Nature of Business and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies	12 Months Ended
Jun. 30, 2023
Accounting Policies [Abstract]
Nature of Business and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies	Nature of Business and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies Nature of Business. Coherent Corp. (“Coherent,” the “Company,” “we,” “us” or “our”), a global leader in materials, networking, and lasers, is a vertically-integrated manufacturing company that develops, manufactures, and markets engineered materials, optoelectronic components and devices, and lasers for use in the industrial, communications, electronics and instrumentation markets. The Company markets its products through its direct sales force and through distributors and agents. The Company uses certain uncommon materials and compounds to manufacture its products. Some of these materials are available from only one proven outside source. The continued high quality of these materials is critical to the stability of our manufacturing yields. We have not experienced material production delays due to a shortage of materials. However, we do occasionally experience problems associated with vendor-supplied materials not meeting specifications for quality or purity. A significant failure of our suppliers to deliver sufficient quantities of necessary high-quality materials on a timely basis could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations. Transfer to New York Stock Exchange. On February 8, 2023, the Company announced the voluntary transfer of the listing of its common stock, no par value (“Coherent Common Stock”) and Series A Mandatory Convertible Preferred Stock, no par value (“Mandatory Convertible Preferred Stock”), from the NASDAQ Global Select Market to the New York Stock Exchange (the “NYSE”), effective as of the close of trading on February 22, 2023. The Coherent Common Stock and Mandatory Convertible Preferred Stock began trading on the NYSE on February 23, 2023 under the ticker symbols “COHR” and “IIVI”, respectively. Principles of Consolidation. The Consolidated Financial Statements include the accounts of the Company and all of its subsidiaries. All significant intercompany accounts and transactions have been eliminated in consolidation. Use of Estimates. The preparation of financial statements in conformity with generally accounting principles in the United States (“U.S. GAAP”) requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the amounts reported in the consolidated financial statements and accompanying notes. Although these estimates are based on management’s best knowledge of current events and actions Coherent may undertake in the future, actual results may ultimately differ from the estimates. Foreign Currency Translation. For all foreign subsidiaries whose functional currency is not the U.S. dollar, the functional currency is the local currency. Assets and liabilities of those operations are translated into U.S. dollars using period-end exchange rates while income and expenses are translated using the average exchange rates for the reporting period. Translation adjustments are recorded as accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) within shareholders’ equity in the accompanying Consolidated Balance Sheets. Cash, Cash Equivalents, and Restricted Cash. We consider highly liquid investment instruments with an original maturity of three months or less to be cash equivalents. As of June 30, 2023, we had restricted cash of $16,256 that is restricted for a specific purpose, with $12 million and $4 million recorded in cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash and other assets, respectively, on our Consolidated Balance Sheet. Allowance for Expected Credit Losses. We recognize expected credit losses resulting from the inability of our customers to make required payments through an allowance account that is measured each reporting date. We estimate credit losses over the life of our trade accounts receivable using a combination of historical loss data, current credit conditions, specific customer circumstances, and reasonable and supportable forecasts of future economic conditions. Inventories. Inventories are valued at the lower of cost or net realizable value, with cost determined on the first-in, first-out basis. Inventory costs include material, labor and manufacturing overhead. In evaluating the net realizable value of inventory, management also considers, if applicable, other factors, including known trends, market conditions, currency exchange rates and other such issues. We generally record a reduction to the carrying value of inventory as a charge against earnings for all products on hand more than 12 to 24 months, depending on the nature of the products that have not been sold to customers or cannot be further manufactured for sale to alternative customers. An additional charge may be recorded for product on hand that is in excess of product sold to customers over the same periods noted above. Property, Plant and Equipment. Property, plant and equipment are carried at cost or fair value upon acquisition. Major improvements are capitalized, while maintenance and repairs are generally expensed as incurred. We review our property, plant and equipment and other long-lived assets for impairment whenever events or circumstances indicate that the carrying amounts may not be recoverable. Depreciation on property, plant and equipment and amortization on finance lease right-of-use assets for financial reporting purposes is computed primarily by the straight-line method over the estimated useful lives for building, building improvements and land improvements of 10 to 40 years and 3 to 20 years for machinery and equipment. Leases. Leases are recognized under Accounting Standards Codification 842, Leases. The Company determines whether a contract contains a lease at contract inception. A contract contains a lease if there is an identified asset and the Company has the right to control the asset. Operating lease right-of-use (“ROU”) assets represent our right to use an underlying asset for the lease term, and lease liabilities represent our obligation to make lease payments arising from the lease. Operating lease ROU assets and lease liabilities are recognized at commencement date based on the present value of lease payments over the lease term. We use the incremental borrowing rate in determining the present value of lease payments, unless the implicit rate is readily determinable. If lease terms include options to extend or terminate the lease, the ROU asset and lease liability are measured based on the reasonably certain decision. We have lease agreements with lease and non-lease components, which are accounted for as a single lease component for all classes of leased assets for which the Company is the lessee. Additionally, for certain equipment leases, the portfolio approach is applied to account for the operating lease ROU assets and lease liabilities. In the Consolidated Statements of Earnings (Loss), lease expense for operating lease payments is recognized on a straight-line basis over the lease term. For finance leases, interest expense is recognized on the lease liability and the ROU asset is amortized over the lease term. Some leasing arrangements require variable payments that are dependent upon usage or output, or may vary for other reasons, such as insurance or tax payments. Variable lease payments are recognized as incurred, and are not presented as part of the ROU asset or lease liability. See Note 12. Leases for further information. Business Combinations. The Company accounts for business combinations by establishing the acquisition-date fair value as the measurement for all assets acquired and liabilities assumed. Certain provisions of U.S. GAAP prescribe, among other things, the determination of acquisition-date fair value of consideration paid in a business combination (including contingent consideration) and the exclusion of transaction and acquisition-related restructuring costs from acquisition accounting. On July 1, 2022, we acquired Coherent, Inc. The significant accounting policies of Coherent, Inc. have been aligned to conform to those of the Company, and the consolidated financial statements include the results of Coherent, Inc. as of its acquisition date. See Note 3. Coherent Acquisition for further information. Goodwill. The excess purchase price over the fair value allocated to identifiable tangible and intangible net assets of businesses acquired is reported as goodwill in the accompanying Consolidated Balance Sheets. We test goodwill for impairment at least annually as of April 1, or when events or changes in circumstances indicate that goodwill might be impaired. The evaluation of impairment involves comparing the current fair value of our reporting units to the recorded value (including goodwill). We use a discounted cash flow (“DCF”) model and/or a market analysis to determine the fair value of our reporting units. A number of assumptions and estimates are involved in estimating the forecasted cash flows used in the DCF model, including markets and market shares, sales volume and pricing, costs to produce, working capital changes and income tax rates. Management considers historical experience and all available information at the time the fair values of the reporting units are estimated. Goodwill impairment is measured as the amount by which a reporting unit’s carrying value exceeds its fair value, not to exceed the carrying amount of goodwill. We have the option to perform a qualitative assessment of goodwill prior to completing the quantitative assessment described above to determine whether it is more likely than not that the fair value of a reporting unit is less than its carrying amount, including goodwill and other intangible assets. If we conclude that this is the case, it must perform the quantitative assessment. Otherwise, we will forego the quantitative assessment and does not need to perform any further testing. As of April 1 of fiscal years 2023 and 2022, we completed our annual impairment tests of our reporting units using the quantitative assessment. For fiscal year 2023, the fair values of the reporting units were determined using a discounted cash flow analysis with projected financial information based on our most recently completed long-term strategic planning processes and also considers the current financial performance compared to our prior projections of the reporting units, as well as a market analysis. Determination of the fair value requires discretion and the use of estimates by management. As of April 1, 2023, we had significant headroom in the Networking and Materials reporting units. For the Lasers reporting unit, as of April 1, 2023, based on the quantitative assessment, the estimated fair value exceeded the carrying value by approximately 10% and we had determined that the goodwill was at risk for impairment going forward should there be a deterioration of projected cash flows of the reporting unit. Our Lasers reporting unit has goodwill of approximately $3.2 billion at June 30, 2023. In evaluating the Lasers reporting unit, significant weight was provided to the forecasted revenue and related gross margins as we determined that these have the most significant impact on its fair value. The forecasted profitability is expected to increase as volumes increase and the achievement of operating efficiencies and the benefit from the multi-year synergy and site consolidation plans are realized. We used a discount rate of 13.0% which is the required return a market participant would require in its investment in the Reporting Unit based on observed market inputs. If actual results are not consistent with management’s estimates and assumptions, a material goodwill impairment charge could occur, which could have a material adverse effect on our consolidated financial statements. Due to the cyclical nature of our business, and the other factors described in the section on Risk Factors set forth in Item 1A of this Annual Report