PART B
STATEMENT OF ADDITIONAL INFORMATION
DATED APRIL 2, 2012, AS AMENDED DECEMBER 31, 2012
CLASS A | CLASS B | CLASS C | CLASS R | CLASS IR | SERVICE | INSTITUTIONAL | ||||||||
FUND |
SHARES | SHARES | SHARES | SHARES | SHARES | SHARES | SHARES | |||||||
GOLDMAN SACHS ABSOLUTE RETURN TRACKER FUND |
GARTX | | GCRTX | GRRTX | GSRTX | | GJRTX | |||||||
GOLDMAN SACHS REAL ESTATE SECURITIES FUND |
GREAX | GREBX | GRECX | GRERX | GRETX | GRESX | GREIX | |||||||
GOLDMAN SACHS INTERNATIONAL REAL ESTATE SECURITIES FUND |
GIRAX | | GIRCX | | GIRTX | | GIRIX | |||||||
GOLDMAN SACHS COMMODITY STRATEGY FUND |
GSCAX | | GSCCX | GCCRX | GCCTX | | GCCIX | |||||||
GOLDMAN SACHS DYNAMIC ALLOCATION FUND |
GDAFX | | GDCFX | GDRFX | GDHFX | | GDIFX |
(Select Satellite Funds of Goldman Sachs Trust)
71 South Wacker Drive
Chicago, Illinois 60606
This Statement of Additional Information (the SAI) is not a Prospectus. This SAI should be read in conjunction with the Prospectus for the Goldman Sachs Absolute Return Tracker Fund, Goldman Sachs Real Estate Securities Fund, Goldman Sachs International Real Estate Securities Fund, Goldman Sachs Commodity Strategy Fund and Goldman Sachs Dynamic Allocation Fund, dated April 2, 2012, as it may be further amended and/or supplemented from time to time (the Prospectus), which may be obtained without charge from Goldman, Sachs & Co. by calling the telephone numbers, or writing to one of the addresses, listed below or from institutions (Authorized Institutions) acting on behalf of their customers. As of November 2, 2009, Class B Shares are no longer offered.
The audited financial statements and related report of PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP, independent registered public accounting firm for each Fund, contained in the Funds 2011 Annual Report, are incorporated herein by reference in the section FINANCIAL STATEMENTS. No other portions of each Funds Annual Report are incorporated by reference herein. A Funds Annual Report may be obtained upon request and without charge by calling Goldman, Sachs & Co. toll-free at 1-800-526-7384 (for Class A, Class B, Class C, Class R and Class IR Shareholders) or 1-800-621-2550 (for Institutional and Service Shareholders).
GSAM® is a registered service mark of Goldman, Sachs & Co.
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B-50 | ||||
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OTHER INFORMATION REGARDING MAXIMUM SALES CHARGE, PURCHASES, REDEMPTIONS, EXCHANGES AND DIVIDENDS |
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The date of this SAI is April 2, 2012, as amended December 31, 2012.
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GOLDMAN SACHS ASSET MANAGEMENT, L.P. | GOLDMAN, SACHS & CO. | |
Investment Adviser | Distributor | |
200 West Street | 200 West Street | |
New York, New York 10282 | New York, New York 10282 | |
GOLDMAN, SACHS & CO. | ||
Transfer Agent | ||
71 South Wacker Drive | ||
Chicago, Illinois 60606 |
Toll-free (in U.S.) 800-621-2550 (for Institutional and Service Shareholders) or 800-526-7384 (for Class A, Class B, Class C, Class R and Class IR Shareholders)
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Goldman Sachs Trust (the Trust) is an open-end, management investment company. The Trust is organized as a Delaware statutory trust and was established by a Declaration of Trust dated January 28, 1997. The following series of the Trust are described in this SAI: Goldman Sachs Absolute Return Tracker Fund (Absolute Return Tracker Fund), Goldman Sachs Real Estate Securities Fund (Real Estate Securities Fund), Goldman Sachs International Real Estate Securities Fund (International Real Estate Securities Fund), Goldman Sachs Commodity Strategy Fund (Commodity Strategy Fund), and Goldman Sachs Dynamic Allocation Fund (Dynamic Allocation Fund) (collectively referred to herein as the Funds).
The Trustees of the Trust have authority under the Declaration of Trust to create and classify shares into separate series and to classify and reclassify any series or portfolio of shares into one or more classes without further action by shareholders. Pursuant thereto, the Trustees have created the Funds and other series. Additional series may be added in the future from time to time. The Real Estate Securities Fund currently offers seven classes of shares: Class A Shares, Class B Shares (subject to the limitations described herein), Class C Shares, Class R Shares, Class IR Shares, Institutional Shares and Service Shares. The Commodity Strategy Fund, Absolute Return Tracker Fund, and Dynamic Allocation Fund currently offer five classes of shares: Class A Shares, Class C Shares, Class R Shares, Class IR Shares and Institutional Shares. The International Real Estate Securities Fund currently offers four classes of shares: Class A Shares, Class C Shares, Class IR Shares and Institutional Shares. See SHARES OF THE TRUST.
As of November 2, 2009 (the Effective Date), Class B Shares are no longer available for purchase by new or existing shareholders. Shareholders who invested in Class B Shares prior to the Effective Date may continue to hold their Class B Shares until they convert automatically to Class A Shares, as described in each Funds Prospectus. Class B shareholders may continue to reinvest dividends and capital gains into their accounts. Class B shareholders can no longer make automatic investments into Class B Shares. Class B shareholders may continue to exchange their Shares for Class B Shares of certain other Goldman Sachs Funds. Otherwise, additional purchase requests for a Funds Class B Shares will be rejected.
Goldman Sachs Asset Management, L.P. (GSAM or the Investment Adviser) (formerly Goldman Sachs Funds Management, L.P.), an affiliate of Goldman, Sachs & Co. (Goldman Sachs), serves as the Investment Adviser to the Funds. In addition, Goldman Sachs serves as each Funds distributor and transfer agent. Each Funds custodian is JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A. (JPMorgan Chase).
The following information relates to and supplements the description of each Funds investment policies contained in the Prospectus. See the Prospectus for a more complete description of the Funds investment objectives and policies. Investing in the Funds entails certain risks and there is no assurance that a Fund will achieve its objective. Capitalized terms used but not defined herein have the same meaning as in the Prospectus.
INVESTMENT OBJECTIVES AND POLICIES
Each Fund has a distinct investment objective and policies. There can be no assurance that a Funds investment objective will be achieved. The Absolute Return Tracker Fund is a diversified, open-end management investment company (as defined in the Act). Each of the Real Estate Securities Fund, International Real Estate Securities Fund, Commodity Strategy Fund, and Dynamic Allocation Fund is a non-diversified, open-end management investment company (as defined in the Act). The investment objective and policies of each Fund, and the associated risks of each Fund, are discussed in the Funds Prospectus, which should be read carefully before an investment is made. All investment objectives and investment policies not specifically designated as fundamental may be changed without shareholder approval. However, to the extent required by Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) regulations including Rule 35d-1 of the Act and the SECs interpretive positions thereunder, shareholders will be provided with sixty days notice in the manner prescribed by the SEC before any change in the Real Estate Securities Funds or International Real Estate Securities Funds policy to invest at least 80% of its net assets plus any borrowings for investment purposes (measured at the time of purchase) in the particular type of investment suggested by its name. Additional information about the Funds, their policies, and the investment instruments they may hold, is provided below.
Each Funds share price will fluctuate with market, economic and, to the extent applicable, foreign exchange conditions, so that an investment in any of the Funds may be worth more or less when redeemed than when purchased. None of the Funds should be relied upon as a complete investment program.
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The Commodity Strategy Fund may pursue its investment objective by investing up to 25% of its total assets in a wholly-owned subsidiary of the Fund organized under the laws of the Cayman Islands (the Subsidiary). The Subsidiary is advised by GSAM, and has the same investment objective as the Fund, and is generally subject to the same fundamental, non-fundamental and certain other investment restrictions as the Fund; however, the Subsidiary (unlike the Fund) is able to invest without limitation in commodity index-linked securities and other commodity-linked securities and derivative instruments. The Fund and Subsidiary test for compliance with certain investment restrictions on a consolidated basis, except that with respect to its investments in certain securities that may involve leverage, the Subsidiary complies with asset segregation requirements to the same extent as the Fund. By investing in the Subsidiary, the Fund is indirectly exposed to the risks associated with the Subsidiarys investments. The derivatives and other investments held by the Subsidiary provide exposure similar to that held by the Fund and are subject to the same risks that apply to similar investments if held directly by the Fund. See below Investment Objectives and PoliciesInvestments in the Wholly-Owned Subsidiary for a more detailed discussion of the Funds Subsidiary.
The Investment Adviser is expected to be subject to registration and regulation as a commodity pool operator (CPO) under the Commodity Exchange Act (CEA) with respect to its service as investment adviser to the Absolute Return Tracker Fund, Commodity Strategy Fund, Dynamic Allocation Fund and the Subsidiary. However, as a result of proposed rulemaking by the Commodity Futures Trading Commission (CFTC) that has not yet been adopted, the Investment Adviser is not yet subject to CFTC recordkeeping, reporting and disclosure requirements with respect to these Funds, and therefore the impact of these requirements remains uncertain. When the Investment Adviser becomes subject to these requirements, as well as related National Futures Association (NFA) rules, the Funds may incur additional compliance and other expenses. The Investment Adviser is exempt from certain CFTC recordkeeping, reporting and disclosure requirements under CFTC Rule 4.7 with respect to the Subsidiary. In addition, the Investment Adviser has claimed temporary relief from registration as a CPO under the CEA for the International Real Estate Securities Fund and Real Estate Securities Fund and therefore is not subject to registration or regulation as a CPO under the CEA. When the temporary relief expires, to the extent the Trust, on behalf of these Funds, is not otherwise eligible to claim an exclusion from the definition of the term CPO, the Funds may incur additional compliance and other expenses, as discussed above.
The following discussion supplements the information in the Funds Prospectus.
General Information Regarding The Funds
The Investment Adviser may purchase for the Funds common stocks, preferred stocks, interests in real estate investment trusts (REITs) and, with respect to the Real Estate Securities Fund and International Real Estate Securities Fund, other real estate industry companies, including REIT-like entities or real estate operating companies whose products and services are related to the real estate industry, convertible debt obligations, convertible preferred stocks, equity interests in trusts, partnerships, joint ventures, limited liability companies and similar enterprises, warrants and stock purchase rights and synthetic and derivative instruments that have economic characteristics similar to equity securities (equity investments). The Investment Adviser utilizes first-hand fundamental research, including visiting company facilities to assess operations and to meet decision-makers, in choosing a Funds securities. The Investment Adviser may also use macro analysis of numerous economic and valuation variables to anticipate changes in company earnings and the overall investment climate. The Investment Adviser is able to draw on the research and market expertise of the Goldman Sachs Global Investment Research Department and other affiliates of the Investment Adviser, as well as information provided by other securities dealers. Equity investments in a Funds portfolio will generally be sold when the Investment Adviser believes that the market price fully reflects or exceeds the investments fundamental valuation or when other more attractive investments are identified. For the Dynamic Allocation Fund, the Investment Adviser utilizes advanced quantitative tools for both stock selection and portfolio construction. For rebalancings, the computer optimizer calculates numerous security combinations and numerous weightings to identify an efficient risk/return given the Funds benchmark.
Real Estate Securities and International Real Estate Securities Funds
The investment strategy of the Real Estate Securities and International Real Estate Securities Funds is based on the premise that real estate market fundamentals are the primary determinant of growth which underlies the success of companies in the real estate industry. Each Funds research and investment process focuses on companies that can achieve sustainable growth in cash flow and dividend paying capability. This process is comprised of real estate market research and securities analysis. Each Funds Investment Adviser will take into account fundamental trends in underlying property markets as determined by proprietary models, research of local real estate market, earnings, cash flow growth and stability, the relationship between asset values and market prices of the securities and dividend payment history. The Investment Adviser will attempt to purchase securities so that its underlying portfolio will be diversified geographically and by property type.
Dynamic Allocation Fund
The Dynamic Allocation Fund seeks to achieve its investment objective by investing primarily in ETFs, futures, swaps and other derivatives that provide exposure to a broad spectrum of asset classes, including equities (both in US and non-US companies), fixed income (US and non-US, investment grade and high yield) and commodities. The Investment Adviser manages the Fund dynamically by changing the Funds allocations to these asset classes based on the Investment Advisers tactical views and in response to changing market conditions.
The Investment Advisers Quantitative Investment Strategies Group uses a disciplined, rigorous and quantitative approach in allocating to the asset classes in which the Fund invests. The models that drive the tactical allocations use financial and economic factors that are designed to capture the expected return and expected volatility of various asset classes. Among other considerations, the Investment Adviser attempts to allocate the Funds investments such that the Funds asset classes equities, fixed income and commodities contribute to the Funds overall expected volatility in a more balanced way than is typical in a traditional balanced portfolio. For example, in a traditional
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balanced portfolio (comprised of 60% equity assets and 40% fixed income assets), a disproportionate amount (e.g., 80%90%) of the portfolios overall risk can be attributed to equities. By contrast, in the Funds portfolio, equity investments, fixed income investments, and commodity investments are expected to contribute to the Funds overall volatility profile in a manner that does not heavily concentrate overall risk in any one asset class.
Within a given asset class, the Quantitative Investment Strategies Group will consider a number of factors in selecting individual securities and investment types, including: cost, trading volume and efficiency and regulatory considerations. On a regular basis (typically monthly), the Investment Adviser will assess the risk contribution of each asset class and rebalance accordingly. The Investment Adviser will tactically shift the Funds portfolio weightings among the different asset classes both to take advantage of changing market opportunities for greater capital appreciation and in response to changing market risk conditions. Additionally, the Investment Adviser may adjust the Funds asset class allocation based on the information provided by the Market Sentiment Indicator (Indicator). The Indicator is a proprietary composite of various measures of financial disruption, such as the volatility of the S&P 500 Index and credit spreads. Credit spreads measure the difference in the yield of higher yielding bond sectors relative to Treasury bonds. When those spreads widen, this can indicate higher levels of uncertainty or distress in financial markets. When the Indicator signals high market distress, the Investment Adviser may allocate more of the Funds assets to cash or other less risky assets. The Investment Adviser may also establish a short position for the Fund with respect to an asset class that the Investment Adviser believes will perform negatively over a particular time period.
From time to time, the Investment Adviser will monitor, and may make changes to, the selection or weight of individual or groups of securities, currencies or markets in the Fund. Such changes (which may be the result of changes in the Investment Advisers asset allocation models, the method of applying the asset allocation models or the judgment of the Investment Adviser) may include: (i) evolutionary changes to the structure of the asset allocation models (e.g., the addition of new factors or a new means of weighting the factors); (ii) changes in trading procedures (e.g., trading frequency or the manner in which a Fund uses futures); or (iii) changes to the weight of individual or groups of securities, currencies or markets in a Fund based on the Investment Advisers judgment. Any such changes will preserve a Funds basic investment philosophy of combining qualitative and quantitative methods of selecting investments using a disciplined investment process.
Commodity Strategy Fund
The Commodity Strategy Funds investment objective is to seek long-term total return. The Fund primarily gains exposure to the commodities markets by investing in a wholly-owned subsidiary of the Fund organized as a company under the laws of the Cayman Islands (the Subsidiary). The Subsidiary primarily obtains its commodity exposure by investing in commodity-linked swaps (which may include total return swaps), which expose the Subsidiary and the Fund economically to movements in commodity prices. See below Investment Objectives and Policies Investments in the Wholly-Owned Subsidiary for a more detailed discussion of the Funds Subsidiary.
The Commodity Strategy Fund seeks to provide exposure to the commodity markets and returns that correspond to the performance of the S&P GSCI® Total Return Index (S&P GSCI) or other similar indices by investing, through the Subsidiary, in commodity-linked investments. The S&P GSCI is a composite index of commodity sector returns, representing an unleveraged, long-only investment in commodity futures that is diversified across the spectrum of commodities. The returns are calculated on a fully-collateralized basis with full reinvestment. The combination of these attributes provides investors with a representative and realistic picture of realizable returns attainable in the commodity markets. Individual components qualify for inclusion in the S&P GSCI on the basis of liquidity and are weighted by their respective world production quantities. The principles behind the construction of the index are public and designed to allow easy and cost-efficient investment implementation. Possible means of implementation include the purchase of S&P GSCI-related instruments, such as the S&P GSCI futures contract traded on the Chicago Mercantile Exchange (CME) or over-the-counter derivatives, or the direct purchase of the underlying futures contracts.
As of February 29, 2012, weights were:
Energy: 70.99%
Ind. Metals: 6.87%
Prec. Metals: 3.42%
Agriculture: 14.13%
Livestock: 4.59%
The Fund also attempts to enhance returns by investing in fixed income securities, including U.S. government securities, corporate debt securities, privately issued mortgage-backed securities, asset-backed securities and structured notes based on the performance of a broad-based commodities index and other commodity-linked derivative securities.
Absolute Return Tracker Fund
The Absolute Return Tracker Fund seeks to achieve long-term total return consistent with investment results that approximate the return and risk patters of a diversified universe of hedge funds. The Funds Investment Adviser believes that hedge funds derive a large portion of their returns from exposure to sources of market risk, such as equity, fixed income, and commodity asset classes, rather than manager skill. (The component of hedge fund return that is attributable to market risk exposure, rather than manager skill, is referred to as the beta component.) The Investment Adviser selects the Funds investments using a quantitative algorithm (or methodology) that seeks to identify the beta component of hedge fund returns and gain exposure to these sources of
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market risk and their related returns. The Fund will invest in securities and other financial instruments (as set forth below) that provide short or long exposure to indices or other market factors that represent these sources of market risk and return (the Component Market Factors). The Component Market Factors include but are not limited to:
| U.S. and non-U.S. equity indices; |
| fixed income indices; |
| credit indices; |
| commodity indices; |
| volatility indices; and |
| emerging markets exchange-traded funds (ETFs). |
The Component Market Factors that comprise the algorithm are selected by the Investment Adviser from a universe of potential market exposures that contribute to hedge fund performance. The Investment Adviser selects a subset of indices and other measures of market risk and returns to monitor, and selects the Component Market Factors from that subset. The Component Market Factors are selected based on information obtained from a hedge fund database, the index sponsors of each index and other public sources.
The algorithm re-weights each of the Component Market Factors on a defined frequency. The algorithm uses the most recently available hedge fund performance and volatility data to recalculate target exposures to each of the Component Market Factors for the following period. The weighting of a Component Market Factor within the Fund may be positive or negative and may be subject to certain percentage limitations, which may change. A negative weighting will result from an investment in an instrument that provides a short exposure to a Component Market Factor. One or more of the Component Market Factors may be indices sponsored or calculated by Goldman Sachs or one of its affiliates.
From time to time, the Investment Adviser will monitor, and may make changes to, the selection or weight of individual or groups of securities, currencies or markets in the Fund. Such changes (which may be the result of changes in the Funds quantitative algorithm, the manner of applying the Funds quantitative algorithm or the judgment of the Investment Adviser) may include: (i) evolutionary changes to the structure of Funds quantitative algorithm (e.g., changing the methodology, adding or removing asset classes); (ii) changes in trading procedures (e.g., trading frequency or the manner in which a Fund uses futures); or (iii) changes to the weight of individual or groups of securities, currencies or markets in a Fund based on the Investment Advisers judgment. Any such changes will preserve a Funds basic investment philosophy of combining qualitative and quantitative methods of selecting investments using a disciplined investment process.
DESCRIPTION OF INVESTMENT SECURITIES AND PRACTICES
Corporate Debt Obligations
Each Fund may, under normal market conditions, invest in corporate debt obligations, including obligations of industrial, utility and financial issuers. Corporate debt obligations include bonds, notes, debentures and other obligations of corporations to pay interest and repay principal. Corporate debt obligations are subject to the risk of an issuers inability to meet principal and interest payments on the obligations and may also be subject to price volatility due to such factors as market interest rates, market perception of the creditworthiness of the issuer and general market liquidity.
An economic downturn could severely affect the ability of highly leveraged issuers of junk bond securities to service their debt obligations or to repay their obligations upon maturity. Factors having an adverse impact on the market value of junk bonds will have an adverse effect on a Funds net asset value to the extent it invests in such securities. In addition, a Fund may incur additional expenses to the extent it is required to seek recovery upon a default in payment of principal or interest on its portfolio holdings.
The secondary market for junk bonds, which is concentrated in relatively few market makers, may not be as liquid as the secondary market for more highly rated securities. This reduced liquidity may have an adverse effect on the ability of the Funds to dispose of a particular security when necessary to meet their redemption requests or other liquidity needs. Under adverse market or economic conditions, the secondary market for junk bonds could contract further, independent of any specific adverse changes in the condition of a particular issuer. As a result, the Investment Adviser could find it difficult to sell these securities or may be able to sell the securities only at prices lower than if such securities were widely traded. Prices realized upon the sale of such lower rated or unrated securities, under such circumstances, may be less than the prices used in calculating a Funds net asset value.
Because investors generally perceive that there are greater risks associated with the medium to lower rated securities of the type in which the Funds may invest, the yields and prices of such securities may tend to fluctuate more than those for higher rated securities. In the lower quality segments of the fixed-income securities market, changes in perceptions of issuers creditworthiness tend to occur more frequently and in a more pronounced manner than do changes in higher quality segments of the fixed-income securities market, resulting in greater yield and price volatility.
Another factor which causes fluctuations in the prices of fixed income securities is the supply and demand for similarly rated securities. In addition, the prices of fixed income securities fluctuate in response to the general level of interest rates. Fluctuations in the prices of portfolio securities subsequent to their acquisition will not affect cash income from such securities but will be reflected in a Funds net asset value.
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Corporate debt obligations rated BBB or Baa are considered medium grade obligations with speculative characteristics, and adverse economic conditions or changing circumstances may weaken their issuers capacity to pay interest and repay principal. Medium to lower rated and comparable non-rated securities tend to offer higher yields than higher rated securities with the same maturities because the historical financial condition of the issuers of such securities may not have been as strong as that of other issuers. The price of corporate debt obligations will generally fluctuate in response to fluctuations in supply and demand for similarly rated securities. In addition, the price of corporate debt obligations will generally fluctuate in response to interest rate levels. Fluctuations in the prices of portfolio securities subsequent to their acquisition will not affect cash income from such securities but will be reflected in the Funds NAV. Because medium to lower rated securities generally involve greater risks of loss of income and principal than higher rated securities, investors should consider carefully the relative risks associated with investment in securities which carry medium to lower ratings and in comparable unrated securities. In addition to the risk of default, there are the related costs of recovery on defaulted issues. The Investment Adviser will attempt to reduce these risks through portfolio diversification and by analysis of each issuer and its ability to make timely payments of income and principal, as well as broad economic trends and corporate developments.
The Investment Adviser employs its own credit research and analysis, which includes a study of existing debt, capital structure, ability to service debt and to pay dividends, the issuers sensitivity to economic conditions, its operating history and the current earnings trend. The Investment Adviser continually monitors the investments in a Funds portfolio and evaluates whether to dispose of or to retain corporate debt obligations whose credit ratings or credit quality may have changed. If after its purchase, a portfolio security is assigned a lower rating or ceases to be rated, a Fund may continue to hold the security if the Investment Adviser believes it is in the best interest of the Fund and its shareholders.
Commodity-Linked Securities
The Commodity Strategy Fund, Absolute Return Tracker Fund, and Dynamic Allocation Fund may seek to provide exposure to the investment returns of real assets that trade in the commodity markets through investments in commodity-linked derivative securities, such as structured notes, discussed below, which are designed to provide this exposure without direct investment in physical commodities or commodities futures contracts. The Commodity Strategy Fund may also seek to provide exposure to the investment returns of real assets that trade in the commodity markets through investments in the Subsidiary. Real assets are assets such as oil, gas, industrial and precious metals, livestock, and agricultural or meat products, or other items that have tangible properties, as compared to stocks or bonds, which are financial instruments. In choosing investments, the Investment Adviser seeks to provide exposure to various commodities and commodity sectors. The value of commodity-linked derivative securities held by a Fund and/or the Subsidiary may be affected by a variety of factors, including, but not limited to, overall market movements and other factors affecting the value of particular industries or commodities, such as weather, disease, embargoes, acts of war or terrorism, or political and regulatory developments.
The prices of commodity-linked derivative securities may move in different directions than investments in traditional equity and debt securities when the value of those traditional securities is declining due to adverse economic conditions. As an example, during periods of rising inflation, debt securities have historically tended to decline in value due to the general increase in prevailing interest rates. Conversely, during those same periods of rising inflation, the prices of certain commodities, such as oil and metals, have historically tended to increase. Of course, there cannot be any guarantee that these investments will perform in that manner in the future, and at certain times the price movements of commodity-linked instruments have been parallel to those of debt and equity securities. Commodities have historically tended to increase and decrease in value during different parts of the business cycle than financial assets. Nevertheless, at various times, commodities prices may move in tandem with the prices of financial assets and thus may not provide overall portfolio diversification benefits. Under favorable economic conditions, the Funds investments may be expected to underperform an investment in traditional securities. Over the long term, the returns on the Funds investments are expected to exhibit low or negative correlation with stocks and bonds.
Because commodity-linked derivative securities are available from a relatively small number of issuers, a Funds investments in commodity-linked derivative securities are particularly subject to counterparty risk, which is the risk that the issuer of the commodity-linked derivative (which issuer may also serve as counterparty to a substantial number of the Funds commodity-linked and other derivative investments) will not fulfill its contractual obligations.
For the Commodity Strategy Fund, the Investment Adviser generally intends to invest in commodity-linked investments whose returns are linked to the S&P GSCI. However, the Commodity Strategy Fund is not an index fund and the Investment Adviser may make allocations that differ from the weightings in the S&P GSCI.
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Structured Notes
The Commodity Strategy Fund, Absolute Return Tracker Fund and Dynamic Allocation Fund may invest in structured notes. In one type of structured note in which the Funds intend to invest, the issuer of the note will be a highly creditworthy party. The terms of such notes will be in accordance with applicable IRS guidelines. The amount payable at maturity, early redemption or knockout (as defined below) of the note will depend directly on the performance of the S&P GSCI. As described more precisely below, the amount payable at maturity will be computed using a formula under which the issue price paid for the note is adjusted to reflect the percentage appreciation or depreciation of the index over the term of the note in excess of a specified interest factor, and an agreed-upon multiple (the leverage factor) of three. The note will also bear interest at a floating rate that is pegged to LIBOR. The interest rate will be based generally on the issuers funding spread and prevailing interest rates. The interest may be payable monthly, quarterly or at maturity. The issuer of the note will be entitled to an annual fee for issuing the note, which will be payable at maturity, and which may be netted against payments otherwise due under the note. The amount payable at maturity, early redemption or knockout of each note will be calculated by starting with an amount equal to the face amount of the note plus any remaining unpaid interest on the note and minus any accumulated fee amount, and then adding (or subtracting, in the case of a negative number) the amount equal to the product of (i) the percentage increase (or decrease) of the S&P GSCI over the applicable period, less a specified interest percentage, multiplied by (ii) the face amount of the note, and, generally, by (iii) the leverage factor of three (although the leverage factor may vary, and some notes may have no leverage factor). The holder of the note will have a right to put the note to the issuer for redemption at any time before maturity. The note will become automatically payable (i.e., will knockout) if the relevant index declines by 15%. In the event that the index has declined to the knockout level (or below) during any day, the redemption price of the note will be based on the closing index value of the next day. The issuer of the note will receive payment in full of the purchase price of the note substantially contemporaneously with the delivery of the note. The Fund, while holding the note, will not be required to make any payment to the issuer of the note in addition to the purchase price paid for the note, whether as margin, settlement payment, or otherwise, during the life of the note or at maturity. The issuer of the note will not be subject by the terms of the instrument to mark-to-market margining requirements of the CEA. The note will not be marketed as a contract of sale of a commodity for future delivery (or option on such a contract) subject to the CEA.
With respect to a second type of structured note in which the Fund intends to invest, the issuer of the note will be a highly creditworthy party. The term of the note will be for six months. The note will be issued at par value. The amount payable at maturity or early redemption of the note will depend directly on the performance of a specified basket of 6-month futures contracts with respect to all of the commodities in the S&P GSCI, with weightings of the different commodities similar to the weightings in the S&P GSCI. As described more precisely below, the amount payable at maturity will be computed using a formula under which the issue price paid for the note is adjusted to reflect the percentage appreciation or depreciation of the value of the specified basket of commodities futures over the term of the note in excess of a specified interest factor, and the leverage factor of three, but in no event will the amount payable at maturity be less than 51% of the issue price of the note. The note will also bear interest at a floating rate that is pegged to LIBOR. The interest rate will be based generally on the issuers funding spread and prevailing interest rates. The interest may be payable monthly, quarterly or at maturity. The issuer of the note will be entitled to a fee for issuing the note, which will be payable at maturity, and which may be netted against payments otherwise due under the note. The amount payable at maturity or early redemption of each note will be the greater of (i) 51% of the issue price of the note and (ii) the amount calculated by starting with an amount equal to the face amount of the note plus any remaining unpaid interest on the note and minus any accumulated fee amount, and then adding (or subtracting, in the case of a negative number) the amount equal to the product of (A) the percentage increase (or decrease) of the specified basket of commodities futures over the applicable period, less a specified interest percentage, multiplied by (B) the face amount of the note, and, generally, by (C) the leverage factor of three (although the leverage factor may vary, and some notes may have no leverage factor). The holder of the note will have a right to put the note to the issuer for redemption at any time before maturity. The issuer of the note will receive payment in full of the purchase price of the note substantially contemporaneously with the delivery of the note. The Fund, while holding the note, will not be required to make any payment to the issuer of the note in addition to the purchase price paid for the note, whether as margin, settlement payment, or otherwise, during the life of the note or at maturity. The issuer of the note will not be subject by the terms of the instrument to mark-to-market margining requirements of the CEA. The note will not be marketed as a contract of sale of a commodity for future delivery (or option on such a contract) subject to the CEA.
Commercial Paper and Other Short-Term Corporate Obligations
The Funds may invest in commercial paper and other short-term obligations issued or guaranteed by U.S. corporations, non-U.S. corporations or other entities. Commercial paper represents short-term unsecured promissory notes issued in bearer form by banks or bank holding companies, corporations and finance companies.
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U.S. Government Securities
Each Fund may invest in U.S. Government Securities. Some U.S. Government Securities (such as Treasury bills, notes and bonds, which differ only in their interest rates, maturities and times of issuance) are supported by the full faith and credit of the United States. Others, such as obligations issued or guaranteed by U.S. government agencies, instrumentalities or sponsored enterprises, are supported either by (i) the right of the issuer to borrow from the U.S. Treasury, (ii) the discretionary authority of the U.S. government to purchase certain obligations of the issuer or (iii) only the credit of the issuer. The U.S. government is under no legal obligation, in general, to purchase the obligations of its agencies, instrumentalities or sponsored enterprises. No assurance can be given that the U.S. government will provide financial support to the U.S. government agencies, instrumentalities or sponsored enterprises in the future.
U.S. Government Securities include (to the extent consistent with the Act) securities for which the payment of principal and interest is backed by an irrevocable letter of credit issued by the U.S. government, or its agencies, instrumentalities or sponsored enterprises. U.S. Government Securities may also include (to the extent consistent with the Act) participations in loans made to foreign governments or their agencies that are guaranteed as to principal and interest by the U.S. government or its agencies, instrumentalities or sponsored enterprises. The secondary market for certain of these participations is extremely limited. In the absence of a suitable secondary market, such participations are regarded as illiquid.
Each Fund may also purchase U.S. Government Securities in private placements and may also invest in separately traded principal and interest components of securities guaranteed or issued by the U.S. Treasury that are traded independently under the separate trading of registered interest and principal of securities program (STRIPS). Each Fund may also invest in zero coupon U.S. Treasury Securities and in zero coupon securities issued by financial institutions which represent a proportionate interest in underlying U.S. Treasury Securities. A zero coupon security pays no interest to its holder during its life and its value consists of the difference between its face value at maturity and its cost. The market prices of zero coupon securities generally are more volatile than the market prices of securities that pay interest periodically.
Treasury Inflation-Protected Securities. The Funds (except for the International Real Estate Securities Fund) may invest in U.S. Government securities, called Treasury inflation-protected securities or TIPS, which are fixed income securities whose principal value is periodically adjusted according to the rate of inflation. The interest rate on TIPS is fixed at issuance, but over the life of the bond this interest may be paid on an increasing or decreasing principal value that has been adjusted for inflation. Although repayment of the original bond principal upon maturity is guaranteed, the market value of TIPS is not guaranteed, and will fluctuate.
The values of TIPS generally fluctuate in response to changes in real interest rates, which are in turn tied to the relationship between nominal interest rates and the rate of inflation. If inflation were to rise at a faster rate than nominal interest rates, real interest rates might decline, leading to an increase in the value of TIPS. In contrast, if nominal interest rates were to increase at a faster rate than inflation, real interest rates might rise, leading to a decrease in the value of TIPS. If inflation is lower than expected during the period the Fund holds TIPS, the Fund may earn less on the TIPS than on a conventional bond. If interest rates rise due to reasons other than inflation (for example, due to changes in the currency exchange rates), investors in TIPS may not be protected to the extent that the increase is not reflected in the bonds inflation measure. There can be no assurance that the inflation index for TIPS will accurately measure the real rate of inflation in the prices of goods and services.
Any increase in principal value of TIPS caused by an increase in the consumer price index is taxable in the year the increase occurs, even though the Fund holding TIPS will not receive cash representing the increase at that time. As a result, a Fund could be required at times to liquidate other investments, including when it is not advantageous to do so, in order to satisfy its distribution requirements as a regulated investment company.
If a Fund invests in TIPS, it will be required to treat as original issue discount any increase in the principal amount of the securities that occurs during the course of its taxable year. If a Fund purchases such inflation protected securities that are issued in stripped form either as stripped bonds or coupons, it will be treated as if it had purchased a newly issued debt instrument having original issue discount.
Because a Fund is required to distribute substantially all of its net investment income (including accrued original issue discount), the Funds investment in either zero coupon bonds or TIPS may require it to distribute to shareholders an amount greater than the total cash income it actually receives. Accordingly, in order to make the required distributions, a Fund may be required to borrow or liquidate securities.
B-7
Bank Obligations
Each Fund may invest in obligations issued or guaranteed by U.S. or foreign banks. Bank obligations, including without limitation, time deposits, bankers acceptances and certificates of deposit, may be general obligations of the parent bank or may be limited to the issuing branch by the terms of the specific obligations or by government regulation. Banks are subject to extensive but different governmental regulations which may limit both the amount and types of loans which may be made and interest rates which may be charged. In addition, the profitability of the banking industry is largely dependent upon the availability and cost of funds for the purpose of financing lending operations under prevailing money market conditions. General economic conditions as well as exposure to credit losses arising from possible financial difficulties of borrowers play an important part in the operation of this industry.
Certificates of deposit are certificates evidencing the obligation of a bank to repay funds deposited with it for a specified period of time at a specified rate. Certificates of deposit are negotiable instruments and are similar to saving deposits but have a definite maturity and are evidenced by a certificate instead of a passbook entry. Banks are required to keep reserves against all certificates of deposit. Fixed time deposits are bank obligations payable at a stated maturity date and bearing interest at a fixed rate. Fixed time deposits may be withdrawn on the demand by the investor, but may be subject to early withdrawal penalties which vary depending upon market conditions and the remaining maturity of the obligation. The Funds may invest in deposits in U.S. and European banks satisfying the standards set forth above.
Zero Coupon Bonds
Each Funds investments in fixed income securities may include zero coupon bonds. Zero coupon bonds are debt obligations issued or purchased at a discount from face value. The discount approximates the total amount of interest the bonds would have accrued and compounded over the period until maturity. Zero coupon bonds do not require the periodic payment of interest. Such investments benefit the issuer by mitigating its need for cash to meet debt service but also require a higher rate of return to attract investors who are willing to defer receipt of such cash. Such investments may experience greater volatility in market value than debt obligations which provide for regular payments of interest. In addition, if an issuer of zero coupon bonds held by a Fund defaults, the Fund may obtain no return at all on its investment. A Fund will accrue income on such investments for each taxable year which (net of deductible expenses, if any) is distributable to shareholders and which, because no cash is generally received at the time of accrual, may require the liquidation of other portfolio securities to obtain sufficient cash to satisfy the Funds distribution obligations.
Deferred Interest, Pay-In-Kind and Capital Appreciation Bonds
The Commodity Strategy Funds investments in fixed income securities may include deferred interest, pay-in-kind (PIK) and capital appreciation bonds. Deferred interest and capital appreciation bonds are debt securities issued or sold at a discount from their face value and which do not entitle the holder to any periodic payment of interest prior to maturity or a specified date. The original issue discount varies depending on the time remaining until maturity or cash payment date, prevailing interest rates, the liquidity of the security and the perceived credit quality of the issuer. These securities also may take the form of debt securities that have been stripped of their unmatured interest coupons, the coupons themselves or receipts or certificates representing interests in such stripped debt obligations or coupons. The market prices of deferred interest, capital appreciation bonds and PIK securities generally are more volatile than the market prices of interest bearing securities and are likely to respond to a greater degree to changes in interest rates than interest bearing securities having similar maturities and credit quality.
PIK securities may be debt obligations or preferred shares that provide the issuer with the option of paying interest or dividends on such obligations in cash or in the form of additional securities rather than cash. Similar to deferred interest bonds, PIK securities are designed to give an issuer flexibility in managing cash flow. PIK securities that are debt securities can be either senior or subordinated debt and generally trade flat (i.e., without accrued interest). The trading price of PIK debt securities generally reflects the market value of the underlying debt plus an amount representing accrued interest since the last interest payment.
Deferred interest, capital appreciation and PIK securities involve the additional risk that, unlike securities that periodically pay interest to maturity, the Fund will realize no cash until a specified future payment date unless a portion of such securities is sold and, if the issuer of such securities defaults, the Fund may obtain no return at all on its investment. In addition, even though such securities do not provide for the payment of current interest in cash, the Fund is nonetheless required to accrue income on such investments for each taxable year and generally is required to distribute such accrued amounts (net of deductible expenses, if any) to avoid being subject to tax. Because no cash is generally received at the time of the accrual, the Fund may be required to liquidate other portfolio securities to obtain sufficient cash to satisfy federal tax distribution requirements applicable to the Fund. A portion of the discount with respect to stripped tax-exempt securities or their coupons may be taxable. See Taxation.
B-8
Variable and Floating Rate Securities
The interest rates payable on certain debt securities in which a Fund may invest are not fixed and may fluctuate based upon changes in market rates. A variable rate obligation has an interest rate which is adjusted at pre-designated periods in response to changes in the market rate of interest on which the interest rate is based. Variable and floating rate obligations are less effective than fixed rate instruments at locking in a particular yield. Nevertheless, such obligations may fluctuate in value in response to interest rate changes if there is a delay between changes in market interest rates and the interest reset date for the obligation, or for other reasons.
Custodial Receipts and Trust Certificates
Each Fund may invest in custodial receipts and trust certificates, which may be underwritten by securities dealers or banks, representing interests in securities held by a custodian or trustee. The securities so held may include U.S. Government securities, municipal securities or other types of securities in which the Fund may invest. The custodial receipts or trust certificates are underwritten by securities dealers or banks and may evidence ownership of future interest payments, principal payments or both on the underlying securities, or, in some cases, the payment obligation of a third party that has entered into an interest rate swap or other arrangement with the custodian or trustee. For certain securities laws purposes, custodial receipts and trust certificates may not be considered obligations of the U.S. government or other issuer of the securities held by the custodian or trustee. As a holder of custodial receipts and trust certificates, a Fund will bear its proportionate share of the fees and expenses charged to the custodial account or trust. Each Fund may also invest in separately issued interests in custodial receipts and trust certificates.
Although under the terms of a custodial receipt or trust certificate a Fund would typically be authorized to assert its rights directly against the issuer of the underlying obligation, a Fund could be required to assert through the custodian bank or trustee those rights as may exist against the underlying issuers. Thus, in the event an underlying issuer fails to pay principal and/or interest when due, a Fund may be subject to delays, expenses and risks that are greater than those that would have been involved if a Fund had purchased a direct obligation of the issuer. In addition, in the event that the trust or custodial account in which the underlying securities have been deposited is determined to be an association taxable as a corporation, instead of a non-taxable entity, the yield on the underlying securities would be reduced in recognition of any taxes paid.
Certain custodial receipts and trust certificates may be synthetic or derivative instruments that have interest rates that reset inversely to changing short-term rates and/or have embedded interest rate floors and caps that require the issuer to pay an adjusted interest rate if market rates fall below or rise above a specified rate. Because some of these instruments represent relatively recent innovations, and the trading market for these instruments is less developed than the markets for traditional types of instruments, it is uncertain how these instruments will perform under different economic and interest-rate scenarios. Also, because these instruments may be leveraged, their market values may be more volatile than other types of fixed income instruments and may present greater potential for capital gain or loss. The possibility of default by an issuer or the issuers credit provider may be greater for these derivative instruments than for other types of instruments. In some cases, it may be difficult to determine the fair value of a derivative instrument because of a lack of reliable objective information and an established secondary market for some instruments may not exist. In many cases, the Internal Revenue Service has not ruled on the tax treatment of the interest or payments received on the derivative instruments and, accordingly, purchases of such instruments are based on the opinion of counsel to the sponsors of the instruments.
Mortgage Loans and Mortgage-Backed Securities
The Real Estate Securities Fund, International Real Estate Securities Fund, Commodity Strategy Fund and Dynamic Allocation Fund may invest in mortgage loans and mortgage pass-through securities and other securities representing an interest in or collateralized by adjustable and fixed rate mortgage loans (Mortgage-Backed Securities).
Mortgage-Backed Securities are subject to both call risk and extension risk. Because of these risks, these securities can have significantly greater price and yield volatility than traditional fixed income securities.
B-9
General Characteristics of Mortgage Backed Securities.
In general, each mortgage pool underlying Mortgage-Backed Securities consists of mortgage loans evidenced by promissory notes secured by first mortgages or first deeds of trust or other similar security instruments creating a first lien on owner occupied and non-owner occupied one-unit to four-unit residential properties, multi-family (i.e., five-units or more) properties, agricultural properties, commercial properties and mixed use properties (the Mortgaged Properties). The Mortgaged Properties may consist of detached individual dwelling units, multi-family dwelling units, individual condominiums, townhouses, duplexes, triplexes, fourplexes, row houses, individual units in planned unit developments, other attached dwelling units (Residential Mortgaged Properties) or commercial properties, such as office properties, retail properties, hospitality properties, industrial properties, healthcare related properties or other types of income producing real property (Commercial Mortgaged Properties). Residential Mortgaged Properties may also include residential investment properties and second homes. In addition, the Mortgage-Backed Securities which are residential mortgage-backed securities may also consist of mortgage loans evidenced by promissory notes secured entirely or in part by second priority mortgage liens on Residential Mortgaged Properties.
The investment characteristics of adjustable and fixed rate Mortgage-Backed Securities differ from those of traditional fixed income securities. The major differences include the payment of interest and principal on Mortgage-Backed Securities on a more frequent (usually monthly) schedule, and the possibility that principal may be prepaid at any time due to prepayments on the underlying mortgage loans or other assets. These differences can result in significantly greater price and yield volatility than is the case with traditional fixed income securities. As a result, if a Fund purchases Mortgage-Backed Securities at a premium, a faster than expected prepayment rate will reduce both the market value and the yield to maturity from those which were anticipated. A prepayment rate that is slower than expected will have the opposite effect, increasing yield to maturity and market value. Conversely, if a Fund purchases Mortgage-Backed Securities at a discount, faster than expected prepayments will increase, while slower than expected prepayments will reduce yield to maturity and market value. To the extent that a Fund invests in Mortgage-Backed Securities, the Investment Adviser may seek to manage these potential risks by investing in a variety of Mortgage-Backed Securities and by using certain hedging techniques.
Prepayments on a pool of mortgage loans are influenced by changes in current interest rates and a variety of economic, geographic, social and other factors (such as changes in mortgagor housing needs, job transfers, unemployment, mortgagor equity in the mortgage properties and servicing decisions). The timing and level of prepayments cannot be predicted. A predominant factor affecting the prepayment rate on a pool of mortgage loans is the difference between the interest rates on outstanding mortgage loans and prevailing mortgage loan interest rates (giving consideration to the cost of any refinancing). Generally, prepayments on mortgage loans will increase during a period of falling mortgage interest rates and decrease during a period of rising mortgage interest rates. Accordingly, the amounts of prepayments available for reinvestment by a Fund are likely to be greater during a period of declining mortgage interest rates. If general interest rates decline, such prepayments are likely to be reinvested at lower interest rates than a Fund was earning on the mortgage-backed securities that were prepaid. Due to these factors, mortgage-backed securities may be less effective than U.S. Treasury and other types of debt securities of similar maturity at maintaining yields during periods of declining interest rates. Because a Funds investments in Mortgage-Backed Securities are interest-rate sensitive, a Funds performance will depend in part upon the ability of the Fund to anticipate and respond to fluctuations in market interest rates and to utilize appropriate strategies to maximize returns to the Fund, while attempting to minimize the associated risks to its investment capital. Prepayments may have a disproportionate effect on certain mortgage-backed securities and other multiple class pass-through securities, which are discussed below.
The rate of interest paid on mortgage-backed securities is normally lower than the rate of interest paid on the mortgages included in the underlying pool due to (among other things) the fees paid to any servicer, special servicer and trustee for the trust fund which holds the mortgage pool, other costs and expenses of such trust fund, fees paid to any guarantor, such as Ginnie Mae (as defined below) or to any credit enhancers, mortgage pool insurers, bond insurers and/or hedge providers, and due to any yield retained by the issuer. Actual yield to the holder may vary from the coupon rate, even if adjustable, if the mortgage-backed securities are purchased or traded in the secondary market at a premium or discount. In addition, there is normally some delay between the time the issuer receives mortgage payments from the servicer and the time the issuer (or the trustee of the trust fund which holds the mortgage pool) makes the payments on the mortgage-backed securities, and this delay reduces the effective yield to the holder of such securities.
The issuers of certain mortgage-backed obligations may elect to have the pool of mortgage loans (or indirect interests in mortgage loans) underlying the securities treated as a REMIC, which is subject to special federal income tax rules. A description of the types of mortgage loans and mortgage-backed securities in which certain of the Funds may invest is provided below. The descriptions are general and summary in nature, and do not detail every possible variation of the types of securities that are permissible investments for a Fund.
B-10
Certain General Characteristics of Mortgage Loans
Adjustable Rate Mortgage Loans (ARMs). The Real Estate Securities Fund, International Real Estate Securities Fund, Commodity Strategy Fund and Dynamic Allocation Fund may invest in ARMs. ARMs generally provide for a fixed initial mortgage interest rate for a specified period of time. Thereafter, the interest rates (the Mortgage Interest Rates) may be subject to periodic adjustment based on changes in the applicable index rate (the Index Rate). The adjusted rate would be equal to the Index Rate plus a fixed percentage spread over the Index Rate established for each ARM at the time of its origination. ARMs allow a Fund to participate in increases in interest rates through periodic increases in the securities coupon rates. During periods of declining interest rates, coupon rates may readjust downward resulting in lower yields to a Fund.
Adjustable interest rates can cause payment increases that some mortgagors may find difficult to make. However, certain ARMs may provide that the Mortgage Interest Rate may not be adjusted to a rate above an applicable lifetime maximum rate or below an applicable lifetime minimum rate for such ARM. Certain ARMs may also be subject to limitations on the maximum amount by which the Mortgage Interest Rate may adjust for any single adjustment period (the Maximum Adjustment). Other ARMs (Negatively Amortizing ARMs) may provide instead or as well for limitations on changes in the monthly payment on such ARMs. Limitations on monthly payments can result in monthly payments which are greater or less than the amount necessary to amortize a Negatively Amortizing ARM by its maturity at the Mortgage Interest Rate in effect in any particular month. In the event that a monthly payment is not sufficient to pay the interest accruing on a Negatively Amortizing ARM, any such excess interest is added to the principal balance of the loan, causing negative amortization, and will be repaid through future monthly payments. It may take borrowers under Negatively Amortizing ARMs longer periods of time to build up equity and may increase the likelihood of default by such borrowers. In the event that a monthly payment exceeds the sum of the interest accrued at the applicable Mortgage Interest Rate and the principal payment which would have been necessary to amortize the outstanding principal balance over the remaining term of the loan, the excess (or accelerated amortization) further reduces the principal balance of the ARM. Negatively Amortizing ARMs do not provide for the extension of their original maturity to accommodate changes in their Mortgage Interest Rate. As a result, unless there is a periodic recalculation of the payment amount (which there generally is), the final payment may be substantially larger than the other payments. After the expiration of the initial fixed rate period and upon the periodic recalculation of the payment to cause timely amortization of the related mortgage loan, the monthly payment on such mortgage loan may increase substantially which may, in turn, increase the risk of the borrower defaulting in respect of such mortgage loan. These limitations on periodic increases in interest rates and on changes in monthly payments protect borrowers from unlimited interest rate and payment increases, but may result in increased credit exposure and prepayment risks for lenders. When interest due on a mortgage loan is added to the principal balance of such mortgage loan, the related mortgaged property provides proportionately less security for the repayment of such mortgage loan. Therefore, if the related borrower defaults on such mortgage loan, there is a greater likelihood that a loss will be incurred upon any liquidation of the mortgaged property which secures such mortgage loan.
ARMs also have the risk of prepayment. The rate of principal prepayments with respect to ARMs has fluctuated in recent years. The value of Mortgage-Backed Securities collateralized by ARMs is less likely to rise during periods of declining interest rates than the value of fixed-rate securities during such periods. Accordingly, ARMs may be subject to a greater rate of principal repayments in a declining interest rate environment resulting in lower yields to a Fund. For example, if prevailing interest rates fall significantly, ARMs could be subject to higher prepayment rates (than if prevailing interest rates remain constant or increase) because the availability of low fixed-rate mortgages may encourage mortgagors to refinance their ARMs to lock-in a fixed-rate mortgage. On the other hand, during periods of rising interest rates, the value of ARMs will lag behind changes in the market rate. ARMs are also typically subject to maximum increases and decreases in the interest rate adjustment which can be made on any one adjustment date, in any one year, or during the life of the security. In the event of dramatic increases or decreases in prevailing market interest rates, the value of a Funds investment in ARMs may fluctuate more substantially because these limits may prevent the security from fully adjusting its interest rate to the prevailing market rates. As with fixed-rate mortgages, ARM prepayment rates vary in both stable and changing interest rate environments.
There are two main categories of indices which provide the basis for rate adjustments on ARMs: those based on U.S. Treasury securities and those derived from a calculated measure, such as a cost of funds index or a moving average of mortgage rates. Indices commonly used for this purpose include the one-year, three-year and five-year constant maturity Treasury rates, the three-month Treasury bill rate, the 180-day Treasury bill rate, rates on longer-term Treasury securities, the 11th District Federal Home Loan Bank Cost of Funds, the National Median Cost of Funds, the one-month, three-month, six-month or one-year London Interbank Offered Rate, the prime rate of a specific bank, or commercial paper rates. Some indices, such as the one-year constant maturity Treasury rate, closely mirror changes in market interest rate levels. Others, such as the 11th District Federal Home Loan Bank Cost of Funds index, tend to lag behind changes in market rate levels and tend to be somewhat less volatile. The degree of volatility in the market value of ARMs in a Funds portfolio and, therefore, in the net asset value of the Funds shares, will be a function of the length of the interest rate reset periods and the degree of volatility in the applicable indices.
B-11
Fixed-Rate Mortgage Loans. Generally, fixed-rate mortgage loans included in mortgage pools (the Fixed-Rate Mortgage Loans) will bear simple interest at fixed annual rates and have original terms to maturity ranging from 5 to 40 years. Fixed-Rate Mortgage Loans generally provide for monthly payments of principal and interest in substantially equal installments for the term of the mortgage note in sufficient amounts to fully amortize principal by maturity, although certain Fixed-Rate Mortgage Loans provide for a large final balloon payment upon maturity.
Certain Legal Considerations of Mortgage Loans. The following is a discussion of certain legal and regulatory aspects of the mortgage loans in which certain of the Funds may invest. This discussion is not exhaustive, and does not address all of the legal or regulatory aspects affecting mortgage loans. These regulations may impair the ability of a mortgage lender to enforce its rights under the mortgage documents. These regulations may also adversely affect a Funds investments in Mortgage-Backed Securities (including those issued or guaranteed by the U.S. government, its agencies or instrumentalities) by delaying the Funds receipt of payments derived from principal or interest on mortgage loans affected by such regulations.
1. | Foreclosure. A foreclosure of a defaulted mortgage loan may be delayed due to compliance with statutory notice or service of process provisions, difficulties in locating necessary parties or legal challenges to the mortgagees right to foreclose. Depending upon market conditions, the ultimate proceeds of the sale of foreclosed property may not equal the amounts owed on the Mortgage-Backed Securities. Furthermore, courts in some cases have imposed general equitable principles upon foreclosure generally designed to relieve the borrower from the legal effect of default and have required lenders to undertake affirmative and expensive actions to determine the causes for the default and the likelihood of loan reinstatement. | |
2. | Rights of Redemption. In some states, after foreclosure of a mortgage loan, the borrower and foreclosed junior lienors are given a statutory period in which to redeem the property, which right may diminish the mortgagees ability to sell the property. | |
3. | Legislative Limitations. In addition to anti-deficiency and related legislation, numerous other federal and state statutory provisions, including the federal bankruptcy laws and state laws affording relief to debtors, may interfere with or affect the ability of a secured mortgage lender to enforce its security interest. For example, a bankruptcy court may grant the debtor a reasonable time to cure a default on a mortgage loan, including a payment default. The court in certain instances may also reduce the monthly payments due under such mortgage loan, change the rate of interest, reduce the principal balance of the loan to the then-current appraised value of the related mortgaged property, alter the mortgage loan repayment schedule and grant priority of certain liens over the lien of the mortgage loan. If a court relieves a borrowers obligation to repay amounts otherwise due on a mortgage loan, the mortgage loan servicer will not be required to advance such amounts, and any loss may be borne by the holders of securities backed by such loans. In addition, numerous federal and state consumer protection laws impose penalties for failure to comply with specific requirements in connection with origination and servicing of mortgage loans. | |
4. | Due-on-Sale Provisions. Fixed-rate mortgage loans may contain a so-called due-on-sale clause permitting acceleration of the maturity of the mortgage loan if the borrower transfers the property. The Garn-St. Germain Depository Institutions Act of 1982 sets forth nine specific instances in which no mortgage lender covered by that Act may exercise a due-on-sale clause upon a transfer of property. The inability to enforce a due-on-sale clause or the lack of such a clause in mortgage loan documents may result in a mortgage loan being assumed by a purchaser of the property that bears an interest rate below the current market rate. | |
5. | Usury Laws. Some states prohibit charging interest on mortgage loans in excess of statutory limits. If such limits are exceeded, substantial penalties may be incurred and, in some cases, enforceability of the obligation to pay principal and interest may be affected. | |
6. | Recent Governmental Action, Legislation and Regulation. The rise in the rate of foreclosures of properties in certain states or localities has resulted in legislative, regulatory and enforcement action in such states or localities seeking to prevent or restrict foreclosures, particularly in respect of residential mortgage loans. Actions have also been brought against issuers and underwriters of residential mortgage-backed securities collateralized by such residential mortgage loans and investors in such residential mortgage-backed securities. Legislative or regulatory initiatives by federal, state or local legislative bodies or administrative agencies, if enacted or adopted, could delay foreclosure or the exercise of other remedies, provide new defenses to foreclosure, or otherwise impair the ability of the loan servicer to foreclose or realize on a defaulted residential mortgage loan included in a pool of residential mortgage loans backing such residential mortgage-backed securities. While the nature or extent of limitations on foreclosure or exercise of other remedies that may be enacted cannot be predicted, any such governmental actions that interfere with the foreclosure process could increase the costs of such foreclosures or exercise of other remedies in respect of residential mortgage loans which collateralize Mortgage-Backed Securities held by a Fund, delay the timing or reduce the amount of recoveries on defaulted residential mortgage loans which collateralize Mortgage- |
B-12
Backed Securities held by a Fund, and consequently, could adversely impact the yields and distributions a Fund may receive in respect of its ownership of Mortgage-Backed Securities collateralized by residential mortgage loans. For example, the Helping Families Save Their Homes Act of 2009 authorizes bankruptcy courts to assist bankrupt borrowers by restructuring residential mortgage loans secured by a lien on the borrowers primary residence. Bankruptcy judges are permitted to reduce the interest rate of the bankrupt borrowers residential mortgage loan, extend its term to maturity to up to 40 years or take other actions to reduce the borrowers monthly payment. As a result, the value of, and the cash flows in respect of, the Mortgage-Backed Securities collateralized by these residential mortgage loans may be adversely impacted, and, as a consequence, a Funds investment in such Mortgage-Backed Securities could be adversely impacted. Other federal legislation, including the Home Affordability Modification Program (HAMP), encourages servicers to modify residential mortgage loans that are either already in default or are at risk of imminent default. Furthermore, HAMP provides incentives for servicers to modify residential mortgage loans that are contractually current. This program, as well other legislation and/or governmental intervention designed to protect consumers, may have an adverse impact on servicers of residential mortgage loans by increasing costs and expenses of these servicers while at the same time decreasing servicing cash flows. Such increased financial pressures may have a negative effect on the ability of servicers to pursue collection on residential mortgage loans that are experiencing increased delinquencies and defaults and to maximize recoveries on the sale of underlying residential mortgaged properties following foreclosure. Other legislative or regulatory actions include insulation of servicers from liability for modification of residential mortgage loans without regard to the terms of the applicable servicing agreements. The foregoing legislation and current and future governmental regulation activities may have the effect of reducing returns to a Fund to the extent it has invested in Mortgage-Backed Securities collateralized by these residential mortgage loans. |
Government Guaranteed Mortgage-Backed Securities. There are several types of government guaranteed Mortgage-Backed Securities currently available, including guaranteed mortgage pass-through certificates and multiple class securities, which include guaranteed Real Estate Mortgage Investment Conduit Certificates (REMIC Certificates), other collateralized mortgage obligations and stripped Mortgage-Backed Securities. A Fund is permitted to invest in other types of Mortgage-Backed Securities that may be available in the future to the extent consistent with its investment policies and objective.
A Funds investments in Mortgage-Backed Securities may include securities issued or guaranteed by the U.S. Government or one of its agencies, authorities, instrumentalities or sponsored enterprises, such as the Government National Mortgage Association (Ginnie Mae), the Federal National Mortgage Association (Fannie Mae) and the Federal Home Loan Mortgage Corporation (Freddie Mac). Ginnie Mae securities are backed by the full faith and credit of the U.S. Government, which means that the U.S. Government guarantees that the interest and principal will be paid when due. Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac securities are not backed by the full faith and credit of the U.S. Government. Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac have the ability to borrow from the U.S. Treasury, and as a result, they are generally viewed by the market as high quality securities with low credit risks. From time to time, proposals have been introduced before Congress for the purpose of restricting or eliminating federal sponsorship of Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac that issue guaranteed Mortgage-Backed Securities. The Trust cannot predict what legislation, if any, may be proposed in the future in Congress as regards such sponsorship or which proposals, if any, might be enacted. Such proposals, if enacted, might materially and adversely affect the availability of government guaranteed Mortgage-Backed Securities and the liquidity and value of a Funds portfolio.
There is risk that the U.S. Government will not provide financial support to its agencies, authorities, instrumentalities or sponsored enterprises. A Fund may purchase U.S. Government Securities that are not backed by the full faith and credit of the U.S. Government, such as those issued by Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac. The maximum potential liability of the issuers of some U.S. Government Securities held by a Fund may greatly exceed such issuers current resources, including such issuers legal right to support from the U.S. Treasury. It is possible that these issuers will not have the funds to meet their payment obligations in the future.
Below is a general discussion of certain types of guaranteed Mortgage-Backed Securities in which certain of the Funds may invest.
| Ginnie Mae Certificates. Ginnie Mae is a wholly-owned corporate instrumentality of the United States. Ginnie Mae is authorized to guarantee the timely payment of the principal of and interest on certificates that are based on and backed by a pool of mortgage loans insured by the Federal Housing Administration (FHA), or guaranteed by the Veterans Administration (VA), or by pools of other eligible mortgage loans. In order to meet its obligations under any guaranty, Ginnie Mae is authorized to borrow from the United States Treasury in an unlimited amount. The National Housing Act provides that the full faith and credit of the U.S. Government is pledged to the timely payment of principal and interest by Ginnie Mae of amounts due on Ginnie Mae certificates. |
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| Fannie Mae Certificates. Fannie Mae is a stockholder-owned corporation chartered under an act of the United States Congress. Generally, Fannie Mae Certificates are issued and guaranteed by Fannie Mae and represent an undivided interest in a pool of mortgage loans (a Pool) formed by Fannie Mae. A Pool consists of residential mortgage loans either previously owned by Fannie Mae or purchased by it in connection with the formation of the Pool. The mortgage loans may be either conventional mortgage loans (i.e., not insured or guaranteed by any U.S. Government agency) or mortgage loans that are either insured by the FHA or guaranteed by the VA. However, the mortgage loans in Fannie Mae Pools are primarily conventional mortgage loans. The lenders originating and servicing the mortgage loans are subject to certain eligibility requirements established by Fannie Mae. Fannie Mae has certain contractual responsibilities. With respect to each Pool, Fannie Mae is obligated to distribute scheduled installments of principal and interest after Fannie Maes servicing and guaranty fee, whether or not received, to Certificate holders. Fannie Mae also is obligated to distribute to holders of Certificates an amount equal to the full principal balance of any foreclosed mortgage loan, whether or not such principal balance is actually recovered. The obligations of Fannie Mae under its guaranty of the Fannie Mae Certificates are obligations solely of Fannie Mae. See Certain Additional Information with Respect to Freddie Mac and Fannie Mae below. |
| Freddie Mac Certificates. Freddie Mac is a publicly held U.S. Government sponsored enterprise. A principal activity of Freddie Mac currently is the purchase of first lien, conventional, residential and multifamily mortgage loans and participation interests in such mortgage loans and their resale in the form of mortgage securities, primarily Freddie Mac Certificates. A Freddie Mac Certificate represents a pro rata interest in a group of mortgage loans or participations in mortgage loans (a Freddie Mac Certificate group) purchased by Freddie Mac. Freddie Mac guarantees to each registered holder of a Freddie Mac Certificate the timely payment of interest at the rate provided for by such Freddie Mac Certificate (whether or not received on the underlying loans). Freddie Mac also guarantees to each registered Certificate holder ultimate collection of all principal of the related mortgage loans, without any offset or deduction, but does not, generally, guarantee the timely payment of scheduled principal. The obligations of Freddie Mac under its guaranty of Freddie Mac Certificates are obligations solely of Freddie Mac. See Certain Additional Information with Respect to Freddie Mac and Fannie Mae below. |
The mortgage loans underlying the Freddie Mac and Fannie Mae Certificates consist of adjustable rate or fixed-rate mortgage loans with original terms to maturity of up to forty years. These mortgage loans are usually secured by first liens on one-to-four-family residential properties or multi-family projects. Each mortgage loan must meet the applicable standards set forth in the law creating Freddie Mac or Fannie Mae. A Freddie Mac Certificate group may include whole loans, participation interests in whole loans, undivided interests in whole loans and participations comprising another Freddie Mac Certificate group.
