Commitments and Contingencies

Litigation activities

The Company is party to litigation, or threats thereof, both as defendant and plaintiff with some regularity, although individual cases that are material in size occur infrequently. As a defendant, the Company establishes reserves for claimed amounts that are considered probable, and capable of estimation. If those cases are resolved for lesser amounts, the excess reserves are taken into income and, conversely, if those cases are resolved for larger than the amount the Company has accrued, the Company records a charge to income. The Company believes it is unlikely that the results of its current legal proceedings for which it is the defendant, even if unfavorable, will be material. As a plaintiff, amounts that are collected can also result in sudden, non-recurring income. Litigation results depend upon a variety of factors, including the availability of evidence, the credibility of witnesses, the performance of counsel, the state of the law, and the impressions of judges and jurors, any of which can be critical in importance, yet difficult, if not impossible, to predict. Consequently, cases currently pending, or future matters, may result in unexpected, and non-recurring losses, or income, from time to time. Finally, litigation results are often subject to judicial reconsideration, appeal and further negotiation by the parties, and as a result, the final impact of a particular judicial decision may be unknown for some time, or may result in continued reserves to account for the potential of such post-verdict actions.

Railcar leasing activities

The Company's Rail Group is a lessor of transportation assets. The majority are leased to customers under operating leases that may be either net leases (in which the customer pays for all maintenance) or full service leases (where the Company provides maintenance and fleet management services). The Company also provides such services to financial intermediaries to whom it has sold assets in non-recourse lease transactions. Fleet management services generally include maintenance, escrow, tax filings and car tracking services.

Many of the Company's leases provide for renewals. The Company also generally holds purchase options for assets it has sold and leased-back from a financial intermediary, and assets sold in non-recourse lease transactions. These purchase options are for stated amounts which are determined at the inception of the lease and are intended to approximate the estimated fair value of the applicable assets at the date for which such purchase options can be exercised.

Lease income from operating leases (with the Company as lessor) to customers (including month-to-month and per diem leases) and rental expense for the Rail Group operating leases (with the Company as lessee) were as follows:



	Year ended December 31,
(in thousands)	2016		2015		2014
Rental and service income - operating leases	$	95,254	$	97,059	$	80,715
Rental expense	$	16,723	$	15,214	$	13,206

Lease income recognized under per diem arrangements (described in Note 1) totaled $4.9 million, $5.0 million, and 3.4 million in 2016, 2015 and 2014, respectively, and is included in the amounts above.

Future minimum rentals and service income for all noncancellable Rail operating leases on transportation assets are as follows:



(in thousands)	Future Rental and Service Income - Operating Leases		Future Minimum Rental Payments
Year ended December 31,
2017	$	68,838	$	14,544
2018	52,447		11,356
2019	34,006		6,891
2020	19,670		5,072
2021	13,923		4,473
Future years	24,336		12,853
	$	213,220	$	55,189

The Company also arranges non-recourse lease transactions under which it sells assets to financial intermediaries and assigns the related operating lease on a non-recourse basis. The Company generally provides ongoing maintenance and management services for the financial intermediaries, and receives a fee for such services when earned. Management and service fees earned in 2016, 2015 and 2014 were $5.7 million, $7.0 million and $8.4 million, respectively.

Build-to-Suit Lease

In August, 2015, the Company entered into a lease agreement with an initial term of 15 years for a build-to-suit facility to be used as the new corporate headquarters which was completed in the third quarter of 2016. We have recognized an asset and a financing obligation.

As of December 31, 2016, we have recorded a build-to-suit financing obligation of $14.0 million in other long-term liabilities and $0.9 million in other current liabilities.

Other leasing activities

The Company, as a lessee, leases real property, vehicles and other equipment under operating leases. Certain of these agreements contain lease renewal and purchase options. Rental expense under these agreements was $12.3 million, $10.9 million and $8.9 million in 2016, 2015 and 2014, respectively. Future minimum lease payments under agreements in effect at December 31, 2016 are as follows: 2017 -- $5.5 million; 2018 -- $4.6 million; 2019 -- $3.8 million; 2020 -- $3.3 million; 2021 -- $3.0 million; and $0.3 million thereafter.

In addition to the above, the Company leases its Albion, Michigan and Clymers, Indiana grain elevators under operating leases to two of its ethanol investees. The Albion, Michigan grain elevator lease expires in 2056. The initial term of the Clymers, Indiana grain elevator lease ended in 2014 and was renewed through 2022. The agreement provides for several renewals of 7.5 years each. Lease income for the years ended December 31, 2016, 2015 and 2014 was $2.0 million, $2.0 million and $2.0 million, respectively.