on Form 10-K, the profitability of our individual reporting units may periodically be affected by downturns in customer demand, operational challenges and other factors. If material adverse conditions occur that impact one or more of our reporting units, our determination of future fair value might not support the carrying amount of one or more of our reporting units, and the related goodwill would need to be impaired. We will continue to monitor any changes to our assumptions and will evaluate goodwill as deemed warranted during future periods. Intangibles. Intangible assets are initially recorded at their cost or fair value upon acquisition. Finite-lived intangible assets are amortized for financial reporting purposes using the straight-line method over the estimated useful lives of the assets ranging from 1 to 20 years. Indefinite-lived intangible assets are not amortized but tested annually for impairment at April 1, or when events or changes in circumstances indicate that indefinite-lived intangible assets might be impaired. As of April 1 of fiscal 2023, the Company completed a quantitative impairment test of the Coherent trade name acquired in the Merger using the relief from royalty method and determined that its fair value is well in excess of its carrying value. As of April 1, 2023, the Company recorded $25 million of impairment charges related to the abandonment of certain purchased technology and customer lists $14 million of impairment charges related to trade names for older acquisitions. See Note 7. Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets for further information. Investments in Other Entities. In the normal course of business, we enter into various types of investment arrangements, each having unique terms and conditions. These investments may include equity interests held by the Company in business entities, including general or limited partnerships, contractual ventures, or other forms of equity participation. We determine whether such investments involve a variable interest entity (“VIE”) based on the characteristics of the subject entity. If the entity is determined to be a VIE, then management determines if the Company is the primary beneficiary of the entity and whether or not consolidation of the VIE is required. The primary beneficiary consolidating the VIE must normally have both (i) the power to direct the activities of a VIE that most significantly affect the VIE’s economic performance and (ii) the obligation to absorb losses of the VIE or the right to receive benefits from the VIE, in either case that could potentially be significant to the VIE. When the Company is deemed to be the primary beneficiary, the VIE is consolidated and the other party’s equity interest in the VIE is accounted for as a noncontrolling interest. We generally account for investments we make in VIEs in which we have determined that we do not have a controlling financial interest but have significant influence over or hold at least a 20% ownership interest using the equity method. Any such investment not meeting the parameters to be accounted under the equity method would be accounted for under ASC 321, Investments - Equity Securities. If an entity fails to meet the characteristics of a VIE, management then evaluates such entity under the voting model. Under the voting model, management consolidates the entity if they determine that the Company, directly or indirectly, has greater than 50% of the voting shares and determines that other equity holders do not have substantive participating rights. Series A Mandatory Convertible Preferred Stock. The Mandatory Convertible Preferred Stock is initially measured at fair value, less underwriting discounts and commissions and offering expenses paid by the Company. The Preferred Stock’s dividends are cumulative, at 6% per annum. See Note 10. Equity and Redeemable Preferred Stock for further information. Series B Convertible Preferred Stock. The Series B-1 Convertible Preferred Stock is initially measured at fair value less issuance costs, accreted to its redemption value over a ten-year period (using the effective interest method) with such accretion accounted for as deemed dividends and reductions to Net Earnings (Loss) Available to the Common Shareholder. The Series B-2 Convertible Preferred Stock is initially measured at fair value less issuance costs, accreted to its redemption value over a ten-year period (using the effective interest method) with such accretion accounted for as deemed dividends and reductions to Net Earnings (Loss) Available to the Common Shareholder. See Note 10. Equity and Redeemable Preferred Stock for further information. Commitments and Contingencies. Liabilities for loss contingencies arising from claims, assessments, litigation, fines, and penalties and other sources are recorded when it is probable that a liability has been incurred and the amount of the assessment and/or remediation can be reasonably estimated. Legal costs incurred in connection with loss contingencies are expensed as incurred. Such accruals are adjusted as further information develops or circumstances change. Our customers may discover defects in our products after the products have been fully deployed and operated under peak stress conditions. If we are unable to correct defects or other problems, we could experience, among other things, loss of customers, increased costs of product returns and warranty expenses, damage to our brand reputation, failure to attract new customers or achieve market acceptance, diversion of development and engineering resources, or legal action by our customers. We had no material loss contingency liabilities at June 30, 2023 related to commitments and contingencies. Income Taxes. Deferred income tax assets and liabilities are determined based on the differences between the Consolidated Financial Statements and tax basis of assets and liabilities using enacted tax rates in effect in the years in which the differences are expected to reverse. Valuation allowances are established