Conventional Mortgage Loans. The conventional mortgage loans underlying the Freddie Mac and Fannie Mae Certificates consist of adjustable rate or fixed-rate mortgage loans normally with original terms to maturity of between five and thirty years. Substantially all of these mortgage loans are secured by first liens on one- to four-family residential properties or multi-family projects. Each mortgage loan must meet the applicable standards set forth in the law creating Freddie Mac or Fannie Mae. A Freddie Mac Certificate group may include whole loans, participation interests in whole loans, undivided interests in whole loans and participations comprising another Freddie Mac Certificate group.
Certain Additional Information with Respect to Freddie Mac and Fannie Mae. The volatility and disruption that impacted the capital and credit markets during late 2008 and into 2009 have led to increased market concerns about Freddie Macs and Fannie Maes ability to withstand future credit losses associated with securities held in their investment portfolios, and on which they provide guarantees, without the direct support of the federal government. On September 6, 2008, both Freddie Mac and Fannie Mae were placed under the conservatorship of the Federal Housing Finance Agency (FHFA). Under the plan of conservatorship, the FHFA has assumed control of, and generally has the power to direct, the operations of Freddie Mac and Fannie Mae, and is empowered to exercise all powers collectively held by their respective shareholders, directors and officers, including the power to (1) take over the assets of and operate Freddie Mac and Fannie Mae with all the powers of the shareholders, the directors, and the officers of Freddie Mac and Fannie Mae and conduct all business of Freddie Mac and Fannie Mae; (2) collect all obligations and money due to Freddie Mac and Fannie Mae; (3) perform all functions of Freddie Mac and Fannie Mae which are consistent with the conservators appointment; (4) preserve and conserve the assets and property of Freddie Mac and Fannie Mae; and (5) contract for assistance in fulfilling any function, activity, action or duty of the conservator. In addition, in connection with the actions taken by the FHFA, the U.S. Treasury Department (the Treasury) has entered into certain preferred stock purchase agreements with each of Freddie Mac and Fannie Mae which establish the Treasury as the holder of a new class of senior preferred stock in each of Freddie Mac and Fannie Mae, which stock was issued in connection with financial contributions from the Treasury to Freddie Mac and Fannie Mae. The conditions attached to the financial contribution made by the Treasury to Freddie Mac and Fannie Mae and the issuance of this senior
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preferred stock place significant restrictions on the activities of Freddie Mac and Fannie Mae. Freddie Mac and Fannie Mae must obtain the consent of the Treasury to, among other things, (i) make any payment to purchase or redeem its capital stock or pay any dividend other than in respect of the senior preferred stock to the Treasury, (ii) issue capital stock of any kind, (iii) terminate the conservatorship of the FHFA except in connection with a receivership, or (iv) increase its debt beyond certain specified levels. In addition, significant restrictions are placed on the maximum size of each of Freddie Macs and Fannie Maes respective portfolios of mortgages and Mortgage-Backed Securities, and the purchase agreements entered into by Freddie Mac and Fannie Mae provide that the maximum size of their portfolios of these assets must decrease by a specified percentage each year. On June 16, 2010, FHFA ordered Fannie Mae and Freddie Macs stock de-listed from the New York Stock Exchange (NYSE) after the price of common stock in Fannie Mae fell below the NYSE minimum average closing price of $1 for more than 30 days.
The future status and role of Freddie Mac and Fannie Mae could be impacted by (among other things) the actions taken and restrictions placed on Freddie Mac and Fannie Mae by the FHFA in its role as conservator, the restrictions placed on Freddie Macs and Fannie Maes operations and activities as a result of the senior preferred stock investment made by the Treasury, market responses to developments at Freddie Mac and Fannie Mae, and future legislative and regulatory action that alters the operations, ownership, structure and/or mission of these institutions, each of which may, in turn, impact the value of, and cash flows on, any Mortgage-Backed Securities guaranteed by Freddie Mac and Fannie Mae, including any such Mortgage-Backed Securities held by a Fund.
Privately Issued Mortgage-Backed Securities. To the extent consistent with their investment policies, the Real Estate Securities Fund, International Real Estate Securities Fund, Commodity Strategy Fund and Dynamic Allocation Fund may invest in privately issued Mortgage-Backed Securities. Privately issued Mortgage-Backed Securities are generally backed by pools of conventional (i.e., non-government guaranteed or insured) mortgage loans. The seller or servicer of the underlying mortgage obligations will generally make representations and warranties to certificate-holders as to certain characteristics of the mortgage loans and as to the accuracy of certain information furnished to the trustee in respect of each such mortgage loan. Upon a breach of any representation or warranty that materially and adversely affects the interests of the related certificate-holders in a mortgage loan, the seller or servicer generally will be obligated either to cure the breach in all material respects, to repurchase the mortgage loan or, if the related agreement so provides, to substitute in its place a mortgage loan pursuant to the conditions set forth therein. Such a repurchase or substitution obligation may constitute the sole remedy available to the related certificate-holders or the trustee for the material breach of any such representation or warranty by the seller or servicer.
Mortgage Pass-Through Securities
To the extent consistent with their investment policies, the Real Estate Securities Fund, International Real Estate Securities Fund, Commodity Strategy Fund and Dynamic Allocation Fund may invest in both government guaranteed and privately issued mortgage pass-through securities (Mortgage Pass-Throughs) that are fixed or adjustable rate Mortgage-Backed Securities which provide for monthly payments that are a pass-through of the monthly interest and principal payments (including any prepayments) made by the individual borrowers on the pooled mortgage loans, net of any fees or other amounts paid to any guarantor, administrator and/or servicer of the underlying mortgage loans. The seller or servicer of the underlying mortgage obligations will generally make representations and warranties to certificate-holders as to certain characteristics of the mortgage loans and as to the accuracy of certain information furnished to the trustee in respect of each such mortgage loan. Upon a breach of any representation or warranty that materially and adversely affects the interests of the related certificate-holders in a mortgage loan, the seller or servicer generally may be obligated either to cure the breach in all material respects, to repurchase the mortgage loan or, if the related agreement so provides, to substitute in its place a mortgage loan pursuant to the conditions set forth therein. Such a repurchase or substitution obligation may constitute the sole remedy available to the related certificate-holders or the trustee for the material breach of any such representation or warranty by the seller or servicer.
The following discussion describes certain aspects of only a few of the wide variety of structures of Mortgage Pass-Throughs that are available or may be issued.
General Description of Certificates. Mortgage Pass-Throughs may be issued in one or more classes of senior certificates and one or more classes of subordinate certificates. Each such class may bear a different pass-through rate. Generally, each certificate will evidence the specified interest of the holder thereof in the payments of principal or interest or both in respect of the mortgage pool comprising part of the trust fund for such certificates.
Any class of certificates may also be divided into subclasses entitled to varying amounts of principal and interest. If a REMIC election has been made, certificates of such subclasses may be entitled to payments on the basis of a stated principal balance and stated interest rate, and payments among different subclasses may be made on a sequential, concurrent, pro rata or disproportionate basis, or any combination thereof. The stated interest rate on any such subclass of certificates may be a fixed rate or one which varies in direct or inverse relationship to an objective interest index.
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Generally, each registered holder of a certificate will be entitled to receive its pro rata share of monthly distributions of all or a portion of principal of the underlying mortgage loans or of interest on the principal balances thereof, which accrues at the applicable mortgage pass-through rate, or both. The difference between the mortgage interest rate and the related mortgage pass-through rate (less the amount, if any, of retained yield) with respect to each mortgage loan will generally be paid to the servicer as a servicing fee. Because certain adjustable rate mortgage loans included in a mortgage pool may provide for deferred interest (i.e., negative amortization), the amount of interest actually paid by a mortgagor in any month may be less than the amount of interest accrued on the outstanding principal balance of the related mortgage loan during the relevant period at the applicable mortgage interest rate. In such event, the amount of interest that is treated as deferred interest will generally be added to the principal balance of the related mortgage loan and will be distributed pro rata to certificate-holders as principal of such mortgage loan when paid by the mortgagor in subsequent monthly payments or at maturity.
Ratings. The ratings assigned by a rating organization to Mortgage Pass-Throughs generally address the likelihood of the receipt of distributions on the underlying mortgage loans by the related certificate-holders under the agreements pursuant to which such certificates are issued. A rating organizations ratings normally take into consideration the credit quality of the related mortgage pool, including any credit support providers, structural and legal aspects associated with such certificates, and the extent to which the payment stream on such mortgage pool is adequate to make payments required by such certificates. A rating organizations ratings on such certificates do not, however, constitute a statement regarding frequency of prepayments on the related mortgage loans. In addition, the rating assigned by a rating organization to a certificate may not address the possibility that, in the event of the insolvency of the issuer of certificates where a subordinated interest was retained, the issuance and sale of the senior certificates may be recharacterized as a financing and, as a result of such recharacterization, payments on such certificates may be affected. A rating organization may downgrade or withdraw a rating assigned by it to any Mortgage Pass-Through at any time, and no assurance can be made that any ratings on any Mortgage Pass-Throughs included in a Fund will be maintained, or that if such ratings are assigned, they will not be downgraded or withdrawn by the assigning rating organization.
Recently, rating agencies have placed on credit watch or downgraded the ratings previously assigned to a large number of mortgage-backed securities (which may include certain of the Mortgage-Backed Securities in which a Fund may have invested or may in the future be invested), and may continue to do so in the future. In the event that any Mortgage-Backed Security held by a Fund is placed on credit watch or downgraded, the value of such Mortgage-Backed Security may decline and the Fund may consequently experience losses in respect of such Mortgage-Backed Security.
Credit Enhancement. Mortgage pools created by non-governmental issuers generally offer a higher yield than government and government-related pools because of the absence of direct or indirect government or agency payment guarantees. To lessen the effect of failures by obligors on underlying assets to make payments, Mortgage Pass-Throughs may contain elements of credit support. Credit support falls generally into two categories: (i) liquidity protection and (ii) protection against losses resulting from default by an obligor on the underlying assets. Liquidity protection refers to the provision of advances, generally by the entity administering the pools of mortgages, the provision of a reserve fund, or a combination thereof, to ensure, subject to certain limitations, that scheduled payments on the underlying pool are made in a timely fashion. Protection against losses resulting from default ensures ultimate payment of the obligations on at least a portion of the assets in the pool. Such credit support can be provided by, among other things, payment guarantees, letters of credit, pool insurance, subordination, or any combination thereof.
Subordination; Shifting of Interest; Reserve Fund. In order to achieve ratings on one or more classes of Mortgage Pass-Throughs, one or more classes of certificates may be subordinate certificates which provide that the rights of the subordinate certificate-holders to receive any or a specified portion of distributions with respect to the underlying mortgage loans may be subordinated to the rights of the senior certificate holders. If so structured, the subordination feature may be enhanced by distributing to the senior certificate-holders on certain distribution dates, as payment of principal, a specified percentage (which generally declines over time) of all principal payments received during the preceding prepayment period (shifting interest credit enhancement). This will have the effect of accelerating the amortization of the senior certificates while increasing the interest in the trust fund evidenced by the subordinate certificates. Increasing the interest of the subordinate certificates relative to that of the senior certificates is intended to preserve the availability of the subordination provided by the subordinate certificates. In addition, because the senior certificate-holders in a shifting interest credit enhancement structure are entitled to receive a percentage of principal prepayments which is greater than their proportionate interest in the trust fund, the rate of principal prepayments on the mortgage loans may have an even greater effect on the rate of principal payments and the amount of interest payments on, and the yield to maturity of, the senior certificates.
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In addition to providing for a preferential right of the senior certificate-holders to receive current distributions from the mortgage pool, a reserve fund may be established relating to such certificates (the Reserve Fund). The Reserve Fund may be created with an initial cash deposit by the originator or servicer and augmented by the retention of distributions otherwise available to the subordinate certificate-holders or by excess servicing fees until the Reserve Fund reaches a specified amount.
The subordination feature, and any Reserve Fund, are intended to enhance the likelihood of timely receipt by senior certificate-holders of the full amount of scheduled monthly payments of principal and interest due to them and will protect the senior certificate-holders against certain losses; however, in certain circumstances the Reserve Fund could be depleted and temporary shortfalls could result. In the event that the Reserve Fund is depleted before the subordinated amount is reduced to zero, senior certificate-holders will nevertheless have a preferential right to receive current distributions from the mortgage pool to the extent of the then outstanding subordinated amount. Unless otherwise specified, until the subordinated amount is reduced to zero, on any distribution date any amount otherwise distributable to the subordinate certificates or, to the extent specified, in the Reserve Fund will generally be used to offset the amount of any losses realized with respect to the mortgage loans (Realized Losses). Realized Losses remaining after application of such amounts will generally be applied to reduce the ownership interest of the subordinate certificates in the mortgage pool. If the subordinated amount has been reduced to zero, Realized Losses generally will be allocated pro rata among all certificate-holders in proportion to their respective outstanding interests in the mortgage pool.
Alternative Credit Enhancement. As an alternative, or in addition to the credit enhancement afforded by subordination, credit enhancement for Mortgage Pass-Throughs may be provided through bond insurers, or at the mortgage loan-level through mortgage insurance, hazard insurance, or through the deposit of cash, certificates of deposit, letters of credit, a limited guaranty or by such other methods as are acceptable to a rating agency. In certain circumstances, such as where credit enhancement is provided by bond insurers, guarantees or letters of credit, the security is subject to credit risk because of its exposure to the credit risk of an external credit enhancement provider.
Voluntary Advances. Generally, in the event of delinquencies in payments on the mortgage loans underlying the Mortgage Pass-Throughs, the servicer may agree to make advances of cash for the benefit of certificate-holders, but generally will do so only to the extent that it determines such voluntary advances will be recoverable from future payments and collections on the mortgage loans or otherwise.
Optional Termination. Generally, the servicer may, at its option with respect to any certificates, repurchase all of the underlying mortgage loans remaining outstanding if at such time the aggregate outstanding principal balance of such mortgage loans is less than a specified percentage (generally 5-10%) of the aggregate outstanding principal balance of the mortgage loans as of the cut-off date specified with respect to such series.
Multiple Class Mortgage-Backed Securities and Collateralized Mortgage Obligations. A Fund (other than the Absolute Return Tracker Fund) may invest in multiple class securities including collateralized mortgage obligations (CMOs) and REMIC Certificates. These securities may be issued by U.S. Government agencies, instrumentalities or sponsored enterprises such as Fannie Mae or Freddie Mac or by trusts formed by private originators of, or investors in, mortgage loans, including savings and loan associations, mortgage bankers, commercial banks, insurance companies, investment banks and special purpose subsidiaries of the foregoing. In general, CMOs are debt obligations of a legal entity that are collateralized by, and multiple class Mortgage-Backed Securities represent direct ownership interests in, a pool of mortgage loans or Mortgage-Backed Securities the payments on which are used to make payments on the CMOs or multiple class Mortgage-Backed Securities.
Fannie Mae REMIC Certificates are issued and guaranteed as to timely distribution of principal and interest by Fannie Mae. In addition, Fannie Mae will be obligated to distribute the principal balance of each class of REMIC Certificates in full, whether or not sufficient funds are otherwise available.
Freddie Mac guarantees the timely payment of interest on Freddie Mac REMIC Certificates and also guarantees the payment of principal as payments are required to be made on the underlying mortgage participation certificates (PCs). PCs represent undivided interests in specified level payment, residential mortgages or participations therein purchased by Freddie Mac and placed in a PC pool. With respect to principal payments on PCs, Freddie Mac generally guarantees ultimate collection of all principal of the related mortgage loans without offset or deduction but the receipt of the required payments may be delayed. Freddie Mac also guarantees timely payment of principal of certain PCs.
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CMOs and guaranteed REMIC Certificates issued by Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac are types of multiple class Mortgage-Backed Securities. The REMIC Certificates represent beneficial ownership interests in a REMIC trust, generally consisting of mortgage loans or Fannie Mae, Freddie Mac or Ginnie Mae guaranteed Mortgage-Backed Securities (the Mortgage Assets). The obligations of Fannie Mae or Freddie Mac under their respective guaranty of the REMIC Certificates are obligations solely of Fannie Mae or Freddie Mac, respectively. See Certain Additional Information with Respect to Freddie Mac and Fannie Mae.
CMOs and REMIC Certificates are issued in multiple classes. Each class of CMOs or REMIC Certificates, often referred to as a tranche, is issued at a specific adjustable or fixed interest rate and must be fully retired no later than its final distribution date. Principal prepayments on the mortgage loans or the Mortgage Assets underlying the CMOs or REMIC Certificates may cause some or all of the classes of CMOs or REMIC Certificates to be retired substantially earlier than their final distribution dates. Generally, interest is paid or accrues on all classes of CMOs or REMIC Certificates on a monthly basis.
The principal of and interest on the Mortgage Assets may be allocated among the several classes of CMOs or REMIC Certificates in various ways. In certain structures (known as sequential pay CMOs or REMIC Certificates), payments of principal, including any principal prepayments, on the Mortgage Assets generally are applied to the classes of CMOs or REMIC Certificates in the order of their respective final distribution dates. Thus, no payment of principal will be made on any class of sequential pay CMOs or REMIC Certificates until all other classes having an earlier final distribution date have been paid in full.
Additional structures of CMOs and REMIC Certificates include, among others, parallel pay CMOs and REMIC Certificates. Parallel pay CMOs or REMIC Certificates are those which are structured to apply principal payments and prepayments of the Mortgage Assets to two or more classes concurrently on a proportionate or disproportionate basis. These simultaneous payments are taken into account in calculating the final distribution date of each class.
A wide variety of REMIC Certificates may be issued in parallel pay or sequential pay structures. These securities include accrual certificates (also known as Z-Bonds), which only accrue interest at a specified rate until all other certificates having an earlier final distribution date have been retired and are converted thereafter to an interest-paying security, and planned amortization class (PAC) certificates, which are parallel pay REMIC Certificates that generally require that specified amounts of principal be applied on each payment date to one or more classes or REMIC Certificates (the PAC Certificates), even though all other principal payments and prepayments of the Mortgage Assets are then required to be applied to one or more other classes of the PAC Certificates. The scheduled principal payments for the PAC Certificates generally have the highest priority on each payment date after interest due has been paid to all classes entitled to receive interest currently. Shortfalls, if any, are added to the amount payable on the next payment date. The PAC Certificate payment schedule is taken into account in calculating the final distribution date of each class of PAC. In order to create PAC tranches, one or more tranches generally must be created that absorb most of the volatility in the underlying mortgage assets. These tranches tend to have market prices and yields that are much more volatile than other PAC classes.
Commercial Mortgage-Backed Securities. Commercial mortgage-backed securities (CMBS) are a type of Mortgage Pass-Through that are primarily backed by a pool of commercial mortgage loans. The commercial mortgage loans are, in turn, generally secured by commercial mortgaged properties (such as office properties, retail properties, hospitality properties, industrial properties, healthcare related properties or other types of income producing real property). CMBS generally entitle the holders thereof to receive payments that depend primarily on the cash flow from a specified pool of commercial or multifamily mortgage loans. CMBS will be affected by payments, defaults, delinquencies and losses on the underlying mortgage loans. The underlying mortgage loans generally are secured by income producing properties such as office properties, retail properties, multifamily properties, manufactured housing, hospitality properties, industrial properties and self storage properties. Because issuers of CMBS have no significant assets other than the underlying commercial real estate loans and because of the significant credit risks inherent in the underlying collateral, credit risk is a correspondingly important consideration with respect to the related CMBS Securities. Certain of the mortgage loans underlying CMBS Securities constituting part of the collateral interests may be delinquent, in default or in foreclosure.
Commercial real estate lending may expose a lender (and the related Mortgage-Backed Security) to a greater risk of loss than certain other forms of lending because it typically involves making larger loans to single borrowers or groups of related borrowers. In addition, in the case of certain commercial mortgage loans, repayment of loans secured by commercial and multifamily properties depends upon the ability of the related real estate project to generate income sufficient to pay debt service, operating expenses and leasing commissions and to make necessary repairs, tenant improvements and capital improvements, and in the case of loans that do not fully amortize over their terms, to retain sufficient value to permit the borrower to pay off the loan at maturity through a sale or refinancing of the mortgaged property. The net operating income from and value of any commercial property is subject to various risks, including changes in general or local economic conditions and/or specific industry segments; declines in real estate values; declines in rental or occupancy rates; increases in interest rates, real estate tax rates and other operating expenses; changes in governmental rules, regulations and fiscal policies; acts of God; terrorist threats and attacks and social unrest and civil disturbances. In addition, certain of the mortgaged properties securing the pools of commercial mortgage loans underlying CMBS may have a higher
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degree of geographic concentration in a few states or regions. Any deterioration in the real estate market or economy or adverse events in such states or regions, may increase the rate of delinquency and default experience (and as a consequence, losses) with respect to mortgage loans related to properties in such state or region. Pools of mortgaged properties securing the commercial mortgage loans underlying CMBS may also have a higher degree of concentration in certain types of commercial properties. Accordingly, such pools of mortgage loans represent higher exposure to risks particular to those types of commercial properties. Certain pools of commercial mortgage loans underlying CMBS consist of a fewer number of mortgage loans with outstanding balances that are larger than average. If a mortgage pool includes mortgage loans with larger than average balances, any realized losses on such mortgage loans could be more severe, relative to the size of the pool, than would be the case if the aggregate balance of the pool were distributed among a larger number of mortgage loans. Certain borrowers or affiliates thereof relating to certain of the commercial mortgage loans underlying CMBS may have had a history of bankruptcy. Certain mortgaged properties securing the commercial mortgage loans underlying CMBS may have been exposed to environmental conditions or circumstances. The ratings in respect of certain of the CMBS comprising the Mortgage-Backed Securities may have been withdrawn, reduced or placed on credit watch since issuance. In addition, losses and/or appraisal reductions may be allocated to certain of such CMBS and certain of the collateral or the assets underlying such collateral may be delinquent and/or may default from time to time.
CMBS held by a Fund may be subordinated to one or more other classes of securities of the same series for purposes of, among other things, establishing payment priorities and offsetting losses and other shortfalls with respect to the related underlying mortgage loans. Realized losses in respect of the mortgage loans included in the CMBS pool and trust expenses generally will be allocated to the most subordinated class of securities of the related series. Accordingly, to the extent any CMBS is or becomes the most subordinated class of securities of the related series, any delinquency or default on any underlying mortgage loan may result in shortfalls, realized loss allocations or extensions of its weighted average life and will have a more immediate and disproportionate effect on the related CMBS than on a related more senior class of CMBS of the same series. Further, even if a class is not the most subordinate class of securities, there can be no assurance that the subordination offered to such class will be sufficient on any date to offset all losses or expenses incurred by the underlying trust. CMBS are typically not guaranteed or insured, and distributions on such CMBS generally will depend solely upon the amount and timing of payments and other collections on the related underlying commercial mortgage loans.
Stripped Mortgage-Backed Securities. The Funds (other than the Absolute Return Tracker Fund) may invest in stripped mortgage-backed securities (SMBS), which are derivative multiclass mortgage securities, issued or guaranteed by the U.S. Government, its agencies or instrumentalities or non-governmental originators. SMBS are usually structured with two different classes: one that receives substantially all of the interest payments (the interest-only, or IO and/or the high coupon rate with relatively low principal amount, or IOette), and the other that receives substantially all of the principal payments (the principal-only, or PO), from a pool of mortgage loans.
Certain SMBS may not be readily marketable and will be considered illiquid for purposes of a Funds limitation on investments in illiquid securities. The Investment Adviser may determine that SMBS which are U.S. Government Securities are liquid for purposes of a Funds limitation on investments in illiquid securities. The market value of POs generally is unusually volatile in response to changes in interest rates. The yields on IOs and IOettes are generally higher than prevailing market yields on other Mortgage-Backed Securities because their cash flow patterns are more volatile and there is a greater risk that the initial investment will not be fully recouped. A Funds investment in SMBS may require the Fund to sell certain of its portfolio securities to generate sufficient cash to satisfy certain income distribution requirements.
Asset-Backed Securities
Asset-backed securities represent participations in, or are secured by and payable from, assets such as motor vehicle installment sales, installment loan contracts, leases of various types of real and personal property, receivables from revolving credit (credit card) agreements and other categories of receivables. Such assets are securitized through the use of trusts and special purpose corporations. Payments or distributions of principal and interest may be guaranteed up to certain amounts and for a certain time period by a letter of credit or a pool insurance policy issued by a financial institution unaffiliated with the trust or corporation, or other credit enhancements may be present.
The Real Estate Securities Fund, International Real Estate Securities Fund, Commodity Strategy Fund, and Dynamic Allocation Fund may invest in asset-backed securities. Such securities are often subject to more rapid repayment than their stated maturity date would indicate as a result of the pass-through of prepayments of principal on the underlying loans. During periods of declining interest rates, prepayment of loans underlying asset-backed securities can be expected to accelerate. Accordingly, a Funds ability to maintain positions in such securities will be affected by reductions in the principal amount of such securities resulting from
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prepayments, and its ability to reinvest the returns of principal at comparable yields is subject to generally prevailing interest rates at that time. To the extent that a Fund invests in asset-backed securities, the values of a Funds portfolio securities will vary with changes in market interest rates generally and the differentials in yields among various kinds of asset-backed securities.
Asset-backed securities present certain additional risks because asset-backed securities generally do not have the benefit of a security interest in collateral that is comparable to mortgage assets. Credit card receivables are generally unsecured and the debtors on such receivables are entitled to the protection of a number of state and federal consumer credit laws, many of which give such debtors the right to set-off certain amounts owed on the credit cards, thereby reducing the balance due. Automobile receivables generally are secured, but by automobiles rather than residential real property. Most issuers of automobile receivables permit the loan servicers to retain possession of the underlying obligations. If the servicer were to sell these obligations to another party, there is a risk that the purchaser would acquire an interest superior to that of the holders of the asset-backed securities. In addition, because of the large number of vehicles involved in a typical issuance and technical requirements under state laws, the trustee for the holders of the automobile receivables may not have a proper security interest in the underlying automobiles. Therefore, if the issuer of an asset-backed security defaults on its payment obligations, there is the possibility that, in some cases, a Fund will be unable to possess and sell the underlying collateral and that a Funds recoveries on repossessed collateral may not be available to support payments on these securities.
Recent Events Relating to the Mortgage- and Asset-Backed Securities Markets and the Overall Economy
The recent and unprecedented disruption in the residential mortgage-backed securities market (and in particular, the subprime residential mortgage market), the broader mortgage-backed securities market and the asset-backed securities market have resulted (and continue to result) in downward price pressures and increasing foreclosures and defaults in residential and commercial real estate. Concerns over inflation, energy costs, geopolitical issues, the availability and cost of credit, the mortgage market and a declining real estate market have contributed to increased volatility and diminished expectations for the economy and markets going forward, and have contributed to dramatic declines in the housing market, with falling home prices and increasing foreclosures and unemployment, and significant asset write-downs by financial institutions. These conditions have prompted a number of financial institutions to seek additional capital, to merge with other institutions and, in some cases, to fail or seek bankruptcy protection. Since 2008, the market for Mortgage-Backed Securities (as well as other asset-backed securities) has been particularly adversely impacted by, among other factors, the failure and subsequent sale of Bear, Stearns & Co. Inc. to J.P. Morgan Chase, the merger of Bank of America Corporation and Merrill Lynch & Co., the insolvency of Washington Mutual Inc., the failure and subsequent bankruptcy of Lehman Brothers Holdings, Inc., the extension of approximately $152 billion in emergency credit by the U.S. Department of the Treasury to American International Group Inc., and, as described above, the conservatorship and the control by the U.S. government of Freddie Mac and Fannie Mae. Furthermore, the global markets have seen an increase in volatility due to uncertainty surrounding the level and sustainability of sovereign debt of certain countries that are part of the European Union, including Greece, Spain, Portugal, Ireland and Italy, as well as the sustainability of the European Union itself. Recent concerns over the level and sustainability of the sovereign debt of the United States have aggregated this volatility. No assurance can be made that this uncertainty will not lead to further disruption of the credit markets in the United States or around the globe. These events, coupled with the general global economic downturn, have resulted in a substantial level of uncertainty in the financial markets, particularly with respect to mortgage-related investments.
The continuation or worsening of this general economic downturn may lead to further declines in income from, or the value of, real estate, including the real estate which secures the Mortgage-Backed Securities held by certain of the Funds. Additionally, a lack of credit liquidity, adjustments of mortgages to higher rates and decreases in the value of real property have occurred and may continue to occur or worsen, and potentially prevent borrowers from refinancing their mortgages, which may increase the likelihood of default on their mortgage loans. These economic conditions, coupled with high levels of real estate inventory and elevated incidence of underwater mortgages, may also adversely affect the amount of proceeds the holder of a mortgage loan or mortgage-backed securities (including the Mortgaged-Backed Securities in which certain of the Funds may invest) would realize in the event of a foreclosure or other exercise of remedies. Moreover, even if such Mortgage-Backed Securities are performing as anticipated, the value of such securities in the secondary market may nevertheless fall or continue to fall as a result of deterioration in general market conditions for such Mortgage-Backed Securities or other asset-backed or structured products. Trading activity associated with market indices may also drive spreads on those indices wider than spreads on Mortgage-Backed Securities, thereby resulting in a decrease in value of such Mortgage-Backed Securities, including the Mortgage-Backed Securities owned by a Fund.
The U.S. Government, the Federal Reserve, the Treasury, the Securities and Exchange Commission, the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation and other governmental and regulatory bodies have recently taken or are considering taking actions to address the financial crisis. These actions include, but are not limited to, the enactment by the United States Congress of the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act, which was signed into law on July 21, 2010 and imposes a new regulatory
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framework over the U.S. financial services industry and the consumer credit markets in general, and proposed regulations by the Securities and Exchange Commission, which, if enacted, would significantly alter the manner in which asset-backed securities, including Mortgage-Backed Securities, are issued. Given the broad scope, sweeping nature, and relatively recent enactment of some of these regulatory measures, the potential impact they could have on any of the asset-backed or Mortgage-Backed Securities held by a Fund is unknown. There can be no assurance that these measures will not have an adverse effect on the value or marketability of any asset-backed or Mortgage-Backed Securities held by a Fund. Furthermore, no assurance can be made that the U.S. Government or any U.S. regulatory body (or other authority or regulatory body) will not continue to take further legislative or regulatory action in response to the economic crisis or otherwise, and the effect of such actions, if taken, cannot be known.
Among its other provisions, the Dodd-Frank Act creates a liquidation framework under which the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (the FDIC), may be appointed as receiver following a systemic risk determination by the Secretary of Treasury (in consultation with the President) for the resolution of certain nonbank financial companies and other entities, defined as covered financial companies, and commonly referred to as systemically important entities, in the event such a company is in default or in danger of default and the resolution of such a company under other applicable law would have serious adverse effects on financial stability in the United States, and also for the resolution of certain of their subsidiaries. No assurances can be given that this new liquidation framework would not apply to the originators of asset-backed securities, including Mortgage-Backed Securities, or their respective subsidiaries, including the issuers and depositors of such securities, although the expectation embedded in the Dodd-Frank Act is that the framework will be invoked only very rarely. Recent guidance from the FDIC indicates that such new framework will largely be exercised in a manner consistent with the existing bankruptcy laws, which is the insolvency regime that would otherwise apply to the sponsors, depositors and issuing entities with respect to asset-backed securities, including Mortgage-Backed Securities. The application of such liquidation framework to such entities could result in decreases or delays in amounts paid on, and hence the market value of, the Mortgage-Backed or asset-backed securities that are owned by a Fund.
Recently, delinquencies, defaults and losses on residential mortgage loans have increased substantially and may continue to increase, which may affect the performance of the Mortgage-Backed Securities in which certain of the Funds may invest. Mortgage loans backing non-agency Mortgage-Backed Securities are more sensitive to economic factors that could affect the ability of borrowers to pay their obligations under the mortgage loans backing these securities. In addition, in recent months housing prices and appraisal values in many states and localities have declined or stopped appreciating. A continued decline or an extended flattening of those values may result in additional increases in delinquencies and losses on Mortgage-Backed Securities generally (including the Mortgaged-Backed Securities that a Fund may invest in as described above).
The foregoing adverse changes in market conditions and regulatory climate may reduce the cash flow which a Fund, to the extent it invests in Mortgage-Backed Securities or other asset-backed securities, receives from such securities and increase the incidence and severity of credit events and losses in respect of such securities. In addition, interest rate spreads for Mortgage-Backed Securities and other asset-backed securities have widened and are more volatile when compared to the recent past due to these adverse changes in market conditions. In the event that interest rate spreads for Mortgage-Backed Securities and other asset-backed securities widen following the purchase of such assets by a Fund, the market value of such securities is likely to decline and, in the case of a substantial spread widening, could decline by a substantial amount. Furthermore, these adverse changes in market conditions have resulted in reduced liquidity in the market for Mortgage-Backed Securities and other asset-backed securities (including the Mortgaged-Backed Securities and other asset-backed securities in which certain of the Funds may invest) and increasing unwillingness by banks, financial institutions and investors to extend credit to servicers, originators and other participants in the market for Mortgage-Backed and other asset-backed securities. As a result, the liquidity and/or the market value of any Mortgage-Backed or asset-backed securities that are owned by a Fund may experience further declines after they are purchased by a Fund.
Inverse Floating Rate Securities
The Real Estate Securities Fund, International Real Estate Securities Fund and Commodity Strategy Fund may invest in leveraged inverse floating rate debt instruments (inverse floaters). The interest rate on an inverse floater resets in the opposite direction from the market rate of interest to which the inverse floater is indexed. An inverse floater may be considered to be leveraged to the extent that its interest rate varies by a magnitude that exceeds the magnitude of the change in the index rate of interest. The higher degree of leverage inherent in inverse floaters is associated with greater volatility in their market values. Accordingly, the duration of an inverse floater may exceed its stated final maturity. Certain inverse floaters may be deemed to be illiquid securities for purposes of a Funds 15% limitation on investments in such securities.
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High Yield Securities
The Real Estate Securities Fund, International Real Estate Securities Fund, Commodity Strategy Fund, and Dynamic Allocation Fund may invest in bonds rated BB or below by Standard & Poors or Ba or below by Moodys (or comparable rated and unrated securities). These bonds are commonly referred to as junk bonds and are considered speculative. Each of the Real Estate Securities and International Real Estate Securities may invest up to 20% of its total assets in non-investment grade securities, and the Commodity Strategy Fund may invest up to 10% of its Net Assets in non-investment grade securities. The ability of issuers of non-investment grade securities to make principal and interest payments may be questionable. In some cases, such bonds may be highly speculative, have poor prospects for reaching investment grade standing and be in default. As a result, investment in such bonds will entail greater risks than those associated with investment grade bonds (i.e., bonds rated AAA, AA, A or BBB by Standard and Poors or Aaa, Aa, A or Baa by Moody s). Analysis of the creditworthiness of issuers of high yield securities may be more complex than for issuers of higher quality debt securities, and the ability of a Fund to achieve its investment objective may, to the extent of its investments in high yield securities, be more dependent upon such creditworthiness analysis than would be the case if the Fund were investing in higher quality securities. See Appendix A for a description of the corporate bond and preferred stock ratings by Standard & Poors, Moodys, Fitch, Inc. (Fitch) and Dominion Bond Rating Service Limited (DBRS).
Risks associated with acquiring the securities of such issuers generally are greater than is the case with higher rated securities because such issuers are often less creditworthy companies or are highly leveraged and generally less able than more established or less leveraged entities to make scheduled payments of principal and interest. High yield securities are also issued by governmental issuers that may have difficulty in making all scheduled interest and principal payments.
The market values of high yield, fixed income securities tend to reflect individual corporate or municipal developments to a greater extent than do those of higher rated securities, which react primarily to fluctuations in the general level of interest rates. Issuers of such high yield securities are often highly leveraged, and may not be able to make use of more traditional methods of financing. Their ability to service debt obligations may be more adversely affected than issuers of higher rated securities by economic downturns, specific corporate or governmental developments or the issuers inability to meet specific projected business forecasts. High yield securities also tend to be more sensitive to economic conditions than higher-rated securities. Negative publicity about the junk bond market and investor perceptions regarding lower-rated securities, whether or not based on fundamental analysis, may depress the prices for such high yield securities.
Because investors generally perceive that there are greater risks associated with non-investment grade securities of the type in which certain Funds may invest, the yields and prices of such securities may tend to fluctuate more than those for higher-rated securities. In the lower quality segments of the fixed income securities market, changes in perceptions of issuers creditworthiness tend to occur more frequently and in a more pronounced manner than do changes in higher quality segments of the fixed income securities market, resulting in greater yield and price volatility.
Another factor which causes fluctuations in the prices of high yield, fixed income securities is the supply and demand for similarly rated securities. In addition, the prices of fixed income securities fluctuate in response to the general level of interest rates. Fluctuations in the prices of portfolio securities subsequent to their acquisition will not affect cash income from such securities but will be reflected in a Funds net asset value.
The risk of loss from default for the holders of high yield securities is significantly greater than is the case for holders of other debt securities because such high yield securities are generally unsecured and are often subordinated to the rights of other creditors of the issuers of such securities. Investment by a Fund in already defaulted securities poses an additional risk of loss should nonpayment of principal and interest continue in respect of such securities. Even if such securities are held to maturity, recovery by the Fund of its initial investment and any anticipated income or appreciation is uncertain. In addition, a Fund may incur additional expenses to the extent that they are required to seek recovery relating to the default in the payment of principal or interest on such securities or otherwise protect their interests. A Fund may be required to liquidate other portfolio securities to satisfy annual distribution obligations of the Funds in respect of accrued interest income on securities which are subsequently written off, even though the Fund has not received any cash payments of such interest.
The secondary market for high yield, fixed income securities is concentrated in relatively few markets and is dominated by institutional investors, including mutual funds, insurance companies and other financial institutions. Accordingly, the secondary market for such securities is not as liquid as and is more volatile than the secondary market for higher-rated securities. In addition, the trading volume for high-yield, fixed-income securities is generally lower than that of higher rated securities and the secondary market for high yield, fixed income securities could contract under adverse market or economic conditions independent of any specific adverse changes in the condition of a particular issuer. These factors may have an adverse effect on the ability of a Fund to dispose of
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particular portfolio investments. Prices realized upon the sale of such lower rated or unrated securities, under these circumstances, may be less than the prices used in calculating the net asset value of the Fund. A less liquid secondary market also may make it more difficult for the Fund to obtain precise valuations of the high yield securities in their portfolios.
The adoption of new legislation could adversely affect the secondary market for high yield securities and the financial condition of issuers of these securities. The form of any future legislation, and the probability of such legislation being enacted, is uncertain.
Non-investment grade or high yield, fixed income securities also present risks based on payment expectations. High yield, fixed income securities frequently contain call or buy-back features which permit the issuer to call or repurchase the security from its holder. If an issuer exercises such a call option and redeems the security, a Fund may have to replace such security with a lower-yielding security, resulting in a decreased return for investors. In addition, if a Fund experiences net redemptions of its shares, it may be forced to sell its higher-rated securities, resulting in a decline in the overall credit quality of the portfolios of the Fund and increasing the exposure of the Fund to the risks of high yield securities.
Credit ratings issued by credit rating agencies are designed to evaluate the safety of principal and interest payments of rated securities. They do not, however, evaluate the market value risk of non-investment grade securities and, therefore, may not fully reflect the true risks of an investment. In addition, credit rating agencies may or may not make timely changes in a rating to reflect changes in the economy or in the conditions of the issuer that affect the market value of the security. Consequently, credit ratings are used only as a preliminary indicator of investment quality. Investments in non-investment grade and comparable unrated obligations will be more dependent on the Investment Advisers credit analysis than would be the case with investments in investment-grade debt obligations. The Investment Adviser employs its own credit research and analysis, which includes a study of an issuers existing debt, capital structure, ability to service debt and to pay dividends, sensitivity to economic conditions, operating history and current trend of earnings. The Investment Adviser continually monitors the investments in the portfolios of each Fund and evaluates whether to dispose of or to retain non-investment grade and comparable unrated securities whose credit ratings or credit quality may have changed.
Futures Contracts and Options on Futures Contracts
Each Fund may purchase and sell futures contracts and may also purchase and write call and put options on futures contracts. Each Fund may purchase and sell futures contracts based on various securities, securities indices, foreign currencies and other financial instruments and indices. The Absolute Return Tracker Fund may also engage in futures and related options transactions in an attempt to match the returns of the Component Market Factors. Each Fund will engage in futures and related options transactions in order to seek to increase total return or to hedge against changes in interest rates, securities prices or, to the extent a Fund invests in foreign securities, currency exchange rates, or to otherwise manage its term structure, sector selection and duration in accordance with its investment objective and policies. Each Fund may also enter into closing purchase and sale transactions with respect to such contracts and options.
Futures contracts entered into by a Fund have historically been traded on U.S. exchanges or boards of trade that are licensed and regulated by the CFTC or with respect to certain funds on foreign exchanges. More recently, certain futures may also be traded either over-the-counter or on trading facilities such as derivatives transaction execution facilities, exempt boards of trade or electronic trading facilities that are licensed and/or regulated to varying degrees by the CFTC. Also, certain single stock futures and narrow based security index futures may be traded either over-the-counter or on trading facilities such as contract markets, derivatives transaction execution facilities and electronic trading facilities that are licensed and/or regulated to varying degrees by both the CFTC and the SEC or on foreign exchanges.
Neither the CFTC, NFA, SEC nor any domestic exchange regulates activities of any foreign exchange or boards of trade, including the execution, delivery and clearing of transactions, or has the power to compel enforcement of the rules of a foreign exchange or board of trade or any applicable foreign law. This is true even if the exchange is formally linked to a domestic market so that a position taken on the market may be liquidated by a transaction on another market. Moreover, such laws or regulations will vary depending on the foreign country in which the foreign futures or foreign options transaction occurs. For these reasons, a Funds investments in foreign futures or foreign options transactions may not be provided the same protections in respect of transactions on United States exchanges. In particular, persons who trade foreign futures or foreign options contracts may not be afforded certain of the protective measures provided by the CEA, the CFTCs regulations and the rules of the
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NFA and any domestic exchange, including the right to use reparations proceedings before the CFTC and arbitration proceedings provided by the NFA or any domestic futures exchange. Similarly, those persons may not have the protection of the United States securities laws.
Futures Contracts. A futures contract may generally be described as an agreement between two parties to buy and sell particular financial instruments for an agreed price during a designated month (or to deliver the final cash settlement price, in the case of a contract relating to an index or otherwise not calling for physical delivery at the end of trading in the contract).
When interest rates are rising or securities prices are falling, a Fund can seek through the sale of futures contracts to offset a decline in the value of its current portfolio securities. When interest rates are falling or securities prices are rising, a Fund, through the purchase of futures contracts, can attempt to secure better rates or prices than might later be available in the market when it effects anticipated purchases. Similarly, the Real Estate Securities Fund, International Real Estate Securities Fund and Commodity Strategy Fund can purchase and sell futures contracts on a specified currency in order to seek to increase total return or to protect against changes in currency exchange rates. For example, each Fund can purchase futures contracts on foreign currency to establish the price in U.S. dollars of a security quoted or denominated in such currency that such Fund has acquired or expects to acquire. As another example, the Real Estate Securities Fund, International Real Estate Securities Fund and Commodity Strategy Fund may enter into futures transactions to seek a closer correlation between a Funds overall currency exposures and the currency exposures of a Funds performance benchmark.
Positions taken in the futures market are not normally held to maturity, but are instead liquidated through offsetting transactions which may result in a profit or a loss. While each Fund will usually liquidate futures contracts on securities or currency in this manner, a Fund may instead make or take delivery of the underlying securities or currency whenever it appears economically advantageous for the Fund to do so. A clearing corporation associated with the exchange on which futures are traded guarantees that, if still open, the sale or purchase will be performed on the settlement date.
Hedging Strategies. Hedging, by use of futures contracts, seeks to establish with more certainty than would otherwise be possible the effective price, rate of return or currency exchange rate on portfolio securities or securities that a Fund owns or proposes to acquire. A Fund may, for example, take a short position in the futures market by selling futures contracts to seek to hedge against an anticipated rise in interest rates or a decline in market prices or foreign currency rates that would adversely affect the dollar value of such Funds portfolio securities. Similarly, each Fund may sell futures contracts on a currency in which its portfolio securities are quoted or denominated, or sell futures contracts on one currency to seek to hedge against fluctuations in the value of securities quoted or denominated in a different currency if there is an established historical pattern of correlation between the two currencies. If, in the opinion of the Investment Adviser, there is a sufficient degree of correlation between price trends for a Funds portfolio securities and futures contracts based on other financial instruments, securities indices or other indices, a Fund may also enter into such futures contracts as part of its hedging strategy. Although under some circumstances prices of securities in a Funds portfolio may be more or less volatile than prices of such futures contracts, the Investment Adviser will attempt to estimate the extent of this volatility difference based on historical patterns and compensate for any such differential by having a Fund enter into a greater or lesser number of futures contracts or by attempting to achieve only a partial hedge against price changes affecting a Funds portfolio securities. When hedging of this character is successful, any depreciation in the value of portfolio securities will be substantially offset by appreciation in the value of the futures position. On the other hand, any unanticipated appreciation in the value of a Funds portfolio securities would be substantially offset by a decline in the value of the futures position.
On other occasions, a Fund may take a long position by purchasing such futures contracts. This may be done, for example, when a Fund anticipates the subsequent purchase of particular securities when it has the necessary cash, but expects the prices or currency exchange rates then available in the applicable market to be less favorable than prices or rates that are currently available.
Options on Futures Contracts. The acquisition of put and call options on futures contracts will give a Fund the right (but not the obligation), for a specified price, to sell or to purchase, respectively, the underlying futures contract at any time during the option period. As the purchaser of an option on a futures contract, a Fund obtains the benefit of the futures position if prices move in a favorable direction but limits its risk of loss in the event of an unfavorable price movement to the loss of the premium and transaction costs.
The writing of a call option on a futures contract generates a premium which may partially offset a decline in the value of a Funds assets. By writing a call option, a Fund becomes obligated, in exchange for the premium, to sell a futures contract if the option is exercised, which may have a value higher than the exercise price. The writing of a put option on a futures contract generates a premium, which may partially offset an increase in the price of securities that a Fund intends to purchase. However, a Fund becomes
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obligated (upon the exercise of the option) to purchase a futures contract if the option is exercised, which may have a value lower than the exercise price. Thus, the loss incurred by a Fund in writing options on futures is potentially unlimited and may exceed the amount of the premium received. A Fund will incur transaction costs in connection with the writing of options on futures.
The holder or writer of an option on a futures contract may terminate its position by selling or purchasing an offsetting option on the same financial instrument. There is no guarantee that such closing transactions can be effected. A Funds ability to establish and close out positions on such options will be subject to the development and maintenance of a liquid market.
Other Considerations. A Fund will engage in transactions in futures contracts and related options transactions only to the extent such transactions are consistent with the requirements of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended (the Code) for maintaining its qualification as a regulated investment company for federal income tax purposes. Transactions in futures contracts and options on futures involve brokerage costs, require margin deposits and, in certain cases, require the Fund to segregate cash or liquid assets. A Fund may cover its transactions in futures contracts and related options through the segregation of cash or liquid assets or by other means, in any manner permitted by applicable law.
While transactions in futures contracts and options on futures may reduce certain risks, such transactions themselves entail certain other risks. Thus, unanticipated changes in interest rates, securities prices or currency exchange rates may result in a poorer overall performance for a Fund than if it had not entered into any futures contracts or options transactions. When futures contracts and options are used for hedging purposes, perfect correlation between a Funds futures positions and portfolio positions may be impossible to achieve, particularly where futures contracts based on individual equity or corporate fixed income securities are currently not available. In the event of imperfect correlation between a futures position and a portfolio position which is intended to be protected, the desired protection may not be obtained and a Fund may be exposed to risk of loss. In addition, it is not possible for a Fund to hedge fully or perfectly against currency fluctuations affecting the value of securities quoted or denominated in foreign currencies because the value of such securities is likely to fluctuate as a result of independent factors unrelated to currency fluctuations. The profitability of a Funds trading in futures depends upon the ability of the Investment Adviser to analyze correctly the futures markets.
Options on Securities and Securities Indices
Writing Covered Options. Each Fund (other than the Absolute Return Tracker Fund) may write (sell) covered call and put options on any securities in which it may invest. A Fund may also, to the extent it invests in foreign securities, write (sell) put and call options on foreign currencies. A call option written by a Fund obligates that Fund to sell specified securities to the holder of the option at a specified price if the option is exercised on or before the expiration date. Depending upon the type of call option, the purchaser of the call option either (i) has the right to any appreciation in the value of the security over a fixed price (the exercise price) on a certain date in the future (the expiration date) or (ii) has the right to any appreciation in the value of the security over the exercise price at any time prior to the expiration of the option. If the purchaser does not exercise the option, a Fund pays the purchaser the difference between the price of the security and the exercise price of the option. The premium, the exercise price and the market value of the security determine the gain or loss realized by a Fund as the seller of the call option. A Fund can also repurchase the call option prior to the expiration date, ending its obligation. In this case, the cost of entering into closing purchase transactions will determine the gain or loss realized by a Fund. All call options written by a Fund are covered, which means that such Fund will own the securities subject to the option as long as the option is outstanding or such Fund will use the other methods described below. A Funds purpose in writing covered call options is to realize greater income than would be realized on portfolio securities transactions alone. However, a Fund may forego the opportunity to profit from an increase in the market price of the underlying security.
A put option written by a Fund would obligate such Fund to purchase specified securities from the option holder at a specified price if, depending upon the type of put option, either (i) the option is exercised at any time on or before the expiration date or (ii) the option is exercised on the expiration date. All put options written by a Fund would be covered, which means that such Fund will segregate cash or liquid assets with a value at least equal to the exercise price of the put option (less any margin on deposit) or will use the other methods described below. The purpose of writing such options is to generate additional income for the Fund. However, in return for the option premium, each Fund accepts the risk that it may be required to purchase the underlying securities at a price in excess of the securities market value at the time of purchase.
In the case of a call option, the option is covered if a Fund owns the instrument underlying the call or has an absolute and immediate right to acquire that instrument without additional cash consideration (or, if additional cash consideration is required, liquid assets in such amount are segregated) upon conversion or exchange of other instruments held by it. A call option is also covered if a
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Fund holds a call on the same instrument as the option written where the exercise price of the option held is (i) equal to or less than the exercise price of the option written, or (ii) greater than the exercise price of the option written provided the Fund segregates liquid assets in the amount of the difference. A Fund may also cover options on securities by segregating cash or liquid assets, as permitted by applicable law, with a value, when added to any margin on deposit, that is equal to the market value of the securities in the case of a call option. A put option is also covered if a Fund holds a put on the same instrument as the option written where the exercise price of the option held is (i) equal to or higher than the exercise price of the option written, or (ii) less than the exercise price of the option written provided the Fund segregates liquid assets in the amount of the difference.
A Fund may also write (sell) covered call and put options on any securities index comprised of securities in which it may invest. Options on securities indices are similar to options on securities, except that the exercise of securities index options requires cash payments and does not involve the actual purchase or sale of securities. In addition, securities index options are designed to reflect price fluctuations in a group of securities or segment of the securities market rather than price fluctuations in a single security.
A Fund may cover call options on a securities index by owning securities whose price changes are expected to be similar to those of the underlying index, or by having an absolute and immediate right to acquire such securities without additional cash consideration (or for additional consideration which has been segregated by the Fund) upon conversion or exchange of other securities in its portfolio. A Fund may also cover call and put options on a securities index by segregating cash or liquid assets, as permitted by applicable law, with a value, when added to any margin on deposit, that is equal to the market value of the underlying securities in the case of a call option or the exercise price in the case of a put option, or by owning offsetting options as described above.
A Fund may terminate its obligations under an exchange traded call or put option by purchasing an option identical to the one it has written. Obligations under over-the-counter options may be terminated only by entering into an offsetting transaction with the counterparty to such option. Such purchases are referred to as closing purchase transactions.
Purchasing Options. Each Fund (other than the Absolute Return Tracker Fund) may purchase covered put and call options on any securities in which it may invest or any securities index comprised of securities in which it may invest. A Fund may also, to the extent that it invests in foreign securities, purchase put and call options on foreign currencies. A Fund may also enter into closing sale transactions in order to realize gains or minimize losses on options it had purchased.
A Fund may purchase call options in anticipation of an increase in the market value of securities of the type in which it may invest. The purchase of a call option would entitle a Fund, in return for the premium paid, to purchase specified securities at a specified price during the option period. A Fund would ordinarily realize a gain on the purchase of a call option if, during the option period, the value of such securities exceeded the sum of the exercise price, the premium paid and transaction costs; otherwise such a Fund would realize either no gain or a loss on the purchase of the call option.
A Fund may purchase put options in anticipation of a decline in the market value of securities in its portfolio (protective puts) or in securities in which it may invest. The purchase of a put option would entitle a Fund, in exchange for the premium paid, to sell specified securities at a specified price during the option period. The purchase of protective puts is designed to offset or hedge against a decline in the market value of a Funds securities. Put options may also be purchased by a Fund for the purpose of affirmatively benefiting from a decline in the price of securities which it does not own. A Fund would ordinarily realize a gain if, during the option period, the value of the underlying securities decreased below the exercise price sufficiently to more than cover the premium and transaction costs; otherwise such a Fund would realize either no gain or a loss on the purchase of the put option. Gains and losses on the purchase of protective put options would tend to be offset by countervailing changes in the value of the underlying portfolio securities.
A Fund would purchase put and call options on securities indices for the same purposes as it would purchase options on individual securities. For a description of options on securities indices, see Writing Covered Options above.
Yield Curve Options. The Real Estate Securities Fund, International Real Estate Securities Fund and Commodity Strategy Fund may enter into options on the yield spread or differential between two securities. Such transactions are referred to as yield curve options. In contrast to other types of options, a yield curve option is based on the difference between the yields of designated securities, rather than the prices of the individual securities, and is settled through cash payments. Accordingly, a yield curve option is profitable to the holder if this differential widens (in the case of a call) or narrows (in the case of a put), regardless of whether the yields of the underlying securities increase or decrease.
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The Real Estate Securities Fund, International Real Estate Securities Fund and Commodity Strategy Fund may purchase or write yield curve options for the same purposes as other options on securities. For example, the Funds may purchase a call option on the yield spread between two securities if they own one of the securities and anticipate purchasing the other security and want to hedge against an adverse change in the yield spread between the two securities. The Real Estate Securities Fund, International Real Estate Securities Fund and Commodity Strategy Fund may also purchase or write yield curve options in an effort to increase current income if, in the judgment of the Investment Adviser, the Funds will be able to profit from movements in the spread between the yields of the underlying securities. The trading of yield curve options is subject to all of the risks associated with the trading of other types of options. In addition, however, such options present risk of loss even if the yield of one of the underlying securities remains constant, or if the spread moves in a direction or to an extent which was not anticipated.
Yield curve options written by the Real Estate Securities Fund, International Real Estate Securities Fund and Commodity Strategy Fund will be covered. A call (or put) option is covered if a Fund holds another call (or put) option on the spread between the same two securities and segregates cash or liquid assets sufficient to cover the Funds net liability under the two options. Therefore, a Funds liability for such a covered option is generally limited to the difference between the amount of such Funds liability under the option written by the Fund less the value of the option held by the Fund. Yield curve options may also be covered in such other manner as may be in accordance with the requirements of the counterparty with which the option is traded and applicable laws and regulations. Yield curve options are traded over-the-counter and established trading markets for these options may not exist.
Risks Associated with Options Transactions. There is no assurance that a liquid secondary market on an options exchange will exist for any particular exchange-traded option or at any particular time. If a Fund is unable to effect a closing purchase transaction with respect to covered options it has written, the Fund will not be able to sell the underlying securities or dispose of segregated assets until the options expire or are exercised. Similarly, if a Fund is unable to effect a closing sale transaction with respect to options it has purchased, it will have to exercise the options in order to realize any profit and will incur transaction costs upon the purchase or sale of underlying securities.
Reasons for the absence of a liquid secondary market on an exchange include the following: (i) there may be insufficient trading interest in certain options; (ii) restrictions may be imposed by an exchange on opening or closing transactions or both; (iii) trading halts, suspensions or other restrictions may be imposed with respect to particular classes or series of options; (iv) unusual or unforeseen circumstances may interrupt normal operations on an exchange; (v) the facilities of an exchange or the Options Clearing Corporation may not at all times be adequate to handle current trading volume; or (vi) one or more exchanges could, for economic or other reasons, decide or be compelled at some future date to discontinue the trading of options (or a particular class or series of options), in which event the secondary market on that exchange (or in that class or series of options) would cease to exist, although outstanding options on that exchange that had been issued by the Options Clearing Corporation as a result of trades on that exchange would continue to be exercisable in accordance with their terms.
There can be no assurance that higher trading activity, order flow or other unforeseen events might not, at times, render certain of the facilities of the Options Clearing Corporation or various exchanges inadequate. Such events have, in the past, resulted in the institution by an exchange of special procedures, such as trading rotations, restrictions on certain types of order or trading halts or suspensions with respect to one or more options. These special procedures may limit liquidity.
Each Fund (other than the Absolute Return Tracker Fund) may purchase and sell both options that are traded on U.S. and foreign exchanges and options traded over-the-counter with broker-dealers who make markets in these options. The ability to terminate over-the-counter options is more limited than with exchange-traded options and may involve the risk that broker-dealers participating in such transactions will not fulfill their obligations.
Transactions by each Fund in options on securities and indices will be subject to limitations established by each of the exchanges, boards of trade or other trading facilities on which such options are traded governing the maximum number of options in each class which may be written or purchased by a single investor or group of investors acting in concert regardless of whether the options are written or purchased on the same or different exchanges, boards of trade or other trading facility or are held in one or more accounts or through one or more brokers. Thus, the number of options which a Fund may write or purchase may be affected by options written or purchased by other investment advisory clients of the Investment Adviser. An exchange, board of trade or other trading facility may order the liquidation of positions found to be in excess of these limits, and it may impose certain other sanctions.
The writing and purchase of options is a highly specialized activity which involves investment techniques and risks different from those associated with ordinary portfolio securities transactions. The use of options to seek to increase total return involves the risk of loss if the Investment Adviser is incorrect in its expectation of fluctuations in securities prices or interest rates. The successful
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use of options for hedging purposes also depends in part on the ability of the Investment Adviser to manage future price fluctuations and the degree of correlation between the options and securities (or currency) markets. If the Investment Adviser is incorrect in its expectation of changes in securities prices or determination of the correlation between the securities or securities indices on which options are written and purchased and the securities in a Funds investment portfolio, the Fund may incur losses that it would not otherwise incur. The writing of options could increase a Funds portfolio turnover rate and, therefore, associated brokerage commissions or spreads.
Real Estate Investment Trusts
Each Fund (other than the Absolute Return Tracker Fund) may invest in shares of REITs. The Real Estate Securities Fund and International Real Estate Securities Fund expect that a substantial portion of their assets will be invested in real estate industry companies, including REITs and entities similar to REITs. REITs are pooled investment vehicles which invest primarily in real estate or real estate related loans. REITs are generally classified as equity REITs, mortgage REITs or a combination of equity and mortgage REITs. Equity REITs invest the majority of their assets directly in real property and derive income primarily from the collection of rents. Equity REITs can also realize capital gains by selling properties that have appreciated in value. Mortgage REITs invest the majority of their assets in real estate mortgages and derive income from the collection of interest payments. Like regulated investment companies such as the Funds, REITs are not taxed on income distributed to shareholders provided they comply with certain requirements under the Code. A Fund will indirectly bear its proportionate share of any expenses paid by REITs in which it invests in addition to the expenses paid by a Fund.
Investing in REITs involves certain unique risks. Equity REITs may be affected by changes in the value of the underlying property owned by such REITs, while mortgage REITs may be affected by the quality of any credit extended. REITs are dependent upon management skills, are not diversified (except to the extent the Code requires), and are subject to the risks of financing projects. REITs are subject to heavy cash flow dependency, default by borrowers, self-liquidation, and the possibilities of failing to qualify for the exemption from tax for distributed income under the Code and failing to maintain their exemptions from the Act. REITs (especially mortgage REITs) are also subject to interest rate risks.
Warrants and Stock Purchase Rights
Each Fund (other than the Absolute Return Tracker Fund and Dynamic Allocation Fund) may invest in warrants or stock purchase rights (rights) (in addition to those acquired in units or attached to other securities) which entitle the holder to buy equity securities at a specific price for a specific period of time. A Fund will invest in warrants and rights only if such equity securities are deemed appropriate by the Investment Adviser for investment by the Fund. Warrants and rights have no voting rights, receive no dividends and have no rights with respect to the assets of the issuer.
Foreign Securities
The Real Estate Securities Fund may invest a portion of their assets and each of the International Real Estate Securities Fund, Commodity Strategy Fund and Dynamic Allocation Fund may invest a substantial portion of their assets in foreign securities. Under normal circumstances, the Absolute Return Tracker Fund will invest in foreign securities as may be necessary to achieve exposure to the Component Market Factors, as discussed in Investment Objectives and PoliciesAbsolute Return Tracker Fund above.
Investments in foreign securities may offer potential benefits not available from investments solely in U.S. dollar-denominated or quoted securities of domestic issuers. Such benefits may include the opportunity to invest in foreign issuers that appear, in the opinion of the Investment Adviser, to offer the potential for better long term growth of capital and income than investments in U.S. securities, the opportunity to invest in foreign countries with economic policies or business cycles different from those of the United States and the opportunity to reduce fluctuations in portfolio value by taking advantage of foreign securities markets that do not necessarily move in a manner parallel to U.S. markets. Investing in the securities of foreign issuers also involves, however, certain special risks, including those discussed in the Funds Prospectus and those set forth below, which are not typically associated with investing in U.S. dollar-denominated securities or quoted securities of U.S. issuers.
With any investment in foreign securities, there exist certain economic, political and social risks, including the risk of adverse political developments, nationalization, confiscation without fair compensation or war. Individual foreign economies may differ favorably or unfavorably from the U.S. economy in such respects as growth of gross national product, rate of inflation, capital reinvestment, resource self-sufficiency and balance of payments position. Investments in foreign securities usually involve currencies of foreign countries. Accordingly, a Fund that invests in foreign securities may be affected favorably or unfavorably by changes in
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currency rates and in exchange control regulations and may incur costs in connection with conversions between various currencies. The Funds may be subject to currency exposure independent of their securities positions. To the extent that a Fund is fully invested in foreign securities while also maintaining net currency positions, it may be exposed to greater combined risk.
