Fair Value Measurements

Generally accepted accounting principles define fair value as an exit price and also establish a framework for measuring fair value. An exit price represents the amount that would be received upon the sale of an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants. Fair value should be determined based on the assumptions that market participants would use in pricing the asset or liability. As a basis for considering such assumptions, a three-tier fair value hierarchy is used, which prioritizes the inputs used in measuring fair value as follows:


•	Level 1 inputs: Quoted prices (unadjusted) for identical assets or liabilities in active markets;


•	Level 2 inputs: Inputs other than quoted prices included in Level 1 that are observable for the asset or liability either directly or indirectly; and


•	Level 3 inputs: Unobservable inputs (e.g., a reporting entity's own data).

In many cases, a valuation technique used to measure fair value includes inputs from multiple levels of the fair value hierarchy. The lowest level of significant input determines the placement of the entire fair value measurement in the hierarchy.

The following tables present the Company's assets and liabilities that are measured at fair value on a nonrecurring basis at December 31, 2017:



(in thousands)	December 31, 2017
Assets (liabilities)	Level 1		Level 2		Level 3		Total
Property, plant and equipment (a)	$	—	$	—	$	29,347	$	29,347
Total	$	—	$	—	$	29,347	$	29,347


(a)	The Company recognized impairment charges on certain grain assets during 2017 and measured the fair value using Level 3 inputs on a nonrecurring basis. The fair value of the grain assets was determined using prior transactions, prior third-party appraisals and a pending sale of grain assets held by the Company.

The following table presents the Company's assets and liabilities that are measured at fair value on a recurring basis at December 31, 2017 and 2016:



(in thousands)	December 31, 2017
Assets (liabilities)	Level 1			Level 2			Level 3		Total
Commodity derivatives, net (a)	18,603			(18,067		)	—		536
Provisionally priced contracts (b)	(98,190		)	(67,094		)	—		(165,284		)
Convertible preferred securities (c)	—			—			7,388		7,388
Other assets and liabilities (d)	9,705			(1,244		)	—		8,461
Total	$	(69,882	)	$	(86,405	)	$	7,388	$	(148,899	)



(in thousands)	December 31, 2016
Assets (liabilities)	Level 1			Level 2			Level 3		Total
Restricted cash	471			—			—		471
Commodity derivatives, net (a)	29,872			(7,831		)	—		22,041
Provisionally priced contracts (b)	(105,321		)	(64,876		)	—		(170,197		)
Convertible preferred securities (c)	—			—			3,294		3,294
Other assets and liabilities (d)	9,391			(2,530		)	—		6,861
Total	$	(65,587	)	$	(75,237	)	$	3,294	$	(137,530	)


(a)	Includes associated cash posted/received as collateral


(b)	Included in "Provisionally priced contracts" are those instruments based only on underlying futures values (Level 1) and delayed price contracts (Level 2)


(c)	Recorded in “Other noncurrent assets” on the Company’s Consolidated Balance Sheets related to certain available for sale securities.


(d)	Included in other assets and liabilities are assets held by the Company to fund deferred compensation plans, ethanol risk management contracts, and foreign exchange derivative contracts (Level 1) and interest rate derivatives (Level 2).

Level 1 commodity derivatives reflect the fair value of the exchanged-traded futures and options contracts that the Company holds, net of the cash collateral that the Company has in its margin account.

The majority of the Company’s assets and liabilities measured at fair value are based on the market approach valuation technique. With the market approach, fair value is derived using prices and other relevant information generated by market transactions involving identical or comparable assets or liabilities.

The Company’s net commodity derivatives primarily consist of futures or options contracts via regulated exchanges and contracts with producers or customers under which the future settlement date and bushels (or gallons in the case of ethanol contracts) of commodities to be delivered (primarily wheat, corn, soybeans and ethanol) are fixed and under which the price may or may not be fixed. Depending on the specifics of the individual contracts, the fair value is derived from the futures or options prices on the CME or the New York Mercantile Exchange for similar commodities and delivery dates as well as observable quotes for local basis adjustments (the difference, which is attributable to local market conditions, between the quoted futures price and the local cash price). Because “basis” for a particular commodity and location typically has multiple quoted prices from other agribusinesses in the same geographical vicinity and is used as a common pricing mechanism in the Agribusiness industry, we have concluded that “basis” is typically a Level 2 fair value input for purposes of the fair value disclosure requirements related to our commodity derivatives, depending on the specific commodity. Although nonperformance risk, both of the Company and the counterparty, is present in each of these commodity contracts and is a component of the estimated fair values, based on the Company’s historical experience with its producers and customers and the Company’s knowledge of their businesses, the Company does not view nonperformance risk to be a significant input to fair value for these commodity contracts.

