	41,166
Loans, net of allowance	0	0
Interest rate swap agreements	18,596	5,880
Accrued interest receivable	0	0
Bank owned life insurance	153,016	147,528
Financial liabilities:
Time deposits	2,082,319	1,292,598
Other deposits	0	0
Securities sold under retail repurchase agreements and federal funds purchased	321,967	141,086
Advances from FHLB	549,530	0
Subordinated debt	0	0
Interest rate swap agreements	18,596	5,880
Accrued interest payable	0	0
Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3) | Estimated Fair Value
Financial assets:
Cash and cash equivalents	0	0
Residential mortgage loans held for sale	0	0
Investments available-for-sale	0	0
Investments held-to-maturity (at fair value)	0
Other investments	0	0
Loans, net of allowance	11,020,992	9,964,924
Interest rate swap agreements	0	0
Accrued interest receivable	0	0
Bank owned life insurance	0	0
Financial liabilities:
Time deposits	0	0
Other deposits	0	0
Securities sold under retail repurchase agreements and federal funds purchased	0	0
Advances from FHLB	0	0
Subordinated debt	332,470	175,780
Interest rate swap agreements	0	0
Accrued interest payable	$ 0	$ 0

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PARENT COMPANY FINANCIAL INFORMATION - Statements of Condition (Detail) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021	Dec. 31, 2020	Dec. 31, 2019
Assets
Cash and cash equivalents	$ 192,232	$ 420,020
Goodwill	363,436	370,223	$ 370,223
Other assets	333,331	275,078
Total assets	13,833,119	12,590,726	12,798,429
Liabilities
Subordinated debt	370,205	172,712
Accrued expenses and other liabilities	153,758	132,518
Total liabilities	12,349,351	11,071,047
Stockholders’ Equity:
Common stock	44,657	45,119
Additional paid-in capital	734,273	751,072
Retained earnings	836,789	732,027
Accumulated other comprehensive loss	(131,951)	(8,539)
Total stockholders' equity	1,483,768	1,519,679	$ 1,469,955	$ 1,132,974
Total liabilities and stockholders' equity	13,833,119	12,590,726
Parent Company
Assets
Cash and cash equivalents	83,923	69,038
Other investments	568	568
Investment in subsidiary	1,767,933	1,620,432
Goodwill	1,292	1,292
Other assets	3,375	2,255
Total assets	1,857,091	1,693,585
Liabilities
Subordinated debt	370,205	172,712
Accrued expenses and other liabilities	3,118	1,194
Total liabilities	373,323	173,906
Stockholders’ Equity:
Common stock	44,657	45,119
Additional paid-in capital	734,273	751,072
Retained earnings	836,789	732,027
Accumulated other comprehensive loss	(131,951)	(8,539)
Total stockholders' equity	1,483,768	1,519,679
Total liabilities and stockholders' equity	$ 1,857,091	$ 1,693,585

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PARENT COMPANY FINANCIAL INFORMATION - Statements of Income (Detail) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021	Dec. 31, 2020
Income:
Other income	$ 4,687	$ 9,869	$ 3,976
Expenses:
Total interest expense	68,663	25,766	60,401
Income tax expense (benefit)	56,059	76,552	27,471
Net income	166,299	235,107	96,953
Parent Company
Income:
Cash dividends from subsidiary	65,410	189,172	74,410
Other income	494	434	932
Total income	65,904	189,606	75,342
Expenses:
Interest	14,055	6,765	9,028
Other expenses	1,750	1,592	1,505
Total interest expense	15,805	8,357	10,533
Income before income tax expense	50,099	181,249	64,809
Income tax expense (benefit)	(3,175)	(1,563)	(1,988)
Income before equity in undistributed income of subsidiary	53,274	182,812	66,797
Equity in undistributed income of subsidiary	113,025	52,295	30,156
Net income	$ 166,299	$ 235,107	$ 96,953