Currency exchange rates may fluctuate significantly over short periods of time. They generally are determined by the forces of supply and demand in the foreign exchange markets and the relative merits of investments in different countries, actual or anticipated changes in interest rates and other complex factors, as seen from an international perspective. Currency exchange rates also can be affected unpredictably by intervention by U.S. or foreign governments or central banks or the failure to intervene or by currency controls or political developments in the United States or abroad.
Because foreign issuers generally are not subject to uniform accounting, auditing and financial reporting standards, practices and requirements comparable to those applicable to U.S. companies, there may be less publicly available information about a foreign company than about a U.S. company. Volume and liquidity in most foreign securities markets are less than in the United States and securities of many foreign companies are less liquid and more volatile than securities of comparable U.S. companies. The securities of foreign issuers may be listed on foreign securities exchanges or traded in foreign over-the-counter markets. Fixed commissions on foreign securities exchanges are generally higher than negotiated commissions on U.S. exchanges, although each Fund endeavors to achieve the most favorable net results on its portfolio transactions. There is generally less government supervision and regulation of foreign securities exchanges, brokers, dealers and listed and unlisted companies than in the United States, and the legal remedies for investors may be more limited than the remedies available in the United States.
Foreign markets also have different clearance and settlement procedures, and in certain markets there have been times when settlements have been unable to keep pace with the volume of securities transactions, making it difficult to conduct such transactions. Such delays in settlement could result in temporary periods when some of a Funds assets are uninvested and no return is earned on such assets. The inability of a Fund to make intended security purchases due to settlement problems could cause the Fund to miss attractive investment opportunities. Inability to dispose of portfolio securities due to settlement problems could result either in losses to the Fund due to subsequent declines in value of the portfolio securities or, if the Fund has entered into a contract to sell the securities, could result in possible liability to the purchaser. In addition, with respect to certain foreign countries, there is the possibility of expropriation or confiscatory taxation, limitations on the movement of funds and other assets between different countries, political or social instability, or diplomatic developments which could adversely affect a Funds investments in those countries.
Each Fund (other than the Absolute Return Tracker Fund) may invest in foreign securities which take the form of sponsored and unsponsored American Depositary Receipts (ADRs) and Global Depositary Receipts (GDRs). The Real Estate Securities Fund, International Real Estate Securities Fund, Commodity Strategy Fund and Dynamic Allocation Fund may also invest in European Depositary Receipts (EDRs) or other similar instruments representing securities of foreign issuers (together, Depositary Receipts). ADRs represent the right to receive securities of foreign issuers deposited in a domestic bank or a correspondent bank. ADRs are traded on domestic exchanges or in the U.S. over-the-counter market and, generally, are in registered form. EDRs and GDRs are receipts evidencing an arrangement with a non-U.S. bank similar to that for ADRs and are designed for use in the non-U.S. securities markets. EDRs and GDRs are not necessarily quoted in the same currency as the underlying security.
To the extent a Fund acquires Depositary Receipts through banks which do not have a contractual relationship with the foreign issuer of the security underlying the Depositary Receipts to issue and service such unsponsored Depositary Receipts, there is an increased possibility that the Fund will not become aware of and be able to respond to corporate actions such as stock splits or rights offerings involving the foreign issuer in a timely manner. In addition, the lack of information may result in inefficiencies in the valuation of such instruments. Investment in Depositary Receipts does not eliminate all the risks inherent in investing in securities of non-U.S. issuers. The market value of Depositary Receipts is dependent upon the market value of the underlying securities and fluctuations in the relative value of the currencies in which the Depositary Receipts and the underlying securities are quoted. However, by investing in Depositary Receipts, such as ADRs, that are quoted in U.S. dollars, a Fund may avoid currency risks during the settlement period for purchases and sales.
As described more fully below, each Fund may invest in countries with emerging economies or securities markets. Political and economic structures in many of such countries may be undergoing significant evolution and rapid development, and such countries may lack the social, political and economic stability characteristic of more developed countries. Certain of such countries have in the past failed to recognize private property rights and have at times nationalized or expropriated the assets of private companies. As a result, the risks described above, including the risks of nationalization or expropriation of assets, may be heightened. See Investing in Emerging Countries below.
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Foreign Government Obligations. Foreign government obligations include securities, instruments and obligations issued or guaranteed by a foreign government, its agencies, instrumentalities or sponsored enterprises. Investment in foreign government obligations can involve a high degree of risk. The governmental entity that controls the repayment of foreign government obligations may not be able or willing to repay the principal and/or interest when due in accordance with the terms of such debt. A governmental entitys willingness or ability to repay principal and interest due in a timely manner may be affected by, among other factors, its cash flow situation, the extent of its foreign reserves, the availability of sufficient foreign exchange on the date a payment is due, the relative size of the debt service burden to the economy as a whole, the governmental entitys policy towards the International Monetary Fund and the political constraints to which a governmental entity may be subject. Governmental entities may also be dependent on expected disbursements from foreign governments, multilateral agencies and others abroad to reduce principal and interest on their debt. The commitment on the part of these governments, agencies and others to make such disbursements may be conditioned on a governmental entitys implementation of economic reforms and/or economic performance and the timely service of such debtors obligations. Failure to implement such reforms, achieve such levels of economic performance or repay principal or interest when due may result in the cancellation of such third parties commitments to lend funds to the governmental entity, which may further impair such debtors ability or willingness to services its debts in a timely manner. Consequently, governmental entities may default on their debt. Holders of foreign government obligations (including the Funds) may be requested to participate in the rescheduling of such debt and to extend further loans to governmental agencies.
Investing in Emerging Countries. The securities markets of emerging countries are less liquid and subject to greater price volatility, and have a smaller market capitalization, than the U.S. securities markets. In certain countries, there may be fewer publicly traded securities and the market may be dominated by a few issues or sectors. Issuers and securities markets in such countries are not subject to as extensive and frequent accounting, financial and other reporting requirements or as comprehensive government regulations as are issuers and securities markets in the U.S. In particular, the assets and profits appearing on the financial statements of emerging country issuers may not reflect their financial position or results of operations in the same manner as financial statements for U.S. issuers. Substantially less information may be publicly available about emerging country issuers than is available about issuers in the United States.
Emerging country securities markets are typically marked by a high concentration of market capitalization and trading volume in a small number of issuers representing a limited number of industries, as well as a high concentration of ownership of such securities by a limited number of investors. The markets for securities in certain emerging countries are in the earliest stages of their development. Even the markets for relatively widely traded securities in emerging countries may not be able to absorb, without price disruptions, a significant increase in trading volume or trades of a size customarily undertaken by institutional investors in the securities markets of developed countries. The limited size of many of these securities markets can cause prices to be erratic for reasons apart from factors that affect the soundness and competitiveness of the securities issuers. For example, prices may be unduly influenced by traders who control large positions in these markets. Additionally, market making and arbitrage activities are generally less extensive in such markets, which may contribute to increased volatility and reduced liquidity of such markets. The limited liquidity of emerging country securities may also affect a Funds ability to accurately value its portfolio securities or to acquire or dispose of securities at the price and time it wishes to do so or in order to meet redemption requests.
With respect to investments in certain emerging market countries, antiquated legal systems may have an adverse impact on the Funds. For example, while the potential liability of a shareholder in a U.S. corporation with respect to acts of the corporation is generally limited to the amount of the shareholders investment, the notion of limited liability is less clear in certain emerging market countries. Similarly, the rights of investors in emerging market companies may be more limited than those of shareholders of U.S. corporations.
Transaction costs, including brokerage commissions or dealer mark-ups, in emerging countries may be higher than in the United States and other developed securities markets. In addition, existing laws and regulations are often inconsistently applied. As legal systems in emerging countries develop, foreign investors may be adversely affected by new or amended laws and regulations. In circumstances where adequate laws exist, it may not be possible to obtain swift and equitable enforcement of the law.
Custodial and/or settlement systems in emerging markets countries may not be fully developed. To the extent a Fund invests in emerging markets, Fund assets that are traded in such markets and which have been entrusted to such sub-custodians in those markets may be exposed to risks for which the sub-custodian will have no liability.
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Foreign investment in the securities markets of certain emerging countries is restricted or controlled to varying degrees. These restrictions may limit a Funds investment in certain emerging countries and may increase the expenses of the Fund. Certain emerging countries require governmental approval prior to investments by foreign persons or limit investment by foreign persons to only a specified percentage of an issuers outstanding securities or a specific class of securities which may have less advantageous terms (including price) than securities of the company available for purchase by nationals. In addition, the repatriation of both investment income and capital from emerging countries may be subject to restrictions which require governmental consents or prohibit repatriation entirely for a period of time. Even where there is no outright restriction on repatriation of capital, the mechanics of repatriation may affect certain aspects of the operation of a Fund. A Fund may be required to establish special custodial or other arrangements before investing in certain emerging countries.
Emerging countries may be subject to a substantially greater degree of economic, political and social instability and disruption than is the case in the United States, Japan and most Western European countries. This instability may result from, among other things, the following: (i) authoritarian governments or military involvement in political and economic decision making, including changes or attempted changes in governments through extra-constitutional means; (ii) popular unrest associated with demands for improved political, economic or social conditions; (iii) internal insurgencies; (iv) hostile relations with neighboring countries; (v) ethnic, religious and racial disaffection or conflict; and (vi) the absence of developed legal structures governing foreign private investments and private property. Such economic, political and social instability could disrupt the principal financial markets in which the Funds may invest and adversely affect the value of the Funds assets. A Funds investments can also be adversely affected by any increase in taxes or by political, economic or diplomatic developments.
The economies of emerging countries may differ unfavorably from the U.S. economy in such respects as growth of gross domestic product, rate of inflation, capital reinvestment, resources, self-sufficiency and balance of payments. Many emerging countries have experienced in the past, and continue to experience, high rates of inflation. In certain countries inflation has at times accelerated rapidly to hyperinflationary levels, creating a negative interest rate environment and sharply eroding the value of outstanding financial assets in those countries. Other emerging countries, on the other hand, have recently experienced deflationary pressures and are in economic recessions. The economies of many emerging countries are heavily dependent upon international trade and are accordingly affected by protective trade barriers and the economic conditions of their trading partners. In addition, the economies of some emerging countries are vulnerable to weakness in world prices for their commodity exports.
A Funds income and, in some cases, capital gains from foreign stocks and securities will be subject to applicable taxation in certain of the countries in which it invests, and treaties between the U.S. and such countries may not be available in some cases to reduce the otherwise applicable tax rates. See TAXATION.
Foreign markets also have different clearance and settlement procedures, and in certain markets there have been times when settlements have been unable to keep pace with the volume of securities transactions, making it difficult to conduct such transactions. Such delays in settlement could result in temporary periods when a portion of the assets of a Fund remain uninvested and no return is earned on such assets. The inability of a Fund to make intended security purchases or sales due to settlement problems could result either in losses to the Fund due to subsequent declines in value of the portfolio securities or, if the Fund has entered into a contract to sell the securities, could result in possible liability to the purchaser.
Investing in Australia. The Australian economy is heavily dependent on the economies of Asia, Europe and the U.S. as key trading partners, and in particular, on the price and demand for agricultural products and natural resources. By total market capitalization, the Australian stock market is small relative to the U.S. stock market and issues may trade with lesser liquidity, although Australias stock market is the largest and most liquid in the Asia-Pacific region (ex-Japan). Australian reporting, accounting and auditing standards differ substantially from U.S. standards. In general, Australian corporations do not provide all of the disclosure required by U.S. law and accounting practice, and such disclosure may be less timely and less frequent than that required of U.S. companies.
Investing in Eastern Europe. Certain of the Funds may seek investment opportunities within Eastern Europe. Most Eastern European countries had a centrally planned, socialist economy for a substantial period of time. The governments of many Eastern European countries have more recently been implementing reforms directed at political and economic liberalization, including efforts to decentralize the economic decision-making process and move towards a market economy. However, business entities in many Eastern European countries do not have an extended history of operating in a market-oriented economy, and the ultimate impact of Eastern European countries attempts to move toward more market-oriented economies is currently unclear. In addition, any change in the leadership or policies of Eastern European countries may halt the expansion of or reverse the liberalization of foreign investment policies now occurring and adversely affect existing investment opportunities.
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Where a Fund invests in securities issued by companies incorporated in or whose principal operations are located in Eastern Europe, other risks may also be encountered. Legal, political, economic and fiscal uncertainties in Eastern European markets may affect the value of the Funds investment in such securities. The currencies in which these investments may be denominated may be unstable, may be subject to significant depreciation and may not be freely convertible. Existing laws and regulations may not be consistently applied. The markets of the countries of Eastern Europe are still in the early stages of their development, have less volume, are less highly regulated, are less liquid and experience greater volatility than more established markets. Settlement of transactions may be subject to delay and administrative uncertainties. Custodians are not able to offer the level of service and safekeeping, settlement and administration services that is customary in more developed markets, and there is a risk that the Fund will not be recognized as the owner of securities held on its behalf by a sub-custodian.
Investing in Asia. Although many countries in Asia have experienced a relatively stable political environment over the last decade, there is no guarantee that such stability will be maintained in the future. As an emerging region, many factors may affect such stability on a country-by-country as well as on a regional basis increasing gaps between the rich and poor, agrarian unrest and stability of existing coalitions in politically-fractionated countries and may result in adverse consequences to a Fund.
The legal infrastructure in each of the countries in Asia is unique and often undeveloped. In most cases, securities laws are evolving and far from adequate for the protection of the public from serious fraud. Investment in Asian securities involves considerations and possible risks not typically involved with investment in other issuers, including changes in governmental administration or economic or monetary policy or changed circumstances in dealings between nations. The application of tax laws (e.g., the imposition of withholding taxes on dividend or interest payments) or confiscatory taxation may also affect investment in Asian securities. Higher expenses may result from investments in Asian securities than would from investments in other securities because of the costs that must be incurred in connection with conversions between various currencies and brokerage commissions that may be higher than more established markets. Asian securities markets also may be less liquid, more volatile and less subject to governmental supervision than elsewhere. Investments in countries in the region could be affected by other factors not present elsewhere, including lack of uniform accounting, auditing and financial reporting standards, inadequate settlement procedures and potential difficulties in enforcing contractual obligations.
Certain countries in Asia are especially prone to natural disasters, such as flooding, drought and earthquakes. Combined with the possibility of man-made disasters, the occurrence of such disasters may adversely affect companies in which a Fund is invested and, as a result, may result in adverse consequences to the Fund.
Many of the countries in Asia have experienced rising inflation. Should the governments and central banks of the countries in Asia fail to control inflation, this may have an adverse effect on the performance of a Funds investments in Asian securities.
Several of the countries in Asia remain dependent on the U.S. economy as their largest export customer, and future barriers to entry into the U.S. market could adversely affect a Funds performance. Intraregional trade is becoming an increasingly significant percentage of total trade for the countries in Asia. Consequently, the intertwined economies are becoming increasingly dependent on each other, and any barriers to entry to markets in Asia in the future may adversely affect a Funds performance.
Although the Funds will generally attempt to invest in those markets which provide the greatest freedom of movement of foreign capital, there is no assurance that this will be possible or that certain countries in Asia will not restrict the movement of foreign capital in the future. Changes in securities laws and foreign ownership laws may have an adverse effect on a Fund.
Investing in Greater China. In addition to the risks listed above under Foreign Securities and Investing in Emerging Countries, investing in Greater China (the Peoples Republic of China, Hong Kong and Taiwan) presents additional risks. Investing in Greater China involves risks and special considerations not typically associated with investing in other more established economies or securities markets. Such risks may include: (a) greater social, economic and political uncertainty (including the risk of war); (b) nationalization or expropriation of assets or confiscatory taxation; (c) dependency on exports and the corresponding importance of international trade; (d) increasing competition from Asias other low-cost emerging economies; (e) greater price volatility and significantly smaller market capitalization of securities markets; (f) substantially less liquidity, particularly of certain share classes of Chinese securities; (g) currency exchange rate fluctuations and the lack of available currency hedging instruments; (h) higher rates of inflation; (i) controls on foreign investment and limitations on repatriation of invested capital and on the Funds ability to exchange local currencies for U.S. dollars; (j) greater governmental involvement in and control over the economy; (k) uncertainty regarding the Peoples Republic of Chinas commitment to economic reforms; (l) the fact that Chinese companies, particularly those located in the China region, may be smaller, less seasoned and newly-organized companies; (m) the difference in, or lack of, auditing and financial reporting standards which may result in unavailability of material information about issuers; (n) the fact that statistical information
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regarding the economy of Greater China may be inaccurate or not comparable to statistical information regarding the U.S. or other economies; (o) the less extensive, and still developing, regulation of the securities markets, business entities and commercial transactions; (p) the fact that the settlement period of securities transactions in foreign markets may be longer; (q) the fact that it may be more difficult, or impossible, to obtain and/or enforce a judgment than in other countries; (r) the rapid and erratic nature of growth, particularly in the Peoples Republic of China, resulting in inefficiencies and dislocations; and (s) economic sensitivity to environmental events, including natural disasters such as earthquakes, droughts, floods and tsunamis.
Although the government of the Peoples Republic of China has more recently been implementing reforms directed at political and economic liberalization, including efforts to decentralize the economic decision-making process and move towards a market economy, governmental involvement in the economy remains significant. Chinese markets generally continue to experience inefficiency, volatility and pricing anomalies that may be connected to governmental influence, a lack of publicly available information and/or political and social instability. Also, because Greater China had a centrally planned, socialist economy for a substantial period of time, business entities in Greater China do not have an extended history of operating in a market-oriented economy, and the ultimate impact of the Peoples Republic of Chinas attempts to move toward a more market-oriented economy is currently unclear. Any change in leadership or policies may halt the expansion of or reverse the liberalization of foreign investment policies now occurring and adversely affect existing investment opportunities.
Following the establishment of the Peoples Republic of China by the Communist Party in 1949, the Chinese government renounced various debt obligations incurred by the Peoples Republic of Chinas predecessor governments, which obligations remain in default, and expropriated assets without compensation. There can be no assurance that the government will not take similar action in the future.
Greater Chinas economy, particularly its export-oriented industries, may be adversely impacted by trade or political disputes with major trading partners, including the U.S. In particular, the growing trade surplus with the U.S. has increased the risk of trade disputes, which could potentially have adverse effects on the countrys management of its currency, as well as on some export dependent sectors. Greater Chinas aging infrastructure, growing income inequality and worsening environmental conditions also are factors that may affect the Chinese economy. Social cohesion in Greater China is being tested by growing income inequality and larger scale environmental degradation. Social instability could threaten Greater Chinas political systems and economic growth, which could decrease the value of a Funds investments.
Additionally, internal social unrest or conflicts with other countries, including military conflicts in response to such events, could disrupt economic development in Greater China. A state of hostility continues to exist between the Peoples Republic of China and Taiwan, and territorial border disputes persist with certain neighboring countries. Chinese economic development is also vulnerable to developments on the Korean peninsula, including political tension or military actions.
Investing in Japan. Japans economy is heavily dependent upon international trade and is especially sensitive to any adverse effects arising from trade tariffs and other protectionist measures, as well as the economic condition of its trading partners. Japans high volume of exports has caused trade tensions with Japans primary trading partners, particularly with the United States. The relaxing of official and de facto barriers to imports, or hardships created by the actions of trading partners, could adversely affect Japans economy. Because the Japanese economy is so dependent on exports, any fall-off in exports may be seen as a sign of economic weakness, which may adversely affect Japanese markets. In addition, Japans export industry, its most important economic sector, depends heavily on imported raw materials and fuels, including iron ore, copper, oil and many forest products. As a result, Japan is sensitive to fluctuations in commodity prices, and a substantial rise in world oil or commodity prices could have a negative effect on its economy.
The Japanese yen has fluctuated widely during recent periods and may be affected by currency volatility elsewhere in Asia, especially Southeast Asia. A weak yen is disadvantageous to U.S. shareholders investing in yen-denominated securities. A strong yen, however, could be an impediment to strong continued exports and economic recovery, because it makes Japanese goods sold in other countries more expensive and reduces the value of foreign earnings repatriated to Japan.
Performance of the global economy could have a major impact upon equity returns in Japan. As a result of the strong correlation with the economy of the U.S., Japans economy and its stock market are vulnerable to any unfavorable economic conditions in the U.S. and poor performance of U.S. stock markets. The growing economic relationship between Japan and its other neighboring countries in the Southeast Asia region, especially China, also exposes Japans economy to changes to the economic climates in those countries.
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Like many European countries, Japan is experiencing a deterioration of its competitiveness. Japan is reforming its political process and deregulating its economy to address this situation. However, there is no guarantee that these efforts will succeed in making the performance of the Japanese economy more competitive.
Forward Foreign Currency Exchange Contracts. The Real Estate Securities, International Real Estate Securities, Absolute Return Tracker, Commodity Strategy, and Dynamic Allocation Funds may enter into forward foreign currency exchange contracts for hedging purposes and to seek to protect against anticipated changes in future foreign currency exchange rates. The Absolute Return Tracker Fund may also enter into foreign currency transactions to seek a closer correlation between the Funds overall currency exposures and the currency exposures of the Component Market Factors. A forward foreign currency exchange contract involves an obligation to purchase or sell a specific currency at a future date, which may be any fixed number of days from the date of the contract agreed upon by the parties, at a price set at the time of the contract. These contracts are traded in the interbank market between currency traders (usually large commercial banks) and their customers. A forward contract generally has no deposit requirement, and no commissions are generally charged at any stage for trades.
At the maturity of a forward contract a Fund may either accept or make delivery of the currency specified in the contract or, at or prior to maturity, enter into a closing transaction involving the purchase or sale of an offsetting contract. Closing transactions with respect to forward contracts are often, but not always, effected with the currency trader who is a party to the original forward contract.
A Fund may enter into forward foreign currency exchange contracts in several circumstances. First, when a Fund enters into a contract for the purchase or sale of a security denominated or quoted in a foreign currency, or when a Fund anticipates the receipt in a foreign currency of dividend or interest payments on such a security which it holds, the Fund may desire to lock in the U.S. dollar price of the security or the U.S. dollar equivalent of such dividend or interest payment, as the case may be. By entering into a forward contract for the purchase or sale, for a fixed amount of dollars, of the amount of foreign currency involved in the underlying transactions, the Fund will attempt to protect itself against an adverse change in the relationship between the U.S. dollar and the subject foreign currency during the period between the date on which the security is purchased or sold, or on which the dividend or interest payment is declared, and the date on which such payments are made or received.
Additionally, when the Investment Adviser believes that the currency of a particular foreign country may suffer a substantial decline against the U.S. dollar, it may enter into a forward contract to sell, for a fixed amount of U.S. dollars, the amount of foreign currency approximating the value of some or all of such Funds portfolio securities quoted or denominated in such foreign currency. The precise matching of the forward contract amounts and the value of the securities involved will not generally be possible because the future value of such securities in foreign currencies will change as a consequence of market movements in the value of those securities between the date on which the contract is entered into and the date it matures. Using forward contracts to protect the value of a Funds portfolio securities against a decline in the value of a currency does not eliminate fluctuations in the underlying prices of the securities. It simply establishes a rate of exchange which a Fund can achieve at some future point in time. The precise projection of short-term currency market movements is not possible, and short-term hedging provides a means of fixing the U.S. dollar value of only a portion of a Funds foreign assets.
The Funds may engage in cross-hedging by using forward contracts in one currency to hedge against fluctuations in the value of securities quoted or denominated in a different currency. In addition, the Real Estate Securities Fund, International Real Estate Securities Fund and Commodity Strategy Fund may enter into foreign currency transactions to seek a closer correlation between a Funds overall currency exposures and the currency exposures of a Funds performance benchmark.
Unless otherwise covered in accordance with applicable regulations, cash or liquid assets of a Fund will be segregated in an amount equal to the value of the Funds total assets committed to the consummation of forward foreign currency exchange contracts. If the value of the segregated assets declines, additional cash or liquid assets will be segregated so that the value of the assets will equal the amount of a Funds commitments with respect to such contracts.
While a Fund may enter into forward contracts to reduce currency exchange rate risks, transactions in such contracts involve certain other risks. Thus, while the Fund may benefit from such transactions, unanticipated changes in currency prices may result in a poorer overall performance for the Fund than if it had not engaged in any such transactions. Moreover, there may be imperfect correlation between a Funds portfolio holdings of securities quoted or denominated in a particular currency and forward contracts entered into by such Fund. Such imperfect correlation may cause a Fund to sustain losses which will prevent the Fund from achieving a complete hedge or expose the Fund to risk of foreign exchange loss.
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Markets for trading foreign forward currency contracts offer less protection against defaults than is available when trading in currency instruments on an exchange. Forward contracts are subject to the risk that the counterparty to such contract will default on its obligations. Because a forward foreign currency exchange contract is not guaranteed by an exchange or clearinghouse, a default on the contract would deprive a Fund of unrealized profits, transaction costs or the benefits of a currency hedge or force the Fund to cover its purchase or sale commitments, if any, at the current market price. In addition, the institutions that deal in forward currency contracts are not required to continue to make markets in the currencies they trade and these markets can experience periods of illiquidity. A Fund will not enter into forward foreign currency exchange contracts, currency swaps or other privately negotiated currency instruments unless the credit quality of the unsecured senior debt or the claims-paying ability of the counterparty is considered to be investment grade by the Investment Adviser. To the extent that a portion of a Funds total assets, adjusted to reflect the Funds net position after giving effect to currency transactions, is denominated or quoted in the currencies of foreign countries, the Fund will be more susceptible to the risk of adverse economic and political developments within those countries.
Writing and Purchasing Currency Call and Put Options. The Real Estate Securities Fund, International Real Estate Securities Fund, Commodity Strategy Fund and Dynamic Allocation Fund may, to the extent that they invest in foreign securities, write and purchase put and call options on foreign currencies for the purpose of protecting against declines in the U.S. dollar value of foreign portfolio securities and against increases in the U.S. dollar cost of foreign securities to be acquired. As with other kinds of option transactions, however, the writing of an option on foreign currency will constitute only a partial hedge, up to the amount of the premium received. If and when a Fund seeks to close out an option, the Fund could be required to purchase or sell foreign currencies at disadvantageous exchange rates, thereby incurring losses. The purchase of an option on foreign currency may constitute an effective hedge against exchange rate fluctuations; however, in the event of exchange rate movements adverse to a Funds position, the Fund may forfeit the entire amount of the premium plus related transaction costs. Options on foreign currencies may be traded on U.S. and foreign exchanges or over-the-counter.
Options on currency may also be used for cross-hedging purposes, which involves writing or purchasing options on one currency to seek to hedge against changes in exchange rates for a different currency with a pattern of correlation, or to seek to increase total return when the Investment Adviser anticipates that the currency will appreciate or depreciate in value, but the securities quoted or denominated in that currency do not present attractive investment opportunities and are not included in the Funds portfolio.
A call option written by a Fund obligates the Fund to sell a specified currency to the holder of the option at a specified price if the option is exercised before the expiration date. A put option written by a Fund would obligate the Fund to purchase a specified currency from the option holder at a specified price if the option is exercised before the expiration date. The writing of currency options involves a risk that a Fund will, upon exercise of the option, be required to sell currency subject to a call at a price that is less than the currencys market value or be required to purchase currency subject to a put at a price that exceeds the currencys market value. Written put and call options on foreign currencies may be covered in a manner similar to written put and call options on securities and securities indices described under Options on Securities and Securities IndicesWriting Covered Options above.
A Fund may terminate its obligations under a call or put option by purchasing an option identical to the one it has written. Such purchases are referred to as closing purchase transactions. A Fund may enter into closing sale transactions in order to realize gains or minimize losses on options purchased by the Fund.
A Fund may purchase call options on foreign currency in anticipation of an increase in the U.S. dollar value of currency in which securities to be acquired by a Fund are quoted or denominated. The purchase of a call option would entitle the Fund, in return for the premium paid, to purchase specified currency at a specified price during the option period. A Fund would ordinarily realize a gain if, during the option period, the value of such currency exceeded the sum of the exercise price, the premium paid and transaction costs; otherwise the Fund would realize either no gain or a loss on the purchase of the call option.
A Fund may purchase put options in anticipation of a decline in the U.S. dollar value of currency in which securities in its portfolio are quoted or denominated (protective puts). The purchase of a put option would entitle a Fund, in exchange for the premium paid, to sell specified currency at a specified price during the option period. The purchase of protective puts is usually designed to offset or hedge against a decline in the dollar value of a Funds portfolio securities due to currency exchange rate fluctuations. A Fund would ordinarily realize a gain if, during the option period, the value of the underlying currency decreased below the exercise price sufficiently to more than cover the premium and transaction costs; otherwise the Fund would realize either no gain or a loss on the purchase of the put option. Gains and losses on the purchase of protective put options would tend to be offset by countervailing changes in the value of underlying currency or portfolio securities.
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In addition to using options for the hedging purposes described above, the Funds may use options on currency to seek to increase total return. The Funds may write (sell) covered put and call options on any currency in order to realize greater income than would be realized on portfolio securities transactions alone. However, in writing covered call options for additional income, the Funds may forego the opportunity to profit from an increase in the market value of the underlying currency. Also, when writing put options, the Funds accept, in return for the option premium, the risk that they may be required to purchase the underlying currency at a price in excess of the currencys market value at the time of purchase.
Special Risks Associated With Options on Currency. An exchange traded options position may be closed out only on an options exchange that provides a secondary market for an option of the same series. Although a Fund will generally purchase or write only those options for which there appears to be an active secondary market, there is no assurance that a liquid secondary market on an exchange will exist for any particular option, or at any particular time. For some options no secondary market on an exchange may exist. In such event, it might not be possible to effect closing transactions in particular options, with the result that a Fund would have to exercise its options in order to realize any profit and would incur transaction costs upon the sale of underlying securities pursuant to the exercise of put options. If a Fund as a covered call option writer is unable to effect a closing purchase transaction in a secondary market, it will not be able to sell the underlying currency (or security quoted or denominated in that currency) or dispose of the segregated assets, until the option expires or it delivers the underlying currency upon exercise.
There is no assurance that higher than anticipated trading activity or other unforeseen events might not, at times, render certain of the facilities of the Options Clearing Corporation inadequate, and thereby result in the institution by an exchange of special procedures which may interfere with the timely execution of customers orders.
A Fund may purchase and write over-the-counter options to the extent consistent with its limitation on investments in illiquid securities. Trading in over-the-counter options is subject to the risk that the other party will be unable or unwilling to close out options purchased or written by a Fund.
The amount of the premiums which a Fund may pay or receive may be adversely affected as new or existing institutions, including other investment companies, engage in or increase their option purchasing and writing activities.
Currency Swaps, Mortgage Swaps, Credit Swaps, Index Swaps, Total Return Swaps, Options on Swaps and Interest Rate Swaps, Caps, Floors and Collars
The Real Estate Securities Fund, International Real Estate Securities Fund, Commodity Strategy Fund and Dynamic Allocation Fund may enter into mortgage, credit, total return, index and interest rate swaps for hedging purposes or to seek to increase total return. The Real Estate Securities Fund, International Real Estate Securities Fund and Commodity Strategy Fund may also enter into currency swaps for both hedging purposes and to seek to increase total return. The Real Estate Securities Fund, International Real Estate Securities Fund, Commodity Strategy Fund and Dynamic Allocation Fund may enter into other interest rate swap arrangements such as rate caps, floors and collars, for hedging purposes or to seek to increase total return. The Absolute Return Tracker Fund may enter into currency, mortgage, credit, total return, index and interest rate swaps and other interest rate swap arrangements such as rate caps, floors and collars in an attempt to match the returns of the Component Market Factors. The Real Estate Securities Fund, International Real Estate Securities Fund, Commodity Strategy Fund and Dynamic Allocation Fund may also purchase and write (sell) options on swaps, commonly referred to as swaptions. Swap agreements are two party contracts entered into primarily by institutional investors. In a standard swap transaction, two parties agree to exchange the returns (or differentials in rates of return) earned or realized on particular predetermined investments or instruments, which may be adjusted for an interest factor. The gross returns to be exchanged or swapped between the parties are generally calculated with respect to a notional amount, i.e., the return on or increase in value of a particular dollar amount invested at a particular interest rate, in a particular foreign currency or security, or in a basket of securities representing a particular index. Currency swaps involve the exchange by a Fund with another party of their respective rights to make or receive payments in specified currencies. Interest rate swaps involve the exchange by a Fund with another party of their respective commitments to pay or receive interest, such as an exchange of fixed rate payments for floating rate payments. Mortgage swaps are similar to interest rate swaps in that they represent commitments to pay and receive interest. The notional principal amount, however, is tied to a reference pool or pools of mortgages. Index swaps involve the exchange by a Fund with another party of the respective amounts payable with respect to a notional principal amount at interest rates equal to two specified indices. Credit swaps involve the receipt of floating or fixed rate payments in exchange for assuming potential credit losses of an underlying security, or pool of securities. Credit swaps give one party to a transaction the right to dispose of or acquire an asset (or group of assets), or the right to receive from or make a payment to the other party, upon the occurrence of specified credit events. Total return swaps are contracts that obligate a party to pay or receive interest in exchange for the payment by the other party of the total return generated by a security, a basket of securities, an index or an index component. A swaption is an option to enter into a swap agreement. Like other
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types of options, the buyer of a swaption pays a non-refundable premium for the option and obtains the right, but not the obligation, to enter into an underlying swap on agreed-upon terms. The seller of a swaption, in exchange for the premium, becomes obligated (if the option is exercised) to enter into an underlying swap on agreed-upon terms. The purchase of an interest rate cap entitles the purchaser, to the extent that a specified index exceeds a predetermined interest rate, to receive payment of interest on a notional principal amount from the party selling such interest rate cap. The purchase of an interest rate floor entitles the purchaser, to the extent that a specified index falls below a predetermined interest rate, to receive payments of interest on a notional principal amount from the party selling the interest rate floor. An interest rate collar is the combination of a cap and a floor that preserves a certain return within a predetermined range of interest rates.
A great deal of flexibility is possible in the way swap transactions are structured. However, generally a Fund will enter into interest rate, total return, credit, mortgage and index swaps only on a net basis, which means that the two payment streams are netted out, with the Fund receiving or paying, as the case may be, only the net amount of the two payments. Interest rate, total return, credit, index and mortgage swaps do not normally involve the delivery of securities, other underlying assets or principal. Accordingly, the risk of loss with respect to interest rate, total return, credit, index and mortgage swaps is normally limited to the net amount of interest payments that the Fund is contractually obligated to make. If the other party to an interest rate, total return, credit, index or mortgage swap defaults, the Funds risk of loss consists of the net amount of interest payments that the Fund is contractually entitled to receive. In contrast, currency swaps usually involve the delivery of a gross payment stream in one designated currency in exchange for the gross payment stream in another designated currency. Therefore, the entire payment stream under a currency swap is subject to the risk that the other party to the swap will default on its contractual delivery obligations. A credit swap may have as reference obligations one or more securities that may, or may not, be currently held by a Fund. The protection buyer in a credit swap is generally obligated to pay the protection seller an upfront or a periodic stream of payments over the term of the swap provided that no credit event, such as a default, on a reference obligation has occurred. If a credit event occurs, the seller generally must pay the buyer the par value (full notional value) of the swap in exchange for an equal face amount of deliverable obligations of the reference entity described in the swap, or the seller may be required to deliver the related net cash amount, if the swap is cash settled. A Fund may be either the buyer or seller in the transaction. If the Fund is a buyer and no credit event occurs, the Fund may recover nothing if the swap is held through its termination date. However, if a credit event occurs, the buyer generally may elect to receive the full notional value of the swap in exchange for an equal face amount of deliverable obligations of the reference entity whose value may have significantly decreased. As a seller, a Fund generally receives an upfront payment or a rate of income throughout the term of the swap provided that there is no credit event. As the seller, a Fund would effectively add leverage to its portfolio because, in addition to its total net assets, a Fund would be subject to investment exposure on the notional amount of the swap. If a credit event occurs, the value of any deliverable obligation received by the Fund as seller, coupled with the upfront or periodic payments previously received, may be less than the full notional value it pays to the buyer, resulting in a loss of value to the Fund. To the extent that the Funds exposure in a transaction involving a swap, a swaption, or an interest rate floor, cap or collar is covered by the segregation of cash or liquid assets or is covered by other means in accordance with SEC guidance or otherwise, the Funds and the Investment Adviser believe that swaps do not constitute senior securities under the Act and, accordingly, will not treat them as being subject to a Funds borrowing restrictions.
A Fund will not enter into transactions involving swaps, caps, floors or collars unless the unsecured commercial paper, senior debt or claims paying ability of the other party thereto is considered to be investment grade by the Investment Adviser.
The use of swaps, swaptions and interest rate caps, floors and collars, is a highly specialized activity which involves investment techniques and risks different from those associated with ordinary portfolio securities transactions. The use of a swap requires an understanding not only of the referenced asset, reference rate, or index but also of the swap itself, without the benefit of observing the performance of the swap under all possible market conditions. If the Investment Adviser is incorrect in its forecasts of market values, credit quality, interest rates and currency exchange rates, the investment performance of a Fund would be less favorable than it would have been if this investment technique were not used. In addition, these transactions can involve greater risks than if a Fund had invested in the reference obligation directly because, in addition to general market risks, swaps are subject to illiquidity risk, counterparty risk, credit risk and pricing risk. Because they are two party contracts and because they may have terms of greater than seven days, swap transactions may be considered to be illiquid. Moreover, a Fund bears the risk of loss of the amount expected to be received under a swap agreement in the event of the default or bankruptcy of a swap counterparty. Many swaps are complex and often valued subjectively. Swaps may be subject to pricing or basis risk, which exists when a particular swap becomes extraordinarily expensive relative to historical prices or the price of corresponding cash market instruments. Under certain market conditions it may not be economically feasible to imitate a transaction or liquidate a position in time to avoid a loss or take advantage of an opportunity. If a swap transaction is particularly large or if the relevant market is illiquid, it may not be possible to initiate a transaction or liquidate a position at an advantageous time or price, which may result in significant losses.
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The swap market has grown substantially in recent years with a large number of banks and investment banking firms acting both as principals and as agents utilizing standardized swap documentation. As a result, the swap market has become relatively liquid in comparison with the markets for other similar instruments which are traded in the interbank market. The Investment Adviser, under the supervision of the Board of Trustees, is responsible for determining and monitoring the liquidity of the Funds transactions in swaps, swaptions, caps, floors and collars.
Convertible Securities
Each Fund (other than the Absolute Return Tracker Fund and Dynamic Allocation Fund) may invest in convertible securities. Convertible securities are bonds, debentures, notes, preferred stocks or other securities that may be converted into or exchanged for a specified amount of common stock of the same or different issuer within a particular period of time at a specified price or formula. A convertible security entitles the holder to receive interest that is generally paid or accrued on debt or a dividend that is paid or accrued on preferred stock until the convertible security matures or is redeemed, converted or exchanged. Convertible securities have unique investment characteristics, in that they generally (i) have higher yields than common stocks, but lower yields than comparable non-convertible securities, (ii) are less subject to fluctuation in value than the underlying common stock due to their fixed-income characteristics and (iii) provide the potential for capital appreciation if the market price of the underlying common stock increases.
The value of a convertible security is a function of its investment value (determined by its yield in comparison with the yields of other securities of comparable maturity and quality that do not have a conversion privilege) and its conversion value (the securitys worth, at market value, if converted into the underlying common stock). The investment value of a convertible security is influenced by changes in interest rates, with investment value normally declining as interest rates increase and increasing as interest rates decline. The credit standing of the issuer and other factors may also have an effect on the convertible securitys investment value. The conversion value of a convertible security is determined by the market price of the underlying common stock. If the conversion value is low relative to the investment value, the price of the convertible security is governed principally by its investment value. To the extent the market price of the underlying common stock approaches or exceeds the conversion price, the price of the convertible security will be increasingly influenced by its conversion value. A convertible security generally will sell at a premium over its conversion value by the extent to which investors place value on the right to acquire the underlying common stock while holding a fixed-income security.
A convertible security may be subject to redemption at the option of the issuer at a price established in the convertible securitys governing instrument. If a convertible security held by a Fund is called for redemption, the Fund will be required to permit the issuer to redeem the security, convert it into the underlying common stock or sell it to a third party. Any of these actions could have an adverse effect on a Funds ability to achieve its investment objective, which, in turn, could result in losses to the Fund.
In evaluating a convertible security, the Investment Adviser will give primary emphasis to the attractiveness of the underlying common stock. Convertible debt securities are equity investments for purposes of each Funds investment policies.
Preferred Securities
Each Fund may invest in preferred securities. Unlike debt securities, the obligations of an issuer of preferred stock, including dividend and other payment obligations, may not typically be accelerated by the holders of preferred stock on the occurrence of an event of default (such as a covenant default or filing of a bankruptcy petition) or other non-compliance by the issuer with the terms of the preferred stock. Often, however, on the occurrence of any such event of default or non-compliance by the issuer, preferred stockholders will be entitled to gain representation on the issuers board of directors or increase their existing board representation. In addition, preferred stockholders may be granted voting rights with respect to certain issues on the occurrence of any event of default.
Equity Swaps
Each Fund may enter into equity swap contracts to invest in a market without owning or taking physical custody of securities in various circumstances, including circumstances where direct investment in the securities is restricted for legal reasons or is otherwise impracticable. The Absolute Return Tracker Fund may enter into equity swaps in an attempt to match the returns of the Component Market Factors. Equity swaps may also be used for hedging purposes or to seek to increase total return. The counterparty to an equity swap contract will typically be a bank, investment banking firm or broker/dealer. Equity swap contracts may be structured in different ways. For example, a counterparty may agree to pay the Fund the amount, if any, by which the notional amount of the equity swap contract would have increased in value had it been invested in the particular stocks (or an index of stocks), plus the dividends that would have been received on those stocks. In these cases, the Fund may agree to pay to the counterparty a floating rate
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of interest on the notional amount of the equity swap contract plus the amount, if any, by which that notional amount would have decreased in value had it been invested in such stocks. Therefore, the return to the Fund on the equity swap contract should be the gain or loss on the notional amount plus dividends on the stocks less the interest paid by the Fund on the notional amount. In other cases, the counterparty and the Fund may each agree to pay the other the difference between the relative investment performances that would have been achieved if the notional amount of the equity swap contract had been invested in different stocks (or indices of stocks).
A Fund will generally enter into equity swaps on a net basis, which means that the two payment streams are netted out, with the Fund receiving or paying, as the case may be, only the net amount of the two payments. Payments may be made at the conclusion of an equity swap contract or periodically during its term. Equity swaps normally do not involve the delivery of securities or other underlying assets. Accordingly, the risk of loss with respect to equity swaps is normally limited to the net amount of payments that a Fund is contractually obligated to make. If the other party to an equity swap defaults, a Funds risk of loss consists of the net amount of payments that such Fund is contractually entitled to receive, if any. Inasmuch as these transactions are entered into for hedging purposes or are offset by segregated cash or liquid assets to cover the Funds exposure, the Funds and their Investment Adviser believe that transactions do not constitute senior securities under the Act and, accordingly, will not treat them as being subject to a Funds borrowing restrictions.
A Fund will not enter into swap transactions unless the unsecured commercial paper, senior debt or claims paying ability of the other party thereto is considered to be investment grade by the Investment Adviser. A Funds ability to enter into certain swap transactions may be limited by tax considerations.
Lending of Portfolio Securities
Each Fund (other than the Dynamic Allocation Fund) may lend its portfolio securities to brokers, dealers and other institutions, including Goldman Sachs. By lending its securities, a Fund attempts to increase its net investment income.
Securities loans are required to be secured continuously by collateral in cash, cash equivalents, letters of credit or U.S. Government Securities equal to at least 100% of the value of the loaned securities. This collateral must be valued, or marked to market, daily. Borrowers are required to furnish additional collateral to the Fund as necessary to fully cover their obligations.
With respect to loans that are collateralized by cash, the Fund may reinvest that cash in short-term investments and pay the borrower a pre-negotiated fee or rebate from any return earned on the investment. Investing the collateral subjects it to market depreciation or appreciation, and a Fund is responsible for any loss that may result from its investment of the borrowed collateral. Cash collateral may be invested in, among other things, other registered or unregistered funds, including private investing funds or money market funds that are managed by the Investment Adviser or its affiliates, and which pay the Investment Adviser or its affiliates for their services. If the Fund would receive non-cash collateral, the Fund receives a fee from the borrower equal to a negotiated percentage of the market value of the loaned securities.
For the duration of any securities loan, the Fund will continue to receive the equivalent of the interest, dividends or other distributions paid by the issuer on the loaned securities. The Fund will not have the right to vote its loaned securities during the period of the loan, but a Fund may attempt to recall a loaned security in anticipation of a material vote if it desires to do so. A Fund will have the right to terminate a loan at any time and recall the loaned securities within the normal and customary settlement time for securities transactions.
Securities lending involves certain risks. The Fund may lose money on its investment of cash collateral, resulting in a loss of principal, or may fail to earn sufficient income on its investment to cover the fee or rebate it has agreed to pay the borrower. A Fund may incur losses in connection with its securities lending activities that exceed the value of the interest income and fees received in connection with such transactions. Securities lending subjects a Fund to the risk of loss resulting from problems in the settlement and accounting process, and to additional credit, counterparty and market risk. These risks could be greater with respect to non-U.S. securities. Engaging in securities lending could have a leveraging effect, which may intensify the other risks associated with investments in the Fund. In addition, a Fund bears the risk that the price of the securities on loan will increase while they are on loan, or that the price of the collateral will decline in value during the period of the loan, and that the counterparty will not provide, or will delay in providing, additional collateral. A Fund also bears the risk that a borrower may fail to return securities in a timely manner or at all, either because the borrower fails financially or for other reasons. If a borrower of securities fails financially, a Fund may also lose its rights in the collateral. A Fund could experience delays and costs in recovering loaned securities or in gaining access to and
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liquidating the collateral, which could result in actual financial loss and which could interfere with portfolio management decisions or the exercise of ownership rights in the loaned securities. If a Fund is not able to recover the securities lent, the Fund may sell the collateral and purchase replacement securities in the market. However, the Fund will incur transaction costs on the purchase of replacement securities. These events could trigger adverse tax consequences for the Fund. In determining whether to lend securities to a particular borrower, and throughout the period of the loan, the creditworthiness of the borrower will be considered and monitored. Loans will only be made to firms deemed to be of good standing, and where the consideration that can be earned currently from securities loans of this type is deemed to justify the attendant risk. It is intended that the value of securities loaned by a Fund will not exceed one-third of the value of a Funds total assets (including the loan collateral).
The Fund will consider the loaned securities as assets of the Fund, but will not consider any collateral as a Fund asset except when determining total assets for the purpose of the above one-third limitation. Loan collateral (including any investment of the collateral) is not subject to the percentage limitations stated elsewhere in this SAI or in the Prospectus regarding investing in fixed income securities and cash equivalents.
The Funds Board of Trustees has approved each Funds (other than the Dynamic Allocation Funds) participation in a securities lending program and has adopted policies and procedures relating thereto. Under the current securities lending program, the Funds have retained an affiliate of the Investment Adviser to serve as their securities lending agent.
For its services, the securities lending agent may receive a fee from a Fund, including a fee based on the returns earned on the Funds investment of cash received as collateral for the loaned securities. In addition, a Fund may make brokerage and other payments to Goldman Sachs and its affiliates in connection with the Funds portfolio investment transactions. Each Funds Board of Trustees periodically reviews securities loan transactions for which a Goldman Sachs affiliate has acted as lending agent for compliance with the Funds securities lending procedures. Goldman Sachs also has been approved as a borrower under each Funds securities lending program, subject to certain conditions.
When-Issued Securities and Forward Commitments
Each Fund may purchase securities on a when-issued basis or purchase or sell securities on a forward commitment basis beyond the customary settlement time. These transactions involve a commitment by a Fund to purchase or sell securities at a future date. The price of the underlying securities (usually expressed in terms of yield) and the date when the securities will be delivered and paid for (the settlement date) are fixed at the time the transaction is negotiated. When-issued purchases and forward commitment transactions are negotiated directly with the other party, and such commitments are not traded on exchanges. A Fund will generally purchase securities on a when-issued basis or purchase or sell securities on a forward commitment basis only with the intention of completing the transaction and actually purchasing or selling the securities. If deemed advisable as a matter of investment strategy, however, a Fund may dispose of or negotiate a commitment after entering into it. A Fund may also sell securities it has committed to purchase before those securities are delivered to the Fund on the settlement date. A Fund may realize a capital gain or loss in connection with these transactions. For purposes of determining a Funds duration, the maturity of when-issued or forward commitment securities will be calculated from the commitment date. A Fund is generally required to segregate until three days prior to the settlement date, cash and liquid assets in an amount sufficient to meet the purchase price unless the Funds obligations are otherwise covered. Alternatively, each Fund may enter into offsetting contracts for the forward sale of other securities that it owns. Securities purchased or sold on a when-issued or forward commitment basis involve a risk of loss if the value of the security to be purchased declines prior to the settlement date or if the value of the security to be sold increases prior to the settlement date.
Investment in Unseasoned Companies
Each Fund (other than the Absolute Return Tracker Fund and Dynamic Allocation Fund) may invest in companies (including predecessors) which have operated less than three years. The securities of such companies may have limited liquidity, which can result in their being priced higher or lower than might otherwise be the case. In addition, investments in unseasoned companies are more speculative and entail greater risk than do investments in companies with an established operating record.
Other Investment Companies
Each Fund may invest in securities of other investment companies, including ETFs. A Fund will indirectly bear its proportionate share of any management fees and other expenses paid by investment companies in which it invests, in addition to the management fees (and other expenses) paid by the Fund. A Funds investments in other investment companies are subject to statutory limitations prescribed by the Act, including in certain circumstances a prohibition on the Fund acquiring more that 3% of the voting
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shares of any other investment company, and a prohibition on investing more than 5% of the Funds total assets in securities of any one investment company or more than 10% of its total assets in the securities of all investment companies. Many ETFs, however, have obtained exemptive relief from the SEC to permit unaffiliated funds (such as the Funds) to invest in their shares beyond these statutory limits, subject to certain conditions and pursuant to contractual arrangements between the ETFs and the investing funds. A Fund may rely on these exemptive orders in investing in ETFs. Moreover, pursuant to an exemptive order obtained from the SEC or under an exemptive rule adopted by the SEC, the Funds may invest in investment companies and money market funds for which an Investment Adviser, or any of its affiliates, serves as investment adviser, administrator and/or distributor. However, to the extent that a Fund invests in a money market fund for which an Investment Adviser or any of its affiliates acts as investment adviser, the management fees payable by the Fund to the Investment Adviser will, to the extent required by the SEC, be reduced by an amount equal to the Funds proportionate share of the management fees paid by such money market fund to its investment adviser. Although the Funds do not expect to do so in the foreseeable future, each Fund is authorized to invest substantially all of its assets in a single open-end investment company or series thereof that has substantially the same investment objective, policies and fundamental restrictions as the Fund. Additionally, to the extent that any Fund serves as an underlying Fund to another Goldman Sachs Fund, that Fund may invest a percentage of its assets in other investment companies if those investments are consistent with applicable law and/or exemptive orders obtained from the SEC.
Each Fund (other than the Absolute Return Tracker Fund) may purchase shares of investment companies investing primarily in foreign securities, including country funds. Country funds have portfolios consisting primarily of securities of issuers located in specified foreign countries or regions.
ETFs are shares of unaffiliated investment companies issuing shares which are traded like traditional equity securities on a national stock exchange. An ETF represents a portfolio of securities, which is often designed to track a particular market segment or index. An investment in an ETF, like one in any investment company, carries the same risks as those of its underlying securities. An ETF may fail to accurately track the returns of the market segment or index that it is designed to track, and the price of an ETFs shares may fluctuate or lose money. In addition, because they, unlike other investment companies, are traded on an exchange, ETFs are subject to the following risks: (i) the market price of the ETFs shares may trade at a premium or discount to the ETFs net asset value; (ii) an active trading market for an ETF may not develop or be maintained; and (iii) there is no assurance that the requirements of the exchange necessary to maintain the listing of the ETF will continue to be met or remain unchanged. In the event substantial market or other disruptions affecting ETFs should occur in the future, the liquidity and value of a Funds shares could also be substantially and adversely affected.
Investments in the Wholly-Owned Subsidiary
The Commodity Strategy Fund may invest in the Subsidiary. Investments in the Subsidiary are expected to provide the Fund with exposure to the commodity markets within the limitations of Subchapter M of the Code and recent IRS revenue rulings, as discussed below under Taxation Fund Taxation. The Subsidiary is a company organized under the laws of the Cayman Islands, and is overseen by its own board of directors. The Fund is currently the sole shareholder of the Subsidiary. The Subsidiary may invest without limitation in commodity index-linked securities (including leveraged and unleveraged structured notes) and other commodity-linked securities and derivative instruments that provide exposure to the performance of the commodity markets. Although the Fund may invest in commodity-linked derivative instruments directly, the Fund may gain exposure to these derivative instruments indirectly by investing in the Subsidiary. The Subsidiary also invests in fixed income securities, which are intended to serve as margin or collateral for the Subsidiarys derivative positions. To the extent that the Fund invests in the Subsidiary, it may be subject to the risks associated with those derivative instruments and other securities, which are discussed elsewhere in the applicable Prospectus and this SAI.
The Subsidiary is not an investment company registered under the 1940 Act and, unless otherwise noted in the applicable Prospectus and this SAI, is not subject to all of the investor protections of the 1940 Act and other U.S. regulations. Changes in the laws of the United States and/or the Cayman Islands could result in the inability of the Fund and/or the Subsidiary to operate as described in the applicable Prospectus and this SAI and could negatively affect the Fund and its shareholders.
Repurchase Agreements
Each Fund may enter into repurchase agreements with banks, brokers and securities dealers which furnish collateral at least equal in value or market price to the amount of their repurchase obligations. The International Real Estate Securities Fund and Dynamic Allocation Fund may also enter into repurchase agreements involving certain foreign government securities. A repurchase agreement is an arrangement under which a Fund purchases securities and the seller agrees to repurchase the securities within a
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particular time and at a specified price for the duration of the agreement. Custody of the securities is maintained by a Funds custodian (or subcustodian). The repurchase price may be higher than the purchase price, the difference being income to a Fund, or the purchase and repurchase prices may be the same, with interest at a stated rate due to a Fund together with the repurchase price on repurchase. In either case, the income to a Fund is unrelated to the interest rate on the security subject to the repurchase agreement.
For purposes of the Act and generally for tax purposes, a repurchase agreement is deemed to be a loan from a Fund to the seller of the security. For other purposes, it is not always clear whether a court would consider the security purchased by a Fund subject to a repurchase agreement as being owned by a Fund or as being collateral for a loan by a Fund to the seller. In the event of commencement of bankruptcy or insolvency proceedings with respect to the seller of the security before repurchase of the security under a repurchase agreement, a Fund may encounter delay and incur costs before being able to sell the security. Such a delay may involve loss of interest or a decline in price of the security. If the court characterizes the transaction as a loan and a Fund has not perfected a security interest in the security, a Fund may be required to return the security to the sellers estate and be treated as an unsecured creditor of the seller. As an unsecured creditor, a Fund would be at risk of losing some or all of the principal and interest involved in the transaction.
Apart from the risk of bankruptcy or insolvency proceedings, there is also the risk that the seller may fail to repurchase the security. However, if the market value of the security subject to the repurchase agreement becomes less than the repurchase price (including accrued interest), a Fund will direct the seller of the security to deliver additional securities so that the market value of all securities subject to the repurchase agreement equals or exceeds the repurchase price. Certain repurchase agreements which provide for settlement in more than seven days can be liquidated before the nominal fixed term on seven days or less notice. Such repurchase agreements will be regarded as liquid instruments.
The Funds, together with other registered investment companies having advisory agreements with the Investment Adviser or its affiliates, may transfer uninvested cash balances into a single joint account, the daily aggregate balance of which will be invested in one or more repurchase agreements.
Reverse Repurchase Agreements
The Funds may borrow money by entering into transactions called reverse repurchase agreements. Under these arrangements, a Fund may sell portfolio securities to dealers in U.S. Government Securities or members of the Federal Reserve System, with an agreement to repurchase the security on an agreed date, price and interest payment. For certain Funds, these reverse repurchase agreements may involve foreign government securities. Reverse repurchase agreements involve the possible risk that the value of portfolio securities the Fund relinquishes may decline below the price the Fund must pay when the transaction closes. Borrowings may magnify the potential for gain or loss on amounts invested resulting in an increase in the speculative character of a Funds outstanding shares.
When a Fund enters into a reverse repurchase agreement, it places in a separate custodial account either liquid assets or other high grade debt securities that have a value equal to or greater than the repurchase price. The account is then continuously monitored by the Investment Adviser to make sure that an appropriate value is maintained. Reverse repurchase agreements are considered to be borrowings under the Act.
Short Sales
The Absolute Return Tracker Fund and Dynamic Allocation Fund may engage in short sales. Short sales are transactions in which a Fund sells a security it does not own in anticipation of a decline in the market value of that security. To complete such a transaction, the Fund must borrow the security to make delivery to the buyer. The Fund then is obligated to replace the security borrowed by purchasing it at the market price at the time of replacement. The price at such time may be more or less than the price at which the security was sold by the Fund. Until the security is replaced, the Fund is required to pay to the lender amounts equal to any dividend which accrues during the period of the loan. To borrow the security, the Fund also may be required to pay a premium, which would increase the cost of the security sold. There will also be other costs associated with short sales.
A Fund will incur a loss as a result of the short sale if the price of the security increases between the date of the short sale and the date on which the Fund replaces the borrowed security. The Fund will realize a gain if the security declines in price between those dates. This result is the opposite of what one would expect from a cash purchase of a long position in a security. The amount of any gain will be decreased, and the amount of any loss increased, by the amount of any premium or amounts in lieu of interest the Fund may be required to pay in connection with a short sale, and will be also decreased by any transaction or other costs.
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Until a Fund replaces a borrowed security in connection with a short sale, the Fund will (a) segregate cash or liquid assets at such a level that the segregated assets plus any amount deposited with the broker as collateral will equal the current value of the security sold short or (b) otherwise cover its short position in accordance with applicable law.
There is no guarantee that a Fund will be able to close out a short position at any particular time or at an acceptable price. During the time that a Fund is short a security, it is subject to the risk that the lender of the security will terminate the loan at a time when the Fund is unable to borrow the same security from another lender. If that occurs, the Fund may be bought in at the price required to purchase the security needed to close out the short position, which may be a disadvantageous price.
The Real Estate Securities Fund, International Real Estate Securities Fund, Absolute Return Tracker Fund and Dynamic Allocation Fund may engage in short sales against the box. As noted above, a short sale is made by selling a security the seller does not own. A short sale is against the box to the extent that the seller contemporaneously owns or has the right to obtain, at no added cost, securities identical to those sold short. It may be entered into by a Fund, for example, to lock in a sales price for a security the Fund does not wish to sell immediately. If a Fund sells securities short against the box, it may protect itself from loss if the price of the securities declines in the future, but will lose the opportunity to profit on such securities if the price rises.
If a Fund effects a short sale of securities at a time when it has an unrealized gain on the securities, it may be required to recognize that gain as if it had actually sold the securities (as a constructive sale) on the date it effects the short sale. However, such constructive sale treatment may not apply if the Fund closes out the short sale with securities other than the appreciated securities held at the time of the short sale and if certain other conditions are satisfied. Uncertainty regarding the tax consequences of effecting short sales may limit the extent to which the Fund may effect short sales.
Mortgage Dollar Rolls
The Absolute Return Tracker Fund, Real Estate Securities Fund, International Real Estate Securities Fund, Commodity Strategy Fund and Dynamic Allocation Fund may enter into mortgage dollar rolls in which a Fund sells securities for delivery in the current month and simultaneously contracts with the same counterparty to repurchase similar, but not identical securities on a specified future date. During the roll period, the Fund loses the right to receive principal and interest paid on the securities sold. However, the Fund would benefit to the extent of any difference between the price received for the securities sold and the lower forward price for the future purchase or fee income plus the interest earned on the cash proceeds of the securities sold until the settlement date of the forward purchase. All cash proceeds will be invested in instruments that are permissible investments for the Fund. The Fund will hold and maintain in a segregated account until the settlement date cash or liquid assets, as permitted by applicable law, in an amount equal to its forward purchase price.
For financial reporting and tax purposes, the Fund treats mortgage dollar rolls as two separate transactions; one involving the purchase of a security and a separate transaction involving a sale. The Fund does not currently intend to enter into mortgage dollar rolls for financing and does not treat them as borrowings.
Mortgage dollar rolls involve certain risks including the following: if the broker-dealer to whom the Fund sells the security becomes insolvent, the Funds right to purchase or repurchase the mortgage-related securities subject to the mortgage dollar roll may be restricted. Also, the instrument which the Fund is required to repurchase may be worth less than an instrument which the Fund originally held. Successful use of mortgage dollar rolls will depend upon the Investment Advisers ability to manage the Funds interest rate and mortgage prepayments exposure. For these reasons, there is no assurance that mortgage dollar rolls can be successfully employed. The use of this technique may diminish the investment performance of the Fund compared to what such performance would have been without the use of mortgage dollar rolls.
Municipal Securities
The Commodity Strategy Fund, Absolute Return Tracker Fund and Dynamic Allocation Fund may invest in municipal securities. Municipal securities consist of bonds, notes and other instruments issued by or on behalf of states, territories and possessions of the United States (including the District of Columbia) and their political subdivisions, agencies or instrumentalities, the interest on which is exempt from regular federal income tax. Municipal securities are often issued to obtain funds for various public purposes. Municipal securities also include private activity bonds or industrial development bonds, which are issued by or on behalf of public authorities to obtain funds for privately operated facilities, such as airports and waste disposal facilities, and, in some cases, commercial and industrial facilities.
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The yields and market values of municipal securities are determined primarily by the general level of interest rates, the creditworthiness of the issuers of municipal securities and economic and political conditions affecting such issuers. Due to their tax exempt status, the yields and market prices of municipal securities may be adversely affected by changes in tax rates and policies, which may have less effect on the market for taxable fixed-income securities. Moreover, certain types of municipal securities, such as housing revenue bonds, involve prepayment risks which could affect the yield on such securities. The credit rating assigned to municipal securities may reflect the existence of guarantees, letters of credit or other credit enhancement features available to the issuers or holders of such municipal securities.
Investments in municipal securities are subject to the risk that the issuer could default on its obligations. Such a default could result from the inadequacy of the sources or revenues from which interest and principal payments are to be made or the assets collateralizing such obligations. Revenue bonds, including private activity bonds, are backed only by specific assets or revenue sources and not by the full faith and credit of the governmental issuer.
Collateralized Debt Obligations
The Commodity Strategy Fund may invest in collateralized debt obligations (CDOs), which include collateralized loan obligations (CLOs), collateralized bond obligations (CBOs), and other similarly structured securities. A CLO is a trust typically collateralized by a pool of loans, which may include, among others, domestic and foreign senior secured loans, senior unsecured loans, and subordinate corporate loans, including loans that may be rated below investment grade or equivalent unrated loans. CDOs may charge management and other administrative fees.
