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Summary of Significant Accounting Policies: Stock-based Compensation (Policies)
12 Months Ended
Dec. 31, 2017
Policies  
Stock-based Compensation

Stock-Based Compensation

We periodically issue stock options and warrants to officers, directors and consultants for services rendered. Stock options and warrants vest and expire according to terms established at the grant date.

We account for stock-based payments to officers and directors by measuring the cost of services received in exchange for equity awards based on the grant date fair value of the awards, with the cost recognized as compensation expense in our financial statements on a straight-line basis over the vesting period of the awards.

We account for stock-based payments to consultants by determining the value of the stock compensation based upon the measurement date at either (a) the date at which a performance commitment is reached or (b) at the date at which the necessary performance to earn the equity instruments is complete.

Options and warrants granted to outside consultants are revalued each reporting period to determine the amount to be recorded as an expense in the respective period. As the options vest, they are valued on each vesting date and an adjustment is recorded for the difference between the value already recorded and the then current value on the date of vesting.

The valuation of employee stock options is an inherently subjective process, since market values are generally not available for long-term, non-transferable employee stock options. Accordingly, an option pricing model is utilized to derive an estimated fair value. The Black-Scholes option valuation model was developed for use in estimating the fair value of traded options, which have no vesting restrictions and are fully transferable. In calculating the estimated fair value of our stock options we use the Black-Scholes pricing model, which requires the consideration of the following six variables for purposes of estimating fair value:

·        the stock option exercise price;

·        the expected term of the option;

·        the grant price of the our common stock, which is issuable upon exercise of the option;

·        the expected volatility of our common stock;

·        the expected dividends on our common stock; and

·        the risk free interest rate for the expected option term.

The fair value of each option granted is estimated on the date of grant using the Black Scholes option pricing model with the following weighted average assumptions:

Stock Option Exercise Price and Grant Date Price of Common Stock.  The closing market price of our common stock on the date of grant.

Expected Term.  The expected term of options granted is calculated using our historical option exercise transactions and reflects the period of time that options granted are expected to be outstanding.

Expected Volatility.  The expected volatility is a measure of the amount by which our stock price is expected to fluctuate during the expected term of options granted. We determine the expected volatility solely based upon the historical volatility of our common stock over a period commensurate with the option’s expected term. We do not believe that the future volatility of our common stock over an option’s expected term is likely to differ significantly from the past.

Expected Dividends.  We have never declared or paid any cash dividends on any of our capital stock and do not expect to do so in the foreseeable future. Accordingly, we use an expected dividend yield of zero to calculate the grant-date fair value of a stock option.

Risk-Free Interest Rate.  The risk-free interest rate is the implied yield available on U.S. Treasury zero-coupon issues with a remaining term equal to the option’s expected term on the grant date.

We were also required to estimate the level of award forfeitures expected to occur and record compensation expense only for those awards that are ultimately expected to vest. This requirement applies to all awards that are not yet vested.

As of December 31, 2017 and 2016, there were no stock options granted or outstanding.