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PARENT COMPANY FINANCIAL INFORMATION - Statements of Cash Flows (Detail) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021	Dec. 31, 2020
Cash Flows from Operating Activities:
Net income	$ 166,299	$ 235,107	$ 96,953
Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by operating activities:
Share based compensation expense	7,887	5,299	3,850
Tax benefit associated with share based compensation	(646)	(1,850)	(133)
Other-net	(3,710)	1,894	2,660
Net cash provided by operating activities	216,322	216,398	141,981
Cash Flows from Investing Activities:
Proceeds from sales of investment available-for-sale	18,087	400,567	121,357
Net cash provided by/ (used in) investing activities	(1,619,196)	308,261	(1,200,196)
Cash Flows from Financing Activities:
Retirement of subordinated debt	0	(53,000)	(10,310)
Proceeds from issuance of subordinated debt	200,000	0	0
Proceeds from issuance of common stock	2,192	5,758	1,997
Stock tendered for payment of withholding taxes	(2,353)	(1,577)	(458)
Repurchase of common stock	(24,987)	(107,268)	(25,702)
Dividends paid	(61,368)	(60,351)	(53,175)
Net cash provided by/ (used in) financing activities	1,175,086	(401,642)	1,209,115
Net increase/ (decrease) in cash and cash equivalents	(227,788)	123,017	150,900
Cash and cash equivalents at beginning of year	420,020	297,003	146,103
Cash and cash equivalents at end of year	192,232	420,020	297,003
Parent Company
Cash Flows from Operating Activities:
Net income	166,299	235,107	96,953
Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by operating activities:
Equity in undistributed income-subsidiary	(113,025)	(52,295)	(30,156)
Share based compensation expense	7,887	5,299	3,850
Tax benefit associated with share based compensation	0	0	5
Other-net	(9,760)	4,133	(9,732)
Net cash provided by operating activities	51,401	192,244	60,920
Cash Flows from Investing Activities:
Proceeds from sales of investment available-for-sale	0	9,099	310
Investment in subsidiary	(150,000)	0	0
Net cash provided by/ (used in) investing activities	(150,000)	9,099	310
Cash Flows from Financing Activities:
Retirement of subordinated debt	0	(32,810)	(10,310)
Proceeds from issuance of subordinated debt	200,000	0	0
Proceeds from issuance of common stock	2,192	5,758	1,997
Stock tendered for payment of withholding taxes	(2,353)	(1,577)	(458)
Repurchase of common stock	(24,987)	(107,268)	(25,702)
Dividends paid	(61,368)	(60,351)	(53,175)
Net cash provided by/ (used in) financing activities	113,484	(196,248)	(87,648)
Net increase/ (decrease) in cash and cash equivalents	14,885	5,095	(26,418)
Cash and cash equivalents at beginning of year	69,038	63,943	90,361
Cash and cash equivalents at end of year	$ 83,923	$ 69,038	$ 63,943

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REGULATORY MATTERS - Schedule of Actual Capital Amounts and Ratios (Detail) $ in Thousands	Dec. 31, 2022 USD ($)	Dec. 31, 2021 USD ($)
Company
Tier 1 Leverage:
Actual Amount, Tier One Leverage Capital	$ 1,250,218	$ 1,149,694
Actual Ratio, Tier One Leverage Capital	0.0933	0.0926
For Capital Adequacy Purposes Amount, Tier One Leverage Capital	$ 536,159	$ 496,520
For Capital Adequacy Purposes Ratio, Tier One Leverage Capital	0.0400	0.0400
Common Equity Tier 1 Capital to risk-weighted assets:
Actual Amount, Common Equity Tier 1 Capital	$ 1,250,218	$ 1,149,694
Actual Ratio, Common Equity Tier 1 Capital	0.1023	0.1191
For Capital Adequacy Purposes Amount, Common Equity Tier 1 Capital	$ 549,992	$ 434,466
For Capital Adequacy Purposes Ratio, Common Equity Tier 1 Capital	0.0450	0.0450
Tier 1 Capital to risk-weighted assets:
Actual Amount, Tier One Risk Based Capital	$ 1,250,218	$ 1,149,694
Actual Ratio, Tier One Risk Based Capital	0.1023	0.1191
For Capital Adequacy Purposes Amount, Tier One Risk Based Capital	$ 733,323	$ 579,288
For Capital Adequacy Purposes Ratio, Tier One Risk Based Capital	0.0600	0.0600
Total Capital to risk-weighted assets:
Actual Amount, Capital	$ 1,735,342	$ 1,408,808
Actual Ratio, Capital	0.1420	0.1459
For Capital Adequacy Purposes Amount, Capital	$ 977,764	$ 772,384
For Capital Adequacy Purposes Ratio, Capital	0.0800	0.0800
Sandy Spring Bank
Tier 1 Leverage:
Actual Amount, Tier One Leverage Capital	$ 1,535,674	$ 1,251,739
Actual Ratio, Tier One Leverage Capital	0.1146	0.1009
For Capital Adequacy Purposes Amount, Tier One Leverage Capital	$ 536,016	$ 496,171
For Capital Adequacy Purposes Ratio, Tier One Leverage Capital	0.0400	0.0400
To Be Well Capitalized Under Prompt Corrective Action Provisions Amount, Tier One Leverage Capital	$ 670,020	$ 620,214
To Be Well Capitalized Under Prompt Action Provisions Ratio, Tier One Leverage Capital	0.0500	0.0500
Common Equity Tier 1 Capital to risk-weighted assets:
Actual Amount, Common Equity Tier 1 Capital	$ 1,535,674	$ 1,251,739
Actual Ratio, Common Equity Tier 1 Capital	0.1257	0.1298
For Capital Adequacy Purposes Amount, Common Equity Tier 1 Capital	$ 549,681	$ 433,889
For Capital Adequacy Purposes Ratio, Common Equity Tier 1 Capital	0.0450	0.0450
To Be Well Capitalized Under Prompt Corrective Action Provisions Amount, Common Equity Tier 1 Capital	$ 793,984	$ 626,729
To Be Well Capitalized Under Prompt Action Provisions Ratio, Common Equity Tier 1 Capital	6.50%	6.50%
Tier 1 Capital to risk-weighted assets:
Actual Amount, Tier One Risk Based Capital	$ 1,535,674	$ 1,251,739
Actual Ratio, Tier One Risk Based Capital	0.1257	0.1298
For Capital Adequacy Purposes Amount, Tier One Risk Based Capital	$ 732,909	$ 578,519
For Capital Adequacy Purposes Ratio, Tier One Risk Based Capital	0.0600	0.0600
To Be Well Capitalized Under Prompt Corrective Action Provisions Amount, Tier One Risk Based Capital	$ 977,212	$ 771,358
To Be Well Capitalized Under Prompt Action Provisions Ratio, Tier One Risk Based Capital	0.0800	0.0800
Total Capital to risk-weighted assets:
Actual Amount, Capital	$ 1,645,799	$ 1,335,853
Actual Ratio, Capital	0.1347	0.1385
For Capital Adequacy Purposes Amount, Capital	$ 977,212	$ 771,358
For Capital Adequacy Purposes Ratio, Capital	0.0800	0.0800
To Be Well Capitalized Under Prompt Corrective Action Provisions Amount, Capital	$ 1,221,514	$ 964,198
To Be Well Capitalized Under Prompt Action Provisions Ratio, Capital	0.1000	0.1000