The cashflows from the trust are split into two or more portions, called tranches, varying in risk and yield. The riskiest portion is the equity tranche which bears the bulk of defaults from the bonds or loans in the trust and serves to protect the other, more senior tranches from default in all but the most severe circumstances. Because it is partially protected from defaults, a senior tranche from a CLO trust typically has higher ratings and lower yields than its underlying securities, and can be rated investment grade. Despite the protection from the equity tranche, CLO tranches can experience substantial losses due to actual defaults, increased sensitivity to defaults due to collateral default and disappearance of protecting tranches, market anticipation of defaults, as well as aversion to CLO securities as a class.
The risks of an investment in a CDO depend largely on the type of the collateral securities and the class of the CDO in which the Fund invests. Normally, CLOs and other CDOs are privately offered and sold, and thus, are not registered under the securities laws. As a result, investments in CDOs may be characterized by the Fund as illiquid securities, however an active dealer market may exist for CDOs allowing a CDO to qualify a under the Rule 144A safe harbor from the registration requirements of the Securities Act for resales of certain securities to qualified institutional buyers. In addition to the normal risks associated with fixed income securities discussed elsewhere in this SAI and the Funds Prospectus (e.g., interest rate risk and default risk), CDOs carry additional risks including, but are not limited to, the risk that: (i) distributions from collateral securities may not be adequate to make interest or other payments; (ii) the quality of the collateral may decline in value or default; (iii) the Fund may invest in CDOs that are subordinate to other classes; and (iv) the complex structure of the security may not be fully understood at the time of investment and may produce disputes with the issuer or unexpected investment results.
Non-Diversified Status
Because the Real Estate Securities Fund, International Real Estate Securities Fund, Commodity Strategy Fund and Dynamic Allocation Fund are each non-diversified under the Act, they are subject only to certain federal tax diversification requirements. Under federal tax laws, the Real Estate Securities Fund, International Real Estate Securities Fund, Commodity Strategy Fund and Dynamic Allocation Fund may each, with respect to 50% of its total assets, invest up to 25% of its total assets in the securities of any issuer. With respect to the remaining 50% of each Funds total assets, (i) the Fund may not invest more than 5% of its total assets in the securities of any one issuer, and (ii) the Fund may not acquire more than 10% of the outstanding voting securities of any one issuer. These tests apply at the end of each quarter of the taxable year and are subject to certain conditions and limitations under the Code. These tests do not apply to investments in United States Government Securities and regulated investment companies.
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Temporary Investments
Each Fund may, for temporary defensive purposes, invest a certain percentage of its total assets in: U.S. Government Securities; commercial paper rated at least A-2 by Standard & Poors, P-2 by Moodys or having a comparable rating by another NRSRO (or, if unrated, determined by the Investment Adviser to be of comparable credit quality); certificates of deposit; bankers acceptances; repurchase agreements; non-convertible preferred stocks and non-convertible corporate bonds with a remaining maturity of less than one year; ETFs; other investment companies; and cash items. When a Funds assets are invested in such instruments, the Fund may not be achieving its investment objective.
Portfolio Turnover
Each Fund may engage in active short-term trading to benefit from price disparities among different issues of securities or among the markets for equity securities, or for other reasons. As a result of active management, it is anticipated that the portfolio turnover rate may vary greatly from year to year as well as within a particular year, and may be affected by changes in the holdings of specific issuers, changes in country and currency weightings, cash requirements for redemption of shares and by requirements which enable the Funds to receive favorable tax treatment. The Funds are not restricted by policy with regard to portfolio turnover and will make changes in their investment portfolio from time to time as business and economic conditions as well as market prices may dictate.
Special Note Regarding Recent Market Events
Events in the financial sector over the past several years have resulted in reduced liquidity in credit and fixed income markets and in an unusually high degree of volatility in the financial markets, both domestically and internationally. While entire markets have been impacted, issuers that have exposure to the real estate, mortgage and credit markets have been particularly affected. These events and the potential for continuing market turbulence may have an adverse effect on the Funds investments. It is uncertain how long these conditions will continue.
The instability in the financial markets led the U.S. government to take a number of unprecedented actions designed to support certain financial institutions and certain segments of the financial markets. Federal, state, and foreign governments, regulatory agencies, and self -regulatory organizations may take actions that affect the regulation of the instruments in which the Funds invest, or the issuers of such instruments, in ways that are unforeseeable. Such legislation or regulation could limit or preclude the Funds ability to achieve their investment objectives.
Governments or their agencies may also acquire distressed assets from financial institutions and acquire ownership interests in those institutions. The implications of government ownership and disposition of these assets are unclear, and such ownership or disposition may have positive or negative effects on the liquidity, valuation and performance of the Funds portfolio holdings.
The investment restrictions set forth below have been adopted by the Trust as fundamental policies that cannot be changed with respect to a Fund without the affirmative vote of the holders of a majority of the outstanding voting securities (as defined in the Act) of the affected Fund. The investment objective of each Fund and all other investment policies or practices of each Fund are considered by the Trust not to be fundamental and accordingly may be changed without shareholder approval. For purposes of the Act, a majority of the outstanding voting securities means the lesser of (a) 67% or more of the shares of the Trust or a Fund present at a meeting, if the holders of more than 50% of the outstanding shares of the Trust or a Fund are present or represented by proxy, or (b) more than 50% of the shares of the Trust or a Fund.
For purposes of the following limitations, any limitation which involves a maximum percentage shall not be considered violated unless an excess over the percentage occurs immediately after, and is caused by, an acquisition or encumbrance of securities or assets of, or borrowings by, a Fund. With respect to the Funds fundamental investment restriction number (3) below, asset coverage of at least 300% (as defined in the Act), inclusive of any amounts borrowed, must be maintained at all times.
Fundamental Investment Restrictions
Each Fund may, notwithstanding any other fundamental investment restriction or policy, invest some or all of its assets in a single open-end investment company or series thereof with substantially the same fundamental investment objective, restrictions and policies as the Fund.
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Absolute Return Tracker Fund
As a matter of fundamental policy, the Fund may not:
(1) | Invest 25% of its total assets in the securities of one or more issuers conducting their principal business activities in the same industry or group of industries (excluding the U.S. Government or any of its agencies or instrumentalities). Nonetheless, to the extent one or more Component Market Factors are or become concentrated in a particular industry or group of industries, the Funds investments may exceed this 25% limitation to the extent that it is necessary to gain exposure to those Component Market Factors to track the GS-ART Index. | |
(2) | Borrow money, except (a) the Fund may borrow from banks (as defined in the Act) or through reverse repurchase agreements in amounts up to 33-1/3% of its total assets (including the amount borrowed), (b) the Fund may, to the extent permitted by applicable law, borrow up to an additional 5% of its total assets for temporary purposes, (c) the Fund may obtain such short-term credits as may be necessary for the clearance of purchases and sales of portfolio securities, (d) the Fund may purchase securities on margin to the extent permitted by applicable law, and (e) the Fund may engage in portfolio transactions, such as mortgage dollar rolls which are accounted for as financings. | |
The following interpretation applies to, but is not part of, this fundamental policy: In determining whether a particular investment in portfolio instruments or participation in portfolio transactions is subject to this borrowing policy, the accounting treatment of such instrument or participation shall be considered, but shall not by itself be determinative. Whether a particular instrument or transaction constitutes a borrowing shall be determined by the Board, after consideration of all of the relevant circumstances. | ||
(3) | Make loans, except through (a) the purchase of debt obligations in accordance with the Funds investment objective and policies, (b) repurchase agreements with banks, brokers, dealers and other financial institutions, and (c) loans of securities as permitted by applicable law. | |
(4) | Underwrite securities issued by others, except to the extent that the sale of portfolio securities by the Fund may be deemed to be an underwriting. | |
(5) | Purchase, hold or deal in real estate, although the Fund may purchase and sell securities or other investments that are secured by real estate or interests therein or that reflect the return of an index of real estate values, securities of real estate investment trusts and mortgage-related securities and may hold and sell real estate acquired by the Fund as a result of the ownership of securities. | |
(6) | Invest in commodities or commodity contracts, except that the Fund may invest in currency and financial instruments and contracts, including structured notes, futures contracts and options on such contracts, that are commodities or commodity contracts or that represent indices of commodities prices or that reflect the return of such indices. | |
(7) | Issue senior securities to the extent such issuance would violate applicable law. |
The Fund was previously registered as a non-diversified investment company. Pursuant to current positions of the SEC staff, the Funds classification has changed from non-diversified to diversified, and the Fund will not be able to become non-diversified unless it seeks and obtains the approval of shareholders. Accordingly, the Fund may not make any investment inconsistent with the Funds classification as a diversified company under the Act.
Commodity Strategy Fund
As a matter of fundamental policy, the Fund may not:
(1) | Invest 25% or more of its total assets in the securities of one or more issuers conducting their principal business activities in the same industry (excluding the U.S. Government or any of its agencies or instrumentalities) except that this restriction shall not apply to the Funds counterparties in foreign currency transactions. |
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(2) | Borrow money, except (a) to the extent permitted by applicable law, the Fund may borrow from banks (as defined in the Act), other affiliated investment companies and other persons or through reverse repurchase agreements in amounts up to 33-1/3% of its total assets (including the amount borrowed), (b) the Fund may, to the extent permitted by applicable law, borrow up to an additional 5% of its total assets for temporary purposes, (c) the Fund may obtain such short-term credits as may be necessary for the clearance of purchases and sales of portfolio securities, (d) the Fund may purchase securities on margin to the extent permitted by applicable law and (e) the Fund may engage in transactions in mortgage dollar rolls which are accounted for as financings. | |
The following interpretation applies to, but is not part of, this fundamental policy: In determining whether a particular investment in portfolio instruments or participation in portfolio transactions is subject to this borrowing policy, the accounting treatment of such instrument or participation shall be considered, but shall not by itself be determinative. Whether a particular instrument or transaction constitutes a borrowing shall be determined by the Board, after consideration of all of the relevant circumstances. | ||
(3) | Make loans, except through (a) the purchase of debt obligations in accordance with the Funds investment objective and policies, (b) repurchase agreements with banks, brokers, dealers and other financial institutions, (c) loans of securities as permitted by applicable law and (d) loans to affiliates of the Fund to the extent permitted by law. | |
(4) | Underwrite securities issued by others, except to the extent that the sale of portfolio securities by the Fund may be deemed to be an underwriting. | |
(5) | Purchase, hold or deal in real estate, although the Fund may purchase and sell securities that are secured by real estate or interests therein, securities of real estate investment trusts and mortgage-related securities and may hold and sell real estate acquired by the Fund as a result of the ownership of securities. | |
(6) | Invest in commodities or commodity contracts, except that the Fund may invest in currency and financial instruments and contracts that are commodities or commodity contracts. | |
(7) | Issue senior securities to the extent such issuance would violate applicable law. |
Dynamic Allocation Fund
As a matter of fundamental policy, the Fund may not:
(1) | Invest 25% of its total assets in the securities of one or more issuers conducting their principal business activities in the same group of industries (excluding the U.S. Government or any of its agencies or instrumentalities). | |
(2) | Borrow money, except (a) the Fund may borrow from banks (as defined in the Act), or through reverse repurchase agreements in amounts up to 33-1/3% of its total assets (including the amount borrowed), (b) the Fund may, to the extent permitted by applicable law, borrow up to an additional 5% of its total assets for temporary purposes, (c) the Fund may obtain such short-term credits as may be necessary for the clearance of purchases and sales of portfolio securities, (d) the Fund may purchase securities on margin to the extent permitted by applicable law and (e) the Fund may engage in transactions in mortgage dollar rolls which are accounted for as financings. | |
The following interpretation applies to, but is not part of, this fundamental policy: In determining whether a particular investment in portfolio instruments or participation in portfolio transactions is subject to this borrowing policy, the accounting treatment of such instrument or participation shall be considered, but shall not by itself be determinative. Whether a particular instrument or transaction constitutes a borrowing shall be determined by the Board, after consideration of all of the relevant circumstances. | ||
(3) | Make loans, except through (a) the purchase of debt obligations in accordance with the Funds investment objective and policies, (b) repurchase agreements with banks, brokers, dealers and other financial institutions, and (c) loans of securities as permitted by applicable law. | |
(4) | Underwrite securities issued by others, except to the extent that the sale of portfolio securities by the Fund may be deemed to be an underwriting. |
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(5) | Purchase, hold or deal in real estate, although the Fund may purchase and sell securities or investments that are secured by real estate or interests therein, or that reflect the return of an index of real estate values, and may hold and sell real estate acquired by the Fund as a result of the ownership of securities. | |
(6) | Invest in commodities or commodity contracts, except that the Fund may invest in currency and financial instruments and contracts, including structured notes, futures contracts and options on such contracts, that are commodities or commodity contracts or that represent indices of commodities prices or that reflect the return of such indices. | |
(7) | Issue senior securities to the extent such issuance would violate applicable law. |
Real Estate Securities Fund
As a matter of fundamental policy, the Fund may not:
(1) | Invest 25% or more of its total assets in the securities of one or more issuers conducting their principal business activities in the same industry (excluding the U.S. Government or any of its agencies or instrumentalities), except that the Fund will invest at least 25% or more of its total assets in the real estate industry. | |
(2) | Borrow money, except (a) the Fund may borrow from banks (as defined in the Act) or through reverse repurchase agreements in amounts up to 33-1/3% of its total assets (including the amount borrowed), (b) the Fund may, to the extent permitted by applicable law, borrow up to an additional 5% of its total assets for temporary purposes, (c) the Fund may obtain such short-term credits as may be necessary for the clearance of purchases and sales of portfolio securities, (d) the Fund may purchase securities on margin to the extent permitted by applicable law, and (e) the Fund may engage in portfolio transactions, such as mortgage dollar rolls which are accounted for as financings. | |
The following interpretation applies to, but is not part of, this fundamental policy: In determining whether a particular investment in portfolio instruments or participation in portfolio transactions is subject to this borrowing policy, the accounting treatment of such instrument or participation shall be considered, but shall not by itself be determinative. Whether a particular instrument or transaction constitutes a borrowing shall be determined by the Board, after consideration of all of the relevant circumstances. | ||
(3) | Make loans, except through (a) the purchase of debt obligations in accordance with the Funds investment objective and policies, (b) repurchase agreements with banks, brokers, dealers and other financial institutions, and (c) loans of securities as permitted by applicable law. | |
(4) | Underwrite securities issued by others, except to the extent that the sale of portfolio securities by the Fund may be deemed to be an underwriting. | |
(5) | Purchase, hold or deal in real estate, although the Fund may purchase and sell securities that are secured by real estate or interests therein, securities of real estate investment trusts and mortgage-related securities and may hold and sell real estate acquired by the Fund as a result of the ownership of securities. | |
(5) | Invest in commodities or commodity contracts, except that the Fund may invest in currency and financial instruments and contracts that are commodities or commodity contracts. | |
(6) | Issue senior securities to the extent such issuance would violate applicable law. |
International Real Estate Securities Fund
As a matter of fundamental policy, the Fund may not:
(1) | Invest 25% or more of its total assets in the securities of one or more issuers conducting their principal business activities in the same industry (excluding the U.S. Government or any of its agencies or instrumentalities), except that the Fund will invest at least 25% or more of its total assets in the real estate industry. |
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(2) | Borrow money, except (a) to the extent permitted by applicable law, the Fund may borrow from banks (as defined in the Act), other affiliated investment companies and other persons or through reverse repurchase agreements in amounts up to 33-1/3% of its total assets (including the amount borrowed); (b) the Fund may, to the extent permitted by applicable law, borrow up to an additional 5% of its total assets for temporary purposes, (c) the Fund may obtain such short-term credits as may be necessary for the clearance of purchases and sales of portfolio securities, (d) the Fund may purchase securities on margin to the extent permitted by applicable law and (e) the Fund may engage in transactions in mortgage dollar rolls which are accounted for as financings. |
The following interpretation applies to, but is not part of, this fundamental policy: In determining whether a particular investment in portfolio instruments or participation in portfolio transactions is subject to this borrowing policy, the accounting treatment of such instrument or participation shall be considered, but shall not by itself be determinative. Whether a particular instrument or transaction constitutes a borrowing shall be determined by the Board, after consideration of all of the relevant circumstances.
(3) | Make loans, except through (a) the purchase of debt obligations in accordance with the Funds investment objective and policies, (b) repurchase agreements with banks, brokers, dealers and other financial institutions, (c) loans of securities as permitted by applicable law and (d) loans to affiliates of the Fund to the extent permitted by law. |
(5) | Underwrite securities issued by others, except to the extent that the sale of portfolio securities by the Fund may be deemed to be an underwriting. |
(6) | Purchase, hold or deal in real estate, although the Fund may purchase and sell securities that are secured by real estate or interests therein, securities of real estate investment trusts and other entities and companies in the real estate industry, and mortgage-related securities and may hold and sell real estate acquired by the Fund as a result of the ownership of securities. |
(7) | Invest in commodities or commodity contracts, except that the Fund may invest in currency and financial instruments and contracts that are commodities or commodity contracts. |
(8) | Issue senior securities to the extent such issuance would violate applicable law. |
Non-Fundamental Investment Restrictions
In addition to the fundamental policies mentioned above, the Trustees have adopted the following non-fundamental policies which can be changed or amended by action of the Trustees without approval of shareholders. Again, for purposes of the following limitations, any limitation which involves a maximum percentage shall not be considered violated unless an excess over the percentage occurs immediately after, and is caused by, an acquisition of securities by a Fund.
Absolute Return Tracker and Dynamic Allocation Funds
A Fund may not:
(a) | Invest in companies for the purpose of exercising control or management. |
(b) | Invest more than 15% of the Funds net assets in illiquid investments including illiquid repurchase agreements with a notice or demand period of more than seven days, securities which are not readily marketable and restricted securities not eligible for resale pursuant to Rule 144A under the Securities Act of 1933 (1933 Act). |
(c) | Purchase additional securities if the Funds borrowings, as permitted by the Funds borrowing policy, exceed 5% of its net assets. |
Commodity Strategy Fund
The Fund may not:
(a) | Invest in companies for the purpose of exercising control or management. |
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(b) | Invest more than 15% of the Funds net assets in illiquid investments including illiquid repurchase agreements with a notice or demand period of more than seven days, securities which are not readily marketable and restricted securities not eligible for resale pursuant to Rule 144A under the Securities Act of 1933 (1933 Act). |
(c) | Purchase additional securities if the Funds borrowings, as permitted by the Funds borrowing policy, exceed 5% of its net assets. Mortgage dollar rolls are not subject to this limitation. |
(d) | Make short sales of securities. |
Real Estate Securities and International Real Estate Securities Funds
A Fund may not:
(a) | Invest in companies for the purpose of exercising control or management. |
(b) | Invest more than 15% of the Funds net assets in illiquid investments including illiquid repurchase agreements with a notice or demand period of more than seven days, securities which are not readily marketable and restricted securities not eligible for resale pursuant to Rule 144A under the Securities Act of 1933 (1933 Act). |
(c) | Purchase additional securities if the Funds borrowings, as permitted by the Funds borrowing policy, exceed 5% of its net assets. Mortgage dollar rolls are not subject to this limitation. |
(d) | Make short sales of securities except that the Fund may make short sales against the box. |
The Trusts Leadership Structure
The business and affairs of the Funds are managed under the direction of the Board of Trustees (the Board), subject to the laws of the State of Delaware and the Trusts Declaration of Trust. The Trustees are responsible for deciding matters of overall policy and reviewing the actions of the Trusts service providers. The officers of the Trust conduct and supervise each Funds daily business operations. Trustees who are not deemed to be interested persons of the Trust as defined in the Act are referred to as Independent Trustees. Trustees who are deemed to be interested persons of the Trust are referred to as Interested Trustees. The Board is currently composed of seven Independent Trustees and two Interested Trustees. The Board has selected an Independent Trustee to act as Chairman, whose duties include presiding at meetings of the Board and acting as a focal point to address significant issues that may arise between regularly scheduled Board and Committee meetings. In the performance of the Chairmans duties, the Chairman will consult with the other Independent Trustees and the Funds officers and legal counsel, as appropriate. The Chairman may perform other functions as requested by the Board from time to time.
The Board meets as often as necessary to discharge its responsibilities. Currently, the Board conducts regular, in-person meetings at least six times a year, and holds special in-person or telephonic meetings as necessary to address specific issues that require attention prior to the next regularly scheduled meeting. In addition, the Independent Trustees meet at least annually to review, among other things, investment management agreements, distribution (Rule 12b-1) and/or service plans and related agreements, transfer agency agreements and certain other agreements providing for the compensation of Goldman Sachs and/or its affiliates by the Funds, and to consider such other matters as they deem appropriate.
The Board has established six standing committees Audit, Governance and Nominating, Compliance, Valuation, Dividend and Contract Review Committees. The Board may establish other committees, or nominate one or more Trustees to examine particular issues related to the Boards oversight responsibilities, from time to time. Each Committee meets periodically to perform its delegated oversight functions and reports its findings and recommendations to the Board. For more information on the Committees, see the section STANDING BOARD COMMITTEES, below.
The Trustees have determined that the Trusts leadership structure is appropriate because it allows the Trustees to effectively perform their oversight responsibilities.
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Trustees of the Trust
Information pertaining to the Trustees of the Trust as of August 24, 2012 is set forth below.
Independent Trustees | ||||||||||
Term of | Number of | |||||||||
Office and | Portfolios in | |||||||||
Position(s) | Length of | Fund Complex | Other | |||||||
Name, | Held with the | Time | Principal Occupation(s) | Overseen by | Directorships | |||||
Address and Age1 |
Trust |
Served2 |
During Past 5 Years |
Trustee3 |
Held by Trustee4 | |||||
Ashok N. Bakhru Age: 70 |
Chairman of the Board of Trustees |
Since 1996 (Trustee
since |
Mr. Bakhru is retired. He is President, ABN Associates (19941996 and 1998Present); Director, Apollo Investment Corporation (a business development company) (2008-Present); Member of Cornell University Council (19922004 and 2006Present); Trustee, Scholarship America (19982005); Trustee, Institute for Higher Education Policy (20032008); Director, Private Equity InvestorsIII and IV (19982007), and Equity-Linked Investors II (April 20022007).
Chairman of the Board of TrusteesGoldman Sachs Mutual Fund Complex. |
109 | Apollo Investment Corporation (a business development company) | |||||
Donald C. Burke Age: 52 |
Trustee | Since 2010 | Mr. Burke is retired. He is Director, Avista Corp. (2011-Present); and was formerly a Director, BlackRock Luxembourg and Cayman Funds (20062010); President and Chief Executive Officer, BlackRock U.S. Funds (20072009); Managing Director, BlackRock, Inc. (20062009); Managing Director, Merrill Lynch Investment Managers, L.P. (MLIM) (2006); First Vice President, MLIM (19972005); Chief Financial Officer and Treasurer, MLIM U.S. Funds (19992006).
TrusteeGoldman Sachs Mutual Fund Complex. |
109 | Avista Corp. (an energy company) | |||||
John P. Coblentz, Jr. Age: 71 |
Trustee | Since 2003 | Mr. Coblentz is retired. Formerly, he was Partner, Deloitte & Touche LLP (19752003); Director, Emerging Markets Group, Ltd. (20042006); and Director, Elderhostel, Inc. (2006Present).
TrusteeGoldman Sachs Mutual Fund Complex. |
109 | None |
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Independent Trustees | ||||||||||
Term of | Number of | |||||||||
Office and | Portfolios in | |||||||||
Position(s) | Length of | Fund Complex | Other | |||||||
Name, | Held with the | Time | Principal Occupation(s) | Overseen by | Directorships | |||||
Address and Age1 |
Trust |
Served2 |
During Past 5 Years |
Trustee3 |
Held by Trustee4 | |||||
Diana M. Daniels Age: 63 |
Trustee | Since 2007 | Ms. Daniels is retired. Formerly, she was Vice President, General Counsel and Secretary, The Washington Post Company (19912006). Ms. Daniels is a Vice Chairman of the Board of Trustees, Cornell University (2009Present); Member, Advisory Board, Psychology Without Borders (international humanitarian aid organization) (since 2007), and former Member of the Legal Advisory Board, New York Stock Exchange (20032006) and of the Corporate Advisory Board, Standish Mellon Management Advisors (20062007).
TrusteeGoldman Sachs Mutual Fund Complex. |
109 | None | |||||
Joseph P. LoRusso Age: 55 |
Trustee | Since 2010 | Mr. LoRusso is retired. Formerly, he was President, Fidelity Investments Institutional Services Co. (FIIS) (20022008); Director, FIIS (20022008); Director, Fidelity Investments Institutional Operations Company (20032007); Executive Officer, Fidelity Distributors Corporation (20072008).
TrusteeGoldman Sachs Mutual Fund Complex. |
109 | None | |||||
Jessica Palmer Age: 63 |
Trustee | Since 2007 | Ms. Palmer is retired. She is a Director, Emerson Center for the Arts and Culture (2011Present); and was formerly a Consultant, Citigroup Human Resources Department (20072008); Managing Director, Citigroup Corporate and Investment Banking (previously, Salomon Smith Barney/Salomon Brothers) (19842006). Ms. Palmer was a Member of the Board of Trustees of Indian Mountain School (private elementary and secondary school) (20042009). |
109 | None | |||||
TrusteeGoldman Sachs Mutual Fund Complex. |
||||||||||
Richard P. Strubel Age: 73 |
Trustee | Since 1987 | Mr. Strubel is retired. Formerly, he was Director, Cardean Learning Group (provider of educational services via the internet) (20032008); Trustee Emeritus, The University of Chicago (1987Present).
TrusteeGoldman Sachs Mutual Fund Complex. |
109 | The Northern Trust Mutual Fund Complex (64 Portfolios) (Chairman of the Board of Trustees); Gildan Activewear Inc. (a clothing marketing and manufacturing company) |
B-52
Interested Trustees | ||||||||||
Term of | Number of | |||||||||
Office and | Portfolios in | |||||||||
Position(s) | Length of | Fund Complex | Other | |||||||
Name, | Held with the | Time | Principal Occupation(s) | Overseen by | Directorships | |||||
Address and Age1 |
Trust |
Served2 |
During Past 5 Years |
Trustee3 |
Held by Trustee4 | |||||
James A. McNamara* Age: 49 |
President and Trustee | Since 2007 | Managing Director, Goldman Sachs (December 1998Present); Director of Institutional Fund Sales, GSAM (April 1998December 2000); and Senior Vice President and Manager, Dreyfus Institutional Service Corporation (January 1993April 1998).
PresidentGoldman Sachs Mutual Fund Complex (November 2007Present); Senior Vice PresidentGoldman Sachs Mutual Fund Complex (May 2007November 2007); and Vice PresidentGoldman Sachs Mutual Fund Complex (20012007).
TrusteeGoldman Sachs Mutual Fund Complex (since November 2007 and December 2002May 2004). |
109 | None | |||||
Alan A. Shuch* Age: 62 |
Trustee | Since 1990 | Advisory DirectorGSAM (May 1999Present); Consultant to GSAM (December 1994May 1999); and Limited Partner, Goldman Sachs (December 1994May 1999).
TrusteeGoldman Sachs Mutual Fund Complex. |
109 | None |
* | These persons are considered to be Interested Trustees because they hold positions with Goldman Sachs and own securities issued by The Goldman Sachs Group, Inc. Each Interested Trustee holds comparable positions with certain other companies of which Goldman Sachs, GSAM or an affiliate thereof is the investment adviser, administrator and/or distributor. |
1 | Each Trustee may be contacted by writing to the Trustee, c/o Goldman Sachs, 200 West Street, New York, New York, 10282, Attn: Caroline Kraus. |
2 | Each Trustee holds office for an indefinite term until the earliest of: (a) the election of his or her successor; (b) the date the Trustee resigns or is removed by the Board of Trustees or shareholders, in accordance with the Trusts Declaration of Trust; (c) the conclusion of the first Board meeting held subsequent to the day the Trustee attains the age of 74 years (in accordance with the current resolutions of the Board of Trustees, which may be changed by the Trustees without shareholder vote); or (d) the termination of the Trust. |
3 | The Goldman Sachs Mutual Fund Complex consists of the Trust, Goldman Sachs Municipal Opportunity Fund, Goldman Sachs Credit Strategies Fund and Goldman Sachs Variable Insurance Trust. As of August 24, 2012, the Trust consisted of 95 portfolios (87 of which currently offer shares to the public), Goldman Sachs Variable Insurance Trust consisted of 12 portfolios (11 of which currently offer shares to the public), and the Goldman Sachs Municipal Opportunity Fund did not offer shares to the public. |
4 | This column includes only directorships of companies required to report to the SEC under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 (i.e., public companies) or other investment companies registered under the Act. |
The significance or relevance of a Trustees particular experience, qualifications, attributes and/or skills is considered by the Board on an individual basis. Experience, qualifications, attributes and/or skills common to all Trustees include the ability to critically review, evaluate and discuss information provided to them and to interact effectively with the other Trustees and with representatives of the Investment Adviser and its affiliates, other service providers, legal counsel and the Funds independent registered public accounting firm, the capacity to address financial and legal issues and exercise reasonable business judgment, and a commitment to the representation of the interests of the Funds and their shareholders. The Governance and Nominating Committees charter contains certain other factors that are considered by the Governance and Nominating Committee in identifying and evaluating potential nominees to serve as Independent Trustees. Based on each Trustees experience, qualifications, attributes and/or skills, considered individually and with respect to the experience, qualifications attributes and/or skills of other Trustees, the Board has concluded that each Trustee should serve as a Trustee. Below is a brief discussion of the experience, qualifications, attributes and/or skills of each individual Trustee as of January 5, 2012 that led the Board to conclude that such individual should serve as a Trustee.
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Ashok N. Bakhru. Mr. Bakhru has served as a Trustee since 1991 and Chairman of the Board since 1996. Mr. Bakhru serves as President of ABN Associates, a management and financial consulting firm, and is a Director of Apollo Investment Corporation, a business development company. Previously, Mr. Bakhru was the Chief Financial Officer, Chief Administrative Officer and Director of Coty Inc., a multinational cosmetics, fragrance and personal care company. Previously, Mr. Bakhru held several senior management positions at Scott Paper Company, a major manufacturer of paper products, including Senior Vice President and Chief Financial Officer. Mr. Bakhru also serves on the Governing Council of the Independent Directors Council and the Board of Governors of the Investment Company Institute. He also serves on the Advisory Board of BoardIQ, an investment publication. In addition, Mr. Bakhru has served as Director of Equity-Linked Investments II and Private Equity Investors III and IV, which are private equity partnerships based in New York City. Mr. Bakhru was also a Director of Arkwright Mutual Insurance Company. Based on the foregoing, Mr. Bakhru is experienced with financial and investment matters.
Donald C. Burke. Mr. Burke has served as Trustee since 2010. Mr. Burke serves as a Director of Avista Corp., an energy company. Mr. Burke was a Managing Director of BlackRock, Inc., where he was President and Chief Executive Officer of BlackRocks U.S. funds and a director and chairman of several offshore funds advised by BlackRock. As President and Chief Executive Officer of BlackRocks U.S. funds, he was responsible for all accounting, tax and regulatory reporting requirements for over 300 open-end and closed-end BlackRock funds. Previously, he was a Managing Director, First Vice President and Vice President of Merrill Lynch Investment Managers, L.P. (MLIM), where he worked for 16 years prior to MLIMs merger with BlackRock, and was instrumental in the integration of BlackRocks and MLIMs operating infrastructure following the merger. While at MLIM, he was Chief Financial Officer and Treasurer of MLIMs U.S. funds and Head of Global Operations and Client Services, where he was responsible for the development and maintenance of MLIMs operating infrastructure across the Americas, Europe and the Pacific Rim. He also developed controls for the MLIM U.S. funds financial statement certification process to comply with the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, worked with fund auditors in connection with the funds annual audits and established the department responsible for all tax issues impacting the MLIM U.S. funds. Previously, Mr. Burke was Tax Manager at Deloitte & Touche, where he was designated as one of the firms lead specialists in the investment company industry, and advised multinational corporations, partnerships, universities and high net worth individuals in tax matters. Mr. Burke is a certified public accountant. Based on the foregoing, Mr. Burke is experienced with accounting, financial and investment matters.
John P. Coblentz, Jr. Mr. Coblentz has served as Trustee since 2003. Mr. Coblentz has been designated as the Boards audit committee financial expert given his extensive accounting and finance experience. Mr. Coblentz was a partner with Deloitte & Touche LLP for 28 years. While at Deloitte & Touche LLP, Mr. Coblentz was lead partner responsible for all auditing and accounting services to a variety of large, global companies, a significant portion of which operated in the financial services industry. Mr. Coblentz was also the national managing partner for the firms risk management function, a member of the firms Management Committee and the first managing partner of the firms Financial Advisory Services practice, which brought together the firms mergers and acquisition services, forensic and dispute services, corporate finance, asset valuation and reorganization businesses under one management structure. He served as a member of the firms Board of Directors. Mr. Coblentz also currently serves as a Director of Elderhostel, Inc., a not-for-profit organization. Mr. Coblentz is a certified public accountant. Based on the foregoing, Mr. Coblentz is experienced with accounting, financial and investment matters.
Diana M. Daniels. Ms. Daniels has served as Trustee since 2007. Ms. Daniels also serves as Vice Chair of the Board of Trustees of Cornell University. Ms. Daniels held several senior management positions at The Washington Post Company and its subsidiaries, where she worked for 29 years. While at The Washington Post Company, Ms. Daniels served as Vice Present, General Counsel, Secretary to the Board of Directors and Secretary to the Audit Committee. Previously, Ms. Daniels served as Vice President and General Counsel of Newsweek, Inc. Ms. Daniels has also served as a member of the Corporate Advisory Board of Standish Mellon Management Advisors and of the Legal Advisory Board of New York Stock Exchange. Ms. Daniels is also a member of the American Law Institute and of the Advisory Council of the Inter-American Press Association. Based on the foregoing, Ms. Daniels is experienced with legal, financial and investment matters.
Joseph P. LoRusso. Mr. LoRusso has served as Trustee since 2010. Mr. LoRusso held a number of senior management positions at Fidelity Investments for over 15 years, where he was most recently President of Fidelity Investments Institutional Services Co. (FIIS). As President of FIIS, Mr. LoRusso oversaw the development, distribution and servicing of Fidelitys investment and retirement products through various financial intermediaries. Previously, he served as President, Executive Vice President and Senior Vice President of Fidelity Institutional Retirement Services Co., where he helped establish Fidelitys 401(k) business and built it into the largest in the U.S. In these positions, he oversaw sales, marketing, implementation, client services, operations and technology. Mr. LoRusso also served on Fidelitys Executive Management Committee. Prior to his experience with Fidelity, he was Second Vice President in the Investment and Pension Group of John Hancock Mutual Life Insurance, where he had responsibility for developing and running the companys 401(k) business. Previously, he worked at The Equitable (now a subsidiary of AXA Financial), where he was Product Manager of the companys then-nascent 401(k) business, and at Arthur Andersen & Co. (now Accenture), as a Senior Consultant within the firms consulting practice. Based on the foregoing, Mr. LoRusso is experienced with financial and investment matters.
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Jessica Palmer. Ms. Palmer has served as Trustee since 2007. Ms. Palmer serves as a Director of Emerson Center for the Arts and Culture, a not-for-profit organization. Ms. Palmer worked at Citigroup Corporate and Investment Banking (previously, Salomon Smith Barney/Salomon Brothers) for over 20 years, where she was a Managing Director. While at Citigroup Corporate and Investment Banking, Ms. Palmer was Head of Global Risk Management, Chair of the Global Commitment Committee, Co-Chair of International Investment Banking (New York) and Head of Fixed Income Capital Markets. Ms. Palmer was also a member of the Management Committee and Risk Management Operating Committee of Citigroup, Inc. Prior to that, Ms. Palmer was a Vice President at Goldman Sachs in its international corporate finance department. Ms. Palmer was also Assistant Vice President of the International Division at Wells Fargo Bank, N.A. Ms. Palmer was also a member of the Board of Trustees of a private elementary and secondary school. Based on the foregoing, Ms. Palmer is experienced with financial and investment matters.
Richard P. Strubel. Mr. Strubel has served as Trustee since 1987. Mr. Strubel also serves as Chairman of the Northern Funds, a family of retail and institutional mutual funds managed by The Northern Trust Company. He also serves on the board of Gildan Activewear Inc., which is listed on the New York Stock Exchange (NYSE). Mr. Strubel was Vice-Chairman of the Board of Cardean Learning Group (formerly known as Unext), and previously served as Unexts President and Chief Operating Officer. Mr. Strubel was Managing Director of Tandem Partners, Inc., a privately-held management services firm, and served as President and Chief Executive Officer of Microdot, Inc. Previously, Mr. Strubel served as President of Northwest Industries, then a NYSE-listed company, a conglomerate with various operating entities located around the country. Before joining Northwest, Mr. Strubel was an associate and later managing principal of Fry Consultants, a management consulting firm based in Chicago. Mr. Strubel is also a Trustee Emeritus of the University of Chicago and is an adjunct professor at the University of Chicago Booth School of Business. Based on the foregoing, Mr. Strubel is experienced with financial and investment matters.
James A. McNamara. Mr. McNamara has served as Trustee and President of the Trust since 2007 and has served as an officer of the Trust since 2001. Mr. McNamara is a Managing Director at Goldman Sachs. Mr. McNamara is currently head of Global Third Party Distribution at GSAM, where he was previously head of U.S. Third Party Distribution. Prior to that role, Mr. McNamara served as Director of Institutional Fund Sales. Prior to joining Goldman Sachs, Mr. McNamara was Vice President and Manager at Dreyfus Institutional Service Corporation. Based on the foregoing, Mr. McNamara is experienced with financial and investment matters.
Alan A. Shuch. Mr. Shuch has served as a Trustee since 1990. Mr. Shuch is an Advisory Director to Goldman Sachs. Mr. Shuch serves on the Board of Trustees of a number of offshore funds managed by GSAM. He serves on GSAMs Valuation and Brokerage Allocation Committees. Prior to retiring as a general partner of Goldman Sachs in 1994, Mr. Shuch was president and chief operating officer of GSAM which he founded in 1988. Mr. Shuch joined the Goldman Sachs Fixed Income Division in 1976. He was instrumental in building Goldman Sachs Corporate Bond Department and served as co-head of the Global Fixed Income Sales and the High Yield Bond and Preferred Stock Departments. He headed the Portfolio Restructuring and Fixed Income Quantitative and Credit Research Departments. Mr. Shuch also served on a variety of firm-wide committees including the International Executive, New Product and Strategic Planning Committees and was a member of the Stone Street/Bridge Street Private Equity Board. Mr. Shuch serves on Whartons Graduate Executive Board. Based on the foregoing, Mr. Shuch is experienced with financial and investment matters.
B-55
Officers of the Trust
Information pertaining to the officers of the Trust as of August 24, 2012 is set forth below.
Term of Office and | ||||||
Position(s) Held | Length of | |||||
Name, Age And Address |
With the Trust |
Time Served1 |
Principal Occupation(s) During Past 5 Years | |||
James A. McNamara 200 West Street New York, NY 10282 Age: 49 |
Trustee and President | Since 2007 | Managing Director, Goldman Sachs (December 1998 Present); Director of Institutional Fund Sales, GSAM (April 1998 December 2000); and Senior Vice President and Manager, Dreyfus Institutional Service Corporation (January 1993 April 1998).
President Goldman Sachs Mutual Fund Complex (November 2007 Present); Senior Vice President Goldman Sachs Mutual Fund Complex (May 2007 November 2007); and Vice President Goldman Sachs Mutual Fund Complex (2001 2007).
TrusteeGoldman Sachs Mutual Fund Complex (since November 2007Present and December 2002May 2004). | |||
Scott McHugh 200 West Street New York, NY 10282 Age: 40 |
Treasurer and Senior Vice President |
Since 2009 | Vice President, Goldman Sachs (February 2007 Present); Assistant Treasurer of certain mutual funds administered by DWS Scudder (2005 2007); and Director (2005 2007), Vice President (2000-2005), Assistant Vice President (1998 2000), Deutsche Asset Management or its predecessor (1998 2007).
Treasurer Goldman Sachs Mutual Fund Complex (October 2009 Present); Senior Vice President Goldman Sachs Mutual Fund Complex (November 2009 Present); and Assistant Treasurer Goldman Sachs Mutual Fund Complex (May 2007 October 2009). | |||
George F. Travers 30 Hudson Street Jersey City, NJ 07302 Age: 44 |
Senior Vice President and Principal Financial Officer | Since 2009 | Managing Director, Goldman Sachs (2007 Present); Managing Director, UBS Ag (2005 2007); and Partner, Deloitte & Touche LLP (1990 2005, partner from 2000 2005).
Senior Vice President and Principal Financial Officer Goldman Sachs Mutual Fund Complex. | |||
Philip V. Giuca, Jr. 30 Hudson Street Jersey City, NJ 07302 Age: 50 |
Assistant Treasurer | Since 1997 | Vice President, Goldman Sachs (May 1992 Present). Assistant Treasurer Goldman Sachs Mutual Fund Complex. | |||
Peter Fortner 30 Hudson Street Jersey City, NJ 07302 Age: 54 |
Assistant Treasurer | Since 2000 | Vice President, Goldman Sachs (July 2000 Present); Principal Financial Officer, Commerce Bank Mutual Fund Complex (2008 Present); Associate, Prudential Insurance Company of America (November 1985 June 2000); and Assistant Treasurer, certain closed-end funds administered by Prudential (1999 2000).
Assistant Treasurer Goldman Sachs Mutual Fund Complex. |
B-56
Term of Office and | ||||||
Position(s) Held | Length of | |||||
Name, Age And Address |
With the Trust |
Time Served1 |
Principal Occupation(s) During Past 5 Years | |||
Kenneth G. Curran 30 Hudson Street Jersey City, NJ 07302 Age: 48 |
Assistant Treasurer | Since 2001 | Vice President, Goldman Sachs (November 1998 Present); and Senior Tax Manager, KPMG Peat Marwick (accountants) (August 1995 October 1998).
Assistant Treasurer Goldman Sachs Mutual Fund Complex. | |||
Jesse Cole 71 South Wacker Drive Chicago, IL 60606 Age: 49 |
Vice President | Since 1998 | Managing Director, Goldman Sachs (December 2006 Present); Vice President, GSAM (June 1998 Present); and Vice President, AIM Management Group, Inc. (investment adviser) (April 1996 June 1998).
Vice President Goldman Sachs Mutual Fund Complex. | |||
Kerry K. Daniels 71 South Wacker Drive Chicago, IL 60606 Age: 49 |
Vice President | Since 2000 | Manager, Financial Control Shareholder Services, Goldman Sachs (1986 Present).
Vice President Goldman Sachs Mutual Fund Complex. | |||
Mark Hancock 71 South Wacker Drive Chicago, IL 60606 Age: 44 |
Vice President | Since 2007 | Managing Director, Goldman Sachs (November 2005 Present); Vice President, Goldman Sachs (August 2000 November 2005); Senior Vice President Dreyfus Service Corp (1999 2000); and Vice President Dreyfus Service Corp (1996 1999).
Vice President Goldman Sachs Mutual Fund Complex. | |||
Jeffrey D. Matthes 30 Hudson Street Jersey City, NJ 07302 Age: 43 |
Vice President | Since 2007 | Vice President, Goldman Sachs (December 2004 Present); and Associate, Goldman Sachs (December 2002 December 2004).
Vice President Goldman Sachs Mutual Fund Complex. | |||
Carlos W. Samuels 30 Hudson Street Jersey City, NJ 07302 Age: 37 |
Vice President | Since 2007 | Vice President, Goldman Sachs (December 2007 Present); Associate, Goldman Sachs (December 2005 December 2007); Analyst, Goldman Sachs (January 2004 December 2005).
Vice President Goldman Sachs Mutual Fund Complex. | |||
Miriam Cytryn 200 West Street New York, NY 10282 Age: 54 |
Vice President | Since 2008 | Vice President, GSAM (2008 Present); Vice President of Divisional Management, Investment Management Division (2007 2008); Vice President and Chief of Staff, GSAM US Distribution (2003 2007); and Vice President of Employee Relations, Goldman Sachs (1996 2003).
Vice President Goldman Sachs Mutual Fund Complex. | |||
Glen Casey 200 West Street New York, NY 10282 Age: 47 |
Vice President | Since 2008 | Managing Director, Goldman Sachs (2007 Present); and Vice President, Goldman Sachs (1997 2007).
Vice President Goldman Sachs Mutual Fund Complex. |
B-57
Term of Office and | ||||||
Position(s) Held | Length of | |||||
Name, Age And Address |
With the Trust |
Time Served1 |
Principal Occupation(s) During Past 5 Years | |||
Mark Heaney Christchurch Court 10-15 Newgate Street London, EC1A 7HD, UK Age: 44 |
Vice President | Since 2010 | Executive Director, GSAM (May 2005 Present); Director of Operations (UK and Ireland), Invesco Asset Management (May 2004 March 2005); Global Head of Investment Administration, Invesco Asset Management (September 2001 May 2004); Managing Director (Ireland), Invesco Asset Management (March 2000 September 2001); Director of Investment Administration, Invesco Asset Management (December 1998 March 2000).
Vice President Goldman Sachs Mutual Fund Complex. | |||
Caroline Kraus 200 West Street New York, NY 10282 Age: 35 |
Secretary | Since 2012 | Vice President, Goldman Sachs (August 2006 Present); Associate General Counsel, Goldman Sachs (2012 Present); Assistant General Counsel, Goldman Sachs (August 2006 December 2011); Associate, Weil, Gotshal & Manges LLP (2002 2006).
Secretary Goldman Sachs Mutual Fund Complex (August 2012 Present); Assistant Secretary Goldman Sachs Mutual Fund Complex (June 2012 August 2012). | |||
Dave Fishman 200 West Street New York, NY 10282 Age: 47 |
Assistant Secretary | Since 2001 | Managing Director, Goldman Sachs (December 2001 Present); and Vice President, Goldman Sachs (1997 December 2001).
Assistant Secretary Goldman Sachs Mutual Fund Complex. | |||
Danny Burke 200 West Street New York, NY 10282 Age: 49 |
Assistant Secretary | Since 2001 | Vice President, Goldman Sachs (1987 Present).
Assistant Secretary Goldman Sachs Mutual Fund Complex. | |||
Deborah Farrell 30 Hudson Street Jersey City, NJ 07302 Age: 41 |
Assistant Secretary | Since 2007 | Vice President, Goldman Sachs (2005 Present); Associate, Goldman Sachs (2001 2005); and Analyst, Goldman Sachs (1994 2005).
Assistant Secretary Goldman Sachs Mutual Fund Complex. |
B-58
Term of Office and | ||||||
Position(s) Held | Length of | |||||
Name, Age And Address |
With the Trust |
Time Served1 |
Principal Occupation(s) During Past 5 Years | |||
Patrick OCallaghan 200 West Street New York, NY 10282 Age: 40 |
Assistant Secretary | Since 2009 | Vice President, Goldman Sachs (2000 Present); Associate, Goldman Sachs (1998 2000); Analyst, Goldman Sachs (1995 1998).
Assistant Secretary Goldman Sachs Mutual Fund Complex. | |||
James McCarthy 200 West Street New York, NY 10282 Age: 48 |
Assistant Secretary | Since 2009 | Managing Director, Goldman Sachs (2003 Present); Vice President, Goldman Sachs (1996 2003); Portfolio Manager, Goldman Sachs (1995 1996).
Assistant Secretary Goldman Sachs Mutual Fund Complex. | |||
Andrew Murphy 200 West Street New York, NY 10282 Age: 39 |
Assistant Secretary | Since 2010 | Vice President, Goldman Sachs (April 2009 Present); Assistant General Counsel, Goldman Sachs (April 2009 Present); Attorney, Axiom Legal (2007 2009); Vice President and Counsel, AllianceBernstein, L.P. (2001 2007).
Assistant Secretary Goldman Sachs Mutual Fund Complex. | |||
Robert Griffith 200 West Street New York, NY 10282 Age: 37 |
Assistant Secretary | Since 2011 | Vice President, Goldman Sachs (August 2011 Present); Assistant General Counsel, Goldman Sachs (August 2011 Present); Vice President and Counsel, Nomura Holding America, Inc. (2010 2011); Associate, Simpson Thacher & Bartlett LLP (2005 2010).
Assistant Secretary Goldman Sachs Mutual Fund Complex. | |||
Matthew Wolfe 200 West Street New York, NY 10282 Age: 30 |
Assistant Secretary | Since 2012 | Vice President, Goldman Sachs (July 2012Present); Assistant General Counsel, Goldman Sachs (July 2012Present); Associate, Dechert LLP (20072012).
Assistant Secretary Goldman Sachs Mutual Fund Complex. |
1 | Officers hold office at the pleasure of the Board of Trustees or until their successors are duly elected and qualified. Each officer holds comparable positions with certain other companies of which Goldman Sachs, GSAM or an affiliate thereof is the investment adviser, administrator and/or distributor. |
Standing Board Committees
The Board of Trustees has established six standing committees in connection with their governance of the Funds Audit, Governance and Nominating, Compliance, Valuation, Dividend and Contract Review.
The Audit Committee oversees the audit process and provides assistance to the Board with respect to fund accounting, tax compliance and financial statement matters. In performing its responsibilities, the Audit Committee selects and recommends annually to the Board an independent registered public accounting firm to audit the books and records of the Trust for the ensuing year, and reviews with the firm the scope and results of each audit. All of the Independent Trustees serve on the Audit Committee. The Audit Committee held 4 meetings during the fiscal year ended December 31, 2011.
The Governance and Nominating Committee has been established to: (i) assist the Board in matters involving mutual fund governance, which includes making recommendations to the Board with respect to the effectiveness of the Board in carrying out its responsibilities in governing the Funds and overseeing their management; (ii) select and nominate candidates for appointment or election to serve as Independent Trustees; and (iii) advise the Board on ways to improve its effectiveness. All of the Independent Trustees serve on the Governance and Nominating Committee. The Governance and Nominating Committee held 3 meetings during the fiscal year ended December 31, 2011. As stated above, each Trustee holds office for an indefinite term until the occurrence of certain events. In filling Board vacancies, the Governance and Nominating Committee will consider nominees recommended by shareholders. Nominee recommendations should be submitted to the Trust at its mailing address stated in the Funds Prospectus and should be directed to the attention of the Goldman Sachs Trust Governance and Nominating Committee.
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The Compliance Committee has been established for the purpose of overseeing the compliance processes: (i) of the Funds; and (ii) insofar as they relate to services provided to the Funds, of the Funds investment adviser, distributor, administrator (if any), and transfer agent, except that compliance processes relating to the accounting and financial reporting processes, and certain related matters, are overseen by the Audit Committee. In addition, the Compliance Committee provides assistance to the full Board with respect to compliance matters. The Compliance Committee met 3 times during the fiscal year ended December 31, 2011. All of the Independent Trustees serve on the Compliance Committee.
The Valuation Committee is authorized to act for the Board in connection with the valuation of portfolio securities held by the Funds in accordance with the Trusts Valuation Procedures. Messrs. McNamara and Shuch serve on the Valuation Committee, together with certain employees of GSAM who are not Trustees. The Valuation Committee met 12 times during the fiscal year ended December 31, 2011. The Valuation Committee reports periodically to the Board.
The Dividend Committee is authorized, subject to the ratification of Trustees who are not members of the committee, to declare dividends and capital gain distributions consistent with each Funds Prospectus. Messrs. McNamara and McHugh serve on the Dividend Committee. The Dividend Committee met 12 times during the fiscal year ended December 31, 2011.
The Contract Review Committee has been established for the purpose of overseeing the processes of the Board for reviewing and monitoring performance under the Funds investment management, distribution, transfer agency, and certain other agreements with the Funds Investment Advisers and their affiliates. The Contract Review Committee is also responsible for overseeing the Boards processes for considering and reviewing performance under the operation of the Funds distribution, service, shareholder administration and other plans, and any agreements related to the plans, whether or not such plans and agreements are adopted pursuant to Rule 12b-1 under the Act. The Contract Review Committee also provides appropriate assistance to the Board in connection with the Boards approval, oversight and review of the Funds other service providers including, without limitation, the Funds custodian/accounting agent, sub-transfer agents, professional (legal and accounting) firms and printing firms. The Contract Review Committee met 3 times during the fiscal year ended December 31, 2011. All of the Independent Trustees serve on the Contract Review Committee.
Risk Oversight
The Board is responsible for the oversight of the activities of the Funds, including oversight of risk management. Day-to-day risk management with respect to the Funds is the responsibility of GSAM or other service providers (depending on the nature of the risk), subject to supervision by GSAM. The risks of the Funds include, but are not limited to, investment risk, compliance risk, operational risk, reputational risk, credit risk and counterparty risk. Each of GSAM and the other service providers have their own independent interest in risk management and their policies and methods of risk management may differ from the Funds and each others in the setting of priorities, the resources available or the effectiveness of relevant controls. As a result, the Board recognizes that it is not possible to identify all of the risks that may affect the Funds or to develop processes and controls to eliminate or mitigate their occurrence or effects, and that some risks are simply beyond the control of the Funds or GSAM, its affiliates or other service providers.
The Board effectuates its oversight role primarily through regular and special meetings of the Board and Board committees. In certain cases, risk management issues are specifically addressed in presentations and discussions. For example, GSAM has an independent dedicated Market Risk Group that assists GSAM in managing investment risk. Representatives from the Market Risk Group regularly meet with the Board to discuss their analysis and methodologies. In addition, investment risk is discussed in the context of regular presentations to the Board on Fund strategy and performance. Other types of risk are addressed as part of presentations on related topics (e.g. compliance policies) or in the context of presentations focused specifically on one or more risks. The Board also receives reports from GSAM management on operational risks, reputational risks and counterparty risks relating to the Funds.
Board oversight of risk management is also performed by various Board committees. For example, the Audit Committee meets with both the Funds independent registered public accounting firm and the GSAMs internal audit group to review risk controls in place that support the Funds as well as test results, and the Compliance Committee meets with the CCO and representatives of GSAMs compliance group to review testing results of the Funds compliance policies and procedures and other compliance issues. Board oversight of risk is also performed as needed between meetings through communications between the GSAM and the Board. The Board may, at any time and in its discretion, change the manner in which it conducts risk oversight. The Boards oversight role does not make the Board a guarantor of the Funds investments or activities.
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Trustee Ownership of Fund Shares
The following table shows the dollar range of shares beneficially owned by each Trustee in the Funds and other portfolios of the Trust, Goldman Sachs Variable Insurance Trust and Goldman Sachs Credit Strategies Fund as of December 31, 2011.
Aggregate Dollar Range of | ||||
Equity Securities in All | ||||
Dollar Range of | Portfolios in Fund Complex | |||
Name of Trustee |
Equity Securities in the Funds1 |
Overseen By Trustee2 | ||
Ashok N. Bakhru |
None | Over $100,000 | ||
Donald C. Burke |
Real Estate Securities Fund: $10,001 - $50,000 | Over $100,000 | ||
International Real Estate Securities Fund: $1 - $10,000 | ||||
Commodity Strategy Fund: $10,001 - $50,000 | ||||
Absolute Return Tracker Fund: $10,001 - $50,000 | ||||
Dynamic Allocation Fund: $10,001 - $50,000 | ||||
John P. Coblentz, Jr. |
Real Estate Securities Fund: $50,001 - $100,000 | Over $100,000 | ||
Diana M. Daniels |
Commodity Strategy Fund: $50,001 - $100,000 | Over $100,000 | ||
Joseph P. LoRusso |
None | Over $100,000 | ||
James A. McNamara |
None | Over $100,000 | ||
Jessica Palmer |
None | Over $100,000 | ||
Alan A. Shuch |
None | Over $100,000 | ||
Richard P. Strubel |
International Real Estate Securities Fund: Over $100,000 | Over $100,000 |
1 | Includes the value of shares beneficially owned by each Trustee in each Fund described in this SAI. |
2 | As of December 31, 2011, the Goldman Sachs Mutual Fund Complex consisted of the Trust, Goldman Sachs Variable Insurance Trust, Goldman Sachs Credit Strategies Fund and Goldman Sachs Municipal Opportunity Fund. As of December 31, 2011, the Trust consisted of 90 portfolios (83 of which offered shares to the public), the Goldman Sachs Variable Insurance Trust consisted of 12 portfolios (11 of which offered shares to the public), and the Goldman Sachs Municipal Opportunity Fund did not offer shares to the public. |
As of March 6, 2012, the Trustees and Officers of the Trust as a group owned less than 1% of the outstanding shares of beneficial interest of each Fund.
Board Compensation
For the fiscal year ended December 31, 2011, the Trust paid each Independent Trustee an annual fee for his or her services as a Trustee of the Trust, plus an additional fee for each regular and special telephonic Board meeting, Governance and Nominating Committee meeting, Compliance Committee meeting, Contract Review Committee meeting, and Audit Committee meeting attended by such Trustee. As of January 1, 2011, each Independent Trustee is compensated with a unitary annual fee for his or her services as a Trustee of the Trust and as a member of the Governance and Nominating Committee, Compliance Committee, Contract Review Committee, and Audit Committee in lieu of each Independent Trustee receiving an annual fee plus additional fees for each meeting attended. Under this new compensation structure, the Chairman and audit committee financial expert will continue to receive additional compensation for their services. The Independent Trustees are also reimbursed for travel expenses incurred in connection with attending such meetings. The Trust may also pay the incidental costs of a Trustee to attend training or other types of conferences relating to the investment company industry.
The following tables set forth certain information with respect to the compensation of each Trustee of the Trust for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2011:
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Trustee Compensation
Fund
Absolute | International | |||||||||||||||||||
Return | Real Estate | Real Estate | Commodity | Dynamic | ||||||||||||||||
Name of Trustee |
Tracker | Securities | Securities | Strategy | Allocation | |||||||||||||||
Ashok N. Bakhru1 |
4,017 | 3,456 | 3,332 | 3,638 | 3,341 | |||||||||||||||
Donald C. Burke2 |
2,593 | 2,231 | 2,151 | 2,348 | 2,157 | |||||||||||||||
John P. Coblentz, Jr.3 |
3,000 | 2,581 | 2,488 | 2,717 | 2,495 | |||||||||||||||
Diana M. Daniels |
2,593 | 2,231 | 2,151 | 2,348 | 2,157 | |||||||||||||||
Joseph P. LoRusso2 |
2,593 | 2,231 | 2,151 | 2,348 | 2,157 | |||||||||||||||
James A. McNamara5 |
0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |||||||||||||||
Jessica Palmer |
2,593 | 2,231 | 2,151 | 2,348 | 2,157 | |||||||||||||||
Alan A. Shuch5 |
0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |||||||||||||||
Richard P. Strubel |
2,593 | 2,231 | 2,151 | 2,348 | 2,157 |
Total Compensation | ||||||||||||
Aggregate | Pension or Retirement | From Fund Complex for the | ||||||||||
Compensation | Benefits Accrued as Part | fiscal year 1/1/11 to 12/31/11 | ||||||||||
Name of Trustee |
from the Funds* | Of the Trusts Expenses | (including the Funds)** | |||||||||
Ashok N. Bakhru1 |
17,784 | $ | 0 | 395,000 | ||||||||
Donald C. Burke |
11,480 | 0 | 255,000 | |||||||||
John P. Coblentz, Jr. 2 |
13,281 | 0 | 295,000 | |||||||||
Diana M. Daniels |
11,480 | 0 | 255,000 | |||||||||
Joseph P. LoRusso |
11,480 | 0 | 255,000 | |||||||||
James A. McNamara3 |
0 | 0 | 0 | |||||||||
Jessica Palmer |
11,480 | 0 | 255,000 | |||||||||
Alan A. Shuch3 |
0 | 0 | 0 | |||||||||
Richard P. Strubel |
11,480 | 0 | 255,000 |
* | Represents fees paid to each Trustee from the Funds during the fiscal year January 1, 2011 to December 31, 2011. |
** | Represents fees paid to each Trustee during the fiscal year ended December 31, 2011 from the Goldman Sachs Mutual Fund Complex. As of December 31, 2011, the Goldman Sachs Mutual Fund Complex consisted of the Trust, Goldman Sachs Variable Insurance Trust, Goldman Sachs Credit Strategies Fund and Goldman Sachs Municipal Opportunity Fund. As of December 31, 2011, the Trust consisted of 90 portfolios (83 of which offered shares to the public), the Goldman Sachs Variable Insurance Trust consisted of 12 portfolios (11 of which offered shares to the public), and the Goldman Sachs Municipal Opportunity Fund did not offer shares to the public. |
1 | Includes compensation as Board Chairman. |
2 | Includes compensation as audit committee financial expert, as defined in Item 3 of Form N-CSR. |
3 | Messrs. McNamara and Shuch are Interested Trustees, and as such, receive no compensation from the Funds or the Goldman Sachs Mutual Fund Complex. |
Miscellaneous
Class A Shares of the Funds may be sold at NAV without payment of any sales charge to Goldman Sachs, its affiliates and their respective officers, partners, directors or employees (including retired employees and former partners), any partnership of which Goldman Sachs is a general partner, any Trustee or officer of the Trust and designated family members of any of the above individuals. These and the Funds other sales load waivers are due to the nature of the investors and/or the reduced sales effort and expense that are needed to obtain such investments.
The Trust, its Investment Adviser and principal underwriter have adopted codes of ethics under Rule 17j-1 of the Act that permit personnel subject to their particular codes of ethics to invest in securities, including securities that may be purchased or held by the Funds.
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As stated in the Funds Prospectus, GSAM, 200 West Street, New York, New York 10282, serves as Investment Adviser to the Funds. GSAM will also serve as investment adviser to the Subsidiary. GSAM is a subsidiary of The Goldman Sachs Group, Inc. and an affiliate of Goldman Sachs. Prior to the end of April 2003, Goldman Sachs Asset Management, a business unit of the Investment Management Division of Goldman Sachs served as the Funds investment adviser. In April 2003, GSAM assumed Goldman Sachs Asset Managements investment advisory responsibilities for the Funds. See Service Providers in the Funds Prospectus for a description of the Investment Advisers duties to the Funds.
Founded in 1869, Goldman Sachs Group, Inc. is a financial holding company and a leading global investment banking, securities and investment management firm. Goldman Sachs is a leader in developing portfolio strategies and in many fields of investing and financing, participating in financial markets worldwide and serving individuals, institutions, corporations and governments. Goldman Sachs is also among the principal market sources for current and thorough information on companies, industrial sectors, markets, economies and currencies, and trades and makes markets in a wide range of equity and debt securities 24 hours a day. The firm is headquartered in New York with offices in countries throughout the world. It has trading professionals throughout the United States, as well as in London, Frankfurt, Tokyo, Seoul, Sao Paulo and other major financial centers around the world. The active participation of Goldman Sachs in the worlds financial markets enhances its ability to identify attractive investments. Goldman Sachs has agreed to permit the Funds to use the name Goldman Sachs or a derivative thereof as part of each Funds name for as long as each Funds Management Agreement is in effect.
