Revenue

Many of the Company’s revenues are generated from contracts that are outside the scope of ASC 606 and thus are accounted for under other accounting standards. Specifically, many of the Company's Grain and Ethanol sales contracts are derivatives under ASC 815, Derivatives and Hedging and the Rail Group's leasing revenue is accounted for under ASC 840, Leases. The breakdown of revenues between ASC 606 and other standards is as follows:



(in thousands)	Three months ended March 31, 2018
Revenues under ASC 606	$	193,650
Revenues under ASC 840	26,029
Revenues under ASC 815	416,060
Total Revenues	$	635,739

The remainder of this note applies only to those revenues that are accounted for under ASC 606.

Disaggregation of revenue

The following table disaggregates revenues under ASC 606 by major product/service line:



	Three months ended March 31, 2018
(in thousands)	Grain		Ethanol		Plant Nutrient		Rail		Total
Specialty nutrients	$	—	$	—	$	75,078	$	—	$	75,078
Primary nutrients	—		—		53,219		—		53,219
Service	4,418		2,545		209		8,117		15,289
Co-products	—		26,646		—		—		26,646
Other	210		—		7,111		16,097		23,418
Total	$	4,628	$	29,191	$	135,617	$	24,214	$	193,650

Approximately 8% of revenues accounted for under ASC 606 are recorded over time which primarily relates to service revenues noted above.

Specialty and primary nutrients

The Company sells several different types of specialty nutrient products, including: low-salt liquid starter fertilizers, micro-nutrients and other specialty lawn products. These products can be sold through the wholesale distribution channels as well as directly to end users at the farm center locations. Similarly, the Company sells several different types of primary nutrient products, including: nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium. These products may be purchased and re-sold as is or sold as finished goods resulting from a blending and manufacturing process. The contracts associated with specialty and primary nutrients generally have just a single performance obligation, as the Company has elected the accounting policy to consider shipping and handling costs as fulfillment costs. Revenue is recognized when control of the product has passed to the customer. Payment terms generally range from 0 - 30 days.

Service

Service revenues primarily relate to the railcar repair business. The Company owns several railcar repair shops which repair railcars through specific contracts with customers or through operating as an agent for a particular railroad to repair cars that are on their rail line per American Association of Railroads (“AAR”) standards. These contracts contain a single performance obligation which is to complete the requested and/or required repairs on the railcars. As the customer simultaneously receives and consumes the benefit of the repair work we perform, revenue for these contracts is recognized over time. The Company uses an input-based measure of progress using costs incurred to total expected costs as that is the measure that most faithfully depicts our progress towards satisfying our performance obligation. Upon completion of the work, the invoice is sent to the customer, with payment terms that generally range from 0 - 30 days.

Co-products

In addition to the ethanol sales contracts that are considered derivative instruments, the Ethanol Group sells several other co-products that remain subject to ASC 606, including E-85, DDGs, syrups and renewable identification numbers (“RINs”). RINs are credits for compliance with the Environmental Protection Agency's Renewable Fuel Standard Program and are created by renewable fuel producers. Contracts for these co-products generally have a single performance obligation, as the Company has elected the accounting policy to consider shipping and handling costs as fulfillment costs. Revenue is recognized when control of the product has passed to the customer which follows shipping terms on the contract. Payment terms generally range from 5 - 15 days.

Contract balances

The opening and closing balances of the Company’s contract liabilities are as follows:



in thousands	Contract liabilities
Balance at January 1, 2018	$	25,520
Balance at March 31, 2018	$	67,715

The difference between the opening and closing balances of the Company’s contract liabilities primarily results from the timing difference between the Company’s performance and the customer’s payment. Contract liabilities relate to the Plant Nutrient business for payments received in advance of fulfilling our performance obligations under our customer contracts. Further, due to seasonality of this business, the amount of revenue recognized in the current period related to the beginning of the year contract liability is not material.

Impact of New Revenue Guidance on Financial Statement Line Items

The following table compares the reported condensed consolidated balance sheet and statement of operations, as of and for the three months ended March 31, 2018, to the pro forma amounts had the previous guidance been in effect:



	Balance Sheet
(in thousands)	As Reported		ASC 606 Impact			Pro forma as if the previous accounting guidance was in effect
Cash and cash equivalents and restricted cash	$	31,497	$	—		$	31,497
Accounts receivable, net	216,021		—			216,021
Inventories	731,629		145			731,774
Commodity derivative assets - current	43,810		—			43,810
Other current assets	114,922		(170		)	114,752
Other noncurrent assets	369,633		—			369,633
Rail Group assets leased to others, net	462,253		(24,844		)	437,409
Property, plant and equipment	393,763		—			393,763
Total assets	2,363,528		(24,869		)	2,338,659
Short-term debt and current maturities of long-term debt	503,134		(2,922		)	500,212
Trade and other payables and accrued expenses and other current liabilities	323,614		—			323,614
Commodity derivative liabilities - current	15,424		—			15,424
Customer prepayments and deferred revenue	81,778		—			81,778
Commodity derivative liabilities - noncurrent and Other long-term liabilities	32,950		—			32,950
Employee benefit plan obligations	26,310		—			26,310
Long-term debt, less current maturities	438,628		(33,318		)	405,310
Deferred income taxes	118,933		2,942			121,875
Total liabilities	1,540,771		(33,298		)	1,507,473
Retained earnings	618,572		8,429			627,001
Common shares, additional paid-in-capital, treasury shares, accumulated other comprehensive loss and noncontrolling interests	204,185		—			204,185
Total equity	822,757		8,429			831,186
Total liabilities and equity	2,363,528		(24,869		)	2,338,659

Total reported assets were $24.9 million greater than the pro forma balance sheet, which assumes the previous guidance remained in effect as of March 31, 2018. This was largely due to the Rail Group assets that were recorded on the balance sheet as part of the cumulative catch-up adjustment upon the adoption of ASC 606.