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SEGMENT REPORTING - Narrative (Detail) $ in Thousands	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2022 USD ($) segment	Dec. 31, 2021 USD ($)	Dec. 31, 2020 USD ($)
Segment Reporting Information [Line Items]
Number of operating segments | segment	2
Amortization of intangible assets	$ 5,814	$ 6,600	$ 6,221
Community Banking
Segment Reporting Information [Line Items]
Amortization of intangible assets	4,100	4,700	4,300
Investment Management
Segment Reporting Information [Line Items]
Amortization of intangible assets	1,700	$ 1,900	$ 1,900
Assets under management	$ 3,500,000

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SEGMENT REPORTING - Operating Segments and Reconciliation of Information to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Detail) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021	Dec. 31, 2020
Segment Reporting Information [Line Items]
Interest income	$ 495,667	$ 450,284	$ 423,560
Interest expense	68,663	25,766	60,401
Provision/ (credit) for credit losses	34,372	(45,556)	85,669
Non-interest income	87,019	102,055	102,716
Non-interest expenses	257,293	260,470	255,782
Income before income tax expense	222,358	311,659	124,424
Income tax expense	56,059	76,552	27,471
Net income	166,299	235,107	96,953
Assets	13,833,119	12,590,726	12,798,429
Inter-Segment Elimination
Segment Reporting Information [Line Items]
Interest income	(132)	(12)	(13)
Interest expense	(132)	(12)	(13)
Provision/ (credit) for credit losses	0	0	0
Non-interest income	(16,780)	(7,411)	(865)
Non-interest expenses	(719)	(868)	(865)
Income before income tax expense	(16,061)	(6,543)	0
Income tax expense	0	0	0
Net income	(16,061)	(6,543)	0
Assets	(92,341)	(67,659)	(71,211)
Community Banking | Operating Segments
Segment Reporting Information [Line Items]
Interest income	495,665	450,284	423,560
Interest expense	68,795	25,778	60,414
Provision/ (credit) for credit losses	34,372	(45,556)	85,669
Non-interest income	62,424	80,077	78,940
Non-interest expenses	238,953	240,996	237,910
Income before income tax expense	215,969	309,143	118,507
Income tax expense	49,670	74,036	25,907
Net income	166,299	235,107	92,600
Assets	13,853,476	12,590,176	12,800,537
Insurance | Operating Segments
Segment Reporting Information [Line Items]
Interest income	123	2	6
Interest expense	0	0	0
Provision/ (credit) for credit losses	0	0	0
Non-interest income	19,449	7,011	6,810
Non-interest expenses	3,755	5,869	5,686
Income before income tax expense	15,817	1,144	1,130
Income tax expense	4,472	339	313
Net income	11,345	805	817
Assets	17,777	9,110	11,335
Investment Management | Operating Segments
Segment Reporting Information [Line Items]
Interest income	11	10	7
Interest expense	0	0	0
Provision/ (credit) for credit losses	0	0	0
Non-interest income	21,926	22,378	17,831
Non-interest expenses	15,304	14,473	13,051
Income before income tax expense	6,633	7,915	4,787
Income tax expense	1,917	2,177	1,251
Net income	4,716	5,738	3,536
Assets	$ 54,207	$ 59,099	$ 57,768