The Investment Advisers are able to draw on the substantial research and market expertise of Goldman Sachs, whose investment research effort is one of the largest in the industry. Our Global Investment Research division provides original fundamental insights and analysis for clients in the equity, fixed income and currency and commodities markets. The group covers areas such as economics, portfolio strategy, derivatives and equity and credit securities in more than 25 stock markets and 50 economies and regions around the world. The in depth information and analyses generated by Goldman Sachs research analysts are available to the Investment Advisers subject to Chinese Wall restrictions.
In addition, many of Goldman Sachs economists, securities analysts, portfolio strategists and credit analysts have consistently been highly ranked in respected industry surveys conducted in the United States and abroad. Goldman Sachs is also among the leading investment firms using quantitative analytics (now used by a growing number of investors) to structure and evaluate portfolios. For example, Goldman Sachs options evaluation model analyzes a securitys term, coupon and call option, providing an overall analysis of the securitys value relative to its interest risk.
In managing the Funds, the Investment Adviser has access to Goldman Sachs economics research. The Economics Research Department, based in London, conducts economic, financial and currency markets research which analyzes economic trends and interest and exchange rate movements worldwide. The Economics Research Department tracks factors such as inflation and money supply figures, balance of trade figures, economic growth, commodity prices, monetary and fiscal policies, and political events that can influence interest rates and currency trends. The success of Goldman Sachs international research team has brought wide recognition to its members. The team has earned top rankings in various external surveys such as Pensions and Investments, Forbes and Dalbar. These rankings acknowledge the achievements of the firms economists, strategists and equity analysts.
In allocating assets among foreign countries and currencies for the Funds, the Investment Adviser will have access to the Global Asset Allocation Model. The model is based on the observation that the prices of all financial assets, including foreign currencies, will adjust until investors globally are comfortable holding the pool of outstanding assets. Using the model, the Investment Adviser will estimate the total returns from each currency sector which are consistent with the average investor holding a portfolio equal to the market capitalization of the financial assets among those currency sectors. These estimated equilibrium returns are then combined with the expectations of Goldman Sachs research professionals to produce an optimal currency and asset allocation for the level of risk suitable for a Fund given its investment objectives and criteria.
The Management Agreement provides that GSAM, in its capacity as Investment Adviser, may render similar services to others so long as the services under the Management Agreement are not impaired thereby. The Funds Management Agreement was most recently approved by the Trustees of the Trust, including a majority of the Trustees of the Trust who are not parties to such agreement or interested persons (as such term is defined in the Act) of any party thereto (the non-interested Trustees), on June 16, 2011 with respect to the Funds. These management arrangements were last approved by the shareholders of the Funds then in existence on April 21, 1997. The management arrangements for those Funds which commenced investment operations after April 12, 1997 were last approved by the initial sole shareholder of each such Fund prior to the Funds commencement of operations. A discussion regarding the Trustees basis for approving the Management Agreement in 2011 with respect to each Fund is available in the Funds semi-annual reports for the period ended June 30, 2011.
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The Management Agreement will remain in effect until June 30, 2012 and will continue in effect with respect to each Fund from year to year thereafter provided such continuance is specifically approved at least annually by (i) the vote of a majority of such Funds outstanding voting securities or a majority of the Trustees of the Trust, and (ii) the vote of a majority of the non-interested Trustees of the Trust, cast in person at a meeting called for the purpose of voting on such approval.
The Management Agreement will terminate automatically if assigned (as defined in the Act). The Management Agreement is also terminable at any time without penalty by the Trustees of the Trust or by vote of a majority of the outstanding voting securities of the particular Fund on 60 days written notice to the Investment Adviser or by the Investment Adviser on 60 days written notice to the Trust.
Pursuant to the Management Agreement, the Investment Adviser is entitled to receive the fees set forth below, payable monthly based on each respective Funds average daily net assets. Also included below are the actual management fee rates paid by each Fund (after reflection of any voluntary management fee waivers, as indicated) for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2011.
Actual Rate for the Fiscal Year Ended | ||||||
Fund |
Contractual Rate | December 31, 2011 | ||||
Real Estate Securities Fund |
1.00% on the first $1 billion | 1.00% | ||||
0.90% on the next $1 billion | ||||||
0.86% on the next $3 billion | ||||||
0.84% on the next $3 billion | ||||||
0.82% over $8 billion | ||||||
Absolute Return Tracker Fund |
1.15% on the first $1 billion | 1.10% | ||||
1.04% on the next $1 billion | ||||||
0.99% on the next $3 billion | ||||||
0.97% on the next $3 billion | ||||||
0.95% over $8 billion | ||||||
International Real Estate Securities Fund |
1.05% on the first $2 billion | 1.03% | * | |||
0.95% on the next $3 billion | ||||||
0.90% on the next $3 billion | ||||||
0.88% over $8 billion | ||||||
Commodity Strategy Fund |
0.50% on the first $2 billion | 0.50% | ** | |||
0.45% on the next $3 billion | ||||||
0.43% on the next $3 billion | ||||||
0.42% over $8 billion | ||||||
Dynamic Allocation Fund |
0.90% on the first $1 billion | 0.90% | ||||
0.81% on the next $1 billion | ||||||
0.77% on the next $3 billion | ||||||
0.75% on the next $3 billion | ||||||
0.74% over $8 billion |
* | The Investment Adviser is currently waiving a portion of its management fee equal to 0.02% based on the average daily net assets of the International Real Estate Securities Fund. Effective as of June 30, 2011, the Investment Adviser has agreed to waive a portion of its management fee in order to achieve an effective net management fee rate of 1.02% for the International Real Estate Securities Fund (prior to June 30, 2011, the Investment Adviser had agreed to waive a portion of its management fee in order to achieve an effective net management fee rate of 1.03% for this Fund). These waiver arrangements will remain in effect through at least April 2, 2013, and prior to such date the Investment Adviser may not terminate the arrangements without the approval of the Board of Trustees. |
** | Reflects combined management fees paid to the Investment Adviser under the Management Agreement and a separate contract entered into by the Subsidiary with the Investment Adviser whereby the Investment Adviser provides investment advisory and other services to the Subsidiary. |
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For the fiscal years ended December 31, 2011, 2010 and 2009, the fees incurred by each Fund (before any fee waivers) pursuant to the Management Agreement were as follows:
Fiscal year ended | Fiscal year ended | Fiscal year ended | ||||||||||
December 31, 2011 | December 31, 2010 | December 31, 2009 | ||||||||||
Absolute Return Tracker Fund |
18,692,152 | 11,744,628 | 3,583,533 | |||||||||
Real Estate Securities Fund |
5,898,025 | 5,851,040 | 3,744,272 | |||||||||
International Real Estate Securities Fund1 |
3,679,376 | 3,600,363 | 3,051,900 | |||||||||
Commodity Strategy Fund2 |
4,846,165 | 3,244,890 | 1,838,169 | |||||||||
Dynamic Allocation Fund3 |
2,822,404 | 577,065 | |
1 | The Investment Adviser waived approximately $86,057, 68,576, and 58,129 of its management fee for the fiscal years ended December 31, 2011, 2010 and 2009, respectively. |
2 | The Investment Adviser waived approximately $636,193 and $276,096 of its management fee for the fiscal years ended December 31, 2010 and 2009, respectively. |
3 | Dynamic Allocation Fund commenced investment operations on January 5, 2010. |
In addition to providing advisory services, under its Management Agreement, the Investment Adviser also: (i) supervises all non-advisory operations of each Fund that it advises; (ii) provides personnel to perform such executive, administrative and clerical services as are reasonably necessary to provide effective administration of each Fund; (iii) arranges for at each Funds expense: (a) the preparation of all required tax returns, (b) the preparation and submission of reports to existing shareholders, (c) the periodic updating of prospectuses and statements of additional information and (d) the preparation of reports to be filed with the SEC and other regulatory authorities; (iv) maintains each Funds records; and (v) provides office space and all necessary office equipment and services.
As discussed in Investment Objectives and Policies above, the Commodity Strategy Fund may pursue its investment objective by investing in its Subsidiary. The Subsidiary has entered into a separate contract with GSAM whereby GSAM provides investment advisory and other services to the Subsidiary (the Subsidiary Management Agreement). In consideration of these services, the Subsidiary pays GSAM a management fee at the annual rate of 0.50% of its net assets. GSAM has contractually agreed to waive the advisory fee it receives from the Commodity Strategy Fund in an amount equal to the advisory fee paid to GSAM by the Subsidiary. This waiver may not be terminated by GSAM and will remain in effect for as long as the Subsidiary Management Agreement is in place. The Subsidiary Management Agreement is terminable by either party, without penalty, on 60 days prior written notice, and shall terminate automatically in the event (i) it is assigned by GSAM (as defined in the Investment Advisers Act of 1940, as amended (the Advisers Act)); or (ii) the Management Agreement between the Trust, acting for and on behalf of the Commodity Strategy Fund and GSAM is terminated.
Portfolio Managers Accounts Managed by the Portfolio Managers
The following table discloses accounts within each type of category listed below for which the portfolio managers are jointly and primarily responsible for day to day portfolio management as of December 31, 2011, unless otherwise noted.
For each portfolio manager listed below, the total number of accounts managed is a reflection of accounts within the strategy they oversee or manage, as well as accounts which participate in the sector they manage. There are multiple portfolio managers involved with each account.
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Number of Accounts Managed and Total Assets by Account Type | Number of Accounts and Total Assets for Which Advisory Fee is | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Performance Based | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Registered Investment | Other Pooled | Registered Investment | Other Pooled | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Companies | Investment Vehicles | Other Accounts | Companies | Investment Vehicles | Other Accounts | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Name of | Number of | Assets | Number of | Assets | Number of | Assets | Number of | Assets | Number of | Assets | Number of | Assets | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Portfolio Manager | Accounts | Managed | Accounts | Managed | Accounts | Managed | Accounts | Managed | Accounts | Managed | Accounts | Managed | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Absolute Return Tracker Fund |
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
QIS Team |
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Jonathan Sheridan |
36 | 11,000 | 59 | 5,800 | 1216 | 30,800 | 0 | 0 | 6 | 500 | 27 | 7600 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Matthew Hoehn |
36 | 11,000 | 59 | 5,800 | 1216 | 30,800 | 0 | 0 | 6 | 500 | 27 | 7600 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Don Mulvihill |
36 | 11,000 | 59 | 5,800 | 1,216 | 30,800 | 0 | 0 | 6 | 500 | 27 | 7600 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Dynamic Allocation Fund |
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
QIS Team |
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
William Fallon |
36 | 11,000 | 59 | 5,800 | 1216 | 30,800 | 0 | 0 | 6 | 500 | 27 | 7600 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Osman Ali |
36 | 11,000 | 59 | 5,800 | 1216 | 30,800 | 0 | 0 | 6 | 500 | 27 | 7600 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Steve Jeneste |
36 | 11,000 | 59 | 5,800 | 1216 | 30,800 | 0 | 0 | 6 | 500 | 27 | 7600 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Sudarshan Gururaj |
36 | 11,000 | 59 | 5,800 | 1216 | 30,800 | 0 | 0 | 6 | 500 | 27 | 7600 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
International Real Estate Securities Fund |
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Real Estate Securities Team |
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Nora Creedon |
6 | 1,307 | 0 | 0 | 17 | 383 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 16 | 1 | 36 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Timothy Ryan |
6 | 1,307 | 0 | 0 | 17 | 383 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 16 | 1 | \36 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Real Estate Securities Fund |
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Real Estate Securities Team |
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Frankie Chun Wah Lee |
6 | 666 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 36 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 36 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Commodity Strategy Fund |
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Commodity Strategy Team |
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Samuel Finkelstein |
102 | 163,979 | 259 | 137,843 | 2,609 | 218,864 | 0 | 0 | 11 | 1,854 | 77 | 24,254 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Michael Johnson |
12 | 908 | 25 | 3,038 | 17 | 960 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Stephen Lucas |
102 | 163,979 | 259 | 137,843 | 2,609 | 218,864 | 0 | 0 | 11 | 1,854 | 77 | 24,254 |
Assets are preliminary, in millions of USD, as of December 31, 2011, unless otherwise noted.
| Includes wrap as a single account. |
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Conflicts of Interest. The Investment Advisers portfolio managers are often responsible for managing one or more of the Funds as well as other accounts, including proprietary accounts, separate accounts and other pooled investment vehicles, such as unregistered hedge funds. A portfolio manager may manage a separate account or other pooled investment vehicle which may have materially higher fee arrangements than the Fund and may also have a performance-based fee. The side-by-side management of these funds may raise potential conflicts of interest relating to cross trading, the allocation of investment opportunities and the aggregation and allocation of trades.
The Investment Adviser has a fiduciary responsibility to manage all client accounts in a fair and equitable manner. It seeks to provide best execution of all securities transactions and aggregate and then allocate securities to client accounts in a fair and timely manner. To this end, the Investment Adviser has developed policies and procedures designed to mitigate and manage the potential conflicts of interest that may arise from side-by-side management. In addition, the Investment Adviser and the Funds have adopted policies limiting the circumstances under which cross-trades may be effected between a Fund and another client account. The Investment Adviser conducts periodic reviews of trades for consistency with these policies. For more information about conflicts of interests that may arise in connection with the portfolio managers management of the Funds investments and the investments of other accounts, see POTENTIAL CONFLICTS OF INTEREST Potential Conflicts Relating to the Allocation of Investment Opportunities Among the Funds and Other Goldman Sachs Accounts and Potential Conflicts Relating to Goldman Sachs and the Investment Advisers Proprietary Activities and Activities on Behalf of Other Accounts.
Portfolio Managers Compensation
Compensation for portfolio managers of the Investment Adviser is comprised of a base salary and discretionary variable compensation. The base salary is fixed from year to year. Year-end discretionary variable compensation is primarily a function of each portfolio managers individual performance and his or her contribution to overall team performance; the performance of the Investment Adviser and Goldman Sachs; the teams net revenues for the past year which in part is derived from advisory fees, and for certain accounts, performance-based fees; and anticipated compensation levels among competitor firms. Portfolio managers are rewarded, in part, for their delivery of investment performance, measured on a pre-tax basis, which is reasonably expected to meet or exceed the expectations of clients and fund shareholders in terms of: excess return over an applicable benchmark, peer group ranking, risk management and factors specific to certain funds such as yield or regional focus. Performance is judged over 1-, 3- and 5-year time horizons.
The benchmarks for these Funds are:
| Dynamic Allocation Fund: Bank of America Merrill Lynch USD LIBOR 1-Month Constant Maturity Index, S&P 500® Index and Barclays Capital U.S. Aggregate Bond Index |
| Real Estate Securities Fund: Wilshire Real Estate Securities Index |
| International Real Estate Securities Fund: EPRA/NAREIT Global Real Estate Securities Index (ex-U.S.) |
| Commodity Strategy Fund: S&P GSCI Commodity Index |
| Absolute Return Tracker Fund: HFRX Global Hedge Fund Index |
The discretionary variable compensation for portfolio managers is also significantly influenced by: (1) effective participation in team research discussions and process; and (2) management of risk in alignment with the targeted risk parameter and investment objective of the fund. Other factors may also be considered including: (1) general client/shareholder orientation and (2) teamwork and leadership. Portfolio managers may receive equity-based awards as part of their discretionary variable compensation.
Other CompensationIn addition to base salary and discretionary variable compensation, the Investment Adviser has a number of additional benefits in place including (1) a 401k program that enables employees to direct a percentage of their pretax salary and bonus income into a tax-qualified retirement plan; and (2) investment opportunity programs in which certain professionals may participate subject to certain eligibility requirements.
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Portfolio Managers Portfolio Managers Ownership of Securities in the Funds They Manage
The following table shows the portfolio managers ownership of securities in the Funds they manage as of December 31, 2011, unless otherwise noted:
Dollar Range of Equity Securities | ||
Name of Portfolio Manager |
Beneficially Owned by Portfolio Manager | |
Absolute Return Tracker Fund | ||
Jonathan Sheridan |
$10,001-50,000 | |
Matt Hoehn |
10,001-50,000 | |
Don Mulvihill |
None | |
Real Estate Securities Fund | ||
Nora Creedon |
None | |
Timothy Ryan |
None | |
International Real Estate Securities Fund | ||
Frankie Chun Wah Lee |
None | |
Commodity Strategy Fund | ||
Samuel Finkelstein |
None | |
Michael Johnson |
None | |
Stephen Lucas |
10,001-50,000 | |
Dynamic Allocation Fund | ||
William Fallon |
100,001-500,000 | |
Osman Ali |
None | |
Steve Jeneste |
None | |
Sudarshan Gururaj |
None |
Distributor and Transfer Agent
Goldman Sachs, 200 West Street, New York, New York 10282, serves as the exclusive distributor of shares of the Funds pursuant to a best efforts arrangement as provided by a distribution agreement with the Trust on behalf of each Fund. Shares of the Funds are offered and sold on a continuous basis by Goldman Sachs, acting as agent. Pursuant to the distribution agreement, after the Prospectus and periodic reports have been prepared, set in type and mailed to shareholders, Goldman Sachs will pay for the printing and distribution of copies thereof used in connection with the offering to prospective investors. Goldman Sachs will also pay for other supplementary sales literature and advertising costs. Goldman Sachs may enter into sales agreements with to solicit subscriptions for Class A, Class B, Class C, Class R and Class IR Shares of the Funds. Goldman Sachs receives a portion of the sales charge imposed on the sale, in the case of Class A Shares, or redemption in the case of Class B and Class C Shares (and in certain cases, Class A Shares), of such Fund shares.
Goldman Sachs retained approximately the following combined commissions on sales of Class A, Class B and Class C Shares during the following periods:
Fiscal year ended | Fiscal year ended | Fiscal year ended | ||||||||||
December 31, 2011 | December 31, 2010 | December 31, 2009 | ||||||||||
Absolute Return Tracker Fund |
38,143 | 121,600 | 60,879 | |||||||||
Real Estate Securities Fund |
11,425 | 11,400 | 8,208 | |||||||||
International Real Estate Securities Fund |
2,085 | 5,800 | 2,225 | |||||||||
Commodity Strategy Fund |
86,166 | 32,800 | 34,257 | |||||||||
Dynamic Allocation Fund* |
144,378 | 31,000 | |
* | Dynamic Allocation Fund commenced investment operations on January 5, 2010. |
Dealer Reallowances. Class A Shares of the Funds are sold subject to a front-end sales charge, as described in the Prospectus and in this SAI in the section SHARES OF THE TRUST. Goldman Sachs pays commissions to Authorized Institutions that sell Class A shares of the Funds in the form of a reallowance of all or a portion of the sales charge paid on the purchase of those shares. Goldman Sachs reallows the following amounts, expressed as a percentage of each Funds offering price with respect to purchases under $50,000:
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Dealer Reallowance as | ||||
Fund |
Percentage of Offering Price | |||
Absolute Return Tracker Fund |
4.86 | |||
Real Estate Securities Fund |
4.82 | |||
International Real Estate Securities Fund |
4.90 | |||
Commodity Strategy Fund |
3.96 | |||
Dynamic Allocation Fund |
4.80 |
Dealer allowances may be changed periodically. During special promotions, the entire sales charge may be reallowed to Authorized Institutions. Authorized Institutions to whom substantially the entire sales charge is reallowed may be deemed to be underwriters under the Securities Act of 1933.
Goldman Sachs, 71 South Wacker Drive, Chicago, IL 60606 serves as the Trusts transfer and dividend disbursing agent. Under its transfer agency agreement with the Trust, Goldman Sachs has undertaken with the Trust with respect to each Fund to: (i) record the issuance, transfer and redemption of shares, (ii) provide purchase and redemption confirmations and quarterly statements, as well as certain other statements, (iii) provide certain information to the Trusts custodian and the relevant sub-custodian in connection with redemptions, (iv) provide dividend crediting and certain disbursing agent services, (v) maintain shareholder accounts, (vi) provide certain state Blue Sky and other information, (vii) provide shareholders and certain regulatory authorities with tax related information, (viii) respond to shareholder inquiries, and (ix) render certain other miscellaneous services. For its transfer agency services, Goldman Sachs is entitled to receive a transfer agency fee equal to, on an annualized basis, the following percentages:
Fund and Class |
Transfer Agency Fee | |||
Absolute Return Tracker Fund |
||||
Class A |
0.19 | % | ||
Class C |
0.19 | |||
Class R |
0.19 | |||
Class IR |
0.19 | |||
Institutional |
0.04 | |||
Real Estate Securities Fund |
||||
Class A |
0.19 | % | ||
Class B |
0.19 | |||
Class C |
0.19 | |||
Class R |
0.19 | |||
Class IR |
0.19 | |||
Service |
0.04 | |||
Institutional |
0.04 | |||
International Real Estate Securities Fund |
||||
Class A |
0.19 | |||
Class C |
0.19 | |||
Class IR |
0.19 | |||
Institutional |
0.04 | |||
Commodity Strategy Fund |
||||
Class A |
0.13 | |||
Class C |
0.13 | |||
Class R |
0.13 | |||
Class IR |
0.13 | |||
Institutional |
0.04 | |||
Dynamic Allocation Fund |
||||
Class A |
0.19 | |||
Class C |
0.19 | |||
Class R |
0.19 | |||
Class IR |
0.19 | |||
Institutional |
0.04 |
Goldman Sachs may pay to certain intermediaries who perform transfer agent services to shareholders a networking or sub-transfer agent fee. These payments will be made from the transfer agency fees noted above and in the Funds Prospectus.
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As compensation for the services rendered to the Trust by Goldman Sachs as transfer and dividend disbursing agent and the assumption by Goldman Sachs of the expenses related thereto, Goldman Sachs received fees for the fiscal years ended December 31, 2011, 2010 and 2009 from each Fund as follows under the fee schedules then in effect:
Fiscal year ended | Fiscal year ended | Fiscal year ended | ||||||||||
December 31, 2011 | December 31, 2010 | December 31, 2009 | ||||||||||
Absolute Return Tracker Fund |
||||||||||||
Class A Shares |
1,090,732 | 745,671 | 279,059 | |||||||||
Class C Shares |
137,443 | 133,977 | 32,405 | |||||||||
Institutional Shares |
413,648 | 224,744 | 58,922 | |||||||||
Class R Shares |
1,988 | 1,242 | 28 | |||||||||
Class IR Shares |
18,983 | 7,677 | 695 | |||||||||
Real Estate Securities Fund |
||||||||||||
Class A Shares |
316,535 | 290,975 | 204,880 | |||||||||
Class B Shares |
4,811 | 6,757 | 6,871 | |||||||||
Class C Shares |
21,148 | 17,779 | 12,317 | |||||||||
Institutional Shares |
161,575 | 165,406 | 100,880 | |||||||||
Service Shares |
2,026 | 2,128 | 1,689 | |||||||||
Class R Shares |
460 | 336 | 137 | |||||||||
Class IR Shares |
575 | 70 | 10 | |||||||||
International Real Estate Securities Fund |
||||||||||||
Class A Shares |
233,565 | 248,605 | 218,308 | |||||||||
Class C Shares |
4,979 | 6,555 | 7,852 | |||||||||
Institutional Shares |
89,943 | 83,437 | 68,649 | |||||||||
Class IR Shares |
24 | 12 | 9 | |||||||||
Commodity Strategy Fund |
||||||||||||
Class A Shares |
237,880 | 157,380 | 87,689 | |||||||||
Class C Shares |
21,018 | 9,358 | 4,703 | |||||||||
Institutional Shares |
297,206 | 207,139 | 118,605 | |||||||||
Class R Shares |
1,094 | 372 | 45 | |||||||||
Class IR Shares |
34,098 | 3,364 | 23 | |||||||||
Dynamic Allocation Fund* |
||||||||||||
Class A Shares |
194,916 | 20,397 | | |||||||||
Class C Shares |
53,645 | 3,406 | | |||||||||
Institutional Shares |
58,995 | 16,891 | | |||||||||
Class R Shares |
20 | 19 | | |||||||||
Class IR Shares |
67,040 | 17,771 | |
* | The Dynamic Allocation Fund commenced investment operations on January 5, 2010. |
The Trusts distribution and transfer agency agreements each provide that Goldman Sachs may render similar services to others so long as the services Goldman Sachs provides thereunder are not impaired thereby. Such agreements also provide that the Trust will indemnify Goldman Sachs against certain liabilities.
Expenses
The Trust, on behalf of each Fund, is responsible for the payment of each Funds respective expenses. The expenses include, without limitation, the fees payable to the Investment Adviser, service fees and shareholder administration fees paid to Authorized Institutions, the fees and expenses of the Trusts custodian and subcustodians, transfer agent fees and expenses, pricing service fees and expenses, brokerage fees and commissions, filing fees for the registration or qualification of the Trusts shares under federal or state securities laws, expenses of the organization of the Funds, fees and expenses incurred by the Trust in connection with membership in investment company organizations including, but not limited to, the Investment Company Institute, taxes, interest, costs of liability insurance, fidelity bonds or indemnification, any costs, expenses or losses arising out of any liability of, or claim for damages or other relief asserted against, the Trust for violation of any law, legal, tax and auditing fees and expenses (including the cost of legal and certain accounting services rendered by employees of Goldman Sachs or its affiliates with respect to the Trust), expenses of preparing and setting in type the Prospectus, SAIs, proxy material, reports and notices and the printing and distributing of the same to the Trusts shareholders and regulatory authorities, any expenses assumed by a Fund pursuant to its distribution and service plans, compensation and expenses of its non-interested
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Trustees, the fees and expenses of pricing services, dividend expenses on short sales and extraordinary expenses, if any,incurred by the Trust. Except for fees and expenses under any service plan, shareholder administration plan or distribution and service plan applicable to a particular class and transfer agency fees and expenses, all Fund expenses are borne on a non-class specific basis.
The imposition of the Investment Advisers fees, as well as other operating expenses, will have the effect of reducing the total return to investors. From time to time, the Investment Adviser may waive receipt of is fees and/or voluntarily assume certain expenses of a Fund, which would have the effect of lowering that Funds overall expense ratio and increasing total return to investors at the time such amounts are waived or assumed, as the case may be.
The Investment Adviser has agreed to reduce or limit certain Other Expenses of the Funds (excluding acquired fund fees and expenses, transfer agency fees and expenses, services fees and shareholder administration fees (as applicable), taxes, dividend and interest expenses on short sales, interest, brokerage fees, litigation, indemnification, shareholder meeting and other extraordinary expenses) to the following annual percentage rates of each Funds average daily net assets through at least April 2, 2013 and prior to such date the Investment Adviser may not terminate the arrangements without the approval of the Board of Trustees. The expense limitations may be modified or terminated by the Investment Adviser at its discretion and without shareholder approval after such date, although the Investment Adviser does not presently intend to do so:
Fund |
Other Expenses | |||
Absolute Return Tracker Fund |
0.014 | |||
Real Estate Securities Fund |
0.004 | |||
International Real Estate Securities Fund |
0.064 | |||
Commodity Strategy Fund |
0.044 | |||
Dynamic Allocation Fund |
0.054 |
Such reductions or limits, if any, are calculated monthly on a cumulative basis during the Funds fiscal year. A Funds Other Expenses may be further reduced by any custody and transfer agency fee credits received by the Fund. Fees and expenses borne by the Funds relating to legal counsel, registering shares of a Fund, holding meetings and communicating with shareholders may include an allocable portion of the cost of maintaining an internal legal and compliance department. Each Fund may also bear an allocable portion of the Investment Advisers costs of performing certain accounting services not being provided by a Funds custodian.
Reimbursement and Other Expense Reductions
For the fiscal years ended December 31, 2011, 2010 and 2009, the amounts of certain Other Expenses of each Fund then in existence were reduced or otherwise limited by the Investment Adviser as follows under the expense limitations with the Funds that were then in effect:
Fiscal year ended | Fiscal year ended | Fiscal year ended | ||||||||||
December 31, 2011 | December 31, 2010 | December 31, 2009 | ||||||||||
Absolute Return Tracker Fund |
503,497 | 360,039 | 824,782 | |||||||||
Real Estate Securities Fund |
383,692 | 354,608 | 411,728 | |||||||||
International Real Estate Securities Fund |
295,222 | 236,229 | 204,711 | |||||||||
Commodity Strategy Fund |
281,194 | 319,100 | 449,638 | |||||||||
Dynamic Allocation Fund* |
264,148 | 464,616 | |
* | Dynamic Allocation Fund commenced investment operations on January 5, 2010. |
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In addition, the Funds have entered into certain expense offset arrangements with the custodian resulting in a reduction of each Funds expenses. For the fiscal years ended December 31, 2011, 2010 and 2009, each Funds custody fees were reduced by the following approximate amounts under such arrangements:
Fiscal year ended | Fiscal year ended | Fiscal year ended | ||||||||||
December 31, 2011 | December 31, 2010 | December 31, 2009 | ||||||||||
Absolute Return Tracker Fund |
24,681 | |
|
|
| |||||||
Real Estate Securities Fund |
1,800 | | | |||||||||
International Real Estate Securities Fund |
1,543 | | | |||||||||
Commodity Strategy Fund |
6,767 | | | |||||||||
Dynamic Allocation Fund* |
| | |
* | Dynamic Allocation Fund commenced investment operations on January 5, 2010. |
The Funds have also entered into certain expense offset arrangements with the transfer agent resulting in a reduction of each Funds expenses. For the fiscal years ended December 31, 2011, 2010 and 2009, each Funds transfer agency fees were reduced by the following approximate amounts under such arrangement.
Fiscal year ended | Fiscal year ended | Fiscal year ended | ||||||||||
December 31, 2011 | December 31, 2010 | December 31, 2009 | ||||||||||
Absolute Return Tracker Fund |
| | 19 | |||||||||
Real Estate Securities Fund |
| | 1,170 | |||||||||
International Real Estate Securities Fund |
| | 328 | |||||||||
Commodity Strategy Fund |
| | 100 | |||||||||
Dynamic Allocation Fund* |
| | |
* | Dynamic Allocation Fund commenced investment operations on January 5, 2010. |
Custodian and Sub-Custodians
JPMorgan Chase, 270 Park Avenue, New York, New York 10017, is the custodian of the Trusts portfolio securities and cash. JPMorgan Chase also maintains the Trusts accounting records. JPMorgan Chase may appoint domestic and foreign sub-custodians and use depositories from time to time to hold securities and other instruments purchased by the Trust in foreign countries and to hold cash and currencies for the Trust.
Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm
PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP, 125 High Street, Boston, MA 02110, is the Funds independent registered public accounting firm. In addition to audit services, PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP prepares such Funds federal and state tax returns and provides assistance on certain non-audit matters.
POTENTIAL CONFLICTS OF INTEREST
General Categories of Conflicts Associated with the Funds
Goldman Sachs (which, for purposes of this Potential Conflicts of Interest section, shall mean, collectively, The Goldman Sachs Group, Inc., the Investment Adviser and their affiliates, directors, partners, trustees, managers, members, officers and employees) is a worldwide, full-service investment banking, broker-dealer, asset management and financial services organization and a major participant in global financial markets. As such, Goldman Sachs provides a wide range of financial services to a substantial and diversified client base. In those and other capacities, Goldman Sachs advises clients in all markets and transactions and purchases, sells, holds and recommends a broad array of investments for its own accounts and for the accounts of clients and of its personnel, through client accounts and the relationships and products it sponsors, manages and advises (such Goldman Sachs or other client accounts (including the Funds), relationships and products collectively, the Accounts). Goldman Sachs has direct and indirect interests in the global fixed income, currency, commodity, equities, bank loan and other markets, and the securities and issuers, in which the Funds may directly and indirectly invest. As a result, Goldman Sachs activities and dealings, including on behalf of the Funds, may affect the Funds in ways that may disadvantage or restrict the Funds and/or benefit Goldman Sachs or other Accounts. For purposes of this Potential Conflicts of Interest section, Funds shall mean, collectively, the Funds and any of the other Goldman Sachs Funds.
B-72
The following are descriptions of certain conflicts and potential conflicts that may be associated with the financial or other interests that the Investment Adviser and Goldman Sachs may have in transactions effected by, with, and on behalf of the Funds. They are not, and are not intended to be, a complete enumeration or explanation of all of the potential conflicts of interest that may arise. Additional information about potential conflicts of interest regarding the Investment Adviser and Goldman Sachs is set forth in the Investment Advisers Form ADV, which prospective shareholders should review prior to purchasing Fund shares. A copy of Part 1 and Part 2 of the Investment Advisers Form ADV is available on the SECs website (www.adviserinfo.sec.gov). A copy of Part 2 of the Investment Advisers Form ADV will be provided to shareholders or prospective shareholders upon request.
Other Activities of Goldman Sachs, the Sale of Fund Shares and the Allocation of Investment Opportunities
Sales Incentives and Related Conflicts Arising from Goldman Sachs Financial and Other Relationships with Intermediaries
Goldman Sachs and its personnel, including employees of the Investment Adviser, may have relationships (both involving and not involving the Funds, and including without limitation placement, brokerage, advisory and board relationships) with distributors, consultants and others who recommend, or engage in transactions with or for, the Funds. Such distributors, consultants and other parties may receive compensation from Goldman Sachs or the Funds in connection with such relationships. As a result of these relationships, distributors, consultants and other parties may have conflicts that create incentives for them to promote the Funds.
To the extent permitted by applicable law, Goldman Sachs and the Funds may make payments to authorized dealers and other financial intermediaries and to salespersons (collectively, Intermediaries) from time to time to promote the Funds. These payments may be made out of Goldman Sachs assets, or amounts payable to Goldman Sachs. These payments may create an incentive for a particular Intermediary to highlight, feature or recommend the Funds.
Allocation of Investment Opportunities Among the Funds and Other Accounts
The Investment Adviser may manage or advise multiple Accounts (including Accounts in which Goldman Sachs and its personnel have an interest) that have investment objectives that are similar to the Funds and may seek to make investments or sell investments in the same securities or other instruments, sectors or strategies as the Funds. This may create potential conflicts, particularly in circumstances where the availability of such investment opportunities is limited (e.g., in local and emerging markets, high yield securities, fixed income securities, regulated industries, small capitalization and initial public offerings/new issues) or where the liquidity of such investment opportunities is limited.
The Investment Adviser does not receive performance-based compensation in respect of its investment management activities on behalf of the Funds, but may simultaneously manage Accounts for which the Investment Adviser receives greater fees or other compensation (including performance-based fees or allocations) than it receives in respect of the Funds. The simultaneous management of Accounts that pay greater fees or other compensation and the Funds may create a conflict of interest as the Investment Adviser may have an incentive to favor Accounts with the potential to receive greater fees. For instance, the Investment Adviser may be faced with a conflict of interest when allocating scarce investment opportunities given the possibly greater fees from Accounts that pay performance-based fees. To address these types of conflicts, the Investment Adviser has adopted policies and procedures under which it will allocate investment opportunities in a manner that it believes is consistent with its obligations as an investment adviser. However, the amount, timing, structuring or terms of an investment by the Funds may differ from, and performance may be lower than, the investments and performance of other Accounts.
To address these potential conflicts, the Investment Adviser has developed allocation policies and procedures that provide that personnel of the Investment Adviser making portfolio decisions for Accounts will make purchase and sale decisions and allocate investment opportunities among Accounts consistent with its fiduciary obligations. These policies and procedures may result in the pro rata allocation of limited opportunities across eligible Accounts managed by a particular portfolio management team, but in many other cases the allocations reflect numerous other factors as described below. Accounts managed by different portfolio management teams are generally viewed separately for allocation purposes. There will be cases where certain Accounts receive an allocation of an investment opportunity when the Funds do not.
B-73
Personnel of the Investment Adviser involved in decision-making for Accounts may make allocation related decisions for the Funds and other Accounts by reference to one or more factors, including without limitation: the Accounts portfolio and its investment horizons, objectives, guidelines and restrictions (including legal and regulatory restrictions); strategic fit and other portfolio management considerations, including different desired levels of investment for different strategies; the expected future capacity of the applicable Accounts; limits on the Investment Advisers brokerage discretion; cash and liquidity considerations; and the availability of other appropriate investment opportunities. Suitability considerations, reputational matters and other considerations may also be considered. The application of these considerations may cause differences in the performance of different Accounts that have similar strategies. In addition, in some cases the Investment Adviser may make investment recommendations to Accounts where the Accounts make the investment independently of the Investment Adviser, which may result in a reduction in the availability of the investment opportunity for other Accounts (including the Funds) irrespective of the Investment Advisers policies regarding allocation of investments. Additional information about the Investment Advisers allocation policies is set forth in Item 6 (PERFORMANCE-BASED FEES AND SIDE-BY-SIDE MANAGEMENTSide-by-Side Management) of the Investment Advisers Form ADV.
The Investment Adviser may, from time to time, develop and implement new trading strategies or seek to participate in new investment opportunities and trading strategies. These opportunities and strategies may not be employed in all Accounts or pro rata among Accounts where they are employed, even if the opportunity or strategy is consistent with the objectives of such Accounts.
During periods of unusual market conditions, the Investment Adviser may deviate from its normal trade allocation practices. For example, this may occur with respect to the management of unlevered and/or long-only Accounts that are typically managed on a side-by-side basis with levered and/or long-short Accounts.
Notwithstanding anything in the foregoing, the Funds may or may not receive, but in any event will have no rights with respect to, opportunities sourced by Goldman Sachs businesses and affiliates. Such opportunities or any portion thereof may be offered to other Accounts, Goldman Sachs, all or certain investors in the Funds, or such other persons or entities as determined by Goldman Sachs in its sole discretion. The Funds will have no rights and will not receive any compensation related to such opportunities.
Goldman Sachs Financial and Other Interests May Incentivize Goldman Sachs to Promote the Sale of Fund Shares
Goldman Sachs and its personnel have interests in promoting sales of Fund shares, and the compensation from such sales may be greater than the compensation relating to sales of interests in other Accounts. Therefore, Goldman Sachs and its personnel may have a financial interest in promoting Fund shares over interests in other Accounts.
Management of the Funds by the Investment Adviser
Potential Restrictions and Issues Relating to Information Held by Goldman Sachs
Goldman Sachs has established certain information barriers and other policies to address the sharing of information between different businesses within Goldman Sachs. As a result of information barriers, the Investment Adviser generally will not have access, or will have limited access, to information and personnel in other areas of Goldman Sachs, and generally will not be able to manage the Funds with the benefit of information held by such other areas. Such other areas, including without limitation, Goldman Sachs prime brokerage and administration businesses, will have broad access to detailed information that is not available to the Investment Adviser, including information in respect of markets and investments, which, if known to the Investment Adviser, might cause the Investment Adviser to seek to dispose of, retain or increase interests in investments held by the Funds or acquire certain positions on behalf of the Funds, or take other actions. Goldman Sachs will be under no obligation or fiduciary or other duty to make any such information available to the Investment Adviser or personnel of the Investment Adviser involved in decision-making for the Funds. In addition, Goldman Sachs will not have any obligation to make available any information regarding its trading activities, strategies or views, or the activities, strategies or views used for other Accounts, for the benefit of the Funds.
Valuation of the Funds Investments
The Investment Adviser, while not the primary valuation agent of the Funds, performs certain valuation services related to securities and assets in the Funds. The Investment Adviser values securities and assets in the Funds according to its valuation policies and may value an identical asset differently than another division or unit within Goldman Sachs or another Account
B-74
values the asset, including because such other division or unit or Account has information regarding valuation techniques and models or other information that it does not share with the Investment Adviser. This is particularly the case in respect of difficult-to-value assets. The Investment Adviser may face a conflict with respect to such valuations as they affect the Investment Advisers compensation.
Goldman Sachs and the Investment Advisers Activities on Behalf of Other Accounts
The Investment Advisers decisions and actions on behalf of the Funds may differ from those on behalf of other Accounts. Advice given to, or investment or voting decisions made for, one or more Accounts may compete with, affect, differ from, conflict with, or involve timing different from, advice given to or investment decisions made for the Funds.
The extent of Goldman Sachs activities in the global financial markets may have potential adverse effects on the Funds. Goldman Sachs, the clients it advises, and its personnel have interests in and advise Accounts which have investment objectives or portfolios similar to or opposed to those of the Funds, and/or which engage in and compete for transactions in the same types of securities and other instruments as the Funds. Transactions by such Accounts may involve the same or related securities or other instruments as those in which the Funds invest, and may negatively affect the Funds or the prices or terms at which the Funds transactions may be effected. For example, Accounts may engage in a strategy while the Funds are undertaking the same or a differing strategy, any of which could directly or indirectly disadvantage the Funds. The Funds and Goldman Sachs may also vote differently on or take or refrain from taking different actions with respect to the same security, which may be disadvantageous to the Funds. Accounts may also invest in or extend credit to different classes of securities or different parts of the capital structure of the same issuer and classes of securities that are subordinate or senior to, securities in which the Funds invest. As a result, Goldman Sachs and the Accounts may pursue or enforce rights or activities, or refrain from pursuing or enforcing rights or activities, with respect to a particular issuer in which the Funds have invested. The Funds could sustain losses during periods in which Goldman Sachs and other Accounts achieve profits. The negative effects described above may be more pronounced in connection with transactions in, or the Funds use of, small capitalization, emerging market, distressed or less liquid strategies.
Goldman Sachs and its personnel may make investment decisions or recommendations, provide differing investment views or have views with respect to research or valuations that are inconsistent with, or adverse to, the interests and activities of the Funds. Research, analyses or viewpoints may be available to clients or potential clients at different times. Goldman Sachs will not have any obligation to make available to the Funds any research or analysis prior to its public dissemination. The Investment Adviser is responsible for making investment decisions on behalf of the Funds and such investment decisions can differ from investment decisions or recommendations by Goldman Sachs on behalf of other Accounts. Goldman Sachs may, on behalf of other Accounts and in accordance with its management of such Accounts, implement an investment decision or strategy ahead of, or contemporaneously with, or behind similar investment decisions or strategies made for the Funds. The relative timing for the implementation of investment decisions or strategies among Accounts and the Funds may disadvantage the Funds. Certain factors, for example, market impact, liquidity constraints, or other circumstances, could result in the Funds receiving less favorable trading results or incurring increased costs associated with implementing such investment decisions or strategies, or being otherwise disadvantaged.
Subject to applicable law, the Investment Adviser may cause the Funds to invest in securities, bank loans or other obligations of companies affiliated with Goldman Sachs or in which Goldman Sachs or Accounts have an equity, debt or other interest, or to engage in investment transactions that may result in other Accounts being relieved of obligations or otherwise divesting of investments, which may enhance the profitability of Goldman Sachs or other Accounts investments in and activities with respect to such companies.
When the Investment Adviser wishes to place an order for different types of Accounts (including the Funds) for which aggregation is not practicable, the Investment Adviser may use a trade sequencing and rotation policy to determine which type of Account is to be traded first. Under this policy, each portfolio management team may determine the length of its trade rotation period and the sequencing schedule for different categories of clients within this period provided that the trading periods and these sequencing schedules are designed to be fair and equitable over time. The portfolio management teams currently base their trading periods and rotation schedules on the relative amounts of assets managed for different client categories (e.g., unconstrained client accounts, wrap program accounts, etc.) and, as a result, the Funds may trade behind other Accounts. Within a given trading period, the sequencing schedule establishes when and how frequently a given client category will trade first in the order of rotation. The Investment Adviser may deviate from the predetermined sequencing schedule under certain circumstances, and the Investment Advisers trade sequencing and rotation policy may be amended, modified or supplemented at any time without prior notice to clients.
B-75
Investments in Goldman Sachs Funds
To the extent permitted by applicable law, the Funds may invest in money market and other funds sponsored, managed or advised by Goldman Sachs. In connection with any such investments, a Fund, to the extent permitted by the Act, will pay all advisory, administrative or Rule 12b-1 fees applicable to the investment, and fees to the Investment Adviser in its capacity as manager of the Funds will not be reduced thereby (i.e., there could be double fees involved in making any such investment because Goldman Sachs could receive fees with respect to both the management of the Funds and such money market fund). In such circumstances, as well as in all other circumstances in which Goldman Sachs receives any fees or other compensation in any form relating to the provision of services, no accounting or repayment to the Funds will be required.
Goldman Sachs May In-Source or Outsource
Subject to applicable law, Goldman Sachs, including the Investment Adviser, may from time to time and without notice to investors in-source or outsource certain processes or functions in connection with a variety of services that it provides to the Funds in its administrative or other capacities. Such in-sourcing or outsourcing may give rise to additional conflicts of interest.
Distributions of Assets Other Than Cash
With respect to redemptions from the Funds, the Funds may, in certain circumstances, have discretion to decide whether to permit or limit redemptions and whether to make distributions in connection with redemptions in the form of securities or other assets, and in such case, the composition of such distributions. In making such decisions, the Investment Adviser may have a potentially conflicting division of loyalties and responsibilities with respect to redeeming investors and remaining investors.
Goldman Sachs May Act in a Capacity Other Than Investment Adviser to the Funds
Principal and Cross Transactions
When permitted by applicable law and the Investment Advisers policies, the Investment Adviser, acting on behalf of the Funds, may enter into transactions in securities and other instruments with or through Goldman Sachs, and may cause the Funds to engage in transactions in which the Investment Adviser acts as principal on its own behalf (principal transactions), advises both sides of a transaction (cross transactions) and acts as broker for, and receives a commission from, the Funds on one side of a transaction and a brokerage account on the other side of the transaction (agency cross transactions). There may be potential conflicts of interest or regulatory issues relating to these transactions which could limit the Investment Advisers decision to engage in these transactions for the Funds. Goldman Sachs may have a potentially conflicting division of loyalties and responsibilities to the parties in such transactions, and has developed policies and procedures in relation to such transactions and conflicts. Any principal, cross or agency cross transactions will be effected in accordance with fiduciary requirements and applicable law (which may include disclosure and consent).
Goldman Sachs May Act in Multiple Commercial Capacities
To the extent permitted by applicable law, Goldman Sachs may act as broker, dealer, agent, lender or advisor or in other commercial capacities for the Funds or issuers of securities held by the Funds. Goldman Sachs may be entitled to compensation in connection with the provision of such services, and the Funds will not be entitled to any such compensation. Goldman Sachs will have an interest in obtaining fees and other compensation in connection with such services that are favorable to Goldman Sachs, and may take commercial steps in its own interests in connection with providing such services that negatively affect the Funds. For example, Goldman Sachs may require repayment of all or part of a loan at any time and from time to time or cause the Funds to default, liquidate its assets or redeem positions more rapidly (and at significantly lower prices) than might otherwise be desirable. In addition, due to its access to and knowledge of funds, markets and securities based on its other businesses, Goldman Sachs may make decisions based on information or take (or refrain from taking) actions with respect to interests in investments of the kind held directly or indirectly by the Funds in a manner that may be adverse to the Funds. Goldman Sachs may also derive benefits from providing services to the Funds, which may enhance Goldman Sachs relationships with various parties, facilitate additional business development and enable Goldman Sachs to obtain additional business and generate additional revenue.
To the extent permitted by applicable law, Goldman Sachs may create, write, sell, issue, invest in or act as placement agent or distributor of derivative instruments related to the Funds, or with respect to underlying securities or assets of the Funds, or which may be otherwise based on or seek to replicate or hedge the performance of the Funds. Such derivative transactions, and any associated hedging activity, may differ from and be adverse to the interests of the Funds.
B-76
Goldman Sachs may make loans or enter into asset-based or other credit facilities or similar transactions that are secured by a clients assets or interests, including Fund shares, interests in an Account or assets in which the Funds or an Account has an interest. In connection with its rights as lender, Goldman Sachs may take actions that adversely affect the Account and which may in turn adversely affect the Funds (e.g., a Fund holding the same type of security that is providing the credit support to the borrower Account may be disadvantaged when the borrower Account liquidates assets in response to an action taken by Goldman Sachs).
Code of Ethics and Personal Trading
Each of the Funds and Goldman Sachs, as each Funds Investment Adviser and distributor, has adopted a Code of Ethics (the Code of Ethics) in compliance with Section 17(j) of the Act designed to provide that personnel of the Investment Adviser, and certain additional Goldman Sachs personnel who support the Investment Adviser, comply with applicable federal securities laws and place the interests of clients first in conducting personal securities transactions. The Code of Ethics imposes certain restrictions on securities transactions in the personal accounts of covered persons to help avoid conflicts of interest. Subject to the limitations of the Code of Ethics, covered persons may buy and sell securities or other investments for their personal accounts, including investments in the Funds, and may also take positions that are the same as, different from, or made at different times than, positions taken by the Funds. The Codes of Ethics can be reviewed and copied at the SECs Public Reference Room in Washington, D.C. Information on the operation of the Public Reference Room may be obtained by calling the SEC at 1-202-942-8090. The Codes of Ethics are also available on the EDGAR Database on the SECs Internet site at http://www.sec.gov. Copies may also be obtained after paying a duplicating fee by writing the SECs Public Reference Section, Washington, DC 20549-0102, or by electronic request to publicinfo@sec.gov. Additionally, Goldman Sachs personnel, including personnel of the Investment Adviser, are subject to firm-wide policies and procedures regarding confidential and proprietary information, information barriers, private investments, outside business activities and personal trading.
Proxy Voting by the Investment Adviser
The Investment Adviser has adopted policies and procedures designed to prevent conflicts of interest from influencing proxy voting decisions that it makes on behalf of advisory clients, including the Funds, and to help ensure that such decisions are made in accordance with its fiduciary obligations to its clients. Notwithstanding such proxy voting policies and procedures, proxy voting decisions made by the Investment Adviser with respect to securities held by the Funds may benefit the interests of Goldman Sachs and Accounts other than the Funds. For a more detailed discussion of these policies and procedures, see the section of this SAI entitled PROXY VOTING.
Potential Limitations and Restrictions on Investment Opportunities and Activities of the Investment Adviser and the Funds
The Investment Adviser may restrict its investment decisions and activities on behalf of the Funds in various circumstances, including as a result of applicable regulatory requirements, information held by Goldman Sachs, Goldman Sachs internal policies and/or potential reputational risk or disadvantage to Accounts, including the Funds, and Goldman Sachs. As a result, the Investment Adviser might not engage in transactions for the Funds in consideration of Goldman Sachs activities outside the Funds (e.g., the Investment Adviser may refrain from making investments for the Funds that would cause Goldman Sachs to exceed position limits or cause Goldman Sachs to have additional disclosure obligations and may limit purchases or sales of securities in respect of which Goldman Sachs is engaged in an underwriting or other distribution). In addition, the Investment Adviser is not permitted to obtain or use material non-public information in effecting purchases and sales in public securities transactions for the Funds. The Investment Adviser may also limit the activities and transactions engaged in by the Funds, and may limit its exercise of rights on behalf of or in respect of the Funds, for reputational or other reasons, including where Goldman Sachs is providing (or may provide) advice or services to an entity involved in such activity or transaction, where Goldman Sachs or an Account is or may be engaged in the same or a related transaction to that being considered on behalf of the Funds, where Goldman Sachs or an Account has an interest in an entity involved in such activity or transaction, or where such activity or transaction or the exercise of such rights on behalf of or in respect of the Funds could affect Goldman Sachs, the Investment Adviser or their activities.
Brokerage Transactions
The Investment Adviser may select broker-dealers (including affiliates of the Investment Adviser) that furnish the Investment Adviser, the Funds, their affiliates and other Goldman Sachs personnel with proprietary or third party brokerage and research services (collectively, brokerage and research services) that provide, in the Investment Advisers view, appropriate assistance to the Investment Adviser in the investment decision-making process. As a result, the Investment Adviser may pay for such brokerage and research services with soft or commission dollars.
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Brokerage and research services may be used to service the Funds and any or all other Accounts, including in connection with Accounts other than those that pay commissions to the broker-dealer relating to the brokerage and research service arrangements. As a result, the brokerage and research services (including soft dollar benefits) may disproportionately benefit other Accounts relative to the Funds based on the amount of commissions paid by the Funds in comparison to such other Accounts. The Investment Adviser does not attempt to allocate soft dollar benefits proportionately among clients or to track the benefits of brokerage and research services to the commissions associated with a particular Account or group of Accounts.
Aggregation of Trades by the Investment Adviser
The Investment Adviser follows policies and procedures pursuant to which it may combine or aggregate purchase or sale orders for the same security for multiple clients (sometimes called bunching) (including Accounts that are proprietary to Goldman Sachs), so that the orders can be executed at the same time. The Investment Adviser aggregates orders when the Investment Adviser considers doing so appropriate and in the interests of its clients generally. In addition, under certain circumstances trades for the Funds may be aggregated with Accounts that contain Goldman Sachs assets.
When a bunched order is completely filled, the Investment Adviser generally will allocate the securities purchased or proceeds of sale pro rata among the participating Accounts, based on the purchase or sale order. If an order is filled at several different prices, through multiple trades (whether at a particular broker-dealer or among multiple broker-dealers), generally all participating Accounts will receive the average price and pay the average commission, however, this may not always be the case (due to, e.g., odd lots, rounding, market practice or constraints applicable to particular Accounts).
The Investment Adviser does not bunch or aggregate orders for different Funds, or net buy and sell orders for the same Fund, if portfolio management decisions relating to the orders are made separately, or if bunching, aggregating or netting is not appropriate or practicable from the Investment Advisers operational or other perspective. The Investment Adviser may be able to negotiate a better price and lower commission rate on aggregated trades than on trades for Funds that are not aggregated, and incur lower transaction costs on netted trades than trades that are not netted. Where transactions for a Fund are not aggregated with other orders, or not netted against orders for the Fund, the Fund may not benefit from a better price and lower commission rate or lower transaction cost.
PORTFOLIO TRANSACTIONS AND BROKERAGE
The Investment Adviser is responsible for decisions to buy and sell securities for the Funds, the selection of brokers and dealers to effect the transactions and the negotiation of brokerage commissions, if any. Purchases and sales of securities on a securities exchange are effected through brokers who charge a negotiated commission for their services. Increasingly, securities traded over-the-counter also involve the payment of negotiated brokerage commissions. Orders may be directed to any broker including, to the extent and in the manner permitted by applicable law, Goldman Sachs.
In the over-the-counter market, most securities have historically traded on a net basis with dealers acting as principal for their own accounts without a stated commission, although the price of a security usually includes a profit to the dealer. In underwritten offerings, securities are purchased at a fixed price which includes an amount of compensation to the underwriter, generally referred to as the underwriters concession or discount. On occasion, certain money market instruments may be purchased directly from an issuer, in which case no commissions or discounts are paid.
In placing orders for portfolio securities of a Fund, the Investment Adviser is generally required to give primary consideration to obtaining the most favorable execution and net price available. This means that the Investment Adviser will seek to execute each transaction at a price and commission, if any, which provides the most favorable total cost or proceeds reasonably attainable in the circumstances. As permitted by Section 28(e) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 (Section 28(e)), a Fund may pay a broker which provides brokerage and research services to the Fund an amount of disclosed commission in excess of the commission which another broker would have charged for effecting that transaction. Such practice is subject to a good faith determination that such commission is reasonable in light of the services provided and to such policies as the Trustees may adopt from time to time. While the Investment Adviser generally seeks reasonably competitive spreads or commissions, a Fund will not necessarily be paying the lowest spread or commission available. Within the framework of this policy, the Investment Adviser will consider research and investment services provided by brokers or dealers who effect or are parties to portfolio transactions of a Fund, the Investment Adviser and its affiliates, or their other
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clients. Such research and investment services are those which brokerage houses customarily provide to institutional investors and include research reports on particular industries and companies; economic surveys and analyses; recommendations as to specific securities; research products including quotation equipment and computer related programs; advice concerning the value of securities, the advisability of investing in, purchasing or selling securities and the availability of securities or the purchasers or sellers of securities; analyses and reports concerning issuers, industries, securities, economic factors and trends, portfolio strategy and performance of accounts; services relating to effecting securities transactions and functions incidental thereto (such as clearance and settlement); and other lawful and appropriate assistance to the Investment Adviser in the performance of their decision-making responsibilities.
Such services are used by the Investment Adviser in connection with all of its investment activities, and some of such services obtained in connection with the execution of transactions for a Fund may be used in managing other investment accounts. Conversely, brokers furnishing such services may be selected for the execution of transactions of such other accounts, whose aggregate assets may be larger than those of a Funds, and the services furnished by such brokers may be used by the Investment Adviser in providing management services for the Trust. The Investment Adviser may also participate in so-called commission sharing arrangements and client commission arrangements under which the Investment Adviser may execute transactions through a broker-dealer and request that the broker-dealer allocate a portion of the commissions or commission credits to another firm that provides research to the Investment Adviser. The Investment Adviser excludes from use under these arrangements those products and services that are not fully eligible under applicable law and regulatory interpretationseven as to the portion that would be eligible if accounted for separately.
The research services received as part of commission sharing and client commission arrangements will comply with Section 28(e) and may be subject to different legal requirements in the jurisdictions in which the Investment Adviser does business. Participating in commission sharing and client commission arrangements may enable the Investment Adviser to consolidate payments for research through one or more channels using accumulated client commissions or credits from transactions executed through a particular broker-dealer to obtain research provided by other firms. Such arrangements also help to ensure the continued receipt of research services while facilitating best execution in the trading process. The Investment Adviser believes such research services are useful in its investment decision-making process by, among other things, ensuring access to a variety of high quality research, access to individual analysts and availability of resources that the Investment Adviser might not be provided access to absent such arrangements.
On occasions when the Investment Adviser deems the purchase or sale of a security to be in the best interest of a Fund as well as its other customers (including any other fund or other investment company or advisory account for which the Investment Adviser acts as investment adviser or sub-investment adviser), the Investment Adviser, to the extent permitted by applicable laws and regulations, may aggregate the securities to be sold or purchased for the Fund with those to be sold or purchased for such other customers in order to obtain the best net price and most favorable execution under the circumstances. In such event, allocation of the securities so purchased or sold, as well as the expenses incurred in the transaction, will be made by the Investment Adviser in the manner it considers to be equitable and consistent with its fiduciary obligations to such Fund and such other customers. In some instances, this procedure may adversely affect the price and size of the position obtainable for a Fund.
Commission rates in the U.S. are established pursuant to negotiations with the broker based on the quality and quantity of execution services provided by the broker in the light of generally prevailing rates. The allocation of orders among brokers and the commission rates paid are reviewed periodically by the Trustees.
Certain Funds may participate in a commission recapture program. Under the program, participating broker-dealers rebate a percentage of commissions earned on Fund portfolio transactions to the particular Fund from which the commissions were generated. The rebated commissions are expected to be treated as realized capital gains of the Funds.
Subject to the above considerations, the Investment Adviser may use Goldman Sachs or an affiliate as a broker for a Fund. In order for Goldman Sachs or an affiliate acting as agent to effect any portfolio transactions for each Fund, the commissions, fees or other remuneration received by Goldman Sachs or an affiliate must be reasonable and fair compared to the commissions, fees or other remuneration received by other brokers in connection with comparable transactions involving similar securities or futures contracts. Furthermore, the Trustees, including a majority of the Trustees who are not interested Trustees, have adopted procedures which are reasonably designed to provide that any commissions, fees or other remuneration paid to Goldman Sachs are consistent with the foregoing standard. Brokerage transactions with Goldman Sachs are also subject to such fiduciary standards as may be imposed upon Goldman Sachs by applicable law.
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For the fiscal years ended December 31, 2011, 2010 and 2009, each Fund in existence paid brokerage commissions as indicated in the following charts. The amount of brokerage commissions paid by a Fund may vary substantially from year to year because of differences in shareholder purchase and redemption activity, portfolio turnover rates and other factors.
Amount of | ||||||||||||||||||||
Transactions | Brokerage | |||||||||||||||||||
Effected | Commissions | |||||||||||||||||||
Total Brokerage | through | Paid to | ||||||||||||||||||
Commissions | Total Amount of | Brokers | Brokers | |||||||||||||||||
Total Brokerage | Paid to | Transactions on which | Providing | Providing | ||||||||||||||||
Fiscal Year Ended December 31, 2011: |
Commissions Paid | Goldman Sachs1 | Commissions Paid | Research2 | Research2 | |||||||||||||||
Absolute Return Tracker Fund |
188,569 | 29,073 | (0%3) | 6,979,913,079 | (0%4) | 0 | 0 | |||||||||||||
Real Estate Securities Fund |
587,039 | 5,562 | (1%3) | 546,107,904 | (0%4) | 497,050,535 | 551,514 | |||||||||||||
International Real Estate Securities Fund |
903,852 | 54,207 | (0%3) | 489,836,604 | (0%4) | 454,174,605 | 869,318 | |||||||||||||
Commodity Strategy Fund |
28,132 | 531 | (0%3) | 2,476,063,933 | (0%4) | 0 | 0 | |||||||||||||
Dynamic Allocation Fund* |
67,616 | 27,215 | (0%3) | 3,613,610,360 | (0%4) | 0 | 0 | |||||||||||||
Amount of | ||||||||||||||||||||
Transactions | Brokerage | |||||||||||||||||||
Effected | Commissions | |||||||||||||||||||
Total Brokerage | through | Paid to | ||||||||||||||||||
Commissions | Total Amount of | Brokers | Brokers | |||||||||||||||||
Total Brokerage | Paid to | Transactions on which | Providing | Providing | ||||||||||||||||
Fiscal Year Ended December 31, 2010: |
Commissions Paid | Goldman Sachs1 | Commissions Paid | Research2 | Research2 | |||||||||||||||
Absolute Return Tracker Fund |
127,605 | 24,086 | (0%3) | 4,467,557,909 | (0%4) | 0 | 0 | |||||||||||||
Real Estate Securities Fund |
778,723 | 2,654 | (0%3) | 727,195,684 | (0%4) | 658,466,874 | 740,634 | |||||||||||||
International Real Estate Securities Fund |
773,210 | 0 | (0%3) | 466,397,448 | (0%4) | 347,983,155 | 700,991 | |||||||||||||
Commodity Strategy Fund |
13,699 | 139 | (0%3) | 1,193,903,408 | (0%4) | 0 | 0 | |||||||||||||
Dynamic Allocation Fund* |
20,113 | 4,939 | (0%3) | 921,101,845 | (0%4) | 0 | 0 | |||||||||||||
Amount of | ||||||||||||||||||||
Transactions | Brokerage | |||||||||||||||||||
Effected | Commissions | |||||||||||||||||||
Total Brokerage | through | Paid to | ||||||||||||||||||
Commissions | Total Amount of | Brokers | Brokers | |||||||||||||||||
Total Brokerage | Paid to | Transactions on which | Providing | Providing | ||||||||||||||||
Fiscal Year Ended December 31, 2009: |
Commissions Paid | Goldman Sachs1 | Commissions Paid | Research2 | Research2 | |||||||||||||||
Absolute Return Tracker Fund |
59,058 | 0 | (0%3) | 1,475,185,309 | (0%4) | 0 | 0 | |||||||||||||
Real Estate Securities Fund |
1,220,702 | 0 | (0%3) | 843,256,498 | (0%4) | 807,073,982 | 1,164,524 | |||||||||||||
International Real Estate Securities Fund |
1,124,237 | 0 | (0%3) | 663,879,467 | (0%4) | 629,997,992 | 1,006,281 | |||||||||||||
Commodity Strategy Fund |
14,413 | 0 | (0%3) | 1,139,181,107 | (0%4) | 0 | 0 | |||||||||||||
Dynamic Allocation Fund* |
N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A |
* | Dynamic Allocation Fund commenced investment operations on January 5, 2010. |
1 | The figures in the table report brokerage commissions from portfolio transactions, including futures transactions. |
2 | The Investment Adviser does not participate in third party soft dollar arrangements whereby the Investment Adviser is provided third party research and/or investment services by brokerage houses executing transactions on behalf of the Funds. The information above reflects the full commission amounts paid to the brokers that provide proprietary research to the Investment Adviser. Only a portion of such commissions pays for research and the remainder of such commissions is to compensate the broker for execution services, commitment of capital and other services related to the execution of brokerage transactions. |
3 | Percentage of total commissions paid to Goldman Sachs. |
4 | Percentage of total amount of transactions involving the payment of commissions effected through Goldman Sachs. |
Funds Investments in Regular Broker-Dealers
During the fiscal year ended December 31, 2011, the Funds regular broker-dealers, as defined in Rule 10b-1 under the Act, were Barclays Capital, Inc., Bank of America Securities LLC, JPMorgan Chase & Co., Credit Suisse First Boston Corp., Morgan Stanley Co., Deutsche Bank Securities Inc., Citigroup Inc., UBS PaineWebber Warburg Dillon Reed, State Street Corp. and Liquidnet, Inc.