Total reported liabilities were $33.3 million greater than the pro forma balance sheet, which assumes the previous guidance remained in effect as of March 31, 2018. This was largely due to the financing obligation and deferred taxes related to the Rail Group assets that were recorded on the balance sheet as part of the cumulative catch-up adjustment upon the adoption of ASC 606.



	Statement of Operations
in thousands	As Reported			ASC 606 Impact			Pro forma as if the previous accounting guidance was in effect
Sales and merchandising revenues	$	635,739		$	164,189		$	799,928
Cost of sales and merchandising revenues	572,034			164,650			736,684
Gross profit	63,705			(461		)	63,244
Operating, administrative and general expenses	64,257			—			64,257
Goodwill impairment				—			—
Interest expense	6,999			(403		)	6,596
Other income:
Equity in earnings of affiliates, net	3,573			—			3,573
Other income, net	1,686			—			1,686
Income (loss) before income taxes	(2,292		)	(58		)	(2,350		)
Income tax provision	(310		)	(22		)	(332		)
Net income (loss)	(1,982		)	(36		)	(2,018		)
Net income attributable to the noncontrolling interests	(282		)	—			(282		)
Net income (loss) attributable to The Andersons, Inc.	$	(1,700	)	$	(36	)	$	(1,736	)

The following summarizes the significant changes on the Company’s condensed consolidated statement of operations for the three months ended March 31, 2018 as a result of the adoption of ASC 606 on January 1, 2018 compared to if the Company had continued to recognize revenues under ASC 605:

•

While grain origination agreements, and their related sales contracts, will be accounted for under ASC 815, we are still required to evaluate the principal versus agent guidance in ASC 606 to determine whether realized gains or losses should be presented on a gross or net basis in the consolidated statements of operations upon physical settlement. The Company has determined that it is the agent in certain origination arrangements within our Grain Group and therefore realized gains or losses will be presented on a net basis upon adoption of ASC 606. As a result of these transactions now being recorded on a net basis, revenues and related cost of sales would have been $161.9 million higher under the previous guidance.

•

ASC 606 required certain Rail Group assets and related financing obligations to be recorded on the balance sheet as these transactions no longer qualified as sales as a result of the existence of repurchase options within the sales contracts. The result of this change primarily impacts geography within the income statement, as lease expense to the financial institution will be replaced with a combination of depreciation and interest expense.

The net impact of accounting for revenue under the new guidance had an immaterial impact on net income (loss) and no impact on the Company's earnings per common share for the three months ended March 31, 2018.

The adoption of ASC 606 had an immaterial on the Company’s cash flows from operations. The aforementioned impacts resulted in offsetting shifts in cash flows throughout net income and various changes in working capital balances.

Transaction Price Allocated to Future Performance Obligations

ASC 606 requires that the Company disclose the aggregate amount of transaction price that is allocated to performance obligations that have not yet been satisfied at period end. The guidance provides certain practical expedients that limit this requirement. The Company has various contracts that meet the following practical expedients provided by ASC 606:


•	The performance obligation is part of a contract that has an original expected duration of one year or less.


•	The variable consideration is allocated entirely to a wholly unsatisfied performance obligation or to a wholly unsatisfied promise to transfer a distinct good or service that forms part of a single performance obligation in accordance with ASC 606-10-25-14(b), for which the criteria in ASC 606-10-32-40 have been met.

Contract costs

The company has elected to apply the practical expedient and accordingly recognizes the incremental costs of obtaining contracts as an expense when incurred if the amortization period of the assets that the Company otherwise would have recognized is one year or less. These costs are included in Operating, administrative and general expenses.

Significant judgments

In making its determination of standalone selling price, the Company maximizes its use of observable inputs. Standalone selling price, once established, is then used to allocate total consideration proportionally to the various performance obligations, if applicable, within a contract.

To estimate variable consideration, the Company applies both the “expected value” method and “most likely amount” method based on the form of variable consideration, according to which method would provide the best prediction. The expected value method involves a probability-weighted determination of the expected amount, whereas the most likely amount method identifies the single most likely outcome in a range of possible amounts. However, once a method has been applied to one form of variable consideration, it is applied consistently throughout the contract term.

The primary types of variable consideration present in the Company’s contracts are product returns, volume rebates and the CPI index. The overall impact of this variable consideration is not material.

Practical expedients

The Company has elected to apply the following practical expedients provided by ASC 606:


•	Future performance obligations - see discussion above.


•	Contract costs - see discussion above.


•	Shipping and handling activities - see discussion above.


•	Sales tax presentation - the Company has elected to exclude from the transaction price all sales taxes that are assessed by a governmental authority that are imposed on and concurrent with a specific revenue-producing transaction and collected by the entity from a customer.


•	Modified retrospective approach - see discussion in Note 1. regarding adoption elections.