These fair value disclosures exclude physical grain inventories measured at net realizable value. The net realizable value used to measure the Company’s agricultural commodity inventories is the fair value (spot price of the commodity in an exchange), less cost of disposal and transportation based on the local market. This valuation would generally be considered Level 2. The amount is disclosed in Note 2 Inventories. Changes in the net realizable value of commodity inventories are recognized as a component of cost of sales and merchandising revenues.

Provisionally priced contract liabilities are those for which the Company has taken ownership and possession of grain but the final purchase price has not been established. In the case of payables where the unpriced portion of the contract is limited to the futures price of the underlying commodity or we have delivered provisionally priced grain and a subsequent payable or receivable is set up for any future changes in the grain price, quoted CBOT prices are used and the liability is deemed to be Level 1 in the fair value hierarchy. For all other unpriced contracts which include variable futures and basis components, the amounts recorded for delayed price contracts are determined on the basis of local grain market prices at the balance sheet date and, as such, are deemed to be Level 2 in the fair value hierarchy.

The risk management contract liability allows related ethanol customers to effectively unprice the futures component of their inventory for a period of time, subjecting the bushels to market fluctuations. The Company records an asset or liability for the market value changes of the commodities over the life of the contracts based on quoted CBOT prices and as such, the balance is deemed to be Level 1 in the fair value hierarchy.

The Company’s stake in the Iowa Northern Railway Company ("IANR") was redeemed in the first quarter of 2016. The remaining convertible preferred securities are interests in several early-stage enterprises in the form of convertible debt and preferred equity securities.

A reconciliation of beginning and ending balances for the Company’s recurring fair value measurements using Level 3 inputs is as follows:



	Convertible Preferred Securities					Contingent Consideration
(in thousands)	2017		2016			2017		2016
Assets (liabilities) at January 1,	$	3,294	$	13,550		$	—	$	(350	)
New investments	3,750		2,500			—		—
Sales proceeds	—		(13,485		)	—		—
Gains (losses) included in earnings	—		729			—		350
Unrealized gains (losses) included in other comprehensive income	344		—			—		—
Assets (liabilities) at December 31,	$	7,388	$	3,294		$	—	$	—

The following tables summarize information about the Company's Level 3 fair value measurements as of December 31, 2017 and 2016:



Quantitative Information about Level 3 Fair Value Measurements
(in thousands)	Fair Value as of 12/31/17		Valuation Method	Unobservable Input	Weighted Average
Convertible preferred securities (a)	$	7,388	Implied based on market prices	Various	N/A
Real Property (b)	$	29,347	Third-Party Appraisal	N/A	N/A



(in thousands)	Fair Value as of 12/31/16		Valuation Method	Unobservable Input	Weighted Average
Convertible preferred (a)	$	3,294	Cost Basis, Plus Interest	N/A	N/A

(a)

Due to early stages of business and timing of investments, cost basis, plus interest was deemed to approximate fair value in prior periods. As the underlying enterprises have evolved additional data is available to consider in order to estimate fair value, including additional capital raising, internal valuation models, progress towards key business milestones and other relevant market data points.


(b)	The Company recognized impairment charges on certain grain assets during 2017 and measured the fair value using Level 3 inputs on a nonrecurring basis. The fair value of the grain assets was determined using prior transactions, prior third-party appraisals and a pending sale of grain assets held by the Company.

Fair Value of Debt Instruments

Certain long-term notes payable and the Company’s debenture bonds bear fixed rates of interest and terms of up to 15 years. Based upon the Company’s credit standing and current interest rates offered by the Company on similar bonds and rates currently available to the Company for long-term borrowings with similar terms and remaining maturities, the Company estimates the fair values of its fixed rate long-term debt instruments outstanding at December 31, 2017 and 2016, as follows:



(in thousands)	Carrying Amount		Fair Value		Fair Value Hierarchy Level
2017
Fixed rate long-term notes payable	$	275,989	$	275,340	Level 2
Debenture bonds	30,432		29,452		Level 2
	$	306,421	$	304,792

2016
Fixed rate long-term notes payable	$	308,645	$	310,338	Level 2
Debenture bonds	36,931		37,883		Level 2
	$	345,576	$	348,221

The fair value of the Company’s cash equivalents, accounts receivable and accounts payable approximate their carrying value as they are close to maturity.