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As of December 31, 2011, the Funds held the following amounts of securities of their regular broker-dealers, as defined in Rule 10b-1 under the Act, or their parents ($ in thousands):
Fund |
Broker/Dealer | Amount | ||||
Commodity Strategy Fund |
Citigroup Inc. | 9,242 | ||||
Absolute Return Tracker Fund |
Citigroup Inc. | 18,022 | ||||
UBS AG | 7,938 | |||||
Bank of America | 1,432 | |||||
Dynamic Allocation Fund |
Bank of America | 8,756 | ||||
UBS | 11,878 |
In accordance with procedures adopted by the Trustees, the net asset value per share of each class of each Fund is calculated by determining the value of the net assets attributed to each class of that Fund and dividing by the number of outstanding shares of that class. All securities are valued on each Business Day as of the close of regular trading on the New York Stock Exchange (normally, but not always, 4:00 p.m. New York time), or such other time as the New York Stock Exchange or National Association of Securities Dealers Automated Quotations (NASDAQ) market may officially close. The term Business Day means any day the New York Stock Exchange is open for trading, which is Monday through Friday except for holidays. The New York Stock Exchange is closed on the following holidays: New Years Day, Martin Luther King, Jr. Day, Washingtons Birthday (observed), Good Friday, Memorial Day, Independence Day, Labor Day, Thanksgiving Day and Christmas.
The time at which transactions and shares are priced and the time by which orders must be received may be changed in case of an emergency or if regular trading on the New York Stock Exchange is stopped at a time other than 4:00 p.m. New York Time. The Trust reserves the right to reprocess purchase, redemption and exchange transactions that were initially processed at a net asset value other than a Funds official closing net asset value that is subsequently adjusted, and to recover amounts from (or distribute amounts to) shareholders based on the official closing net asset value. The Trust reserves the right to advance the time by which purchase and redemption orders must be received for same business day credit as otherwise permitted by the SEC. In addition, each Fund may compute its net asset value as of any time permitted pursuant to any exemption, order or statement of the SEC or its staff.
Portfolio securities of a Fund for which market quotations are readily available are valued as follows: (i) securities listed on any U.S. or foreign stock exchange or on the NASDAQ will be valued at the last sale price, or the official closing price, on the exchange or system in which they are principally traded on the valuation date. If there is no sale on the valuation day, securities traded will be valued at the closing bid price, or if a closing bid price is not available, at either the exchange or system-defined close price on the exchange or system in which such securities are principally traded. If the relevant exchange or system has not closed by the above-mentioned time for determining a Funds net asset value, the securities will be valued at the last sale price or official closing price, or if not available at the bid price at the time the net asset value is determined; (ii) over-the-counter securities not quoted on NASDAQ will be valued at the last sale price on the valuation day or, if no sale occurs, at the last bid price at the time net asset value is determined; (iii) equity securities for which no prices are obtained under sections (i) or (ii) including those for which a pricing service supplies no exchange quotation or a quotation that is believed by the portfolio manager/trader to be inaccurate, will be valued at their fair value in accordance with procedures approved by the Board of Trustees; (iv) fixed income securities, with the exception of short term securities with remaining maturities of 60 days or less, will be valued using evaluated prices provided by a recognized pricing service (e.g., Interactive Data Corp., Reuters, etc.) or dealer-supplied quotations; (v) fixed income securities for which accurate market quotations are not readily available are valued by the Investment Adviser based on valuation models that take into account various factors such as spread and daily yield changes on government or other securities in the appropriate market (i.e. matrix pricing); (vi) short term fixed income securities with a remaining maturity of 60 days or less are valued at amortized cost, which the Trustees have determined to approximate fair value; and (vii) all other instruments, including those for which a pricing service supplies no exchange quotation or a quotation that is believed by the portfolio manager/trader to be inaccurate, will be valued in accordance with the valuation procedures approved by the Board of Trustees.
The value of all assets and liabilities expressed in foreign currencies will be converted into U.S. dollar values at current exchange rates of such currencies against U.S. dollars last quoted by any major bank or a pricing service. If such quotations are not available, the rate of exchange will be determined in good faith by or under procedures established by the Board of Trustees.
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Generally, trading in securities on European, Asian and Far Eastern securities exchanges and on over-the-counter markets in these regions is substantially completed at various times prior to the close of business on each Business Day in New York (i.e., a day on which the New York Stock Exchange is open for trading). In addition, European, Asian or Far Eastern securities trading generally or in a particular country or countries may not take place on all Business Days in New York. Furthermore, trading takes place in various foreign markets on days which are not Business Days in New York and days on which the Funds net asset values are not calculated. Such calculation does not take place contemporaneously with the determination of the prices of the majority of the portfolio securities used in such calculation. For Funds that invest a significant portion of assets in foreign equity securities, fair value prices are provided by an independent fair value service (if available), in accordance with the fair value procedures approved by the Trustees, and are intended to reflect more accurately the value of those securities at the time the Funds NAV is calculated. Fair value prices are used because many foreign markets operate at times that do not coincide with those of the major U.S. markets. Events that could affect the values of foreign portfolio holdings may occur between the close of the foreign market and the time of determining the NAV, and would not otherwise be reflected in the NAV. If the independent fair value service does not provide a fair value for a particular security or if the value does not meet the established criteria for the Funds, the most recent closing price for such a security on its principal exchange will generally be its fair value on such date.
In cases where no clear indication of the value of the Funds portfolio instruments is available, the portfolio instruments will be valued at their fair value according to the valuation procedures approved by the Board of Trustees. These cases include, among others, situations where a security or other asset or liability does not have a price source, or the secondary markets on which an investment has previously been traded are no longer viable, due to its lack of liquidity.
The Investment Adviser, consistent with its procedures and applicable regulatory guidance, may (but need not) determine to make an adjustment to the previous closing prices of either domestic or foreign securities in light of significant events, to reflect what it believes to be the fair value of the securities at the time of determining a Funds NAV. Significant events that could affect a large number of securities in a particular market may include, but are not limited to: situations relating to one or more single issuers in a market sector; significant fluctuations in U.S. or foreign markets; market dislocations; market disruptions or market closings; equipment failures; natural or man-made disasters or act of God; armed conflicts; governmental actions or other developments; as well as the same or similar events which may affect specific issuers or the securities markets even though not tied directly to the securities markets. Other significant events that could relate to a single issuer may include, but are not limited to: corporate actions such as reorganizations, mergers and buy-outs; corporate announcements, including those relating to earnings, products and regulatory news; significant litigation; low trading volume; trading limits; or suspensions.
The proceeds received by each Fund and each other series of the Trust from the issue or sale of its shares, and all net investment income, realized and unrealized gain and proceeds thereof, subject only to the rights of creditors, will be specifically allocated to such Fund or particular series and constitute the underlying assets of that Fund or series. The underlying assets of each Fund will be segregated on the books of account, and will be charged with the liabilities in respect of such Fund and with a share of the general liabilities of the Trust. Expenses of the Trust with respect to the Funds and the other series of the Trust are generally allocated in proportion to the net asset values of the respective Funds or series except where allocations of expenses can otherwise be fairly made.
Errors and Corrective Actions
The Investment Adviser will report to the Board of Trustees any material breaches of investment objective, policies or restrictions and any material errors in the calculation of the NAV of a Fund or the processing of purchases and redemptions. Depending on the nature and size of an error, corrective action may or may not be required. Corrective action may involve a prospective correction of the NAV only, correction of any erroneous NAV and compensation to a Fund, or correction of any erroneous NAV, compensation to a Fund and reprocessing of individual shareholder transactions. The Trusts policies on errors and corrective action limit or restrict when corrective action will be taken or when compensation to a Fund or its shareholders will be paid, and not all mistakes will result in compensable errors. As a result, neither a Fund nor its shareholders who purchase or redeem shares during periods in which errors accrue or occur may be compensated in connection with the resolution of an error. Shareholders will generally not be notified of the occurrence of a compensable error or the resolution thereof absent unusual circumstances.
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As discussed in more detail under NET ASSET VALUE, a Funds portfolio securities may be priced based on quotations for those securities provided by pricing services. There can be no guarantee that a quotation provided by a pricing service will be accurate.
Each Fund is a series of Goldman Sachs Trust, a Delaware statutory trust established by an Agreement and Declaration of Trust dated January 28, 1997.
The Trustees have authority under the Trusts Declaration of Trust to create and classify shares of beneficial interest in separate series, without further action by shareholders. The Trustees also have authority to classify and reclassify any series of shares into one or more classes of shares. As of April 2, 2012, the Trustees (i) have classified the shares of the Real Estate Securities Fund into seven classes: Class A Shares, Class B Shares, Class C Shares, Class R Shares, Class IR Shares, Institutional Shares and Service Shares; (ii) have classified the shares of each of the Absolute Return Tracker, Commodity Strategy, and Dynamic Allocation Funds into five classes: Institutional Shares, Class A Shares, Class C Shares, Class R Shares and Class IR Shares; (iii) have classified the shares of the International Real Estate Securities Fund into four classes: Class A Shares, Class C Shares, Class IR Shares, and Institutional Shares. Additional series and classes may be added in the future.
Each Class A Share, Class B Share, Class C Share, Institutional Share, Class R Share, Class IR Share and Service Share of a Fund represents a proportionate interest in the assets belonging to the applicable class of the Fund. All expenses of a Fund are borne at the same rate by each class of shares, except that fees under the Service Plan and Shareholder Administration Plan are borne exclusively by Service Shares, fees under Distribution and Service Plans (together with the Service Plan and Shareholder Administration Plan, the Plans) are borne exclusively by Class A, Class B, Class C or Class R Shares and transfer agency fees and expenses are borne at different rates by different share classes. The Trustees may determine in the future that it is appropriate to allocate other expenses differently among classes of shares and may do so to the extent consistent with the rules of the SEC and positions of the IRS. Each class of shares may have different minimum investment requirements and be entitled to different shareholder services. With limited exceptions, shares of a class may only be exchanged for shares of the same or an equivalent class of another fund. See Shareholder Guide in the Prospectus and OTHER INFORMATION REGARDING MAXIMUM SALES CHARGE, PURCHASES, REDEMPTIONS, EXCHANGES AND DIVIDENDS below. In addition, the fees and expenses set forth below for each class may be subject to voluntary fee waivers or reimbursements, as discussed more fully in the Funds Prospectus.
Class A Shares are sold with an initial sales charge of up to 5.5% (4.5% for Commodity Strategy Fund), through brokers and dealers who are members of the Financial Industry Regulatory Authority (the FINRA) and certain other financial service firms that have sales agreements with Goldman Sachs. Class A Shares bear the cost of distribution and service fees at the aggregate rate of up to 0.25% of the average daily net assets of such Class A Shares of each Fund. With respect to Class A Shares, the distributor at its discretion may use compensation for distribution services paid under the Distribution and Service Plan for personal and account maintenance services and expenses so long as such total compensation under the Plan does not exceed the maximum cap on service fees imposed by FINRA.
Prior to November 2, 2009, Class B Shares of the Real Estate Securities Fund were sold subject to a contingent deferred sales charge (CDSC) of up to 5.0% through brokers and dealers who are members of FINRA and certain other financial services firms that have sales arrangements with Goldman Sachs. Class B Shares bear the cost of distribution (Rule 12b-1) fees at the aggregate rate of up to 0.75% of the average daily net assets attributable to Class B Shares. Class B Shares also bear the cost of service fees at an annual rate of up to 0.25% of the average daily net assets attributable to Class B Shares.
Class C Shares of the Funds are sold subject to a CDSC of up to 1.0% through brokers and dealers who are members of FINRA and certain other financial services firms that have sales arrangements with Goldman Sachs. Class C Shares bear the cost of distribution (Rule 12b-1) fees at the aggregate rate of up to 0.75% of the average daily net assets attributable to Class C Shares. Class C Shares also bear the cost of service fees at an annual rate of up to 0.25% of the average daily net assets attributable to Class C Shares.
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Class IR and Class R Shares are sold at net asset value without a sales charge. As noted in the Prospectuses, Class IR and Class R Shares are not sold directly to the public. Instead, Class IR and Class R Shares generally are available only to Section 401(k) plans, 403(b), 457, profit sharing, money purchase pension, tax-sheltered annuity, defined benefit pension, non-qualified deferred compensation plans and non-qualified pension plans or other employee benefit plans (including health savings accounts) or SIMPLE plans that are sponsored by one or more employers (including governmental or church employers) or employee organizations (Employee Benefit Plans). Such an Employee Benefit Plan must purchase Class IR or Class R Shares through a plan level or omnibus account. Class IR Shares may also be sold to accounts established under a fee-based program that is sponsored and maintained by a registered broker-dealer or other financial intermediary that is approved by Goldman Sachs (Eligible Fee-Based Program). Class IR and R Shares are not available to traditional and Roth Individual Retirement Accounts (IRAs), SEPs and SARSEPs; except that Class IR Shares are available to such accounts or plans to the extent they are purchased through an Eligible Fee-Based Program. Participants in an Employee Benefit Plan should contact their Employee Benefit Plan service provider for information regarding purchases, sales and exchanges of Class IR and Class R Shares. Class R Shares bear the cost of distribution (Rule 12b-1) fees at the aggregate rate of up to 0.50% of the average daily net assets attributable to Class R Shares. With respect to Class R Shares the distributor at its discretion may use compensation for distribution services paid under the Distribution and Service Plan for personal and account maintenance services and expenses so long as such total compensation under the Plan does not exceed the maximum cap on service fees imposed by the Financial Industry Regulatory Authority (FINRA).
Institutional Shares may be purchased at net asset value without a sales charge for accounts in the name of an investor or institution that is not compensated by a Fund under a Plan for services provided to the institutions customers.
Service Shares may be purchased at net asset value without a sales charge for accounts held in the name of an institution that, directly or indirectly, provides certain shareholder administration services and shareholder liaison services to its customers, including maintenance of account records and processing orders to purchase, redeem and exchange Service Shares. Service Shares bear the cost of service fees and shareholder administration fees at the annual rate of up to 0.25% and 0.25%, respectively, of the average daily net assets of the Fund attributable to Service Shares.
It is possible that an institution or its affiliate may offer different classes of shares (i.e., Class A, Class B, Class C, Class R, Class IR, Institutional or Service Shares) to its customers and thus receive different compensation with respect to different classes of shares of each Fund. Dividends paid by each Fund, if any, with respect to each class of shares will be calculated in the same manner, at the same time on the same day and will be the same amount, except for differences caused by the fact that the respective transfer agency and Plan fees relating to a particular class will be borne exclusively by that class. Similarly, the net asset value per share may differ depending upon the class of shares purchased.
Certain aspects of the shares may be altered after advance notice to shareholders if it is deemed necessary in order to satisfy certain tax regulatory requirements.
When issued for the consideration described in the Funds Prospectus, shares are fully paid and non-assessable. The Trustees may, however, cause shareholders, or shareholders of a particular series or class, to pay certain custodian, transfer agency, servicing or similar charges by setting off the same against declared but unpaid dividends or by reducing share ownership (or by both means). In the event of liquidation, shareholders are entitled to share pro rata in the net assets of the applicable class of the relevant Fund available for distribution to such shareholders. All shares are freely transferable and have no preemptive, subscription or conversion rights. The Trustees may require Shareholders to redeem Shares for any reason under terms set by the Trustees.
The Act requires that where more than one series of shares exists, each series must be preferred over all other series in respect of assets specifically allocated to such series. In addition, Rule 18f-2 under the Act provides that any matter required to be submitted by the provisions of the Act or applicable state law, or otherwise, to the holders of the outstanding voting securities of an investment company such as the Trust shall not be deemed to have been effectively acted upon unless approved by the holders of a majority of the outstanding shares of each series affected by such matter. Rule 18f-2 further provides that a series shall be deemed to be affected by a matter unless the interests of each series in the matter are substantially identical or the matter does not affect any interest of such series. However, Rule 18f-2 exempts the selection of independent public accountants, the approval of principal distribution contracts and the election of trustees from the separate voting requirements of Rule 18f-2.
The Trust is not required to hold annual meetings of shareholders and does not intend to hold such meetings. In the event that a meeting of shareholders is held, each share of the Trust will be entitled, as determined by the Trustees without the vote or consent of the shareholders, either to one vote for each share or to one vote for each dollar of net asset value represented by such share on all matters presented to shareholders including the election of Trustees (this method of voting being referred to as dollar based voting). However, to the extent required by the Act or otherwise determined by the Trustees, series and classes of the Trust will vote separately from each other. Shareholders of the Trust do not have cumulative voting rights in the election of Trustees. Meetings of shareholders of the Trust, or any series or class thereof, may be called by the Trustees, certain officers or upon the written request of holders of 10% or more of the shares entitled to vote at such meetings. The Trustees will call a special meeting of shareholders for the purpose of electing Trustees, if, at any time, less than a majority of Trustees holding office at the time were elected by shareholders. The shareholders of the Trust will have voting rights only with respect to the limited number of matters specified in the Declaration of Trust and such other matters as the Trustees may determine or may be required by law.
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The Declaration of Trust provides for indemnification of Trustees, officers, employees and agents of the Trust unless the recipient is adjudicated (i) to be liable by reason of willful misfeasance, bad faith, gross negligence or reckless disregard of the duties involved in the conduct of such persons office or (ii) not to have acted in good faith in the reasonable belief that such persons actions were in the best interest of the Trust. The Declaration of Trust provides that, if any shareholder or former shareholder of any series is held personally liable solely by reason of being or having been a shareholder and not because of the shareholders acts or omissions or for some other reason, the shareholder or former shareholder (or the shareholders heirs, executors, administrators, legal representatives or general successors) shall be held harmless from and indemnified against all loss and expense arising from such liability. The Trust, acting on behalf of any affected series, must, upon request by such shareholder, assume the defense of any claim made against such shareholder for any act or obligation of the series and satisfy any judgment thereon from the assets of the series.
The Declaration of Trust permits the termination of the Trust or of any series or class of the Trust (i) by a majority of the affected shareholders at a meeting of shareholders of the Trust, series or class; or (ii) by a majority of the Trustees without shareholder approval if the Trustees determine, in their sole discretion, that such action is in the best interest of the Trust, such series, such class or their respective shareholders. The Trustees may consider such factors as they, in their sole discretion, deem appropriate in making such determination, including (i) the inability of the Trust or any series or class to maintain its assets at an appropriate size; (ii) changes in laws or regulations governing the Trust, series or class or affecting assets of the type in which it invests; or (iii) economic developments or trends having a significant adverse impact on the business or operations of the Trust or series.
The Declaration of Trust authorizes the Trustees, without shareholder approval, to cause the Trust, or any series thereof, to merge or consolidate with any corporation, association, trust or other organization or sell or exchange all or substantially all of the property belonging to the Trust or any series thereof. In addition, the Trustees, without shareholder approval, may adopt a master-feeder structure by investing all or a portion of the assets of a series of the Trust in the securities of another open-end investment company with substantially the same investment objective, restrictions and policies.
The Declaration of Trust permits the Trustees to amend the Declaration of Trust without a shareholder vote. However, shareholders of the Trust have the right to vote on any amendment (i) that would adversely affect the voting rights of shareholders; (ii) that is required by law to be approved by shareholders; (iii) that would amend the provisions of the Declaration of Trust regarding amendments and supplements thereto; or (iv) that the Trustees determine to submit to shareholders.
The Trustees may appoint separate Trustees with respect to one or more series or classes of the Trusts shares (the Series Trustees). Series Trustees may, but are not required to, serve as Trustees of the Trust or any other series or class of the Trust. To the extent provided by the Trustees in the appointment of Series Trustees, the Series Trustees may have, to the exclusion of any other Trustees of the Trust, all the powers and authorities of Trustees under the Declaration of Trust with respect to such Series or Class, but may have no power or authority with respect to any other series or class.
Shareholder and Trustee Liability
Under Delaware Law, the shareholders of the Funds are not generally subject to liability for the debts or obligations of the Trust. Similarly, Delaware law provides that a series of the Trust will not be liable for the debts or obligations of any other series of the Trust. However, no similar statutory or other authority limiting statutory trust shareholder liability exists in other states. As a result, to the extent that a Delaware statutory trust or a shareholder is subject to the jurisdiction of courts of such other states, the courts may not apply Delaware law and may thereby subject the Delaware statutory trust shareholders to liability. To guard against this risk, the Declaration of Trust contains an express disclaimer of shareholder liability for acts or obligations of a series. Notice of such disclaimer will normally be given in each agreement, obligation or instrument entered into or executed by a series of the Trust. The Declaration of Trust provides for indemnification by the relevant series for all loss suffered by a shareholder as a result of an obligation of the series. The Declaration of Trust also provides that a series shall, upon request, assume the defense of any claim made against any shareholder for any act or obligation of the series and satisfy any judgment thereon. In view of the above, the risk of personal liability of shareholders of a Delaware statutory trust is remote.
In addition to the requirements under Delaware law, the Declaration of Trust provides that shareholders of a series may bring a derivative action on behalf of the series only if the following conditions are met: (a) shareholders eligible to bring such derivative action under Delaware law who hold at least 10% of the outstanding shares of the series, or 10% of the outstanding shares of the class to which such action relates, shall join in the request for the Trustees to commence such action; and (b) the Trustees must be afforded a reasonable amount of time to consider such shareholder request and to investigate the
B-85
basis of such claim. The Trustees will be entitled to retain counsel or other advisers in considering the merits of the request and may require an undertaking by the shareholders making such request to reimburse the series for the expense of any such advisers in the event that the Trustees determine not to bring such action.
The Declaration of Trust further provides that the Trustees will not be liable for errors of judgment or mistakes of fact or law, but nothing in the Declaration of Trust protects a Trustee against liability to which he or she would otherwise be subject by reason of willful misfeasance, bad faith, gross negligence, or reckless disregard of the duties involved in the conduct of his or her office.
Principal Holders of Securities
As of March 6, 2012, the following shareholders were shown in the Trusts records as owning of record or beneficially more than 5% of any class of a Funds shares:
Absolute Return Tracker Fund
Percentage of | ||||||
Class |
Name/Address |
Class | ||||
Class A |
UBS Wealth Management, Omni Account, Attn Dept. Manager, 1000 Harbor Blvd, 5th Fl, Weehawken, NJ 07086-6761 | 15.40 | % | |||
Class A |
American Enterprise Investment Services, Inc., PO Box 9446, Minneapolis, MN 55440-9446 | 11.61 | % | |||
Class A |
Morgan Stanley & Co., Harborside Financial Center, Plaza II 3rd Floor, Jersey City, NJ 07311 | 10.01 | % | |||
Class A |
Goldman Sachs & Co., FBO Omnibus, c/o Mutual Fund Ops, 295 Chipeta Way, Salt Lake City, UT 84108-1287 | 8.64 | % | |||
Class A |
Citigroup Global Markets Inc., 333 West 34th St., 3rd Floor, New York, NY 10001-2417 | 6.05 | % | |||
Class A |
Pershing LLC, PO Box 2052, Jersey City, NJ 07303-2052 | 5.97 | % | |||
Class A |
National Financial Services, LLC, FBO Clients, PO Box 3699, Wichita, KS 67201-3699 |
5.94 | % | |||
Class A |
Charles Schwab & Co., Inc., Special Custody Account FBO Customer, Attn Mutual Funds, 101 Montgomery Street, San Francisco, CA 94104-4151 |
5.94 | % | |||
Class A |
American Enterprise Investment Services, Inc., 702 2nd Ave. South, Minneapolis, MN 55402 | 5.84 | % | |||
Class C |
Merrill Lynch Pierce Fenner & Smith, FBO its Customers, Attn: Service Team Goldman Sachs Funds, 4800 Deer Lake Dr. East, 3rd Fl., Jacksonville, FL 32246-6484 | 30.46 | % | |||
Class C |
Morgan Stanley & Co., Harborside Financial Center, Plaza II 3rd Floor, Jersey City, NJ 07311 | 18.04 | % | |||
Class C |
Citigroup Global Markets Inc., 333 West 34th St., 3rd Floor, New York, NY 10001-2417 | 14.66 | % | |||
Class C |
First Clearing, LLC, Special Custody Account FBO Customer, 2801 Market St., Saint Louis, MO 63103-2523 |
9.65 | % | |||
Class C |
UBS Wealth Management, Omni Account, Attn Dept. Manager, 1000 Harbor Blvd, 5th Fl, Weehawken, NJ 07086-6761 | 8.15 | % | |||
Class IR |
Raymond James & Associates, Omnibus for Mutual Funds, Attn: Courtney Waller, 880 Carillon Parkway, St. Petersburg, FL 33716-1102 |
61.97 | % | |||
Class IR |
LPL Financial, 9785 Towne Centre Drive, San Diego CA 92121-1968 | 33.47 | % | |||
Class R |
Frontier Trust Company, FBO Kings Medical Group, PO Box 10758, Fargo, ND 58106-0758 | 48.51 | % | |||
Class R |
Hartford Life Insurance Co., Separate Account 401, Attn: David Broeck, 1 Griffin Road N., Windsor, CT, 06095-1512 | 32.88 | % | |||
Institutional |
Morgan Stanley & Co., Harborside Financial Center, Plaza II 3rd Floor, Jersey City, NJ 07311 | 24.05 | % | |||
Institutional |
Merrill Lynch Pierce Fenner & Smith, FBO its Customers, Attn: Service Team Goldman Sachs Funds, 4800 Deer Lake Dr. East, 3rd Fl., Jacksonville, FL 32246-6484 | 23.92 | % | |||
Institutional |
Citigroup Global Markets Inc., 333 West 34th St., 3rd Floor, New York, NY 10001-2417 | 22.55 | % |
B-86
Commodity Strategy Fund
Percentage of | ||||||
Class |
Name/Address |
Class | ||||
Class A |
Pershing LLC, PO Box 2052, Jersey City, NJ 07303-2052 | 18.84 | % | |||
Class A |
TD Ameritrade Inc., FBO Clients, PO Box 2226, Omaha, NE 68103-2226 | 8.83 | % | |||
Class A |
American Enterprise Investment Services, Inc., PO Box 9446, Minneapolis, MN 55440-9446 | 7.66 | % | |||
Class A |
Edward Jones, Attn Mutual Fund Shareholder Accounting, 201 Progress Pkwy, Maryland Heights, MO 62043-3009 |
6.80 | % | |||
Class A |
Genworth Financial Trust Co., Genworth Financial Wealth Management Mutual Clients & FBO Other Customer Clients, 3200 N Central Ave Fl 7, Phoenix, AZ 85012 | 5.39 | % | |||
Class C |
Merrill Lynch Pierce Fenner & Smith, FBO its Customers, Attn: Service Team Goldman Sachs Funds, 4800 Deer Lake Dr. East, 3rd Fl., Jacksonville, FL 32246-6484 | 27.53 | % | |||
Class C |
First Clearing, LLC, Special Custody Account FBO Customer, 2801 Market St., Saint Louis, MO 63103-2523 |
11.66 | % | |||
Class C |
Edward Jones, Attn Mutual Fund Shareholder Accounting, 201 Progress Pkwy, Maryland Heights, MO 62043-3009 |
9.63 | % | |||
Class C |
American Enterprise Investment Services, Inc., PO Box 9446, Minneapolis, MN 55440-9446 | 8.72 | % | |||
Class C |
UBS Wealth Management, Omni Account, Attn Dept. Manager, 1000 Harbor Blvd, 5th Fl, Weehawken, NJ 07086-6761 | 6.70 | % | |||
Class C |
Morgan Stanley & Co., Harborside Financial Center, Plaza II 3rd Floor, Jersey City, NJ 07311 | 5.90 | % | |||
Class C |
Raymond James & Associates, Omnibus for Mutual Funds, Attn: Courtney Waller, 880 Carillon Parkway, St. Petersburg, FL 33716-1102 |
5.19 | % | |||
Class IR |
LPL Financial, 9785 Towne Centre Drive, San Diego CA 92121-1968 | 59.82 | % | |||
Class IR |
Raymond James & Associates, Omnibus for Mutual Funds, Attn: Courtney Waller, 880 Carillon Parkway, St. Petersburg, FL 33716-1102 |
39.04 | % | |||
Class R |
Frontier Trust Company, FBO Rankin & Rankin Inc. 401K Plan, PO Box 10758, Fargo, ND 58106-0758 |
12.66 | % | |||
Class R |
Frontier Trust Company, FBO Stewart Brothers Drilling Co. 401K SA, PO Box 10758, Fargo, ND 58106-0758 |
10.60 | % | |||
Class R |
Frontier Trust Company, FBO Spectrum Eye Care Inc. 401K Plan, PO Box 10758, Fargo, ND 58106-0758 |
7.50 | % | |||
Class R |
Frontier Trust Company, FBO Gina L. Pfeiffer DDS PS, PO Box 10758, Fargo, ND 58106-0758 | 5.80 | % | |||
Institutional |
State Street Bank & Trust Co., Custodian GS Satellite Strategies Portfolio Commodity Strategy Fund c/o State Street Corporation, 2 Avenue De Lafayette FL 6 South, Boston, MA 02111-1750 | 17.44 | % | |||
Institutional |
Edward Jones, Attn Mutual Fund Shareholder Accounting, 201 Progress Pkwy, Maryland Heights, MO 62043-3009 | 12.43 | % | |||
Institutional |
State Street Bank & Trust Co., Custodian GS Trust Growth Strategy Commodity Strategy Fund c/o State Street Corporation, 2 Avenue De Lafayette FL 6 South, Boston, MA 02111-1750 | 8.91 | % | |||
Institutional |
State Street Bank & Trust Co., Custodian GS Trust Growth & Income Commodity Strategy Fund c/o State Street Corporation, 2 Avenue De Lafayette FL 6 South, Boston, MA 02111-1750 | 8.85 | % | |||
Institutional |
Goldman Sachs & Co., FBO Omnibus, c/o Mutual Fund Ops, 295 Chipeta Way, Salt Lake City, UT 84108-1287 | 5.93 | % | |||
Institutional |
Charles Schwab & Co., Inc., Special Custody Account FBO Customers, Attn: Mutual Funds, 101 Montgomery St., San Francisco, CA 94104 |
5.22 | % |
B-87
Dynamic Allocation Fund
Percentage of | ||||||
Class |
Name/Address |
Class | ||||
Class A |
American Enterprise Investment Services, Inc., PO Box 9446, Minneapolis, MN 55440-9446 | 21.38 | % | |||
Class A |
Charles Schwab & Co., Inc., Special Custody Account FBO Customers, Attn: Mutual Funds, 101 Montgomery St., San Francisco, CA 94104 |
19.00 | % | |||
Class A |
American Enterprise Investment Services, Inc., 702 2nd Ave. South, Minneapolis, MN 55402 | 10.34 | % | |||
Class A |
Pershing LLC, PO Box 2052, Jersey City, NJ 07303-2052 | 9.36 | % | |||
Class A |
UBS Wealth Management, Omni Account, Attn Dept. Manager, 1000 Harbor Blvd, 5th Fl, Weehawken, NJ 07086-6761 | 6.99 | % | |||
Class A |
LPL Financial, 9785 Towne Centre Drive, San Diego CA 92121-1968 | 6.04 | % | |||
Class C |
Raymond James & Associates, Omnibus for Mutual Funds, Attn: Courtney Waller, 880 Carillon Parkway, St. Petersburg, FL 33716-1102 | 30.93 | % | |||
Class C |
American Enterprise Investment Services, Inc., PO Box 9446, Minneapolis, MN 55440-9446 | 13.67 | % | |||
Class C |
First Clearing, LLC, Special Custody Account FBO Customer, 2801 Market St., Saint Louis, MO 63103-2523 |
10.11 | % | |||
Class C |
Citigroup Global Markets Inc., House Account, 700 Red Brook Blvd, Owings Mills, MD 21117-5184 |
7.08 | % | |||
Class C |
Pershing LLC, PO Box 2052, Jersey City, NJ 07303-2052 | 6.34 | % | |||
Class C |
Morgan Stanley & Co., Harborside Financial Center, Plaza II 3rd Floor, Jersey City, NJ 07311 | 5.10 | % | |||
Class IR |
LPL Financial, 9785 Towne Centre Drive, San Diego CA 92121-1968 | 54.06 | % | |||
Class IR |
Raymond James & Associates, Omnibus for Mutual Funds, Attn: Courtney Waller, 880 Carillon Parkway, St. Petersburg, FL 33716-1102 |
39.20 | % | |||
Class R |
Goldman Sachs Seed Account, Attn: IMD-INDIA-SAOS, Crystal Downs Fl 3, Embassy Gold Links Business Park, Bangalore, India 560071 | 100.00 | % | |||
Institutional |
Charles Schwab & Co., Inc., Special Custody Account FBO Customers, Attn: Mutual Funds, 101 Montgomery St., San Francisco, CA 94104 |
29.38 | % | |||
Institutional |
First Clearing, LLC, Special Custody Account FBO Customer, 2801 Market St., Saint Louis, MO 63103-2523 |
10.89 | % | |||
Institutional |
Citigroup Global Markets Inc., House Account, 700 Red Brook Blvd, Owings Mills, MD 21117-5184 |
10.33 | % | |||
Institutional |
Morgan Stanley & Co., Harborside Financial Center, Plaza II 3rd Floor, Jersey City, NJ 07311 | 8.66 | % | |||
Institutional |
Merrill Lynch Pierce Fenner & Smith, FBO its Customers, Attn: Service Team Goldman Sachs Funds, 4800 Deer Lake Dr. East, 3rd Fl., Jacksonville, FL 32246-6484 | 6.02 | % |
B-88
International Real Estate Securities Fund
Percentage of | ||||||
Class |
Name/Address |
Class | ||||
Class A |
Goldman Sachs & Co., FBO Omnibus, c/o Mutual Fund Ops, 295 Chipeta Way, Salt Lake City, UT 84108-1287 | 72.88 | % | |||
Class A |
Pershing LLC, PO Box 2052, Jersey City, NJ 07303-2052 | 5.54 | % | |||
Class C |
American Enterprise Investment Services, Inc., PO Box 9446, Minneapolis, MN 55440-9446 | 23.51 | % | |||
Class C |
Merrill Lynch Pierce Fenner & Smith, FBO its Customers, Attn: Service Team Goldman Sachs Funds, 4800 Deer Lake Dr. East, 3rd Fl., Jacksonville, FL 32246-6484 | 18.17 | % | |||
Class C |
Morgan Stanley & Co., Harborside Financial Center, Plaza II 3rd Floor, Jersey City, NJ 07311 | 10.07 | % | |||
Class C |
UBS Wealth Management, Omni Account, Attn Dept. Manager, 1000 Harbor Blvd, 5th Fl, Weehawken, NJ 07086-6761 | 9.34 | % | |||
Class C |
First Clearing, LLC, Special Custody Account FBO Customer, 2801 Market St., Saint Louis, MO 63103-2523 |
6.33 | % | |||
Class C |
Pershing LLC, PO Box 2052, Jersey City, NJ 07303-2052 | 6.21 | % | |||
Class IR |
Raymond James & Associates, Omnibus for Mutual Funds, Attn: Courtney Waller, 880 Carillon Parkway, St. Petersburg, FL 33716-1102 |
71.40 | % | |||
Class IR |
Goldman Sachs Seed Account, Attn: IMD-INDIA-SAOS, Crystal Downs Fl 3, Embassy Gold Links Business Park, Bangalore, India 560071 | 24.34 | % | |||
Institutional |
State Street Bank & Trust Co., Custodian GS Satellite Strategies Portfolio International Real Estate Securities Fund, 2 Avenue De Lafayette FL 6 South, Boston, MA 02111-1750 | 37.07 | % | |||
Institutional |
Goldman Sachs & Co., FBO Omnibus, c/o Mutual Fund Ops, 295 Chipeta Way, Salt Lake City, UT 84108-1287 |
26.91 | % | |||
Institutional |
State Street Bank & Trust Co., Custodian GS Trust Growth & Income International Real Estate Securities Fund, 2 Avenue De Lafayette FL 6 South, Boston, MA 02111-1750 | 8.44 | % | |||
Institutional |
State Street Bank & Trust Co., Custodian GS Trust Growth Strategy International Real Estate Securities Fund, 2 Avenue De Lafayette FL 6 South, Boston, MA 02111-1750 | 7.09 | % |
Real Estate Securities Fund
Percentage of | ||||||
Class |
Name/Address |
Class | ||||
Class A |
Goldman Sachs & Co., FBO Omnibus, c/o Mutual Fund Ops, 295 Chipeta Way, Salt Lake City, UT 84108-1287 |
59.38 | % | |||
Class A |
Edward Jones, Attn Mutual Fund Shareholder Accounting, 201 Progress Pkwy, Maryland Heights, MO 62043-3009 |
5.96 | % | |||
Class B |
Edward Jones, Attn Mutual Fund Shareholder Accounting, 201 Progress Pkwy, Maryland Heights, MO 62043-3009 |
29.26 | % | |||
Class B |
First Clearing, LLC, Special Custody Account FBO Customer, 2801 Market St., Saint Louis, MO 63103-2523 |
10.46 | % | |||
Class B |
American Enterprise Investment Services, Inc., PO Box 9446, Minneapolis, MN 55440-9446 | 9.19 | % | |||
Class B |
Pershing LLC, PO Box 2052, Jersey City, NJ 07303-2052 | 7.15 | % | |||
Class B |
Merrill Lynch Pierce Fenner & Smith, FBO its Customers, Attn: Service Team Goldman Sachs Funds, 4800 Deer Lake Dr. East, 3rd Fl., Jacksonville, FL 32246-6484 | 6.99 | % | |||
Class C |
American Enterprise Investment Services, Inc., PO Box 9446, Minneapolis, MN 55440-9446 | 22.15 | % | |||
Class C |
Merrill Lynch Pierce Fenner & Smith, FBO its Customers, Attn: Service Team Goldman Sachs Funds, 4800 Deer Lake Dr. East, 3rd Fl., Jacksonville, FL 32246-6484 | 15.57 | % | |||
Class C |
Raymond James & Associates, Omnibus for Mutual Funds, Attn: Courtney Waller, 880 Carillon Parkway, St. Petersburg, FL 33716-1102 |
7.60 | % | |||
Class C |
First Clearing, LLC, Special Custody Account FBO Customer, 2801 Market St., Saint Louis, MO 63103-2523 |
6.70 | % |
B-89
Percentage of | ||||||
Class |
Name/Address |
Class | ||||
Class C |
RBC Capital Markets LLC, Mutual Fund Omnibus Processing, Omnibus Attn: Mutual Funds Operations Manager, 510 Marquette Ave. S., Minneapolis, MN 55402-1110 | 5.84 | % | |||
Class IR |
Raymond James & Associates, Omnibus for Mutual Funds, Attn: Courtney Waller, 880 Carillon Parkway, St. Petersburg, FL 33716-1102 |
66.00 | % | |||
Class IR |
LPL Financial, 9785 Towne Centre Drive, San Diego CA 92121-1968 | 26.97 | % | |||
Class R |
Counsel Trust DBA MATC FBO Long Fence & Home LP 401K PSP & Trust, 1251 Waterfront Pl, Ste 525, Pittsburgh PA 15222-4228 | 15.26 | % | |||
Class R |
Frontier Trust Company FBO Antares Pharmaceutical Inc. Employee Savings, PO Box 10758, Fargo, ND 58106-0758 | 12.24 | % | |||
Class R |
Fifth Third Bank TTEE Various Fascore LLC Recordkept Plan c/o Fascore LLC, 8515 E Orchard Rd #2T2, Greenwood Village, CO 80111-5002 | 9.27 | % | |||
Class R |
Frontier Trust Company FBO Parke Bank 401K Retirement Plan, PO Box 10758, Fargo, ND 58106-0758 |
8.33 | % | |||
Class R |
MG Trust Company Double Positive Marketing Group Inc., 700 17th Street, Ste 300, Denver, CO 80202-3531 |
6.53 | % | |||
Class R |
Frontier Trust Company FBO Weidong XU 401K Plan, PO Box 10758, Fargo, ND 58106-0758 | 6.38 | % | |||
Class R |
NFS LLC FEBO Huntington National Bank FBO EB Accounts, 7 Easton Oval #EA4E70, Columbus, OH 43219-6010 | 5.18 | % | |||
Institutional |
State Street Bank & Trust Co., Custodian GS Satellite Strategies Portfolio Real Estate Securities Fund c/o State Street Corporation, 2 Avenue De Lafayette FL 6 South, Boston, MA 02111-1750 | 28.17 | % | |||
Institutional |
Goldman Sachs & Co., FBO Omnibus, c/o Mutual Fund Ops, 295 Chipeta Way, Salt Lake City, UT 84108-1287 | 22.60 | % | |||
Institutional |
Alaska Permanent Fund Corporation, 801 W. 10th Street Ste. 3002, Juneau AK 99801-1878 | 7.08 | % | |||
Institutional |
State Street Bank & Trust Co. FBO Goldman Sachs Growth & Income Strategy Omnibus A/C Real Estate Fund, 2 Avenue De Lafayette FL 6 South, Boston, MA 02111-1750 | 6.66 | % | |||
Institutional |
The Goldman Sachs Foundation, Attn Matthew Locurto, 200 West St. Fl 29, New York, NY 1028202198 |
6.64 | % | |||
Institutional |
State Street Bank & Trust Co. FBO Goldman Sachs Growth Strategy Omnibus A/C Real Estate Fund c/o State Street Corporation, 2 Avenue De Lafayette FL 6 South, Boston, MA 02111-1750 | 5.60 | % | |||
Service |
Merrill Lynch Pierce Fenner & Smith, FBO its Customers, Attn: Service Team Goldman Sachs Funds, 4800 Deer Lake Dr. East, 3rd Fl., Jacksonville, FL 32246-6484 | 63.40 | % | |||
Service |
NFS LLC FEBO Alerus Financial NA FBO Alerus EB Accounts, PO Box 64535, Saint Paul, MN 55164-0535 |
20.50 | % | |||
Service |
Fifth Third Bank, TTEE Various Fascorp Recordkept Plans, PO Box 3385, Cincinnati, OH, 45263-0001 |
12.21 | % |
Except as listed above, the Trust does not know of any other person who owns of record or beneficially 5% or more of any class of a Funds shares.
The following are certain additional U.S. federal income tax considerations generally affecting the Funds and the purchase, ownership and disposition of shares of the Funds that are not described in the Prospectus. The discussions below and in the Prospectus are only summaries and are not intended as substitutes for careful tax planning. They do not address special tax rules applicable to certain classes of investors, such as tax-exempt entities, insurance companies and financial institutions. Each prospective shareholder is urged to consult his or her own tax adviser with respect to the specific federal, state, local and foreign tax consequences of investing in each Fund. The summary is based on the laws in effect on April 2, 2012, which are subject to change.
B-90
Fund Taxation
Each Fund is treated as a separate taxable entity and has elected to be treated and intend to qualify for each taxable year as regulated investment companies under Subchapter M of Subtitle A, Chapter 1, of the Code.
There are certain tax requirements that each Fund must follow if it is to avoid federal taxation. In their efforts to adhere to these requirements, the Funds may have to limit their investment activities in some types of instruments. Qualification as a regulated investment company under the Code requires, among other things, that (i) the Fund derive at least 90% of its gross income for each taxable year from dividends, interest, payments with respect to securities loans, gains from the sale or other disposition of stocks or securities or foreign currencies, net income from qualified publicly traded partnerships or other income (including but not limited to gains from options, futures, and forward contracts) derived with respect to the Funds business of investing in stocks, securities or currencies (the 90% gross income test); and (ii) the Fund diversify its holdings so that, in general, at the close of each quarter of its taxable year, (a) at least 50% of the fair market value of the Funds total (gross) assets is comprised of cash, cash items, U.S. Government securities, securities of other regulated investment companies and other securities limited in respect of any one issuer to an amount not greater in value than 5% of the value of such Funds total assets and to not more than 10% of the outstanding voting securities of such issuer, and (b) not more than 25% of the value of its total (gross) assets is invested in the securities of any one issuer (other than U.S. Government Securities and securities of other regulated investment companies), two or more issuers controlled by the Fund and engaged in the same, similar or related trades or businesses, or certain publicly traded partnerships.
For purposes of the 90% gross income test, income that a Fund earns from equity interests in certain entities that are not treated as corporations or as qualified publicly traded partnerships for U.S. federal income tax purposes (e.g., partnerships or trusts) will generally have the same character for the Fund as in the hands of such an entity; consequently, a Fund may be required to limit its equity investments in any such entities that earn fee income, rental income, or other nonqualifying income. In addition, future Treasury regulations could provide that qualifying income under the 90% gross income test will not include gains from foreign currency transactions that are not directly related to a Funds principal business of investing in stock or securities or options and futures with respect to stock or securities. Using foreign currency positions or entering into foreign currency options, futures and forward or swap contracts for purposes other than hedging currency risk with respect to securities in a Funds portfolio or anticipated to be acquired may not qualify as directly-related under these tests.
As described in the Prospectus, the Absolute Return Tracker Fund, Commodity Strategy Fund, and Dynamic Allocation Fund may gain exposure to the commodity markets through investments in commodity index-linked derivative instruments. On December 16, 2005, the IRS issued Revenue Ruling 2006-01 which held that income derived from commodity index-linked swaps would not be qualifying income. As such, a Funds ability to utilize commodity index-linked swaps as part of its investment strategy is limited to a maximum of 10 percent of its gross income. A subsequent revenue ruling, Revenue Ruling 2006-31, clarified the holding of Revenue Ruling 2006-01 by providing that income from alternative investment instruments (such as certain commodity index-linked notes) that create commodity exposure may be considered qualifying income under the Code. The IRS has also issued a private letter ruling to the Funds in which the IRS specifically concluded that income from certain commodity index-linked notes is qualifying income. In addition, in the same private letter ruling, the IRS specifically concluded that income derived from the Commodity Strategy Funds investment in the Subsidiary will also be qualifying income to the Fund. Based on such ruling, the Fund may continue to seek to gain exposure to the commodity markets primarily through investments in commodity-linked notes, and for Commodity Strategy Fund, through investments in the Subsidiary, which will be classified as a corporation for U.S. federal income tax purposes. The IRS currently has suspended the issuance of such rulings pending further review. There can be no assurance that the IRS will not change its position with respect to such investments. Future legislation, Treasury Regulations or IRS guidance could adversely affect the ability of a Fund to operate as described in its Prospectus and this SAI.
A foreign corporation, such as the Subsidiary, will generally not be subject to U.S. federal income taxation unless it is deemed to be engaged in a U.S. trade or business. It is expected that the Subsidiary will conduct its activities in a manner so as to meet the requirements of a safe harbor under Section 864(b)(2) of the Code under which the Subsidiary may engage in trading in stocks or securities or certain commodities without being deemed to be engaged in a U.S. trade or business. However, if certain of the Subsidiarys activities were determined not to be of the type described in the safe harbor (which is not expected), then the activities of the Subsidiary may constitute a U.S. trade or business, or be taxed as such. In general, a foreign corporation, such as the Subsidiary, that does not conduct a U.S. trade or business is nonetheless subject to tax at a flat rate of 30 percent (or lower tax treaty rate), generally payable through withholding, on the gross amount of certain U.S.-source income that is not effectively connected with a U.S. trade or business. There is presently no tax treaty in force between the U.S. and the Cayman Islands that would reduce this rate of withholding tax. It is not expected that the Subsidiary will derive income
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subject to such withholding tax. The Subsidiary will be treated as a controlled foreign corporation (CFC) and the Commodity Strategy Fund will be treated as a U.S. shareholder of the Subsidiary. As a result, the Fund will be required to include in gross income for U.S. federal income tax purposes all of the Subsidiarys subpart F income, whether or not such income is distributed by the Subsidiary. It is expected that all of the Subsidiarys income will be subpart F income. The Funds recognition of the Subsidiarys subpart F income will increase the Funds tax basis in the Subsidiary. Distributions by the Subsidiary to the Fund will be tax-free, to the extent of its previously undistributed subpart F income, and will correspondingly reduce the Funds tax basis in the Subsidiary. Subpart F income is generally treated as ordinary income, regardless of the character of the Subsidiarys underlying income. If a net loss is realized by the Subsidiary, such loss is not generally available to offset the income earned by the Fund, and such loss cannot be carried forward to offset taxable income of the Fund or the Subsidiary in future periods.
If a Fund complies with the foregoing provisions, then in any taxable year in which the Fund distributes, in compliance with the Codes timing and other requirements, an amount at least equal to the sum of 90% of its investment company taxable income (which includes dividends, taxable interest, taxable accrued original issue discount and market discount income, income from securities lending, any net short-term capital gain in excess of net long-term capital loss, certain net realized foreign exchange gains and any other taxable income other than net capital gain, as defined below, and is reduced by deductible expenses), plus 90% of the excess of its gross tax-exempt interest income (if any) over certain disallowed deductions, the Fund (but not its shareholders) will be relieved of federal income tax on any income of the Fund, including long-term capital gains, distributed to shareholders. If, instead, a Fund retains any investment company taxable income or net capital gain (the excess of net long-term capital gain over net short-term capital loss), it will be subject to a tax at regular corporate rates on the amount retained. Because there are some uncertainties regarding the computation of the amounts deemed distributed to Fund shareholders for these purposes including, in particular, uncertainties regarding the portion, if any, of amounts paid in redemption of Fund shares that should be treated as such distributions there can be no assurance that each Fund will avoid corporate-level tax in each year.
Each Fund generally intends to distribute for each taxable year to its shareholders all or substantially all of its investment company taxable income, net capital gain and any tax-exempt interest. Exchange control or other foreign laws, regulations or practices may restrict repatriation of investment income, capital or the proceeds of securities sales by foreign investors such as the International Real Estate Securities and Dynamic Allocation Funds and may therefore make it more difficult for such a Fund to satisfy the distribution requirements described above, as well as the excise tax distribution requirements described below. Each Fund generally expects, however, to be able to obtain sufficient cash to satisfy those requirements, from new investors, the sale of securities or other sources. If for any taxable year a Fund does not qualify as a regulated investment company, it will be taxed on all of its taxable income and net capital gain at corporate rates, and its distributions to shareholders will generally be taxable as ordinary dividends to the extent of its current and accumulated earnings and profits.
If a Fund retains any net capital gain, the Fund may designate the retained amount as undistributed capital gains in a notice to its shareholders who (1) if subject to U.S. federal income tax on long-term capital gains, will be required to include in income for federal income tax purposes, as long-term capital gain, their shares of that undistributed amount, and (2) will be entitled to credit their proportionate shares of the tax paid by the Fund against their U.S. federal income tax liabilities, if any, and to claim refunds to the extent the credit exceeds those liabilities. For U.S. federal income tax purposes, the tax basis of shares owned by a shareholder of the Fund will be increased by the amount of any such undistributed net capital gain included in the shareholders gross income and decreased by the federal income tax paid by the Fund on that amount of net capital gain.
To avoid a 4% federal excise tax, each Fund must distribute (or be deemed to have distributed) by December 31 of each calendar year at least 98% of its taxable ordinary income for the calendar year, at least 98.2% of the excess of its capital gains over its capital losses (generally computed on the basis of the one-year period ending on October 31 of such year), and all taxable ordinary income and the excess of capital gains over capital losses for all previous years that were not distributed for those years and on which the Fund paid no federal income tax. For federal income tax purposes, dividends declared by a Fund in October, November or December to shareholders of record on a specified date in such a month and paid during January of the following year are taxable to such shareholders, and deductible by the Fund, as if paid on December 31 of the year declared. Each Fund anticipates that it will generally make timely distributions of income and capital gains in compliance with these requirements so that it will generally not be required to pay the excise tax.
For federal income tax purposes, each Fund is generally permitted to carry forward a net capital loss in any taxable year to offset its own capital gains, if any, during the eight taxable years following the year of the loss. Capital loss carryforwards arising on taxable years of a Fund beginning after December 22, 2010 will generally be able to be carried
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forward indefinitely. These amounts are available to be carried forward to offset future capital gains to the extent permitted by the Code and applicable tax regulations. As of December 31, 2011, the following Funds had capital loss carryforwards approximating the amounts indicated, expiring in the years indicated:
Fund |
Amount | Years of Expiration | ||||
Real Estate Securities Fund |
139,849,063 | 2017 | ||||
International Real Estate Securities Fund |
336,773,705 | 2016 | ||||
239,206,981 | 2017 | |||||
18,621,372 | 2018 | |||||
533,241 | Perpetual short-term | |||||
Absolute Return Tracker Fund |
22,569,810 | Perpetual short-term | ||||
16,042,808 | Perpetual long-term | |||||
Commodity Strategy Fund |
16,303,834 | 2016 | ||||
67,560,179 | 2017 | |||||
Dynamic Allocation Fund |
3,055,670 | Perpetual short-term |
Gains and losses on the sale, lapse, or other termination of options and futures contracts, options thereon and certain forward contracts (except certain foreign currency options, forward contracts and futures contracts) will generally be treated as capital gains and losses. Certain of the futures contracts, forward contracts and options held by a Fund will be required to be marked-to-market for federal tax purposes that is, treated as having been sold at their fair market value on the last day of the Funds taxable year (or, for excise tax purposes, on the last day of the relevant period). These provisions may require a Fund to recognize income or gains without a concurrent receipt of cash. Any gain or loss recognized on actual or deemed sales of these futures contracts, forward contracts, or options will (except for certain foreign currency options, forward contracts, and futures contracts) be treated as 60% long-term capital gain or loss and 40% short-term capital gain or loss. As a result of certain hedging transactions entered into by a Fund, it may be required to defer the recognition of losses on futures contracts, forward contracts, and options or underlying securities or foreign currencies to the extent of any unrecognized gains on related positions held by the Fund, and the characterization of gains or losses as long-term or short-term may be changed. The tax provisions described in this paragraph may affect the amount, timing and character of a Funds distributions to shareholders. The application of certain requirements for qualification as a regulated investment company and the application of certain other tax rules may be unclear in some respects in connection with certain investment practices such as dollar rolls, or investments in certain derivatives, including interest rate swaps, floors, caps and collars, currency swaps, total return swaps, mortgage swaps, index swaps, forward contracts and structured notes. As a result, a Fund may therefore be required to limit its investments in such transactions and it is also possible that the IRS may not agree with a Funds tax treatment of such transactions. In addition, the tax treatment of derivatives, and certain other investments, may be affected by future legislation, Treasury Regulations and guidance issued by the IRS that could affect the timing, character and amount of a Funds income and gains and distributions to shareholders. Certain tax elections may be available to a Fund to mitigate some of the unfavorable consequences described in this paragraph.
Section 988 of the Code contains special tax rules applicable to certain foreign currency transactions and instruments, which may affect the amount, timing and character of income, gain or loss recognized by a Fund. Under these rules, foreign exchange gain or loss realized with respect to foreign currencies and certain futures and options thereon, foreign currency-denominated debt instruments, foreign currency forward contracts, and foreign currency-denominated payables and receivables will generally be treated as ordinary income or loss, although in some cases elections may be available that would alter this treatment. If a net foreign exchange loss treated as ordinary loss under Section 988 of the Code were to exceed a Funds investment company taxable income (computed without regard to that loss) for a taxable year, the resulting loss would not be deductible by the Fund or its shareholders in future years. Net loss, if any, from certain foreign currency transactions or instruments could exceed net investment income otherwise calculated for accounting purposes, with the result being either no dividends being paid or a portion of a Funds dividends being treated as a return of capital for tax purposes, nontaxable to the extent of a shareholders tax basis in his shares and, once such basis is exhausted, generally giving rise to capital gains.
A Funds investment, if any, in zero coupon securities, deferred interest securities, certain structured securities or other securities bearing original issue discount or, if a Fund elects to include market discount in income currently, market discount, as well as any marked-to-market gain from certain options, futures or forward contracts, as described above, will in many cases cause the Fund to realize income or gain before the receipt of cash payments with respect to these securities or contracts. For a Fund to obtain cash to enable the Fund to distribute any such income or gain, to maintain its qualification as a regulated investment company and to avoid federal income and excise taxes, the Fund may be required to liquidate portfolio investments sooner than it might otherwise have done.
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Investments in lower-rated securities may present special tax issues for a Fund to the extent actual or anticipated defaults may be more likely with respect to those kinds of securities. Tax rules are not entirely clear about issues such as when an investor in such securities may cease to accrue interest, original issue discount, or market discount; when and to what extent deductions may be taken for bad debts or worthless securities; how payments received on obligations in default should be allocated between principal and income; and whether exchanges of debt obligations in a workout context are taxable. These and other issues will generally need to be addressed by a Fund, in the event it invests in such securities, so as to seek to eliminate or to minimize any adverse tax consequences.
Each Fund anticipates that it may be subject to foreign taxes on its income (possibly including, in some cases, capital gains) from foreign securities. Tax conventions between certain countries and the United States may reduce or eliminate such taxes in some cases. Except for the International Real Estate Securities Fund, the Funds will not be eligible to elect to pass through foreign taxes to the shareholders but will be entitled to deduct such taxes in computing the amounts they are required to distribute.
If a Fund acquires stock (including, under proposed regulations, an option to acquire stock such as is inherent in a convertible bond) in certain foreign corporations that receive at least 75% of their annual gross income from passive sources (such as interest, dividends, rents, royalties or capital gain) or hold at least 50% of their assets in investments producing such passive income (passive foreign investment companies), the Fund could be subject to federal income tax and additional interest charges on excess distributions received from such companies or gain from the sale of stock in such companies, even if all income or gain actually received by the Fund is timely distributed to its shareholders. The Fund will not be able to pass through to its shareholders any credit or deduction for such a tax. In some cases, elections may be available that will ameliorate these adverse tax consequences, but those elections will require the Fund to include each year certain amounts as income or gain (subject to the distribution requirements described above) without a concurrent receipt of cash. Each Fund may attempt to limit and/or to manage its holdings in passive foreign investment companies to minimize its tax liability or maximize its return from these investments.
If a Fund invests in certain REITs or in REMIC residual interests, a portion of the Funds income may be classified as excess inclusion income. A shareholder that is otherwise not subject to tax may be taxable on their share of any such excess inclusion income as unrelated business taxable income in the case of tax-exempt shareholders or effectively connected income that is taxable to non-U.S. shareholders and requires such shareholders to file U.S. tax returns. In addition, tax may be imposed on a Fund on the portion of any excess inclusion income allocable to any shareholders that are classified as disqualified organizations.
Medicare Tax
For taxable years beginning after December 31, 2012, an additional 3.8% Medicare tax will be imposed on certain net investment income (including ordinary dividends and capital gain distributions received from a Fund and net gains from redemptions or other taxable dispositions of Fund shares) of US individuals, estates and trusts to the extent that such persons modified adjusted gross income (in the case of an individual) or adjusted gross income (in the case of an estate or trust) exceeds a threshold amount.
Foreign Taxes
Each Fund anticipates that it may be subject to foreign taxes on income (possibly including, in some cases, capital gains) from foreign securities. Tax conventions between certain countries and the United States may reduce or eliminate those foreign taxes in some cases. If, as may occur for the International Real Estate Securities and Dynamic Allocation Funds, more than 50% of a Funds total assets at the close of a taxable year consists of stock or securities of foreign corporations, the Fund may file an election with the IRS pursuant to which the shareholders of the Fund will be required (1) to report as dividend income (in addition to taxable dividends actually received) their pro rata shares of foreign income taxes paid by the Fund that are treated as income taxes under U.S. tax regulations (which excludes, for example, stamp taxes, securities transaction taxes, and similar taxes) even though not actually received by those shareholders, and (2) to treat those respective pro rata shares as foreign income taxes paid by them, which they can claim either as a foreign tax credit, subject to applicable limitations, against their U.S. federal income tax liability or as an itemized deduction. (Shareholders who do not itemize deductions for federal income tax purposes will not, however, be able to deduct their pro rata portion of foreign taxes paid by a Fund, although those shareholders will be required to include their share of such taxes in gross income if the foregoing election is made by the Fund.)
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If a shareholder chooses to take credit for the foreign taxes deemed paid by such shareholder as a result of any such election by the International Real Estate Securities or Dynamic Allocation Funds, the amount of the credit that may be claimed in any year may not exceed the same proportion of the U.S. tax against which such credit is taken which the shareholders taxable income from foreign sources (but not in excess of the shareholders entire taxable income) bears to his entire taxable income. For this purpose, distributions from long-term and short-term capital gains or foreign currency gains by a Fund will generally not be treated as income from foreign sources. This foreign tax credit limitation may also be applied separately to certain specific categories of foreign-source income and the related foreign taxes. As a result of these rules, which have different effects depending upon each shareholders particular tax situation, certain shareholders of the International Real Estate Securities and Dynamic Allocation Funds may not be able to claim a credit for the full amount of their proportionate share of the foreign taxes paid by such Fund even if the election is made by that Fund.
Shareholders who are not liable for U.S. federal income taxes, including retirement plans, other tax-exempt shareholders and non-U.S. shareholders, will ordinarily not benefit from the foregoing Fund election with respect to foreign taxes. Each year, if any, that the International Real Estate Securities or Dynamic Allocation Funds file the election described above, shareholders will be notified of the amount of (1) each shareholders pro rata share of qualified foreign taxes paid by the Fund and (2) the portion of Fund dividends that represents income from foreign sources. The other Funds will not be entitled to elect to pass foreign taxes and associated credits or deductions through to their shareholders because they will not satisfy the 50% requirement described above. If a Fund cannot or does not make this election, it may deduct its foreign taxes in computing the amount it is required to distribute.
Non-U.S. Shareholders
The discussion above generally relates solely to U.S. federal income tax law as it applies to U.S. persons subject to tax under such law. However, non-U.S. shareholders should refer to the discussion above in respect to Fund investments in certain REITS or in REMIC residual interests.
