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Income Taxes
9 Months Ended
Sep. 30, 2016
Income Tax Disclosure [Abstract]  
Income Taxes
Income Taxes

On a quarterly basis, the Company estimates the effective tax rate expected to be applicable for the full year and makes changes if necessary based on new information or events. The estimated annual effective tax rate is forecast based on actual historical information and forward-looking estimates and is used to provide for income taxes in interim reporting periods. The Company also recognizes the tax impact of certain unusual or infrequently occurring items, such as the effects of changes in tax laws or rates and impacts from settlements with tax authorities, discretely in the quarter in which they occur. Additionally, the annual effective tax rate differs from the statutory U.S. Federal tax rate of 35% primarily due to the impact of state income taxes, the tax benefit related to railroad track maintenance credit transactions, and to benefits or costs related to various permanent book to tax differences and tax credits.

For the three months ended September 30, 2016, the Company recorded income tax expense of $1.1 million at an effective tax rate of 24.8%, which varied from the U.S. Federal tax rate of 35% primarily due to 5.8% in discrete tax benefits related to prior years and a 3.4% tax benefit related to railroad track maintenance credit transactions. For the three months ended September 30, 2015, the Company recorded an income tax benefit of $1.5 million at an effective tax rate of 61.3%. The higher effective tax rate in the prior year was primarily due to the cumulative impact of revised full year earnings expectations, driven by the inclusion of a one-time charge which occurred in the fourth quarter related to the termination of the Company’s pension plan, and relatively low third quarter earnings.

For the nine months ended September 30, 2016, the Company recorded income tax expense of $1.5 million at an effective tax rate of 32.0%, which varied from the U.S. Federal tax rate of 35% primarily due to a 3.3% tax benefit related to railroad track maintenance credit transactions. The discrete tax benefits related to prior years that impacted the third quarter tax rate did not have a significant impact on the nine month effective tax rate due to an offsetting discrete tax charge related to prior years that was recorded in the first quarter. For the nine months ended September 30, 2015, the Company recorded income tax expense of $17.6 million at an effective tax rate of 33.2%.

There have been no material changes to the balance of unrecognized tax benefits reported at December 31, 2015. During the quarter ended March 31, 2016, the IRS completed its audit of the Company’s 2011 and 2012 consolidated Federal income tax returns. The results of the examination will not have a material effect on the Company’s 2016 effective tax rate.