Distributions to shareholders who, as to the United States, are not U.S. persons, (i.e., are nonresident aliens, foreign corporations, fiduciaries of foreign trusts or estates, foreign partnerships or other non-U.S. investors) generally will be subject to U.S. federal withholding tax at the rate of 30% on distributions treated as ordinary income unless the tax is reduced or eliminated pursuant to a tax treaty or the distributions are effectively connected with a U.S. trade or business of the shareholder; but distributions of net capital gain (the excess of any net long-term capital gains over any net short-term capital losses) including amounts retained by a Fund which are reported as undistributed capital gains, to such a non-U.S. shareholder will not be subject to U.S. federal income or withholding tax unless the distributions are effectively connected with the shareholders trade or business in the United States or, in the case of a shareholder who is a nonresident alien individual, the shareholder is present in the United States for 183 days or more during the taxable year and certain other conditions are met. Non-U.S. shareholders may also be subject to U.S. federal withholding tax on deemed income resulting from any election by the International Real Estate Securities or Dynamic Allocation Funds to treat qualified foreign taxes it pays as passed through to shareholders (as described above), but they may not be able to claim a U.S. tax credit or deduction with respect to such taxes.
Any capital gain realized by a non-U.S. shareholder upon a sale or redemption of shares of a Fund will not be subject to U.S. federal income or withholding tax unless the gain is effectively connected with the shareholders trade or business in the U.S., or in the case of a shareholder who is a nonresident alien individual, the shareholder is present in the U.S. for 183 days or more during the taxable year and certain other conditions are met.
Non-U.S. persons who fail to furnish a Fund with the proper IRS Form W-8 (i.e., W-8BEN, W-8ECI, W-8IMY or W-8EXP), or an acceptable substitute, may be subject to backup withholding at a 28% (currently scheduled to increase to 31% after 2012) rate on dividends (including capital gain dividends) and on the proceeds of redemptions and exchanges. Also, non-U.S. shareholders of a Fund may be subject to U.S. estate tax with respect to their Fund shares.
Effective January 1, 2014, the Funds will be required to withhold U.S. tax (at a 30% rate) on payments of dividends and (effective January 1, 2015) redemption proceeds made to certain non-U.S. entities that fail to comply with extensive new reporting and withholding requirements designed to inform the U.S. Department of the Treasury of U.S.-owned foreign investment accounts. Shareholders may be requested to provide additional information to the Funds to enable the Funds to determine whether withholding is required.
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Each shareholder who is not a U.S. person should consult his or her tax adviser regarding the U.S. and non-U.S. tax consequences of ownership of shares of, and receipt of distributions from, the Funds.
Each shareholder who is not a U.S. person should consult his or her tax adviser regarding the U.S. and non-U.S. tax consequences of ownership of shares of, and receipt of distributions from, the Funds.
State and Local
Each Fund may be subject to state or local taxes in jurisdictions in which the Fund is deemed to be doing business. In addition, in those states or localities that impose income taxes, the treatment of such a Fund and its shareholders under those jurisdictions tax laws may differ from the treatment under federal income tax laws, and investment in such a Fund may have tax consequences for shareholders that are different from those of a direct investment in the Funds portfolio securities. Shareholders should consult their own tax advisers concerning state and local tax matters.
The audited financial statements and related reports of PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP, independent registered public accounting firm for the Funds, contained in the Funds December 31, 2011 Annual Reports are hereby incorporated by reference. The financial statements in each Funds Annual Report have been incorporated herein by reference in reliance upon such report given upon the authority of such firm as experts in accounting and auditing. No other parts of any Annual Report are incorporated by reference herein. A copy of the Annual Report of each Fund may be obtained upon request and without charge by writing Goldman, Sachs & Co., P.O. Box 06050, Chicago, Illinois 60606 or by calling Goldman, Sachs & Co., at the telephone number on the back cover of each Funds Prospectus.
The Trust, on behalf of the Funds, has delegated the voting of portfolio securities to the Investment Adviser. For client accounts for which the Investment Adviser has voting discretion, the Investment Adviser has adopted policies and procedures (the Proxy Voting Policy) for the voting of proxies. Under the Proxy Voting Policy, the Investment Advisers guiding principles in performing proxy voting are to make decisions that favor proposals that tend to maximize a companys shareholder value and are not influenced by conflicts of interest. To implement these guiding principles for investments in publicly-traded equities, the Investment Adviser has developed customized proxy voting guidelines (the Guidelines) that it generally applies when voting on behalf of client accounts. Attached as Appendix B is a summary of the Guidelines. These Guidelines address a wide variety of individual topics, including, among other matters, shareholder voting rights, anti-takeover defenses, board structures, the election of directors, executive and director compensation, reorganizations, mergers, issues of corporate social responsibility and various shareholder proposals.
The Proxy Voting Policy, including the Guidelines, is reviewed periodically to ensure that it continues to be consistent with the Investment Advisers guiding principles. The Guidelines embody the positions and factors the Investment Adviser generally considers important in casting proxy votes.
The Investment Adviser has retained a third-party proxy voting service (Proxy Service), currently Institutional Shareholder Services, to assist in the implementation and administration of certain proxy voting-related functions including, without limitation, operational, recordkeeping and reporting services. The Proxy Service also prepares a written analysis and recommendation (a Recommendation) of each proxy vote that reflects the Proxy Services application of the Guidelines to particular proxy issues. While it is the Investment Advisers policy generally to follow the Guidelines and Recommendations from the Proxy Service, the Investment Advisers portfolio management teams (Portfolio Management Teams) may on certain proxy votes seek approval to diverge from the Guidelines or a Recommendation by following an override process. Such decisions are subject to a review and approval process, including a determination that the decision is not influenced by any conflict of interest. A Portfolio Management Team that receives approval through the override process to cast a proxy vote that diverges from the Guidelines and/or a Recommendation may vote differently than other Portfolio Management Teams that did not seek to override that vote. In forming their views on particular matters, the Portfolio Management Teams are also permitted to consider applicable regional rules and practices, including codes of conduct and other guides, regarding proxy voting, in addition to the Guidelines and Recommendations. The Investment Adviser may hire other service providers to replace or supplement the Proxy Service with respect to any of the services the Investment Adviser currently receives from the Proxy Service.
From time to time, the Investment Adviser may face regulatory, compliance, legal or logistical limits with respect to voting securities that it may purchase or hold for client accounts, which can affect the Investment Advisers ability to vote such proxies, as well as the desirability of voting such proxies. Among other limits, federal, state and foreign regulatory restrictions or company specific ownership limits, as well as legal matters related to consolidated groups, may restrict the total percentage of an issuers voting securities that the Investment Adviser can hold for clients and the nature of the Investment Advisers voting in such securities. The Investment Advisers ability to vote proxies may also be affected by, among other things: (i) late receipt of meeting notices; (ii) requirements to vote proxies in person: (iii) restrictions on a foreigners ability to exercise votes; (iv) potential difficulties in translating the proxy; (v) requirements to provide local agents with unrestricted powers of attorney to facilitate voting instructions; and (vi) requirements that investors who exercise their voting rights surrender the right to dispose of their holdings for some specified period in proximity to the shareholder meeting.
GSAM conducts periodic due diligence meetings with the Proxy Service which include, but are not limited to, a review of the Proxy Services general organizational structure, new developments with respect to research and technology, work flow improvements and internal due diligence with respect to conflicts of interest.
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The Investment Adviser has adopted policies and procedures designed to prevent conflicts of interest from influencing its proxy voting decisions that the Investment Adviser makes on behalf of a client account and to help ensure that such decisions are made in accordance with the Investment Advisers fiduciary obligations to its clients. These policies and procedures include the Investment Advisers use of the Guidelines and Recommendations from the Proxy Service, the override approval process previously discussed, and the establishment of information barriers between the Investment Adviser and other businesses within The Goldman Sachs Group, Inc. Notwithstanding such proxy voting policies and procedures, actual proxy voting decisions of the Investment Adviser may have the effect of benefitting the interests of other clients or businesses of other divisions or units of Goldman Sachs and/or its affiliates, provided that the Investment Adviser believes such voting decisions to be in accordance with its fiduciary obligations.
Voting decisions with respect to fixed income securities and the securities of privately held issuers generally will be made by a Funds managers based on their assessment of the particular transactions or other matters at issue.
Information regarding how the Funds voted proxies relating to portfolio securities during the most recent 12-month period ended June 30 is available on or through the Funds website at www.goldmansachsfunds.com and on the SECs website at www.sec.gov.
The Investment Adviser, Distributor and/or their affiliates may make payments to Authorized Dealers, Authorized Institutions and other financial intermediaries (Intermediaries) from time to time to promote the sale, distribution and/or servicing of shares of the Funds. These payments (Additional Payments) are made out of the Investment Advisers, Distributors and/or their affiliates own assets (which may come directly or indirectly from fees paid by the Funds), are not an additional charge to the Funds or their shareholders, and do not change the price paid by investors for the purchase of a Funds shares or the amount a Fund receives as proceeds from such purchases. Although paid by the Investment Advisor, Distributor, and/or their affiliates, the Additional Payments are in addition to the distribution and service fees paid by the Funds to the Intermediaries as described in the Funds Prospectuses and this SAI, and are also in addition to the sales commissions payable to Intermediaries as set forth in the Prospectuses.
The Additional Payments are intended to compensate Intermediaries for, among other things: marketing shares of the Funds, which may consist of payments relating to Funds included on preferred or recommended fund lists or in certain sales programs from time to time sponsored by the Intermediaries; access to the Intermediaries registered representatives or salespersons, including at conferences and other meetings; assistance in training and education of personnel; finders or referral fees for directing investors to the Funds; marketing support fees for providing assistance in promoting the sale of Fund shares (which may include promotions in communications with the Intermediaries customers, registered representatives and salespersons); and/or other specified services intended to assist in the distribution and marketing of the Funds. In addition, the Investment Adviser, Distributor and/or their affiliates may make Additional Payments (including through sub-transfer agency and networking agreements) for subaccounting, administrative and/or shareholder processing services that are in addition to the transfer agent, shareholder administration, servicing and processing fees paid by the Funds. These Additional Payments may exceed amounts earned on these assets by the Investment Adviser, Distributor and/or their affiliates for the performance of these or similar services. The Additional Payments may be a fixed dollar amount; may be based on the number of customer accounts maintained by an Intermediary; may be based on a percentage of the value of shares sold to, or held by, customers of the Intermediary involved; or may be calculated on another basis. The Additional Payments are negotiated with each Intermediary based on a range of factors, including but not limited to the Intermediarys ability to attract and retain assets (including particular classes of Fund shares), target markets, customer relationships, quality of service and industry reputation. Although the individual components may be higher or lower and the total amount of Additional Payments made to any Intermediary in any given year will vary, the amount of these Additional Payments (excluding payments made through sub-transfer agency and networking agreements), on average, is normally not expected to exceed 0.50% (annualized) of the amount sold or invested through an Intermediary.
These Additional Payments may be significant to certain Intermediaries, and may be an important factor in an Intermediarys willingness to support the sale of the Funds through its distribution system.
The Investment Adviser, Distributor and/or their affiliates may be motivated to make Additional Payments since they promote the sale of Fund shares to clients of Intermediaries and the retention of those investments by those clients. To the extent Intermediaries sell more shares of the Funds or retain shares of the Funds in their clients accounts, the Investment Adviser and Distributor benefit from the incremental management and other fees paid by the Funds with respect to those assets.
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In addition, certain Intermediaries may have access to certain research and investment services from the Investment Adviser, Distributor and/or their affiliates. Such research and investment services (Additional Services) may include research reports, economic analysis, portfolio analysis tools, business planning services, certain marketing and investor education materials and strategic asset allocation modeling. The Intermediary may not pay for these products or services. The cost of the Additional Services and the particular services provided may vary from Intermediary to Intermediary.
The Additional Payments made by the Investment Adviser, Distributor and/or their affiliates or the Additional Services received by an Intermediary may vary with respect to the type of fund (e.g., equity, fund, fixed income fund, specialty fund, asset allocation portfolio or money market fund) sold by the Intermediary. In addition, the Additional Payment arrangements may include breakpoints in compensation which provide that the percentage rate of compensation varies as the dollar value of the amount sold or invested through an Intermediary increases.
The presence of these Additional Payments or Additional Services, the varying fee structure and the basis on which an Intermediary compensates its registered representatives or salespersons may create an incentive for a particular Intermediary, registered representative or salesperson to highlight, feature or recommend funds, including the Funds, or other investments based, at least in part, on the level of compensation paid. Additionally, if one mutual fund sponsor makes greater distribution payments than another, an Intermediary may have an incentive to recommend one fund complex over another. Similarly, if an Intermediary receives more distribution assistance for one share class versus another, that Intermediary may have an incentive to recommend that share class. Because Intermediaries may be paid varying amounts per class for sub-transfer agency and related recordkeeping services, the service requirements of which also may vary by class, this may create an additional incentive for financial firms and their financial advisors to favor one fund complex over another, or one fund class over another. You should consider whether such incentives exist when evaluating any recommendations from an Intermediary to purchase or sell Shares of the Funds and when considering which share class is most appropriate for you.
For the year ended December 31, 2011, the Investment Adviser, Distributor and their affiliates made Additional Payments out of their own assets to approximately 157 Intermediaries, totaling approximately $97.4 million (excluding payments made through sub-transfer agency and networking agreements and certain other types of payments described below), with respect to all of the funds of the Trust (including the Funds included in this Statement of Additional Information), all of the funds in an affiliated investment company, Goldman Sachs Variable Insurance Trust, and the Goldman Sachs Credit Strategies Fund, an affiliated closed-end investment company. During the year ended December 31, 2011, the Investment Adviser, Distributor and/or their affiliates had contractual arrangements to make Additional Payments to the Intermediaries listed below (or their affiliates or successors), among others. This list will change over time, and any additions, modifications or deletions thereto that have occurred since December 31, 2011 are not reflected. Additional Intermediaries may receive payments in 2012 and in future years. Certain arrangements are still being negotiated, and there is a possibility that payments will be made retroactively to Intermediaries not listed below.
ADP Broker Dealer, Inc
American Enterprise Investment Services Inc
Allstate Life Insurance Co
Amalga Trust Company
Amalgamated Bank of Chicago
American National Trust and Investment Management Company (dba Old National Trust Company)
American United Life Insurance Co
Ameriprise Financial Services, Inc.
Ascensus, Inc
Associated Trust NA & Associated Investment Services Inc.
AXA Equitable Life Insurance Company
Banc of America Securities, LLC
BancorpSouth
Bank Hapoalim B.M.
Bank of New York
Bank of Oklahoma
Bankers Trust
Barclays Capital Inc.
BB&T Capital Markets
BMO Nesbitt Burns (Harris)
BOSC, Inc.
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Branch Banking & Trust Company
Brown Brothers Harriman & Co
C.M. Life Insurance Company
Financial Network Investment Corporation
Multi Financial Securities Corporation
PrimeVest Financial Services
Charles Schwab & Co., Inc.
Chicago Mercantile Exchange, Inc. and CME Shareholder Servicing, LLC.
Citibank N.A.
Citibank N.A. Agency and Trust Department
Citigroup Global Markets, Inc.
Citigroup Private Bank at Citibank N.A.
Citizens Bank Wealth Management N.A.
Comerica Bank
Comerica Securities
Commerce Bank N.A.
Companion Life Insurance Company
Compass Bank
Computershare Trust Company, N.A.
Connecticut General Life Insurance Company
Daily Access Corporation
Dain Rauscher Inc.
Deutsche Bank Trust Company Americas
DeWaay Financial Network LLC
Diversified Investment Advisors
Dubuque Bank & Trust
Edward D. Jones & Co., L.P.
Farmers New World Life Insurance Co.
Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation
Fidelity Brokerage Services LLC and National Financial Services LLC
Fidelity Investments Institutional Operations Company, Inc
Fifth Third Bank
First National Bank of Omaha
First Trust Corporation
Fulton Bank N.A.
Fulton Financial Advisors, National Association
GE Life and Annuity Assurance Company
Genworth Financial Trust Company
Great West Life & Annuity Insurance Company
Greatbanc Trustco
Guardian Insurance and Annuity Company, Inc
GWFS Equities, Inc.
Harris Trust & Savings Bank
Hartford Life Insurance Co.
Hartford Securities Distribution Company Inc.
Hewitt Associates LLC
Horace Mann Life Insurance Company
HSBC Bank USA
Hunt Dupree & Rhine
ING Institutional Plan Services, LLC / ING Investment Advisors, LLC
ING Life Insurance & Annuity Company / ING Financial Advisers, LLC / ING Institutional Plan Services, LLC
Invesmart, Inc.
J.P. Morgan Securities Inc.
Jefferson Pilot Financial Insurance Company
JP Morgan Retirement Plan Services, LLC
JPMorgan Securities, Inc.
Kemper Investors Life Insurance Company
Key Bank Capital Markets
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LaSalle Bank N.A.
Law Debenture Trust Company of New York
Lincoln Benefit Life Company
Lincoln Financial Advisors
Lincoln National Life Insurance Company and Lincoln Life & Annuity Company of New York
Lincoln Retirement Services Company, LLC
M&I Brokerage Services, Inc.
M&T Securities, Inc.
Marshall & Ilsley Trust Company N.A.
Massachusetts Mutual Life Insurance Company
Mellon Bank N.A.
Mellon HR Solutions
Mercer HR Services, LLC
Merrill Lynch, Pierce, Fenner & Smith Incorporated
Mid-Atlantic Capital Corporation
Midland National Life Insurance Company
Minnesota Life Insurance Company
Morgan Keegan and Company, Inc.
Morgan Stanley Smith Barney LLC
MSCS Financial Services
National Security Life and Annuity Company
Nationwide Financial Services, Inc.
Newport Retirement Services, Inc
Northern Trust Securities Inc.
NYLife Distributors, Inc.
Ohio National Life Insurance Company
Pershing, LLC
PNC Bank, N.A.
PNC Bank, National Organization
PNC Capital Markets
Principal Life Insurance Company
Princor Financial Services
Protective Life Insurance Company
PruCo Life Insurance Company & PruCo Life Insurance Company of New Jersey
Prudential Financial, Inc
Prudential Life Insurance Company
Raymond James & Associates, Inc. and Raymond James Financial Services
Regions Bank
Reliance Trust Company
Robert W. Baird & Co., Inc.
Scott & Stringfellow Inc.
Security Benefit Life Insurance Company
Signature Bank
Standard Insurance Company
State Street Global Markets, LLC and State Street Bank and Trust Company
Sun Life Assurance Company of Canada (US)
Sungard Institutional Brokerage, Inc
SunTrust Bank
SunTrust Robinson Humphrey, Inc.
SVB Securities
Synovus Securities
T. Rowe Price Retirement Plan Services, Inc
The Princeton Retirement Group, Inc & GPC Securities, Inc
The Prudential Insurance Company of America
The Travelers Insurance Company
Transamerica Life Insurance Company and Transamerica Financial Life Insurance Company
Treasury Curve
Trustmark National Bank
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UBATCO & Co.
UBS Financial Services, Inc.
UMB Bank
Union Bank
United of Omaha Life Insurance Company
US Bank
US Bank National Association
Valic Retirement Services
Vanguard Group
Wachovia Capital Markets, LLC.
Wachovia Securities, LLC.
Wells Fargo Advisors LLC
Wells Fargo Bank and Its Affiliates
Wells Fargo Bank National Association
Wells Fargo Bank, N.A.
Wells Fargo Corporate Trust Services
Wells Fargo Investment, LLC.
Wilmington Trust Company
Zions First National Bank
Your Authorized Dealer or other Intermediary may charge you additional fees or commissions other than those disclosed in the Prospectus. Shareholders should contact their Authorized Dealer or other Intermediary for more information about the Additional Payments or Additional Services they receive and any potential conflicts of interest, as well as for information regarding any fees and/or commissions it charges. For additional questions, please contact Goldman Sachs Funds at 1-800-621-2550.
Not included on the list above are other subsidiaries of Goldman Sachs who may receive revenue from the Investment Adviser, Distributor and/or their affiliates through intra-company compensation arrangements and for financial, distribution, administrative and operational services.
Furthermore, the Investment Adviser, Distributor and/or their affiliates may, to the extent permitted by applicable regulations, contribute to various non-cash and cash incentive arrangements to promote the sale of Fund shares, as well as sponsor various educational programs, sales contests and/or promotions. The Investment Adviser, Distributor and their affiliates may also pay for the travel expenses, meals, lodging and entertainment of Intermediaries and their salespersons and guests in connection with educational, sales and promotional programs subject to applicable FINRA regulations. Other compensation may also be offered from time to time to the extent not prohibited by applicable federal or state laws or FINRA regulations. This compensation is not included in, and is made in addition to, the Additional Payments described above.
Selective Disclosure of Portfolio Holdings
The Board of Trustees of the Trust and the Investment Adviser have adopted a policy on selective disclosure of portfolio holdings in accordance with regulations that seek to ensure that disclosure of information about portfolio securities is in the best interest of Fund shareholders and to address the conflicts between the interests of Fund shareholders and its service providers. The policy provides that neither a Fund nor its Investment Adviser, Distributor or any agent, or any employee thereof (Fund Representative) will disclose a Funds portfolio holdings information to any person other than in accordance with the policy. For purposes of the policy, portfolio holdings information means the Funds actual portfolio holdings, as well as nonpublic information about its trading strategies or pending transactions. Under the policy, neither a Fund nor any Fund Representative may solicit or accept any compensation or other consideration in connection with the disclosure of portfolio holdings information. A Fund Representative may provide portfolio holdings information to third parties if such information has been included in the Funds public filings with the SEC or is disclosed on the Funds publicly accessible website. Information posted on the Funds website may be separately provided to any person commencing the day after it is first published on the Funds website.
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Portfolio holdings information that is not filed with the SEC or posted on the publicly available website may be provided to third parties only if the third party recipients are required to keep all portfolio holdings information confidential and are prohibited from trading on the information they receive. Disclosure to such third parties must be approved in advance by the Investment Advisers legal or compliance department. Disclosure to providers of auditing, custody, proxy voting and other similar services for the Funds, as well as rating and ranking organizations, will generally be permitted; however, information may be disclosed to other third parties (including, without limitation, individuals, institutional investors, and intermediaries that sell shares of the Fund,) only upon approval by the Funds Chief Compliance Officer, who must first determine that the Fund has a legitimate business purpose for doing so. In general, each recipient of non-public portfolio holdings information must sign a confidentiality and non-trading agreement, although this requirement will not apply when the recipient is otherwise subject to a duty of confidentiality. In accordance with the policy, the identity of those recipients who receive non-public portfolio holdings information on an ongoing basis is as follows: the Investment Adviser and its affiliates, the Funds independent registered public accounting firm, the Funds custodian, the Funds legal counselDechert LLP, the Funds financial printerRR Donnelley, and the Funds proxy voting serviceISS. KPMG LLP, an investor in the Funds, also receives certain non-public holdings information on an ongoing basis in order to facilitate compliance with the auditor independent requirements to which it is subject. In addition, certain fixed income funds of the Trust provide non-public portfolio holdings information to Standard & Poors Rating Services to allow such Funds to be rated by it and certain equity funds provide non-public portfolio holdings information to FactSet, a provider of global financial and economic information. These entities are obligated to keep such information confidential. Third party providers of custodial or accounting services to the Funds may release non-public portfolio holdings information of the Funds only with the permission of Fund Representatives. From time to time portfolio holdings information may be provided to broker-dealers solely in connection with a Fund seeking portfolio securities trading suggestions. In providing this information reasonable precautions, including limitations on the scope of the portfolio holdings information disclosed, are taken to avoid any potential misuse of the disclosed information. All marketing materials prepared by the Trusts principal underwriter are reviewed by Goldman Sachs Compliance department for consistency with the Trusts portfolio holdings disclosure policy.
The equity funds in this SAI currently intend to publish on the Trusts website (http://www.goldmansachsfunds.com) complete portfolio holdings as of the end of each calendar quarter subject to a 15 calendar day lag (with respect to the Absolute Return Tracker, Dynamic Allocation and Commodity Strategy Funds, this lag is 30 days) between the date of the information and the date on which the information is disclosed. In addition, the equity funds in this SAI intend to publish on their website month-end top ten holdings (the Dynamic Allocation Fund instead shows exposures to the five major asset classes, and the Absolute Return Tracker and Credit Strategies Funds instead show select holdings information) subject to a 15 calendar-day lag between the date of the information and the date on which the information is disclosed. A Fund may publish on the website complete portfolio holdings information more frequently if it has a legitimate business purpose for doing so.
Under the policy, Fund Representatives will initially supply the Board of the Trustees with a list of third parties who receive portfolio holdings information pursuant to any ongoing arrangement. In addition, the Board is to receive information, on a quarterly basis, regarding any other disclosures of non-public portfolio holdings information that were permitted during the preceding quarter. In addition, the Board of Trustees is to approve at its meetings a list of Fund Representatives who are authorized to disclose portfolio holdings information under the policy. As of April 2, 2012, only certain officers of the Trust as well as certain senior members of the compliance and legal groups of the Investment Adviser have been approved by the Board of Trustees to authorize disclosure of portfolio holdings information.
Miscellaneous
The Absolute Return Tracker Fund, Real Estate Securities Fund, International Real Estate Securities Fund, Commodity Strategy Fund and Dynamic Allocation Fund, will redeem shares solely in cash up to the lesser of $250,000 or 1% of the net asset value of the Fund during any 90-day period for any one shareholder. Each of the Absolute Return Tracker Fund, Real Estate Securities Fund, International Real Estate Securities Fund, Commodity Strategy Fund and Dynamic Allocation Fund, however, reserves the right, in its sole discretion, to pay redemptions by a distribution in kind of securities (instead of cash) if (i) the redemption exceeds the lesser of $250,000 or 1% of the net asset value of the Fund at the time of redemption; or (ii) with respect to lesser redemption amounts, the redeeming shareholder requests in writing a distribution in-kind of securities instead of cash. The securities distributed in kind would be valued for this purpose using the same method employed in calculating each Funds net asset value per share. See NET ASSET VALUE. If a shareholder receives redemption proceeds in kind, the shareholder should expect to incur transaction costs upon the disposition of the securities received in the redemption.
The right of a shareholder to redeem shares and the date of payment by each Fund may be suspended for more than seven days for any period during which the New York Stock Exchange is closed, other than the customary weekends or holidays, or when trading on such Exchange is restricted as determined by the SEC; or during any emergency, as determined
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by the SEC, as a result of which it is not reasonably practicable for such Fund to dispose of securities owned by it or fairly to determine the value of its net assets; or for such other period as the SEC may by order permit for the protection of shareholders of such Fund. (The Trust may also suspend or postpone the recordation of the transfer of shares upon the occurrence of any of the foregoing conditions.)
As stated in the Prospectus, the Trust may authorize Authorized Institutions and other institutions that provide recordkeeping, reporting and processing services to their customers to accept on the Trusts behalf purchase, redemption and exchange orders placed by or on behalf of their customers and, if approved by the Trust, to designate other intermediaries to accept such orders. These institutions may receive payments from the Trust or Goldman Sachs for their services. Certain Authorized Institutions or other institutions may enter into sub-transfer agency agreements with the Trust or Goldman Sachs with respect to their services.
In the interest of economy and convenience, the Trust does not issue certificates representing the Funds shares. Instead, the transfer agent maintains a record of each shareholders ownership. Each shareholder receives confirmation of purchase and redemption orders from the transfer agent. Fund shares and any dividends and distributions paid by the Funds are reflected in account statements from the transfer agent.
The Prospectus and this SAI do not contain all the information included in the Registration Statement filed with the SEC under the 1933 Act with respect to the securities offered by the Prospectus. Certain portions of the Registration Statement have been omitted from the Prospectus and this SAI pursuant to the rules and regulations of the SEC. The Registration Statement including the exhibits filed therewith may be examined at the office of the SEC in Washington, D.C.
Statements contained in the Prospectus or in this SAI as to the contents of any contract or other document referred to are not necessarily complete, and, in each instance, reference is made to the copy of such contract or other document filed as an exhibit to the Registration Statement of which the Prospectus and this SAI form a part, each such statement being qualified in all respects by such reference.
Line of Credit
As of December 31, 2011, the Funds participated in a $580,000,000 committed, unsecured revolving line of credit facility together with other funds of the Trust and registered investment companies having management or investment advisory agreements with GSAM or its affiliates. Pursuant to the terms of this facility, the Funds and other borrowers may increase the credit amount by an additional $340,000,000, for a total of up to $920,000,000. This facility is to be used for temporary emergency purposes or to allow for an orderly liquidation of securities to meet redemption requests. The interest rate on borrowings is based on the federal funds rate. The facility also requires a fee to be paid by the Funds based on the amount of the commitment that has not been utilized. During the fiscal year ended December 31, 2011, the Funds did not have any borrowings under the facility.
Large Trade Notifications
The Transfer Agent may from time to time receive notice that an Authorized Institution or other financial intermediary has received an order for a large trade in a Funds shares. The Fund may determine to enter into portfolio transactions in anticipation of that order, even though the order will not be processed until the following business day. This practice provides for a closer correlation between the time shareholders place trade orders and the time a Fund enters into portfolio transactions based on those orders, and permits the Fund to be more fully invested in investment securities, in the case of purchase orders, and to more orderly liquidate their investment positions, in the case of redemption orders. On the other hand, the Authorized Institution or other financial intermediary may not ultimately process the order. In this case, the Fund may be required to borrow assets to settle the portfolio transactions entered into in anticipation of that order, and would therefore incur borrowing costs. The Fund may also suffer investment losses on those portfolio transactions. Conversely, the Fund would benefit from any earnings and investment gains resulting from such portfolio transactions.
Corporate Actions
From time to time, the issuer of a security held in a Funds portfolio may initiate a corporate action relating to that security. Corporate actions relating to equity securities may include, among others, an offer to purchase new shares, or to tender existing shares, of that security at a certain price. Corporate actions relating to debt securities may include, among others, an offer for early redemption of the debt security, or an offer to convert the debt security into stock. Certain corporate actions are voluntary, meaning that a Fund may only participate in the corporate action if it elects to do so in a timely fashion. Participation in certain corporate actions may enhance the value of a Funds investment portfolio.
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In cases where a Fund or its Investment Adviser receives sufficient advance notice of a voluntary corporate action, the Investment Adviser will exercise its discretion, in good faith, to determine whether the Fund will participate in that corporate action. If a Fund or its Investment Adviser does not receive sufficient advance notice of a voluntary corporate action, the Fund may not be able to timely elect to participate in that corporate action. Participation or lack of participation in a voluntary corporate action may result in a negative impact on the value of the Funds investment portfolio.
DISTRIBUTION AND SERVICE PLANS
(Class A Shares, Class B Shares, Class C Shares and Class R Shares Only)
Distribution and Service Plans. As described in the Prospectus, the Trust has adopted, on behalf of Class A, Class B, Class C and Class R Shares of each Fund, Distribution and Service Plans (each a Plan). See Shareholder GuideDistribution and Service Fees in the Prospectus. The distribution fees payable under the Plans are subject to Rule 12b-1 under the Act and finance distribution and other services that are provided to investors in the Funds and enable the Funds to offer investors the choice of investing in either Class A, Class B, Class C or Class R Shares when investing in the Funds. In addition, distribution fees payable under the Plans may be used to assist the Funds in reaching and maintaining asset levels that are efficient for the Funds operations and investments.
The Plans for each applicable Funds Class A, Class B, Class C and Class R Shares were most recently approved on June 16, 2011 by a majority vote of the Trustees of the Trust, including a majority of the non-interested Trustees of the Trust who have no direct or indirect financial interest in the Plans, cast in person at a meeting called for the purpose of approving the Plans.
The compensation for distribution services payable under a Plan to Goldman Sachs may not exceed 0.25%, 0.75%, 0.75% and 0.50% per annum of a Funds average daily net assets attributable to Class A, Class B, Class C and Class R Shares, respectively, of such Fund.
Under the Plans for Class B and Class C Shares, Goldman Sachs is also entitled to receive a separate fee for personal and account maintenance services equal on an annual basis to 0.25% of each Funds average daily net assets attributable to Class B or Class C Shares. With respect to Class A and Class R Shares, the Distributor at its discretion may use compensation for distribution services paid under the Plan for personal and account maintenance services and expenses so long as such total compensation under the Plan does not exceed the maximum cap on service fees imposed by FINRA.
Each Plan is a compensation plan which provides for the payment of a specified fee without regard to the expenses actually incurred by Goldman Sachs. If such fee exceeds Goldman Sachs expenses, Goldman Sachs may realize a profit from these arrangements. The distribution fees received by Goldman Sachs under the Plans (and, as applicable, CDSC) on Class A, Class B, Class C and Class R Shares may be sold by Goldman Sachs as distributor to entities which provide financing for payments to Authorized Institutions in respect of sales of Class A, Class B, Class C and Class R Shares. To the extent such fees are not paid to such dealers, Goldman Sachs may retain such fees as compensation for its services and expenses of distributing the Funds Class A, Class B, Class C and Class R Shares.
Under each Plan, Goldman Sachs, as distributor of each Funds Class A, Class B, Class C and Class R Shares, will provide to the Trustees of the Trust for their review, and the Trustees of the Trust will review at least quarterly a written report of the services provided and amounts expended by Goldman Sachs under the Plans and the purposes for which such services were performed and expenditures were made.
The Plans will remain in effect until June 30, 2012 and from year to year thereafter, provided that such continuance is approved annually by a majority vote of the Trustees of the Trust, including a majority of the non-interested Trustees of the Trust who have no direct or indirect financial interest in the Plans. The Plans may not be amended to increase materially the amount of distribution compensation described therein without approval of a majority of the outstanding Class A, Class B, Class C or Class R Shares of the affected Fund and affected share class but may be amended without shareholder approval to increase materially the amount of non-distribution compensation. All material amendments of a Plan must also be approved by the Trustees of the Trust in the manner described above. A Plan may be terminated at any time as to any Fund without payment of any penalty by a vote of a majority of the non-interested Trustees of the Trust or by vote of a majority of the Class A, Class B, Class C or Class R Shares, respectively, of the affected Fund and affected share class. If a Plan was terminated by the Trustees of the Trust and no successor plan was adopted, the Fund would cease to make payments to Goldman Sachs under the Plan and Goldman Sachs would be unable
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to recover the amount of any of its unreimbursed expenditures. So long as a Plan is in effect, the selection and nomination of non-interested Trustees of the Trust will be committed to the discretion of the non-interested Trustees of the Trust. The Trustees of the Trust have determined that in their judgment there is a reasonable likelihood that the Plans will benefit the Funds and their Class A, Class B, Class C and Class R shareholders.
The following chart shows the distribution and service fees paid to Goldman Sachs for the fiscal years ended December 31, 2011, 2010 and 2009, by each Fund pursuant to the Class A Plan:
Fiscal year ended | Fiscal year ended | Fiscal year ended | ||||||||||
December 31, 2011 | December 31, 2010 | December 31, 2009 | ||||||||||
Absolute Return Tracker Fund |
1,435,165 | 981,140 | 367,180 | |||||||||
Real Estate Securities Fund |
416,492 | 381,549 | 269,577 | |||||||||
International Real Estate Securities Fund |
307,321 | 327,109 | 287,245 | |||||||||
Commodity Strategy Fund |
457,467 | 302,657 | 168,635 | |||||||||
Dynamic Allocation Fund* |
256,467 | 26,838 | N/A |
* | Dynamic Allocation Fund commenced investment operations on January 5, 2010. |
The following chart shows the distribution and service fees paid to Goldman Sachs for the fiscal years ended December 31, 2011, 2010 and 2009 by the Real Estate Securities Fund pursuant to the Class B Plan:
Fiscal year ended | Fiscal year ended | Fiscal year ended | ||||||||||
December 31, 2011 | December 31, 2010 | December 31, 2009 | ||||||||||
Real Estate Securities Fund |
25,322 | 35,526 | 36,164 |
The following chart shows the distribution and service fees paid to Goldman Sachs for the fiscal years ended December 31, 2011, 2010 and 2009 by each applicable Fund pursuant to the Class C Plan:
Fiscal year ended | Fiscal year ended | Fiscal year ended | ||||||||||
December 31, 2011 | December 31, 2010 | December 31, 2009 | ||||||||||
Absolute Return Tracker Fund |
723,379 | 705,244 | 170,555 | |||||||||
Real Estate Securities Fund |
111,305 | 93,497 | 64,824 | |||||||||
International Real Estate Securities Fund |
26,203 | 34,501 | 41,323 | |||||||||
Commodity Strategy Fund |
161,677 | 71,988 | 36,177 | |||||||||
Dynamic Allocation Fund* |
282,343 | 17,926 | N/A |
* | Dynamic Allocation Fund commenced investment operations on January 5, 2010. |
The following chart shows the distribution and service fees paid to Goldman Sachs for the fiscal years ended December 31, 2011, 2010 and 2009 by each applicable Fund pursuant to the Class R Plan:
Fiscal year ended | Fiscal year ended | Fiscal year ended | ||||||||||
December 31, 2011 | December 31, 2010 | December 31, 2009 | ||||||||||
Absolute Return Tracker Fund |
$ | 5,232 | $ | 3,267 | $ | 74 | ||||||
Real Estate Securities Fund |
1,513 | 882 | 361 | |||||||||
Commodity Strategy Fund |
4,209 | 1,429 | 173 | |||||||||
Dynamic Allocation Fund* |
54 | 50 | N/A |
* | Dynamic Allocation Fund commenced investment operations on January 5, 2010. |
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During the fiscal year ended December 31, 2011, Goldman Sachs incurred the following expenses in connection with distribution under the Class A Plan of each applicable Fund:
Printing and | Preparation | |||||||||||||||||||||||
Compensation | Allocable | Mailing of | and | |||||||||||||||||||||
and Expenses of | Overhead, | Prospectus to | Distribution of | |||||||||||||||||||||
the Distributor | Telephone and | Other than | Sales | |||||||||||||||||||||
Compensation | & Its Sales | Travel | Current | Literature and | ||||||||||||||||||||
Fund |
to Dealers1 | Personnel | Expenses | Shareholders | Advertising | Totals | ||||||||||||||||||
Absolute Return Tracker Fund |
1,379,232 | 1,044,301 | 957,117 | 95,833 | 160,126 | 3,636,608 | ||||||||||||||||||
Real Estate Securities Fund |
168,121 | 288,878 | 272,680 | 27,303 | 45,620 | 802,602 | ||||||||||||||||||
International Real Estate Securities Fund |
86,580 | 166,961 | 174,854 | 17,508 | 29,253 | 475,156 | ||||||||||||||||||
Commodity Strategy Fund |
424,356 | 241,695 | 210,860 | 21,113 | 35,277 | 933,300 | ||||||||||||||||||
Dynamic Allocation Fund |
248,607 | 310,934 | 251,742 | 25,206 | 42,117 | 878,606 |
1 | Advance commissions paid to dealers of 1% on Class A Shares are considered deferred assets which are amortized over a period of 18 months; amounts presented above reflect amortization expense recorded during the period presented. |
During the fiscal year ended December 31, 2011, Goldman Sachs incurred the following expenses in connection with distribution under the Class B Plan of the Real Estate Securities Fund:
Compensation | Printing and | Preparation | ||||||||||||||||||||||
and Expenses | Allocable | Mailing of | and | |||||||||||||||||||||
of the | Overhead, | Prospectus | Distribution of | |||||||||||||||||||||
Distributor & | Telephone | to Other | Sales | |||||||||||||||||||||
Compensation to | Its Sales | and Travel | than Current | Literature and | ||||||||||||||||||||
Fund |
Dealers1 | Personnel | Expenses | Shareholders | Advertising | Totals | ||||||||||||||||||
Real Estate Securities Fund |
0 | 12,476 | 11,350 | 1,136 | 1,899 | 26,861 |
1 | Advance commissions paid to dealers of 4% on Class B shares are considered deferred assets which are amortized over a period of 6 years; amounts presented above reflect amortization expense recorded during the period presented. |
During the fiscal year ended December 31, 2011, Goldman Sachs incurred the following expenses in connection with distribution under the Class C Plan of each applicable Fund with Class C Shares:
Compensation | Printing and | Preparation | ||||||||||||||||||||||
and Expenses | Allocable | Mailing of | and | |||||||||||||||||||||
of the | Overhead, | Prospectus | Distribution of | |||||||||||||||||||||
Distributor & | Telephone | to Other | Sales | |||||||||||||||||||||
Compensation to | Its Sales | and Travel | than Current | Literature and | ||||||||||||||||||||
Fund |
Dealers1 | Personnel | Expenses | Shareholders | Advertising | Totals | ||||||||||||||||||
Absolute Return Tracker Fund3 |
3,277 | 96,267 | 87,795 | 8,791 | 14,688 | 210,818 | ||||||||||||||||||
Real Estate Securities Fund |
246 | 52,995 | 45,714 | 4,577 | 7,648 | 111,179 | ||||||||||||||||||
International Real Estate Securities Fund |
0 | 3,918 | 3,258 | 326 | 545 | 8,048 | ||||||||||||||||||
Commodity Strategy Fund |
6,583 | 45,729 | 40,426 | 4,048 | 6,763 | 103,549 | ||||||||||||||||||
Dynamic Allocation Fund |
202 | 115,564 | 96,052 | 9,617 | 16,069 | 237,504 |
1 | Advance commissions paid to dealers of 1% on Class C shares are considered deferred assets which are amortized over a period of 1 year; amounts presented above reflect amortization expense recorded during the period presented. |
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During the fiscal year ended December 31, 2011, Goldman Sachs incurred the following expenses in connection with distribution under the Class R Plan of each applicable Fund with Class R Shares:
Compensation | Printing and | Preparation | ||||||||||||||||||||||
and Expenses | Allocable | Mailing of | and | |||||||||||||||||||||
of the | Overhead, | Prospectus | Distribution of | |||||||||||||||||||||
Distributor & | Telephone | to Other | Sales | |||||||||||||||||||||
Compensation to | Its Sales | and Travel | than Current | Literature and | ||||||||||||||||||||
Fund |
Dealers | Personnel | Expenses | Shareholders | Advertising | Totals | ||||||||||||||||||
Absolute Return Tracker Fund |
$ | 5,915 | 226 | 216 | 22 | 36 | 6,415 | |||||||||||||||||
Real Estate Securities Fund |
1,625 | 58 | 48 | 5 | 8 | 1,742 | ||||||||||||||||||
Commodity Strategy Fund |
2,925 | 188 | 179 | 18 | 30 | 3,340 | ||||||||||||||||||
Dynamic Allocation Fund |
0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
OTHER INFORMATION REGARDING MAXIMUM SALES CHARGE, PURCHASES, REDEMPTIONS,
EXCHANGES AND DIVIDENDS
(Class A Shares, Class B Shares, Class C Shares and Class R Shares Only)
The following information supplements the information in the Prospectus under the captions Shareholder Guide and Dividends. Please see the Prospectus for more complete information.
Maximum Sales Charges
Class A Shares of each Fund are sold with a maximum sales charge of 5.5% (4.5% for Commodity Strategy Fund). Using the net asset value per share as of December 31, 2011, the maximum offering price of each Funds Class A shares would be as follows:
Maximum | Offering Price | |||||||||||
Net Asset Value | Sales Charge | to Public | ||||||||||
Absolute Return Tracker Fund |
8.79 | 5.5 | % | 9.30 | ||||||||
Real Estate Securities Fund |
13.48 | 5.5 | % | 14.26 | ||||||||
International Real Estate Securities Fund |
4.94 | 5.5 | % | 5.23 | ||||||||
Commodity Strategy Fund |
5.88 | 4.5 | % | 6.16 | ||||||||
Dynamic Allocation Fund |
10.29 | 5.5 | % | 10.89 |
The actual sales charge that is paid by an investor on the purchase of Class A Shares may differ slightly from the sales charge listed above or in a Funds Prospectus due to rounding in the calculations. For example, the sales load disclosed above and in the Funds Prospectus is only shown to one decimal place (i.e., 5.5%). The actual sales charge that is paid by an investor will be rounded to two decimal places. As a result of such rounding in the calculations, the actual sales load paid by an investor may be somewhat greater (e.g., 5.53%) or somewhat lesser (e.g., 5.48%) than that listed above or in the Prospectus. Contact your financial advisor for further information.
Other Purchase Information/Sales Charge Waivers
At the discretion of the Trusts officers and in addition to the NAV purchases permitted in a Funds Prospectus, Class A Shares of the Funds may also be sold at NAV without payment of any sales charge for shares purchased through certain Section 401(k), profit sharing, money purchase pension, tax-sheltered annuity, defined benefit pension, or other employee benefit (including health savings accounts) or SIMPLE plans that are sponsored by one or more employers (including governmental or church employers) or employee organizations investing in the Funds.
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Certain Goldman Sachs sponsored or partnered retirement platforms (specifically, GS Retirement Plan Plus and Goldman Sachs 401(k) Program) will be eligible to purchase Class A Shares of the Funds of the Trust without a front-end sales charge.
In addition, certain former shareholders of certain funds (e.g., funds of AXA Enterprise Funds Trust, AXA Enterprise Multimanager Funds Trust, and The Enterprise Group of Funds, Inc., and the Signal Funds of The Coventry Group) (the Acquired Funds) who (i) received shares of a Goldman Sachs Fund in connection with a reorganization of an Acquired Fund into a Goldman Sachs Fund, (ii) had previously qualified for purchases of Class A shares of the Acquired Funds without the imposition of a sales load under the guidelines of the applicable Acquired Fund family, and (iii) as of August 24, 2012 held their Goldman Sachs Fund shares directly with the Goldman Sachs Funds Transfer Agent, are permitted to purchase Class A Shares of a Goldman Sachs Fund without the imposition of a front-end sales load as long as they continue to hold the shares directly at the Transfer Agent.
If shares of a Fund are held in an account with an Authorized Institution, all recordkeeping, transaction processing and payments of distributions relating to the beneficial owners account will be performed by the Authorized Institution, and not by the Fund and its transfer agent. Because the Funds will have no record of the beneficial owners transactions, a beneficial owner should contact the Authorized Institution to purchase, redeem or exchange shares, to make changes in or give instructions concerning the account or to obtain information about the account. The transfer of shares in a street name account to an account with another dealer or to an account directly with the Fund involves special procedures and will require the beneficial owner to obtain historical purchase information about the shares in the account from the Authorized Institution.
Right of Accumulation (Class A)
A Class A shareholder qualifies for cumulative quantity discounts if the current purchase price of the new investment plus the shareholders current holdings of existing Class A, Class B and/or Class C Shares (acquired by purchase or exchange) of a Fund and Class A, Class B and/or Class C Shares of any other Goldman Sachs Fund total the requisite amount for receiving a discount. For example, if a shareholder owns shares with a current market value of $65,000 and purchases additional Class A Shares of any Goldman Sachs Fund with a purchase price of $45,000, the sales charge for the $45,000 purchase would be 3.75% (the rate applicable to a single purchase of $100,000 but less than $250,000). Class A, Class B and/or Class C Shares of the Funds and Class A, Class B and/or Class C Shares of any other Goldman Sachs Fund purchased (i) by an individual, his spouse, his parents and his children, and (ii) by a trustee, guardian or other fiduciary of a single trust estate or a single fiduciary account, will be combined for the purpose of determining whether a purchase will qualify for such right of accumulation and, if qualifying, the applicable sales charge level. For purposes of applying the right of accumulation, shares of the Funds and any other Goldman Sachs Fund purchased by an existing client of Goldman Sachs Wealth Management or GS Ayco Holding LLC will be combined with Class A, Class B and/or Class C Shares and other assets held by all other Goldman Sachs Wealth Management accounts or accounts of GS Ayco Holding LLC, respectively. In addition, Class A, Class B and/or Class C Shares of the Funds and Class A, Class B and/or Class C Shares of any other Goldman Sachs Fund purchased by partners, directors, officers or employees of the same business organization, groups of individuals represented by and investing on the recommendation of the same accounting firm, certain affinity groups or other similar organizations (collectively, eligible persons) may be combined for the purpose of determining whether a purchase will qualify for the right of accumulation and, if qualifying, the applicable sales charge level. This right of accumulation is subject to the following conditions: (i) the business organizations, groups or firms agreement to cooperate in the offering of the Funds shares to eligible persons; and (ii) notification to the relevant Fund at the time of purchase that the investor is eligible for this right of
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accumulation. In addition, in connection with SIMPLE IRA accounts, cumulative quantity discounts are available on a per plan basis if (i) your employee has been assigned a cumulative discount number by Goldman Sachs; and (ii) your account, alone or in combination with the accounts of other plan participants also invested in Class A, Class B and/or Class C Shares of the Goldman Sachs Funds, totals the requisite aggregate amount as described in the Prospectus.
Statement of Intention (Class A)
If a shareholder anticipates purchasing at least $50,000 of Class A Shares ($100,00 in the case of Commodity Strategy Fund) of a Fund alone or in combination with Class A Shares of any other Goldman Sachs Fund within a 13-month period, the shareholder may purchase shares of the Fund at a reduced sales charge by submitting a Statement of Intention (the Statement). Shares purchased pursuant to a Statement will be eligible for the same sales charge discount that would have been available if all of the purchases had been made at the same time. The shareholder or his Authorized Institution must inform Goldman Sachs that the Statement is in effect each time shares are purchased. There is no obligation to purchase the full amount of shares indicated in the Statement. A shareholder may include the value of all Class A Shares on which a sales charge has previously been paid as an accumulation credit toward the completion of the Statement, but a price readjustment will be made only on Class A Shares purchased within ninety (90) days before submitting the Statement. The Statement authorizes the transfer agent to hold in escrow a sufficient number of shares which can be redeemed to make up any difference in the sales charge on the amount actually invested. For purposes of satisfying the amount specified on the Statement, the gross amount of each investment, exclusive of any appreciation on shares previously purchased, will be taken into account.
The provisions applicable to the Statement, and the terms of the related escrow agreement, are set forth in Appendix C to this SAI.
Cross-Reinvestment of Dividends and Distributions
Shareholders may receive dividends and distributions in additional shares of the same class of a Fund or they may elect to receive them in cash or shares of the same class of other Goldman Sachs Funds or Service Shares of the Goldman Sachs Financial Square Prime Obligations Fund (the Prime Obligations Fund) if they hold Class A Shares of a Fund, or Class B or Class C Shares of the Prime Obligation Fund.
A Fund shareholder should obtain and read the prospectus relating to any other Goldman Sachs Fund or the Prime Obligations Fund and its shares and consider its investment objective, policies and applicable fees before electing cross-reinvestment into that Fund. The election to cross-reinvest dividends and capital gain distributions will not affect the tax treatment of such dividends and distributions, which will be treated as received by the shareholder and then used to purchase shares of the acquired fund. Such reinvestment of dividends and distributions in shares of other Goldman Sachs Funds or the Prime Obligations Funds is available only in states where such reinvestment may legally be made.
Automatic Exchange Program
A Fund shareholder may elect to exchange automatically a specified dollar amount of shares of a Fund for shares of the same class or an equivalent class of another Goldman Sachs Fund provided the minimum initial investment requirement has been satisfied. A Fund shareholder should obtain and read the prospectus relating to any other Goldman Sachs Fund and its shares and consider its investment objective, policies and applicable fees and expenses before electing an automatic exchange into that Goldman Sachs Fund.
Class C Exchanges
As stated in the Prospectus, Goldman Sachs normally begins paying the annual 0.75% distribution fee on Class C Shares to Authorized Institutions after the shares have been held for one year. When an Authorized Institution enters into an appropriate agreement with Goldman Sachs and stops receiving this payment on Class C Shares that have been beneficially owned by the Authorized Institutions customers for at least ten years, those Class C Shares may be exchanged for Class A Shares (which bear a lower distribution fee) of the same Fund at their relative net asset value without a sales charge in recognition of the reduced payment to the Authorized Institution.
Exchanges from Collective Investment Trusts to Goldman Sachs Funds
The Investment Adviser manages a number of collective investment trusts that hold assets of 401(k) plans and other retirement plans (each, a Collective Investment Trust). An investor in a Collective Investment Trust (or an Intermediary
B-109
acting on behalf of the investor) may elect to exchange some or all of the interests it holds in a Collective Investment Trust for shares of one or more of the Goldman Sachs Funds. Generally speaking, Rule 22c-1 under the Act requires a purchase order for shares of a Goldman Sachs Fund to be priced based on the current NAV of the Goldman Sachs Fund that is next calculated after receipt of the purchase order. A Goldman Sachs Fund will treat a purchase order component of an exchange from an investor in a Collective Investment Trust as being received in good order at the time it is communicated to an Intermediary or the Transfer Agent, if the amount of shares to be purchased is expressed as a percentage of the value of the investors interest in a designated Collective Investment Trust that it is contemporaneously redeeming (e.g., if the investor communicates a desire to exchange 100% of its interest in a Collective Investment Trust for shares of a Goldman Sachs Fund). The investors purchase price and the number of Goldman Sachs Fund shares it will acquire will therefore be calculated as of the pricing of the Collective Investment Trust on the day of the purchase order. Such an order will be deemed to be irrevocable as of the time the Goldman Sachs Funds NAV is next calculated after receipt of the purchase order. An investor should obtain and read the prospectus relating to any Goldman Sachs Fund and its shares and consider its investment objective, policies and applicable fees and expenses before electing an exchange into that Goldman Sachs Fund. For federal income tax purposes, an exchange of interests in a Collective Investment Trust for shares of a Goldman Sachs Fund may be subject to tax, and you should consult your tax adviser concerning the tax consequences of an exchange.
Systematic Withdrawal Plan
A systematic withdrawal plan (the Systematic Withdrawal Plan) is available to shareholders of a Fund whose shares are worth at least $5,000. The Systematic Withdrawal Plan provides for monthly payments to the participating shareholder of any amount not less than $50.
Dividends and capital gain distributions on shares held under the Systematic Withdrawal Plan are reinvested in additional full and fractional shares of the applicable Fund at net asset value. The transfer agent acts as agent for the shareholder in redeeming sufficient full and fractional shares to provide the amount of the systematic withdrawal payment. The Systematic Withdrawal Plan may be terminated at any time. Goldman Sachs reserves the right to initiate a fee of up to $5 per withdrawal, upon thirty (30) days written notice to the shareholder. Withdrawal payments should not be considered to be dividends, yield or income. If periodic withdrawals continuously exceed new purchases and reinvested dividends and capital gains distributions, the shareholders original investment will be correspondingly reduced and ultimately exhausted. The maintenance of a withdrawal plan concurrently with purchases of additional Class A, Class B or Class C Shares would be disadvantageous because of the sales charge imposed on purchases of Class A Shares or the imposition of a CDSC on redemptions of Class A, Class B or Class C Shares. The CDSC applicable to Class A, Class B or Class C Shares redeemed under a systematic withdrawal plan may be waived. See Shareholder Guide in the Prospectus. In addition, each withdrawal constitutes a redemption of shares, and any gain or loss realized must be reported for federal and state income tax purposes. A shareholder should consult his or her own tax adviser with regard to the tax consequences of participating in the Systematic Withdrawal Plan. For further information or to request a Systematic Withdrawal Plan, please write or call the Transfer Agent.
SERVICE PLAN AND SHAREHOLDER ADMINISTRATION PLAN
(Service Shares Only)
The Real Estate Securities Funds has adopted a service plan and a separate shareholder administration plan (the Plan) with respect to the Service Shares which authorize the Fund to compensate Authorized Institutions for providing certain personal and account maintenance services and shareholder administration services to their customers who are or may become beneficial owners of such Shares. Pursuant to the Plan, the Fund enters into agreements with Authorized Institutions which purchase Service Shares of the Fund on behalf of their customers (Service Agreements). Under such Service Agreements the Authorized Institutions may perform some or all of the following services:
(a) | Personal and account maintenance services, including: (i) providing facilities to answer inquiries and respond to correspondence with customers and other investors about the status of their accounts or about other aspects of the Trust or the applicable Fund; (ii) acting as liaison between the Authorized Institutions customers and the Trust, including obtaining information from the Trust and assisting the Trust in correcting errors and resolving problems; (iii) providing such statistical and other information as may be reasonably requested by the Trust or necessary for the Trust to comply with applicable federal or state law; (iv) responding to investor requests for prospectuses; (v) displaying and making prospectuses available on the Authorized Institutions premises; and (vi) assisting customers in completing application forms, selecting dividend and other account options and opening custody accounts with the Authorized Institution. |
B-110
(b) | Shareholder administration services, including: (i) acting or arranging for another party to act, as recordholder and nominee of the Service Shares beneficially owned by the Authorized Institutions customers; (ii) establishing and maintaining, or assist in establishing and maintaining, individual accounts and records with respect to the Service Shares owned by each customer; (iii) processing, or assist in processing, confirmations concerning customer orders to purchase, redeem and exchange Service Shares; (iv) receiving and transmitting, or assist in receiving and transmitting, funds representing the purchase price or redemption proceeds of such Service Shares; (v) facilitating the inclusion of Service Shares in accounts, products or services offered to the Authorized Institutions customers by or through the Authorized Institution; (vi) processing dividend payments on behalf of customers; and (vii) performing other related services which do not constitute any activity which is primarily intended to result in the sale of shares within the meaning of Rule 12b-1 under the Act or personal and account maintenance services within the meaning of FINRAs Conduct Rules. |
As compensation for such services, the Fund will pay each Authorized Institution a personal and account maintenance service fee and a shareholder administration service fee in an amount up to 0.25% and 0.25%, respectively, (on an annualized basis) of the average daily net assets of the Service Shares of the Fund attributable to or held in the name of such Authorized Institution.
The amount of the service and shareholder administration fees paid by the Fund to Authorized Institutions pursuant to the Plans was as follows for the fiscal years ended December 31, 2011, 2010 and 2009:
Fiscal year
ended December 31, 2011 |
Fiscal year
ended December 31, 2010 |
Fiscal year
ended December 31, 2009 |
||||||||||
Real Estate Securities Fund |
25,318 | 26,558 | 21,112 |
The Fund has adopted the Service Plan but not the Shareholder Administration Plan pursuant to Rule 12b-1 under the Act in order to avoid any possibility that service fees paid to the Authorized Institutions pursuant to the Service Agreement might violate the Act. Rule 12b-1, which was adopted by the SEC under the Act, regulates the circumstances under which an investment company or series thereof may bear expenses associated with the distribution of its shares. In particular, such an investment company or series thereof cannot engage directly or indirectly in financing any activity which is primarily intended to result in the sale of shares issued by the company unless it has adopted a plan pursuant to, and complies with the other requirements of, such Rule. The Trust believes that fees paid for the services provided in the Service Plan and described above are not expenses incurred primarily for effecting the distribution of Service Shares. However, should such payments be deemed by a court or the SEC to be distribution expenses, such payments would be duly authorized by the Plan. The Shareholder Administration Plan has not been adopted pursuant to Rule 12b-1 under the Act.
Conflict of interest restrictions (including the Employee Retirement Income Security Act of 1974) may apply to a Authorized Institutions receipt of compensation paid by a Fund in connection with the investment of fiduciary assets in Service Shares of a Fund. Authorized Institutions, including banks regulated by the Comptroller of the Currency, the Federal Reserve Board or the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation, and investment advisers and other money managers subject to the jurisdiction of the SEC, the Department of Labor or state securities commissions, are urged to consult their legal advisers before investing fiduciary assets in Service Shares of a Fund. In addition, under some state securities laws, banks and other financial institutions purchasing Service Shares on behalf of their customers may be required to register as dealers.
The Trustees, including a majority of the Trustees who are not interested persons of the Trust and who have no direct or indirect financial interest in the operation of the Plans or the related Service Agreements, most recently voted to approve the Plans and related Service Agreements at a meeting called for the purpose of voting on such Plans and Service Agreements on June 17, 2011. The Plans and related Service Agreements will remain in effect until June 30, 2012 and will continue in effect thereafter only if such continuance is specifically approved annually by a vote of the Trustees in the manner described above. The Service Plan may not be amended (but the Shareholder Administration Plan may be amended) to increase materially the amount to be spent for the services described therein without approval of the shareholders of the affected Funds Service Class and all material amendments of each Plan must also be approved by the Trustees in the manner described above. The Plans may be terminated at any time by a majority of the Trustees as described above or by a vote of a majority of the affected Funds outstanding Service Shares. The Service Agreements may be terminated at any time, without payment of any penalty, by vote of a majority of the Trustees as described above or by a vote of a majority of the outstanding Service Shares of the affected Fund on not more than sixty (60) days written notice to any other party to the Service Agreements. The Service Agreements will terminate automatically if assigned. So long as the Plans are in effect, the selection and nomination of those Trustees who are not interested persons will be committed to the discretion of the non-interested Trustees. The Board of Trustees have determined that, in its judgment, there is a reasonable likelihood that the Plans will benefit the Funds and the holders of Service Shares of the Funds.
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During the fiscal year ended December 31, 2011, Goldman Sachs incurred the following expenses in connection with distribution under the Service Plan of the Real Estate Securities Fund:
Fund |
Compensation to Dealers |
Compensation and Expenses of the Distributor & Its Sales Personnel |
Allocable Overhead, Telephone and Travel Expenses |
Printing and Mailing of Prospectus to Other than Current Shareholders |
Preparation and Distribution of Sales Literature and Advertising |
Totals | ||||||||||||||||||
Real Estate Securities Fund |
| 9,669 | 9,610 | 962 | 1,068 | 21,848 |
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APPENDIX A
DESCRIPTION OF SECURITIES RATINGS
Short-Term Credit Ratings
A Standard & Poors short-term issue credit rating is a current opinion of the creditworthiness of an obligor with respect to a specific financial obligation having an original maturity of no more than 365 days. The following summarizes the rating categories used by Standard & Poors for short-term issues:
A-1 A short-term obligation rated A-1 is rated in the highest category by Standard & Poors. The obligors capacity to meet its financial commitment on the obligation is strong. Within this category, certain obligations are designated with a plus sign (+). This indicates that the obligors capacity to meet its financial commitment on these obligations is extremely strong.
A-2 A short-term obligation rated A-2 is somewhat more susceptible to the adverse effects of changes in circumstances and economic conditions than obligations in higher rating categories. However, the obligors capacity to meet its financial commitment on the obligation is satisfactory.
A-3 A short-term obligation rated A-3 exhibits adequate protection parameters. However, adverse economic conditions or changing circumstances are more likely to lead to a weakened capacity of the obligor to meet its financial commitment on the obligation.
B A short-term obligation rated B is regarded as having significant speculative characteristics. Ratings of B-1, B-2, and B-3 may be assigned to indicate finer distinctions within the B category. The obligor currently has the capacity to meet its financial commitment on the obligation; however, it faces major ongoing uncertainties which could lead to the obligors inadequate capacity to meet its financial commitment on the obligation.
B-1 A short-term obligation rated B-1 is regarded as having significant speculative characteristics, but the obligor has a relatively stronger capacity to meet its financial commitments over the short-term compared to other speculative-grade obligors.
B-2 A short-term obligation rated B-2 is regarded as having significant speculative characteristics, and the obligor has an average speculative-grade capacity to meet its financial commitments over the short-term compared to other speculative-grade obligors.
B-3 A short-term obligation rated B-3 is regarded as having significant speculative characteristics, and the obligor has a relatively weaker capacity to meet its financial commitments over the short-term compared to other speculative-grade obligors.
C A short-term obligation rated C is currently vulnerable to nonpayment and is dependent upon favorable business, financial, and economic conditions for the obligor to meet its financial commitment on the obligation.
D A short-term obligation rated D is in payment default. The D rating category is used when payments on an obligation are not made on the date due even if the applicable grace period has not expired, unless Standard & Poors believes that such payments will be made during such grace period. The D rating also will be used upon the filing of a bankruptcy petition or the taking of a similar action if payments on an obligation are jeopardized.
Local Currency and Foreign Currency Risks Country risk considerations are a standard part of Standard & Poors analysis for credit ratings on any issuer or issue. Currency of repayment is a key factor in this analysis. An obligors capacity to repay foreign currency obligations may be lower than its capacity to repay obligations in its local currency due to the sovereign governments own relatively lower capacity to repay external versus domestic debt. These sovereign risk considerations are incorporated in the debt ratings assigned to specific issues. Foreign Currency issuer ratings are also distinguished from local currency issuer ratings to identify those instances where sovereign risks make them different for the same issuer.
Moodys Investors Service (Moodys) short-term ratings are opinions of the ability of issuers to honor short-term financial obligations. Ratings may be assigned to issuers, short-term programs or to individual short-term debt instruments. Such obligations generally have an original maturity not exceeding thirteen months, unless explicitly noted.
Moodys employs the following designations to indicate the relative repayment ability of rated issuers:
P-1 Issuers (or supporting institutions) rated Prime-1 have a superior ability to repay short-term debt obligations.
P-2 Issuers (or supporting institutions) rated Prime-2 have a strong ability to repay short-term debt obligations.
P-3 Issuers (or supporting institutions) rated Prime-3 have an acceptable ability to repay short-term obligations.
NP Issuers (or supporting institutions) rated Not Prime do not fall within any of the Prime rating categories.
1-A
Fitch, Inc. / Fitch Ratings Ltd. (Fitch) short-term ratings scale applies to foreign currency and local currency ratings. A short-term rating has a time horizon of less than 13 months for most obligations, or up to three years for U.S. public finance, in line with industry standards, to reflect unique risk characteristics of bond, tax, and revenue anticipation notes that are commonly issued with terms up to three years. Short-term ratings thus place greater emphasis on the liquidity necessary to meet financial commitments in a timely manner. The following summarizes the rating categories used by Fitch for short-term obligations:
F1 Securities possess the highest credit quality. This designation indicates the strongest capacity for timely payment of financial commitments; may have an added + to denote any exceptionally strong credit feature.
F2 Securities possess good credit quality. This designation indicates a satisfactory capacity for timely payment of financial commitments, but the margin of safety is not as great as in the case of the higher ratings.
F3 Securities possess fair credit quality. This designation indicates that the capacity for timely payment of financial commitments is adequate; however, near term adverse changes could result in a reduction to non investment grade.
B Securities possess speculative credit quality. This designation indicates minimal capacity for timely payment of financial commitments, plus vulnerability to near term adverse changes in financial and economic conditions.
C Securities possess high default risk. Default is a real possibility. This designation indicates a capacity for meeting financial commitments which is solely reliant upon a sustained, favorable business and economic environment.
D Indicates an entity or sovereign that has defaulted on all of its financial obligations.
NR This designation indicates that Fitch does not publicly rate the associated issuer or issue.
WD This designation indicates that the rating has been withdrawn and is no longer maintained by Fitch.
The following summarizes the ratings used by Dominion Bond Rating Service Limited (DBRS) for commercial paper and short-term debt:
R-1 (high) Short-term debt rated R-1 (high) is of the highest credit quality, and indicates an entity possessing unquestioned ability to repay current liabilities as they fall due. Entities rated in this category normally maintain strong liquidity positions, conservative debt levels, and profitability that is both stable and above average. Companies achieving an R-1 (high) rating are normally leaders in structurally sound industry segments with proven track records, sustainable positive future results, and no substantial qualifying negative factors. Given the extremely tough definition DBRS has established for an R-1 (high), few entities are strong enough to achieve this rating.
R-1 (middle) Short-term debt rated R-1 (middle) is of superior credit quality and, in most cases, ratings in this category differ from R-1 (high) credits by only a small degree. Given the extremely tough definition DBRS has established for the R-1 (high) category, entities rated R-1 (middle) are also considered strong credits, and typically exemplify above average strength in key areas of consideration for the timely repayment of short-term liabilities.
R-1 (low) Short-term debt rated R-1 (low) is of satisfactory credit quality. The overall strength and outlook for key liquidity, debt and profitability ratios are not normally as favorable as with higher rating categories, but these considerations are still respectable. Any qualifying negative factors that exist are considered manageable, and the entity is normally of sufficient size to have some influence in its industry.
R-2 (high) Short-term debt rated R-2 (high) is considered to be at the upper end of adequate credit quality. The ability to repay obligations as they mature remains acceptable, although the overall strength and outlook for key liquidity, debt, and profitability ratios is not as strong as credits rated in the R-1 (low) category. Relative to the latter category, other shortcomings often include areas such as stability, financial flexibility, and the relative size and market position of the entity within its industry.
R-2 (middle) Short-term debt rated R-2 (middle) is considered to be of adequate credit quality. Relative to the R-2 (high) category, entities rated R-2 (middle) typically have some combination of higher volatility, weaker debt or liquidity positions, lower future cash flow capabilities, or are negatively impacted by a weaker industry. Ratings in this category would be more vulnerable to adverse changes in financial and economic conditions.
R-2 (low) Short-term debt rated R-2 (low) is considered to be at the lower end of adequate credit quality, typically having some combination of challenges that are not acceptable for an R-2 (middle) credit. However, R-2 (low) ratings still display a level of credit strength that allows for a higher rating than the R-3 category, with this distinction often reflecting the issuers liquidity profile.
2-A
R-3 Short-term debt rated R-3 is considered to be at the lowest end of adequate credit quality, one step up from being speculative. While not yet defined as speculative, the R-3 category signifies that although repayment is still expected, the certainty of repayment could be impacted by a variety of possible adverse developments, many of which would be outside the issuers control. Entities in this area often have limited access to capital markets and may also have limitations in securing alternative sources of liquidity, particularly during periods of weak economic conditions.
R-4 Short-term debt rated R-4 is speculative. R-4 credits tend to have weak liquidity and debt ratios, and the future trend of these ratios is also unclear. Due to its speculative nature, companies with R-4 ratings would normally have very limited access to alternative sources of liquidity. Earnings and cash flow would typically be very unstable, and the level of overall profitability of the entity is also likely to be low. The industry environment may be weak, and strong negative qualifying factors are also likely to be present.
R-5 Short-term debt rated R-5 is highly speculative. There is a reasonably high level of uncertainty as to the ability of the entity to repay the obligations on a continuing basis in the future, especially in periods of economic recession or industry adversity. In some cases, short term debt rated R-5 may have challenges that if not corrected, could lead to default.
D A security rated D implies the issuer has either not met a scheduled payment or the issuer has made it clear that it will be missing such a payment in the near future. In some cases, DBRS may not assign a D rating under a bankruptcy announcement scenario, as allowances for grace periods may exist in the underlying legal documentation. Once assigned, the D rating will continue as long as the missed payment continues to be in arrears, and until such time as the rating is discontinued or reinstated by DBRS.
Long-Term Credit Ratings
The following summarizes the ratings used by Standard & Poors for long-term issues:
AAA An obligation rated AAA has the highest rating assigned by Standard & Poors. The obligors capacity to meet its financial commitment on the obligation is extremely strong.
AA An obligation rated AA differs from the highest-rated obligations only to a small degree. The obligors capacity to meet its financial commitment on the obligation is very strong.
A An obligation rated A is somewhat more susceptible to the adverse effects of changes in circumstances and economic conditions than obligations in higher-rated categories. However, the obligors capacity to meet its financial commitment on the obligation is still strong.
BBB An obligation rated BBB exhibits adequate protection parameters. However, adverse economic conditions or changing circumstances are more likely to lead to a weakened capacity of the obligor to meet its financial commitment on the obligation.
Obligations rated BB, B, CCC, CC and C are regarded as having significant speculative characteristics. BB indicates the least degree of speculation and C the highest. While such obligations will likely have some quality and protective characteristics, these may be outweighed by large uncertainties or major exposures to adverse conditions.
BB An obligation rated BB is less vulnerable to nonpayment than other speculative issues. However, it faces major ongoing uncertainties or exposure to adverse business, financial, or economic conditions which could lead to the obligors inadequate capacity to meet its financial commitment on the obligation.
B An obligation rated B is more vulnerable to nonpayment than obligations rated BB, but the obligor currently has the capacity to meet its financial commitment on the obligation. Adverse business, financial, or economic conditions will likely impair the obligors capacity or willingness to meet its financial commitment on the obligation.
CCC An obligation rated CCC is currently vulnerable to nonpayment, and is dependent upon favorable business, financial and economic conditions for the obligor to meet its financial commitment on the obligation. In the event of adverse business, financial, or economic conditions, the obligor is not likely to have the capacity to meet its financial commitment on the obligation.
CC An obligation rated CC is currently highly vulnerable to nonpayment.
C A C rating is assigned to obligations that are currently highly vulnerable to nonpayment, obligations that have payment arrearages allowed by the terms of the documents, or obligations of an issuer that is the subject of a bankruptcy petition or similar action which have not experienced a payment default. Among others, the C rating may be assigned to subordinated debt, preferred stock or other obligations on which cash payments have been suspended in accordance with the instruments terms.
D An obligation rated D is in payment default. The D rating category is used when payments on an obligation are not made on the date due even if the applicable grace period has not expired, unless Standard & Poors believes that such payments will be made during such grace period. The D rating also will be used upon the filing of a bankruptcy petition or the taking of a similar action if payments on an obligation are jeopardized.
3-A
Plus (+) or minus (-) The ratings from AA to CCC may be modified by the addition of a plus (+) or minus (-) sign to show relative standing within the major rating categories.
NR This indicates that no rating has been requested, that there is insufficient information on which to base a rating, or that Standard & Poors does not rate a particular obligation as a matter of policy.
Local Currency and Foreign Currency Risks Country risk considerations are a standard part of Standard & Poors analysis for credit ratings on any issuer or issue. Currency of repayment is a key factor in this analysis. An obligors capacity to repay foreign currency obligations may be lower than its capacity to repay obligations in its local currency due to the sovereign governments own relatively lower capacity to repay external versus domestic debt. These sovereign risk considerations are incorporated in the debt ratings assigned to specific issues. Foreign currency issuer ratings are also distinguished from local currency issuer ratings to identify those instances where sovereign risks make them different for the same issuer.
The following summarizes the ratings used by Moodys for long-term debt:
Aaa Obligations rated Aaa are judged to be of the highest quality, with minimal credit risk.
Aa Obligations rated Aa are judged to be of high quality and are subject to very low credit risk.
A Obligations rated A are considered upper-medium grade and are subject to low credit risk.
Baa Obligations rated Baa are subject to moderate credit risk. They are considered medium-grade and as such may possess certain speculative characteristics.
Ba Obligations rated Ba are judged to have speculative elements and are subject to substantial credit risk.
B Obligations rated B are considered speculative and are subject to high credit risk.
Caa Obligations rated Caa are judged to be of poor standing and are subject to very high credit risk.
Ca Obligations rated Ca are highly speculative and are likely in, or very near, default, with some prospect of recovery of principal and interest.
C Obligations rated C are the lowest rated class of bonds and are typically in default, with little prospect for recovery of principal or interest.
Note: Moodys appends numerical modifiers 1, 2, and 3 to each generic rating classification from Aa through Caa. The modifier 1 indicates that the obligation ranks in the higher end of its generic rating category; the modifier 2 indicates a mid-range ranking; and the modifier 3 indicates a ranking in the lower end of that generic rating category.
The following summarizes long-term ratings used by Fitch:
AAA Securities considered to be of the highest credit quality. AAA ratings denote the lowest expectation of credit risk. They are assigned only in case of exceptionally strong capacity for payment of financial commitments. This capacity is highly unlikely to be adversely affected by foreseeable events.
AA Securities considered to be of very high credit quality. AA ratings denote expectations of very low credit risk. They indicate very strong capacity for payment of financial commitments. This capacity is not significantly vulnerable to foreseeable events.
A Securities considered to be of high credit quality. A ratings denote expectations of low credit risk. The capacity for payment of financial commitments is considered strong. This capacity may, nevertheless, be more vulnerable to changes in circumstances or in economic conditions than is the case for higher ratings.
BBB Securities considered to be of good credit quality. BBB ratings indicate that there is currently expectations of low credit risk. The capacity for payment of financial commitments is considered adequate but adverse changes in circumstances and economic conditions are more likely to impair this capacity. This is the lowest investment grade category.
BB Securities considered to be speculative. BB ratings indicate that there is a possibility of credit risk developing, particularly as the result of adverse economic change over time; however, business or financial alternatives may be available to allow financial commitments to be met. Securities rated in this category are not investment grade.
B Securities considered to be highly speculative. For issuers and performing obligations, B ratings indicate that significant credit risk is present, but a limited margin of safety remains. Financial commitments are currently being met; however, capacity for continued payment is contingent upon a sustained, favorable business and economic environment. For individual obligations, may indicate distressed or defaulted obligations with potential for extremely high recoveries. Such obligations would possess a Recovery Rating of RR1 (outstanding).
4-A
CCC For issuers and performing obligations, default is a real possibility. Capacity for meeting financial commitments is solely reliant upon sustained, favorable business or economic conditions. For individual obligations, may indicate distressed or defaulted obligations with potential for average to superior levels of recovery. Differences in credit quality may be denoted by plus/minus distinctions. Such obligations typically would possess a Recovery Rating of RR2 (superior), or RR3 (good) or RR4 (average).
CC For issuers and performing obligations, default of some kind appears probable. For individual obligations, may indicate distressed or defaulted obligations with a Recovery Rating of RR4 (average) or RR5 (below average).
C For issuers and performing obligations, default is imminent. For individual obligations, may indicate distressed or defaulted obligations with potential for below-average to poor recoveries. Such obligations would possess a Recovery Rating of RR6 (poor).
RD Indicates an entity that has failed to make due payments (within the applicable grace period) on some but not all material financial obligations, but continues to honor other classes of obligations.
D Indicates an entity or sovereign that has defaulted on all of its financial obligations.
Plus (+) or minus (-) may be appended to a rating to denote relative status within major rating categories. Such suffixes are not added to the AAA category or to categories below CCC.
NR Denotes that Fitch does not publicly rate the associated issue or issuer.
WD Indicates that the rating has been withdrawn and is no longer maintained by Fitch.
The following summarizes the ratings used by DBRS for long-term debt:
AAA Long-term debt rated AAA is of the highest credit quality, with exceptionally strong protection for the timely repayment of principal and interest. Earnings are considered stable, the structure of the industry in which the entity operates is strong, and the outlook for future profitability is favorable. There are few qualifying factors present that would detract from the performance of the entity. The strength of liquidity and coverage ratios is unquestioned and the entity has established a credible track record of superior performance. Given the extremely high standard that DBRS has set for this category, few entities are able to achieve a AAA rating.
AA Long-term debt rated AA is of superior credit quality, and protection of interest and principal is considered high. In many cases they differ from long-term debt rated AAA only to a small degree. Given the extremely restrictive definition DBRS has for the AAA category, entities rated AA are also considered to be strong credits, typically exemplifying above-average strength in key areas of consideration and unlikely to be significantly affected by reasonably foreseeable events.
A Long-term debt rated A is of satisfactory credit quality. Protection of interest and principal is still substantial, but the degree of strength is less than that of AA rated entities. While A is a respectable rating, entities in this category are considered to be more susceptible to adverse economic conditions and have greater cyclical tendencies than higher-rated securities.
BBB Long-term debt rated BBB is of adequate credit quality. Protection of interest and principal is considered acceptable, but the entity is fairly susceptible to adverse changes in financial and economic conditions, or there may be other adverse conditions present which reduce the strength of the entity and its rated securities.
BB Long-term debt rated BB is defined to be speculative and non-investment grade, where the degree of protection afforded interest and principal is uncertain, particularly during periods of economic recession. Entities in the BB range typically have limited access to capital markets and additional liquidity support. In many cases, deficiencies in critical mass, diversification, and competitive strength are additional negative considerations.
B Long-term debt rated B is considered highly speculative and there is a reasonably high level of uncertainty as to the ability of the entity to pay interest and principal on a continuing basis in the future, especially in periods of economic recession or industry adversity.
CCC, CC and C Long-term debt rated in any of these categories is very highly speculative and is in danger of default of interest and principal. The degree of adverse elements present is more severe than long-term debt rated B. Long-term debt rated below B often have features which, if not remedied, may lead to default. In practice, there is little difference between these three categories, with CC and C normally used for lower ranking debt of companies for which the senior debt is rated in the CCC to B range.
5-A
D A security rated D implies the issuer has either not met a scheduled payment of interest or principal or that the issuer has made it clear that it will miss such a payment in the near future. In some cases, DBRS may not assign a D rating under a bankruptcy announcement scenario, as allowances for grace periods may exist in the underlying legal documentation. Once assigned, the D rating will continue as long as the missed payment continues to be in arrears, and until such time as the rating is discontinued or reinstated by DBRS.
(high, low) Each rating category is denoted by the subcategories high and low. The absence of either a high or low designation indicates the rating is in the middle of the category. The AAA and D categories do not utilize high, middle, and low as differential grades.
Municipal Note Ratings
A Standard & Poors U.S. municipal note rating reflects the liquidity factors and market access risks unique to notes. Notes due in three years or less will likely receive a note rating. Notes maturing beyond three years will most likely receive a long-term debt rating. The following criteria will be used in making that assessment:
| Amortization schedule-the larger the final maturity relative to other maturities, the more likely it will be treated as a note; and |
| Source of payment-the more dependent the issue is on the market for its refinancing, the more likely it will be treated as a note. |
Note rating symbols are as follows:
SP-1 The issuers of these municipal notes exhibit a strong capacity to pay principal and interest. Those issues determined to possess a very strong capacity to pay debt service are given a plus (+) designation.
SP-2 The issuers of these municipal notes exhibit a satisfactory capacity to pay principal and interest, with some vulnerability to adverse financial and economic changes over the term of the notes.
SP-3 The issuers of these municipal notes exhibit speculative capacity to pay principal and interest.
Moodys uses three rating categories for short-term municipal obligations that are considered investment grade. These ratings are designated as Municipal Investment Grade (MIG) and are divided into three levels MIG-1 through MIG-3. In addition, those short-term obligations that are of speculative quality are designated SG, or speculative grade. MIG ratings expire at the maturity of the obligation. The following summarizes the ratings used by Moodys for these short-term obligations:
MIG-1 This designation denotes superior credit quality. Excellent protection is afforded by established cash flows, highly reliable liquidity support, or demonstrated broad-based access to the market for refinancing.
MIG-2 This designation denotes strong credit quality. Margins of protection are ample, although not as large as in the preceding group.
MIG-3 This designation denotes acceptable credit quality. Liquidity and cash-flow protection may be narrow, and market access for refinancing is likely to be less well-established.
SG This designation denotes speculative-grade credit quality. Debt instruments in this category may lack sufficient margins of protection.
In the case of variable rate demand obligations (VRDOs), a two-component rating is assigned; a long- or short-term debt rating and a demand obligation rating. The first element represents Moodys evaluation of the degree of risk associated with scheduled principal and interest payments. The second element represents Moodys evaluation of the degree of risk associated with the ability to receive purchase price upon demand (demand feature), using a variation of the MIG rating scale, the Variable Municipal Investment Grade or VMIG rating.
When either the long- or short-term aspect of a VRDO is not rated, that piece is designated NR, e.g., Aaa/NR or NR/VMIG-1.
VMIG rating expirations are a function of each issues specific structural or credit features.
VMIG-1 This designation denotes superior credit quality. Excellent protection is afforded by the superior short-term credit strength of the liquidity provider and structural and legal protections that ensure the timely payment of purchase price upon demand.
6-A
VMIG-2 This designation denotes strong credit quality. Good protection is afforded by the strong short-term credit strength of the liquidity provider and structural and legal protections that ensure the timely payment of purchase price upon demand.
VMIG-3 This designation denotes acceptable credit quality. Adequate protection is afforded by the satisfactory short-term credit strength of the liquidity provider and structural and legal protections that ensure the timely payment of purchase price upon demand.
SG This designation denotes speculative-grade credit quality. Demand features rated in this category may be supported by a liquidity provider that does not have an investment grade short-term rating or may lack the structural and/or legal protections necessary to ensure the timely payment of purchase price upon demand.
Fitch uses the same ratings for municipal securities as described above for other short-term credit ratings.
About Credit Ratings
A Standard & Poors issue credit rating is a current opinion of the creditworthiness of an obligor with respect to a specific financial obligation, a specific class of financial obligations, or a specific financial program (including ratings on medium-term note programs and commercial paper programs). It takes into consideration the creditworthiness of guarantors, insurers, or other forms of credit enhancement on the obligation and takes into account the currency in which the obligation is denominated. The issue credit rating is not a recommendation to purchase, sell, or hold a financial obligation, inasmuch as it does not comment as to market price or suitability for a particular investor.
Moodys credit ratings must be construed solely as statements of opinion and not as statements of fact or recommendations to purchase, sell or hold any securities.
Fitchs credit ratings provide an opinion on the relative ability of an entity to meet financial commitments, such as interest, preferred dividends, repayment of principal, insurance claims or counterparty obligations. Fitch credit ratings are used by investors as indications of the likelihood of receiving their money back in accordance with the terms on which they invested. Fitchs credit ratings cover the global spectrum of corporate, sovereign (including supranational and sub-national), financial, bank, insurance, municipal and other public finance entities and the securities or other obligations they issue, as well as structured finance securities backed by receivables or other financial assets.
DBRS credit ratings are not buy, hold or sell recommendations, but rather the result of qualitative and quantitative analysis focusing solely on the credit quality of the issuer and its underlying obligations.
7-A
Effective: February 2012
GSAM Proxy Voting Guidelines Summary
The following is a summary of the material GSAM Proxy Voting Guidelines (the Guidelines), which form the substantive basis of GSAMs Policy on Proxy Voting for Client Accounts (Policy). As described in the main body of the Policy, one or more GSAM portfolio management teams may diverge from the Guidelines and a related Recommendation on any particular proxy vote or in connection with any individual investment decision in accordance with the override process described in the Policy.
US proxy items:
1. Operational Items |
page 1-B | |
2. Board of Directors |
page 2-B | |
3. Executive and Director Compensation |
page 4-B | |
4. Proxy Contests and Access |
page 7-B | |
5. Shareholder Rights and Defenses |
page 8-B | |
6. Mergers and Corporate Restructurings |
page 8-B | |
7. State of Incorporation |
page 9-B | |
8. Capital Structure |
page 9-B | |
9. Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR)/Environmental, Social, Governance (ESG) Issues |
page 10-B |
International proxy items:
1. Operational Items |
page 11-B | |
2. Board of Directors |
page 12-B | |
3. Compensation |
page 14-B | |
4. Board Structure |
page 14-B | |
5. Capital Structure |
page 15-B | |
6. Other |
page 16-B | |
7. Environmental, Climate Change and Social Issues |
page 17-B |
The following section is a summary of the Guidelines, which form the substantive basis of the Policy with respect to U.S. public equity investments.
1. Operational Items
Auditor Ratification
Vote FOR proposals to ratify auditors, unless any of the following apply within the last year:
| An auditor has a financial interest in or association with the company, and is therefore not independent; |
| There is reason to believe that the independent auditor has rendered an opinion which is neither accurate nor indicative of the companys financial position; |
| Poor accounting practices are identified that rise to a serious level of concern, such as: fraud; misapplication of GAAP; or material weaknesses identified in Section 404 disclosures; or |
| Fees for non-audit services are excessive. |
Non-audit fees are excessive if:
| Non-audit fees exceed audit fees + audit-related fees + tax compliance/preparation fees. |
Vote CASE-BY-CASE on shareholder proposals asking companies to prohibit or limit their auditors from engaging in non-audit services taking into account issues that are consistent with Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) rules adopted to fulfill the mandate of Sarbanes Oxley such as an audit firm providing services that would impair its independence or the overall scope and disclosure of fees for all services done by the audit firm.
Vote CASE-BY-CASE on shareholder proposals asking for audit firm rotation, taking into account:
| The tenure of the audit firm; |
| The length of rotation specified in the proposal; |
| Any significant audit-related issues at the company; |
| The number of Audit Committee meetings held each year; |
| The number of financial experts serving on the committee; |
1-B
| Whether the company has a periodic renewal process where the auditor is evaluated for both audit quality and competitive price; and |
| Whether the auditors are being changed without explanation. |
2. Board of Directors
The Board of Directors should promote the interests of shareholders by acting in an oversight and/or advisory role; the board should consist of a majority of independent directors and should be held accountable for actions and results related to their responsibilities. When evaluating board composition, GSAM believes a diversity of ethnicity, gender and experience is an important consideration.
Classification of Directors
Where applicable, the New York Stock Exchange or NASDAQ Listing Standards definition is to be used to classify directors as insiders or affiliated outsiders. General definitions are as follows:
| Inside Director |
| Employee of the company or one of its affiliates |
| Among the five most highly paid individuals (excluding interim CEO) |
| Listed as an officer as defined under Section 16 of the Securities and Exchange Act of 1934 |
| Current interim CEO |
| Beneficial owner of more than 50 percent of the companys voting power (this may be aggregated if voting power is distributed among more than one member of a defined group) |
| Affiliated Outside Director |
| Board attestation that an outside director is not independent |
| Former CEO or other executive of the company within the last 3 years |
| Former CEO or other executive of an acquired company within the past three years |
| Independent Outside Director |
| No material connection to the company other than a board seat |
Additionally, GSAM will consider compensation committee interlocking directors to be affiliated (defined as CEOs who sit on each others compensation committees).
Voting on Director Nominees in Uncontested Elections
Vote on director nominees should be determined on a CASE-BY-CASE basis.
Vote AGAINST or WITHHOLD from individual directors who:
| Attend less than 75 percent of the board and committee meetings without a disclosed valid excuse for each of the last two years; |
| Sit on more than six public company boards; |
| Are CEOs of public companies who sit on the boards of more than two public companies besides their ownwithhold only at their outside boards. |
Other items considered for an AGAINST vote include specific concerns about the individual or the company, such as criminal wrongdoing or breach of fiduciary responsibilities, sanctions from government or authority, violations of laws and regulations, or other issues related to improper business practice.
Vote AGAINST or WITHHOLD from Inside Directors and Affiliated Outside Directors (per the Classification of Directors above) when:
| The inside or affiliated outside director serves on the audit, compensation, or nominating (vote against affiliated directors only for nominating) committees; |
2-B
| The company lacks an audit compensation, or nominating (vote against affiliated directors only for nominating) committee so that the full board functions as that committee and insiders are participating in voting on matters that independent committees should be voting on; |
| The full board is less than majority independent (in this case withhold from affiliated outside directors); at controlled companies, GSAM will vote against the election of affiliated outsiders and nominees affiliated with the parent and will not vote against the executives of the issuer. |
Vote AGAINST or WITHHOLD from members of the appropriate committee for the following reasons (or independent Chairman or lead director in cases of a classified board and members of appropriate committee are not up for reelection). Extreme cases may warrant a vote against the entire board.
| Material failures of governance, stewardship, or fiduciary responsibilities at the company; |
| Egregious actions related to the director(s) service on other boards that raise substantial doubt about his or her ability to effectively oversee management and serve the best interests of shareholders at any company; |
| At the previous board election, any director received more than 50 percent withhold/against votes of the shares cast and the company has failed to address the underlying issue(s) that caused the high withhold/against vote (members of the Nominating or Governance Committees); |
| The board failed to act on a shareholder proposal that received approval of the majority of shares cast for the previous two consecutive years (a management proposal with other than a FOR recommendation by management will not be considered as sufficient action taken); an adopted proposal that is substantially similar to the original shareholder proposal will be deemed sufficient; (vote against members of the committee of the board that is responsible for the issue under consideration). If GSAM did not support the shareholder proposal in both years, GSAM will still vote against the committee member (s) |
Vote AGAINST or WITHHOLD from the members of the Audit Committee if:
| The non-audit fees paid to the auditor are excessive; |
| The company receives an adverse opinion on the companys financial statements from its auditor; or |
| There is persuasive evidence that the audit committee entered into an inappropriate indemnification agreement with its auditor that limits the ability of the company, or its shareholders, to pursue legitimate legal recourse against the audit firm. |
Vote CASE-BY-CASE on members of the Audit Committee and/or the full board if poor accounting practices, which rise to a level of serious concern are identified, such as: fraud; misapplication of GAAP; and material weaknesses identified in Section 404 disclosures.
Examine the severity, breadth, chronological sequence and duration, as well as the companys efforts at remediation or corrective actions in determining whether negative vote recommendations are warranted against the members of the Audit Committee who are responsible for the poor accounting practices, or the entire board.
See section 3 on executive and director compensation for reasons to withhold from members of the Compensation Committee.
In limited circumstances, GSAM may vote AGAINST or WITHHOLD from all nominees of the board of directors (except from new nominees who should be considered on a CASE-BY-CASE basis and except as discussed below) if:
| The companys poison pill has a dead-hand or modified dead-hand feature for two or more years. Vote against/withhold every year until this feature is removed; however, vote against the poison pill if there is one on the ballot with this feature rather than the director; |
| The board adopts or renews a poison pill without shareholder approval, does not commit to putting it to shareholder vote within 12 months of adoption (or in the case of an newly public company, does not commit to put the pill to a shareholder vote within 12 months following the IPO), or reneges on a commitment to put the pill to a vote, and has not yet received a withhold/against recommendation for this issue; |
| The board failed to act on takeover offers where the majority of the shareholders tendered their shares; |
| If in an extreme situation the board lacks accountability and oversight, coupled with sustained poor performance relative to peers. |
Shareholder proposal regarding Independent Chair (Separate Chair/CEO)
Vote on a CASE-BY-CASE basis.
GSAM will generally recommend a vote AGAINST shareholder proposals requiring that the chairmans position be filled by an independent director, if the company satisfies 3 of the 4 following criteria:
| Designated lead director, elected by and from the independent board members with clearly delineated and comprehensive duties; |
| Two-thirds independent board; |
| All independent key committees; or |
| Established, disclosed governance guidelines. |
3-B
Majority Vote Shareholder Proposals
GSAM will vote FOR proposals requesting that the board adopt majority voting in the election of directors provided it does not conflict with the state law where the company is incorporated.
GSAM also looks for companies to adopt a post-election policy outlining how the company will address the situation of a holdover director.
Cumulative Vote Shareholder Proposals
GSAM will generally support shareholder proposals to restore or provide cumulative voting unless:
| The company has adopted majority vote standard with a carve-out for plurality voting in situations where there are more nominees than seats, and a director resignation policy to address failed elections. |
3. Executive and Director Compensation
Pay Practices
Good pay practices should align managements interests with long-term shareholder value creation. Detailed disclosure of compensation criteria is preferred; proof that companies follow the criteria should be evident and retroactive performance target changes without proper disclosure is not viewed favorably. Compensation practices should allow a company to attract and retain proven talent. Some examples of poor pay practices include: abnormally large bonus payouts without justifiable performance linkage or proper disclosure, egregious employment contracts, excessive severance and/or change in control provisions, repricing or replacing of underwater stock options/stock appreciation rights without prior shareholder approval, and excessive perquisites. A company should also have an appropriate balance of short-term vs. long-term metrics and the metrics should be aligned with business goals and objectives.
If the company maintains problematic or poor pay practices, generally vote first:
| AGAINST Management Say on Pay (MSOP) Proposals or; |
| AGAINST an equity-based incentive plan proposal if excessive non-performance-based equity awards are the major contributor to a pay-for-performance misalignment, then; |
| If no MSOP or equity-based incentive plan proposal item is on the ballot, AGAINST/WITHHOLD on compensation committee members |
Equity Compensation Plans
Vote CASE-BY-CASE on equity-based compensation plans. Reasons to vote AGAINST the equity plan could include the following factors:
| The plan is a vehicle for poor pay practices; |
| The plan expressly permits the repricing of stock options/stock appreciation rights (SARs) without prior shareholder approval OR does not expressly prohibit the repricing without shareholder approval; |
| The CEO is a participant in the proposed equity-based compensation plan and there is a disconnect between CEO pay and the companys performance where over 50 percent of the year-over-year increase is attributed to equity awards; |
| The companys three year burn rate and Shareholder Value Transfer (SVT) calculations both materially exceed industry group metrics; or |
| There is a long-term disconnect between CEO pay and the companys total shareholder return in conjunction with the qualitative overlay as outlined in the policy guidelines OR the company has a poor record of compensation practices, which is highlighted either in analysis of the compensation plan or the evaluation of the election of directors. |
4-B
Advisory Vote on Executive Compensation (Say-on-Pay, MSOP) Management Proposals
Vote CASE-BY-CASE on management proposals for an advisory vote on executive compensation. For U.S. companies, consider the following factors in the context of each companys specific circumstances and the boards disclosed rationale for its practices. In general two or more of the following in conjunction with a long-term pay-for-performance disconnect will warrant an AGAINST vote. If there is not a long-term pay for performance disconnect GSAM will look for multiple problematic factors to be present to warrant a vote against.
Relative Considerations:
| Assessment of performance metrics relative to business strategy, as discussed and explained in the Compensation Discussion and Analysis (CD&A) section of a companys proxy; |
| Evaluation of peer groups used to set target pay or award opportunities; |
| Alignment of long-term company performance and executive pay trends over time; |
| Assessment of disparity between total pay of the CEO and other Named Executive Officers (NEOs). |
Design Considerations:
| Balance of fixed versus performance-driven pay; |
| Assessment of excessive practices with respect to perks, severance packages, supplemental executive pension plans, and burn rates. |
Communication Considerations:
| Evaluation of information and board rationale provided in CD&A about how compensation is determined (e.g., why certain elements and pay targets are used, and specific incentive plan goals, especially retrospective goals); |
Assessment of boards responsiveness to investor input and engagement on compensation issues (e.g., in responding to majority-supported shareholder proposals on executive pay topics).
Other considerations include:
| Board responsiveness to the majority vote outcome of previous frequency on pay votes |
| Boards responsiveness if company received 70% or less shareholder support in the previous years MSOP vote |
| Abnormally large bonus payouts without justifiable performance linkage or proper disclosure: |
| Includes performance metrics that are changed, canceled, or replaced during the performance period without adequate explanation of the action and the link to performance |
| Egregious employment contracts |
| Excessive severance and/or change in control provisions |
| Repricing or replacing of underwater stock options/stock appreciation rights without prior shareholder approval |
| Excessive Perquisites |
The following reasons could warrant a vote AGAINST or WITHHOLD from the members of the Compensation Committee:
| The company fails to submit one-time transfers of stock options to a shareholder vote; |
| The company fails to fulfill the terms of a burn rate commitment they made to shareholders; or |
| The company has backdated options. |
5-B
Other Compensation Proposals and Policies
Employee Stock Purchase Plans Non-Qualified Plans
Vote CASE-BY-CASE on nonqualified employee stock purchase plans. Vote FOR nonqualified employee stock purchase plans with all the following features:
| Broad-based participation (i.e., all employees of the company with the exclusion of individuals with 5 percent or more of beneficial ownership of the company); |
| Limits on employee contribution, which may be a fixed dollar amount or expressed as a percent of base salary; |
| Company matching contribution up to 25 percent of employees contribution, which is effectively a discount of 20 percent from market value; and |
| No discount on the stock price on the date of purchase since there is a company matching contribution. |
Option Exchange Programs/Repricing Options
Vote CASE-BY-CASE on management proposals seeking approval to exchange/reprice options, taking into consideration:
| Historic trading patternsthe stock price should not be so volatile that the options are likely to be back in-the-money over the near term; |
| Rationale for the re-pricing |
| If it is a value-for-value exchange |
| If surrendered stock options are added back to the plan reserve |
| Option vesting |
| Term of the optionthe term should remain the same as that of the replaced option; |
| Exercise priceshould be set at fair market or a premium to market; |
| Participantsexecutive officers and directors should be excluded. |
6-B
Vote FOR shareholder proposals to put option repricings to a shareholder vote.
Other Shareholder Proposals on Compensation
Advisory Vote on Executive Compensation (Frequency on Pay)
Vote for annual frequency.
Golden Coffins/Executive Death Benefits
Generally vote FOR proposals calling on companies to adopt a policy of obtaining shareholder approval for any future agreements and corporate policies that could oblige the company to make payments or awards following the death of a senior executive in the form of unearned salary or bonuses, accelerated vesting or the continuation in force of unvested equity grants, perquisites and other payments or awards made in lieu of compensation. This would not apply to any benefit programs or equity plan proposals for which the broad-based employee population is eligible.
Stock retention holding period
Vote FOR Shareholder proposals asking for a policy requiring that senior executives retain a significant percentage of shares acquired through equity compensation programs if the policy allows retention for two years or less following the termination of their employment (through retirement or otherwise) and a holding threshold percentage of 50% or less.
Also consider:
| Whether the company has any holding period, retention ratio, or officer ownership requirements in place. |
Elimination of accelerated vesting in the event of a change in control
Vote AGAINST shareholder proposals seeking a policy eliminating the accelerated vesting of time-based equity awards in the event of a change in control.
Tax Gross-Up Proposals
Generally vote FOR proposals asking companies to adopt a policy of not providing tax gross-up payments to executives, except where gross-ups are provided pursuant to a plan, policy, or arrangement applicable to management employees of the company, such as a relocation or expatriate tax equalization policy.
Performance-based equity awards and pay-for-superior-performance proposals
Generally support unless there is sufficient evidence that the current compensation structure is already substantially performance-based. GSAM considers performance-based awards to include awards that are tied to shareholder return or other metrics that are relevant to the business.
4. Proxy Contests and Access
Voting for Director Nominees in Contested Elections
Vote CASE-BY-CASE on the election of directors in contested elections, considering the following factors:
| Long-term financial performance of the target company relative to its industry; |
| Managements track record; |
| Background to the proxy contest; |
| Qualifications of director nominees (both slates); |
| Strategic plan of dissident slate and quality of critique against management; |
| Likelihood that the proposed goals and objectives can be achieved (both slates); |
| Stock ownership positions. |
Proxy Access
Vote CASE-BY-CASE on shareholder or management proposals asking for open proxy access.
GSAM may support proxy access as an important right for shareholders and as an alternative to costly proxy contests. While this could be an important shareholder right, the following will be taken into account when evaluating the shareholder proposals:
| The ownership thresholds, percentage and duration proposed (GSAM will not support if the ownership threshold is less than 3%); The maximum proportion of directors that shareholders may nominate each year (GSAM will not support if the proportion of directors is greater than 25%); |
| The method of determining which nominations should appear on the ballot if multiple shareholders submit nominations. |
7-B
Reimbursing Proxy Solicitation Expenses
Vote CASE-BY-CASE on proposals to reimburse proxy solicitation expenses. When voting in conjunction with support of a dissident slate, vote FOR the reimbursement of all appropriate proxy solicitation expenses associated with the election.
5. Shareholders Rights & Defenses
Shareholder Ability to Act by Written Consent
Generally vote FOR shareholder proposals that provide shareholders with the ability to act by written consent, unless:
| The company already gives shareholders the right to call special meetings at a threshold of 25% or lower; and |
| The company has a history of strong governance practices. |
Shareholder Ability to Call Special Meetings
Generally vote FOR management proposals that provide shareholders with the ability to call special meetings.
Generally vote FOR shareholder proposals that provide shareholders with the ability to call special meetings at a threshold of 25% or lower if the company currently does not give shareholders the right to call special meetings. However, if a company already gives shareholders the right to call special meetings at a threshold of at least 25%, do not support shareholder proposals to further reduce the threshold.
Advance Notice Requirements for Shareholder Proposals/Nominations
Vote CASE-BY-CASE on advance notice proposals, giving support to proposals that allow shareholders to submit proposals/nominations reasonably close to the meeting date and within the broadest window possible, recognizing the need to allow sufficient notice for company, regulatory and shareholder review.
Poison Pills
Vote FOR shareholder proposals requesting that the company submit its poison pill to a shareholder vote or redeem it UNLESS the company has: (1) A shareholder-approved poison pill in place; or (2) the company has adopted a policy concerning the adoption of a pill in the future specifying certain shareholder friendly provisions.
Vote FOR shareholder proposals calling for poison pills to be put to a vote within a time period of less than one year after adoption.
Vote CASE-BY-CASE on management proposals on poison pill ratification, focusing on the features of the shareholder rights plan.
In addition, the rationale for adopting the pill should be thoroughly explained by the company. In examining the request for the pill, take into consideration the companys existing governance structure, including: board independence, existing takeover defenses, and any problematic governance concerns.
6. Mergers and Corporate Restructurings
Vote CASE-BY-CASE on mergers and acquisitions taking into account the following based on publicly available information:
| Valuation; |
| Market reaction; |
| Strategic rationale; |
| Managements track record of successful integration of historical acquisitions; |
| Presence of conflicts of interest; and |
| Governance profile of the combined company. |
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7. State of Incorporation
Reincorporation Proposals
GSAM may support management proposals to reincorporate as long as the reincorporation would not substantially diminish shareholder rights. GSAM may not support shareholder proposals for reincorporation unless the current state of incorporation is substantially less shareholder friendly than the proposed reincorporation, there is a strong economic case to reincorporate or the company has a history of making decisions that are not shareholder friendly.
Exclusive venue for shareholder lawsuits
Generally Vote FOR on exclusive venue proposals, taking into account:
| Whether the company has been materially harmed by shareholder litigation outside its jurisdiction of incorporation, based on disclosure in the companys proxy statement; |
| Whether the company has the following good governance features: |
| An annually elected board; |
| A majority vote standard in uncontested director elections; and |
| The absence of a poison pill, unless the pill was approved by shareholders. |
8. Capital Structure
Common Stock Authorization
Votes on proposals to increase the number of shares of common stock authorized for issuance are determined on a CASE-BY-CASE basis. We consider company-specific factors that include, at a minimum, the following:
| Past Board performance; |
| The companys use of authorized shares during the last three years; |
| One- and three-year total shareholder return; |
| The boards governance structure and practices; |
| The current request; |
| Disclosure in the proxy statement of specific reasons for the proposed increase; |
| The dilutive impact of the request as determined through an allowable increase, which examines the companys need for shares and total shareholder returns; and |
| Risks to shareholders of not approving the request. |
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9. Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR)/Environmental, Social, Governance (ESG) Issues
Overall Approach
GSAM recognizes that Environmental, Social and Governance (ESG) factors can affect investment performance, expose potential investment risks and provide an indication of management excellence and leadership. When evaluating ESG proxy issues GSAM balances the purpose of a proposal with the overall benefit to shareholders.
Shareholder proposals considered under this category could include: Reports asking for details on 1) labor and safety policies, 2) impact on the environment of the companys oil sands or fracturing operations or 3) water-related risks
When evaluating social and environmental shareholder proposals the following factors should be considered:
| Whether adoption of the proposal is likely to enhance or protect shareholder value; |
| Whether the information requested concerns business issues that relate to a meaningful percentage of the companys business; |
| The degree to which the companys stated position on the issues raised in the proposal could affect its reputation or sales, or leave it vulnerable to a boycott or selective purchasing; |
| Whether the company has already responded in some appropriate manner to the request embodied in the proposal; |
| What other companies have done in response to the issue addressed in the proposal; |
| Whether the proposal itself is well framed and the cost of preparing the report is reasonable; |
| Whether the subject of the proposal is best left to the discretion of the board; |
| Whether the company has material fines or violations in the area and if so, if appropriate actions have already been taken to remedy going forward; |
| Whether the requested information is available to shareholders either from the company or from a publicly available source; and |
| Whether providing this information would reveal proprietary or confidential information that would place the company at a competitive disadvantage. |
Sustainability, climate change reporting
Generally vote FOR proposals requesting the company to report on its policies, initiatives, and oversight mechanisms related to social, economic, and environmental sustainability, or how the company may be impacted by climate change. The following factors will be considered:
| The companys current level of publicly-available disclosure including if the company already discloses similar information through existing reports or policies |
| If the company has formally committed to the implementation of a reporting program based on Global Reporting Initiative (GRI) guidelines or a similar standard within a specified time frame; |
| If the companys current level of disclosure is comparable to that of its industry peers; and |
| If there are significant controversies, fines, penalties, or litigation associated with the companys environmental performance. |
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Establishing goals or targets for emissions reduction
Vote CASE-BY-CASE on proposals that call for the adoption of GHG reduction goals from products and operations, taking into account:
| Overly prescriptive requests for the reduction in GHG emissions by specific amounts or within a specific time frame; |
| Whether company disclosure lags behind industry peers; |
| Whether the company has been the subject of recent, significant violations, fines, litigation, or controversy related to GHG emissions; |
| The feasibility of reduction of GHGs given the companys product line and current technology and; |
| Whether the company already provides meaningful disclosure on GHG emissions from its products and operations. |
Political Contributions and Trade Association Spending/Lobbying Expenditures and Initiatives
Generally vote AGAINST proposals asking the company to affirm political nonpartisanship in the workplace so long as:
| There are no recent, significant controversies, fines or litigation regarding the companys political contributions or trade association spending; and |
| The company has procedures in place to ensure that employee contributions to company-sponsored political action committees (PACs) are strictly voluntary and prohibits coercion. |
Vote CASE-BY-CASE on proposals to improve the disclosure of a companys political contributions and trade association spending, considering:
| Recent significant controversy or litigation related to the companys political contributions or governmental affairs; |
| The public availability of a company policy on political contributions and trade association spending including information on the types of organizations supported, the business rationale for supporting these organizations, and the oversight and compliance procedures related to such expenditures of corporate assets; and |
GSAM will not necessarily vote for the proposal merely to encourage further disclosure of trade association or lobbying spending.
Vote AGAINST proposals barring the company from making political contributions. Businesses are affected by legislation at the federal, state, and local level and barring political contributions can put the company at a competitive disadvantage.
Gender Identity and Sexual Orientation
A company should have a clear, public Equal Employment Opportunity (EEO) statement and/or diversity policy. Generally vote FOR proposals seeking to amend a companys EEO statement or diversity policies to additionally prohibit discrimination based on sexual orientation and/or gender identity.
Labor and Human Rights Standards
Generally vote FOR proposals requesting a report or implementation of a policy on company or company supplier labor and/or human rights standards and policies unless such information is already publicly disclosed considering:
| The degree to which existing relevant policies and practices are disclosed; |
| Whether or not existing relevant policies are consistent with internationally recognized standards; |
| Whether company facilities and those of its suppliers are monitored and how; |
| Company participation in fair labor organizations or other internationally recognized human rights initiatives; |
| Scope and nature of business conducted in markets known to have higher risk of workplace labor/human rights abuse; |
| Recent, significant company controversies, fines, or litigation regarding human rights at the company or its suppliers; |
| The scope of the request; and |
| Deviation from industry sector peer company standards and practices. |
The following section is a broad summary of the Guidelines, which form the basis of the Policy with respect to non-U.S. public equity investments. Applying these guidelines is subject to certain regional and country-specific exceptions and modifications and is not inclusive of all considerations in each market.
1. Operational Items
Financial Results/Director and Auditor Reports
Vote FOR approval of financial statements and director and auditor reports, unless:
| There are concerns about the accounts presented or audit procedures used; or |
| The company is not responsive to shareholder questions about specific items that should be publicly disclosed. |
Appointment of Auditors and Auditor Fees
Vote FOR the reelection of auditors and proposals authorizing the board to fix auditor fees, unless:
| There are serious concerns about the accounts presented, audit procedures used or audit opinion rendered; |
| There is reason to believe that the auditor has rendered an opinion, which is neither accurate nor indicative of the companys financial position; |
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| Name of the proposed auditor has not been published; |
| The auditors are being changed without explanation; non-audit-related fees are substantial or are in excess of standard annual audit-related fees; or the appointment of external auditors if they have previously served the company in an executive capacity or can otherwise be considered affiliated with the company. |
Appointment of Statutory Auditors
Vote FOR the appointment or reelection of statutory auditors, unless:
| There are serious concerns about the statutory reports presented or the audit procedures used; |
| Questions exist concerning any of the statutory auditors being appointed; or |
| The auditors have previously served the company in an executive capacity or can otherwise be considered affiliated with the company. |
Allocation of Income
Vote FOR approval of the allocation of income, unless:
| The dividend payout ratio has been consistently low without adequate explanation; or |
| The payout is excessive given the companys financial position. |
Stock (Scrip) Dividend Alternative
Vote FOR most stock (scrip) dividend proposals.
Vote AGAINST proposals that do not allow for a cash option unless management demonstrates that the cash option is harmful to shareholder value.
Amendments to Articles of Association
Vote amendments to the articles of association on a CASE-BY-CASE basis.
Change in Company Fiscal Term
Vote FOR resolutions to change a companys fiscal term unless a companys motivation for the change is to postpone its AGM.
Lower Disclosure Threshold for Stock Ownership
Vote AGAINST resolutions to lower the stock ownership disclosure threshold below 5 percent unless specific reasons exist to implement a lower threshold.
Amend Quorum Requirements
Vote proposals to amend quorum requirements for shareholder meetings on a CASE-BY-CASE basis.
Transact Other Business
Vote AGAINST other business when it appears as a voting item.
2. | Board of Directors |
Director Elections
Vote FOR management nominees in the election of directors, unless:
| Adequate disclosure has not been provided in a timely manner; or |
| There are clear concerns over questionable finances or restatements; or |
| There have been questionable transactions or conflicts of interest; or |
| There are any records of abuses against minority shareholder interests; or |
| The board fails to meet minimum corporate governance standards. or |
| There are reservations about: |
| Director terms |
| Bundling of proposals to elect directors |
| Board independence |
| Disclosure of named nominees |
| Combined Chairman/CEO |
| Election of former CEO as Chairman of the Board |
| Overboarded directors |
| Composition of committees |
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| Director independence |
| Specific concerns about the individual or company, such as criminal wrongdoing or breach of fiduciary responsibilities; |
| Repeated absences at board meetings have not been explained (in countries where this information is disclosed); or |
| Unless there are other considerations which may include sanctions from government or authority, violations of laws and regulations, or other issues related to improper business practice, failure to replace management, or egregious actions related to service on other boards. |
Vote on a CASE-BY-CASE basis in contested elections of directors, e.g., the election of shareholder nominees or the dismissal of incumbent directors, determining which directors are best suited to add value for shareholders.
The analysis will generally be based on, but not limited to, the following major decision factors:
| Company performance relative to its peers; |
| Strategy of the incumbents versus the dissidents; |
| Independence of board candidates; |
| Experience and skills of board candidates; |
| Governance profile of the company; |
| Evidence of management entrenchment; |
| Responsiveness to shareholders; |
| Whether a takeover offer has been rebuffed; |
| Whether minority or majority representation is being sought. |
Vote FOR employee and/or labor representatives if they sit on either the audit or compensation committee and are required by law to be on those committees.
Vote AGAINST employee and/or labor representatives if they sit on either the audit or compensation committee, if they are not required to be on those committees.
Classification of directors
Executive Director
| Employee or executive of the company; |
| Any director who is classified as a non-executive, but receives salary, fees, bonus, and/or other benefits that are in line with the highest-paid executives of the company. |
Non-Independent Non-Executive Director (NED)
| Any director who is attested by the board to be a non-independent NED; |
| Any director specifically designated as a representative of a significant shareholder of the company; |
| Any director who is also an employee or executive of a significant shareholder of the company; |
| Beneficial owner (direct or indirect) of at least 10% of the companys stock, either in economic terms or in voting rights (this may be aggregated if voting power is distributed among more than one member of a defined group, e.g., family members who beneficially own less than 10% individually, but collectively own more than 10%), unless market best practice dictates a lower ownership and/or disclosure threshold (and in other special market-specific circumstances); |
| Government representative; |
| Currently provides (or a relative provides) professional services to the company, to an affiliate of the company, or to an individual officer of the company or of one of its affiliates in excess of $10,000 per year; |
| Represents customer, supplier, creditor, banker, or other entity with which company maintains transactional/commercial relationship (unless company discloses information to apply a materiality test); |
| Any director who has conflicting or cross-directorships with executive directors or the chairman of the company; |
| Relative of a current employee of the company or its affiliates; |
| Relative of a former executive of the company or its affiliates; |
| A new appointee elected other than by a formal process through the General Meeting (such as a contractual appointment by a substantial shareholder); |
| Founder/co-founder/member of founding family but not currently an employee; |
| Former executive (5 year cooling off period); |
| Years of service is generally not a determining factor unless it is recommended best practice in a market and/or in extreme circumstances, in which case it may be considered; |
| Any additional relationship or principle considered to compromise independence under local corporate governance best practice guidance. |
Independent NED
| No material connection, either directly or indirectly, to the company other than a board seat. |
Employee Representative
| Represents employees or employee shareholders of the company (classified as employee representative but considered a non-independent NED). |
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Discharge of Directors
Generally vote FOR the discharge of directors, including members of the management board and/or supervisory board, unless there is reliable information about significant and compelling controversies that the board is not fulfilling its fiduciary duties warranted by:
| A lack of oversight or actions by board members which invoke shareholder distrust related to malfeasance or poor supervision, such as operating in private or company interest rather than in shareholder interest; or |
| Any legal issues (e.g., civil/criminal) aiming to hold the board responsible for breach of trust in the past or related to currently alleged actions yet to be confirmed (and not only the fiscal year in question), such as price fixing, insider trading, bribery, fraud, and other illegal actions; or |
| Other egregious governance issues where shareholders may bring legal action against the company or its directors; or |
| Vote on a CASE-BY-CASE basis where a vote against other agenda items are deemed inappropriate. |
3. | Compensation |
Good pay practices should align managements interests with long-term shareholder value creation. Detailed disclosure of compensation criteria is preferred; proof that companies follow the criteria should be evident and retroactive performance target changes without proper disclosure is not viewed favorably. Compensation practices should allow a company to attract and retain proven talent. Some examples of poor pay practices include: abnormally large bonus payouts without justifiable performance linkage or proper disclosure, egregious employment contracts, excessive severance and/or change in control provisions, repricing or replacing of underwater stock options/stock appreciation rights without prior shareholder approval, and excessive perquisites. A company should also have an appropriate balance of short-term vs. long-term metrics and the metrics should be aligned with business goals and objectives.
Director Compensation
Vote FOR proposals to award cash fees to non-executive directors unless the amounts are excessive relative to other companies in the country or industry.
Vote non-executive director compensation proposals that include both cash and share-based components on a CASE-BY-CASE basis.
Vote proposals that bundle compensation for both non-executive and executive directors into a single resolution on a CASE-BY-CASE basis.
Vote AGAINST proposals to introduce retirement benefits for non-executive directors.
Compensation Plans
Vote compensation plans on a CASE-BY-CASE basis.
Director, Officer, and Auditor Indemnification and Liability Provisions
Vote proposals seeking indemnification and liability protection for directors and officers on a CASE-BY-CASE basis.
Vote AGAINST proposals to indemnify auditors.
4. | Board Structure |
Vote FOR proposals to fix board size.
Vote AGAINST the introduction of classified boards and mandatory retirement ages for directors.
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Vote AGAINST proposals to alter board structure or size in the context of a fight for control of the company or the board.
Chairman CEO combined role (for applicable markets)
GSAM will generally recommend a vote AGAINST shareholder proposals requiring that the chairmans position be filled by an independent director, if the company satisfies 3 of the 4 following criteria:
| 2/3 independent board, or majority in countries where employee representation is common practice; |
| A designated, or a rotating, lead director, elected by and from the independent board members with clearly delineated and comprehensive duties; |
| Fully independent key committees; and/or |
| Established, publicly disclosed, governance guidelines and director biographies/profiles. |
5. | Capital Structure |
Share Issuance Requests
General Issuances:
Vote FOR issuance requests with preemptive rights to a maximum of 100 percent over currently issued capital.
Vote FOR issuance requests without preemptive rights to a maximum of 20 percent of currently issued capital.
Specific Issuances:
Vote on a CASE-BY-CASE basis on all requests, with or without preemptive rights.
Increases in Authorized Capital
Vote FOR non-specific proposals to increase authorized capital up to 100 percent over the current authorization unless the increase would leave the company with less than 30 percent of its new authorization outstanding.
Vote FOR specific proposals to increase authorized capital to any amount, unless:
| The specific purpose of the increase (such as a share-based acquisition or merger) does not meet guidelines for the purpose being proposed; or |
| The increase would leave the company with less than 30 percent of its new authorization outstanding after adjusting for all proposed issuances. |
Vote AGAINST proposals to adopt unlimited capital authorizations.
Reduction of Capital
Vote FOR proposals to reduce capital for routine accounting purposes unless the terms are unfavorable to shareholders.
Vote proposals to reduce capital in connection with corporate restructuring on a CASE-BY-CASE basis.
Capital Structures
Vote FOR resolutions that seek to maintain or convert to a one-share, one-vote capital structure.
Vote AGAINST requests for the creation or continuation of dual-class capital structures or the creation of new or additional super voting shares.
Preferred Stock
Vote FOR the creation of a new class of preferred stock or for issuances of preferred stock up to 50 percent of issued capital unless the terms of the preferred stock would adversely affect the rights of existing shareholders.
Vote FOR the creation/issuance of convertible preferred stock as long as the maximum number of common shares that could be issued upon conversion meets guidelines on equity issuance requests.
Vote AGAINST the creation of a new class of preference shares that would carry superior voting rights to the common shares.
Vote AGAINST the creation of blank check preferred stock unless the board clearly states that the authorization will not be used to thwart a takeover bid.
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Vote proposals to increase blank check preferred authorizations on a CASE-BY-CASE basis.
Debt Issuance Requests
Vote non-convertible debt issuance requests on a CASE-BY-CASE basis, with or without preemptive rights.
Vote FOR the creation/issuance of convertible debt instruments as long as the maximum number of common shares that could be issued upon conversion meets guidelines on equity issuance requests.
Vote FOR proposals to restructure existing debt arrangements unless the terms of the restructuring would adversely affect the rights of shareholders.
Pledging of Assets for Debt
Vote proposals to approve the pledging of assets for debt on a CASE-BY-CASE basis.
Increase in Borrowing Powers
Vote proposals to approve increases in a companys borrowing powers on a CASE-BY-CASE basis.
Share Repurchase Plans
GSAM will generally recommend FOR share repurchase programs if the terms comply with the following criteria:
| A repurchase limit of up to 10 percent of outstanding issued share capital (15 percent in U.K./Ireland); |
| A holding limit of up to 10 percent of a companys issued share capital in treasury (on the shelf); and |
| Duration of no more than 5 years, or such lower threshold as may be set by applicable law, regulation, or code of governance best practice. |
In markets where it is normal practice not to provide a repurchase limit, the proposal will be evaluated based on the companys historical practice. In such cases, the authority must comply with the following criteria:
| A holding limit of up to 10 percent of a companys issued share capital in treasury (on the shelf); and |
| Duration of no more than 5 years. |
In addition, vote AGAINST any proposal where:
| The repurchase can be used for takeover defenses; |
| There is clear evidence of abuse; |
| There is no safeguard against selective buybacks; |
| Pricing provisions and safeguards are deemed to be unreasonable in light of market practice. |
Reissuance of Repurchased Shares
Vote FOR requests to reissue any repurchased shares unless there is clear evidence of abuse of this authority in the past.
Capitalization of Reserves for Bonus Issues/Increase in Par Value
Vote FOR requests to capitalize reserves for bonus issues of shares or to increase par value.
6. | Other |
Reorganizations/Restructurings
Vote reorganizations and restructurings on a CASE-BY-CASE basis.
Mergers and Acquisitions
Vote CASE-BY-CASE on mergers and acquisitions taking into account the following based on publicly available information:
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| Valuation; |
| Market reaction; |
| Strategic rationale; |
| Managements track record of successful integration of historical acquisitions; |
| Presence of conflicts of interest; and |
| Governance profile of the combined company. |
Mandatory Takeover Bid Waivers
Vote proposals to waive mandatory takeover bid requirements on a CASE-BY-CASE basis.
Antitakeover Mechanisms
Generally vote AGAINST all antitakeover proposals, unless they are structured in such a way that they give shareholders the ultimate decision on any proposal or offer.
Reincorporation Proposals
Vote reincorporation proposals on a CASE-BY-CASE basis.
Expansion of Business Activities
Vote FOR resolutions to expand business activities unless the new business takes the company into inappropriately risky areas.
Related-Party Transactions
Vote related-party transactions on a CASE-BY-CASE basis, considering factors including, but not limited to, the following:
| The parties on either side of the transaction; |
| The nature of the asset to be transferred/service to be provided; |
| The pricing of the transaction (and any associated professional valuation); |
| The views of independent directors (where provided); |
| The views of an independent financial adviser (where appointed); |
| Whether any entities party to the transaction (including advisers) is conflicted; and |
| The stated rationale for the transaction, including discussions of timing. |
Shareholder Proposals
Vote all shareholder proposals on a CASE-BY-CASE basis.
Vote FOR proposals that would improve the companys corporate governance or business profile at a reasonable cost.
Vote AGAINST proposals that limit the companys business activities or capabilities or result in significant costs being incurred with little or not benefit.
7. | Environmental, climate change and social issues |
Please refer to page 9 for our current approach to these important topics.
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STATEMENT OF INTENTION
(applicable only to Class A Shares)
If a shareholder anticipates purchasing within a 13-month period Class A Shares of the Fund alone or in combination with Class A Shares of another Goldman Sachs Fund in the amount of $50,000 or more, the shareholder may obtain shares of the Fund at the same reduced sales charge as though the total quantity were invested in one lump sum by checking and filing the Statement of Intention in the Account Application. Income dividends and capital gain distributions taken in additional shares, as well as any appreciation on shares previously purchased, will not apply toward the completion of the Statement of Intention.
To ensure that the reduced price will be received on future purchases, the investor must inform Goldman Sachs that the Statement of Intention is in effect each time shares are purchased. Subject to the conditions mentioned below, each purchase will be made at the public offering price applicable to a single transaction of the dollar amount specified on the Account Application. The investor makes no commitment to purchase additional shares, but if the investors purchases within 13 months plus the value of shares credited toward completion do not total the sum specified, the investor will pay the increased amount of the sales charge prescribed in the Escrow Agreement.
Escrow Agreement
Out of the initial purchase (or subsequent purchases if necessary), 5% of the dollar amount specified on the Account Application will be held in escrow by the Transfer Agent in the form of shares registered in the investors name. All income dividends and capital gains distributions on escrowed shares will be paid to the investor or to his or her order. When the minimum investment so specified is completed (either prior to or by the end of the 13th month), the investor will be notified and the escrowed shares will be released.
If the intended investment is not completed, the investor will be asked to remit to Goldman Sachs any difference between the sales charge on the amount specified and on the amount actually attained. If the investor does not within 20 days after written request by Goldman Sachs pay such difference in the sales charge, the Transfer Agent will redeem, pursuant to the authority given by the investor in the Account Application, an appropriate number of the escrowed shares in order to realize such difference. Shares remaining after any such redemption will be released by the Transfer Agent.
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