when necessary to reduce deferred income tax assets to the amount more likely than not to be realized. The Company’s accounting policy is to apply acquired deferred tax liabilities to pre-existing deferred tax assets before evaluating the need for a valuation allowance for acquired deferred tax assets. The Company recognizes the tax benefit from an uncertain tax position only if it is more likely than not that the tax position will be sustained on examination by the taxing authorities, based on the technical merits of the position. The tax benefits recognized in the financial statements from such a position are measured based on the largest benefit that has a greater than 50% likelihood of being realized upon ultimate resolution. The amount of unrecognized tax benefits is adjusted for changes in facts and circumstances. For example, adjustments could result from significant amendments to existing tax law and the issuance of regulations or interpretations by the taxing authorities, new information obtained during a tax examination, or resolution of an examination. The Company believes that its estimates for uncertain tax positions are appropriate and sufficient to pay assessments that may result from examinations of its tax returns. The Company recognizes both accrued interest and penalties related to unrecognized tax benefits in income tax expense. Revenue Recognition. Revenue is recognized under Accounting Standards Codification 606, Revenue from Contracts with Customers (ASC 606), when or as obligations under the terms of a contract with our customer have been satisfied and control has transferred to the customer. We have elected the practical expedient to exclude all taxes from the measurement of the transaction price. For contracts with commercial customers, which comprise the majority of our performance obligations, ownership of the goods and associated revenue are generally transferred to customers at a point in time, generally upon shipment of a product to the customer or delivery of the product to the customer and without significant judgments. The majority of contracts typically require payment within 30 to 90 days after transfer of ownership to the customer. We periodically enter into contracts in which a customer may purchase a combination of goods and/or services, such as products with maintenance contracts or extended warranty. Extended warranties are sold separately from products, and represent a distinct performance obligation. Revenue related to the performance obligation for extended warranties is recognized over time as the customer simultaneously receives and consumes the benefits provided by us. Contracts with the U.S. government through its prime contractors are typically for products or services with no alternative future use to the Company with an enforceable right to payment for performance completed to date, whereas commercial contracts typically have alternative use. Customized products with no alternative future use to the Company with an enforceable right to payment for performance completed to date are recorded over time utilizing the output method of units delivered. We consider this to be a faithful depiction of the transfer to the customer of revenue over time due to short cycle time and immaterial work-in-process balances. The majority of contracts typically require payment within 30 to 90 days after transfer of ownership to the customer. Service revenue includes repairs, tolling arrangements and installation. Repairs, tolling and installation activities are usually completed in a short period of time (normally less than one month) and therefore recorded at a point in time when the services are completed. The majority of contracts typically require payment within 30 to 90 days after performance of the service. Non-recurring engineering arrangements are typically recognized as product revenue over time under either the time and material practical expedient, as the entity has a right to consideration from a customer, in an amount that corresponds directly with the value to the customer of the entity’s performance completed to date or under the output method. The majority of contracts typically require payment within 30 to 90 days. Our revenue recognition policy is consistently applied across our segments, product lines, services, and geographical locations. For the periods covered herein, we measure revenue based on the amount of consideration it expects to be entitled to in exchange for products or services, reduced by the amount of variable consideration related to products expected to be returned. We determine variable consideration, which primarily consists of product returns and distributor sales price reductions resulting from price protection agreements, by estimating the impact of such reductions based on historical analysis of such activity. Under ASC 606, we expense sales commissions when incurred because the amortization period would have been one year or less. These costs are recorded within selling, general and administrative expenses (“SG&A”). We have elected to recognize the costs for freight and shipping when control over products has transferred to the customer as an expense in cost of goods sold. We monitor and track the amount of product returns and reduces revenue at the time of shipment for the estimated amount of future returns, based on historical experience. We offer an assurance-type limited warranty that products will be free from defects in materials and workmanship. We establish an accrual for estimated warranty expenses at the time revenue is recognized. The warranty is typically one year, although can be longer periods for certain products, and is typically limited to either (1) the replacement or repair of the product or (2) a credit against future purchases. We believe that disaggregating revenue by end market provides the most relevant information regarding the nature, amount, timing, and uncertainty of revenues and cash flows. See Note 4. Revenue from Contracts with Customers for further information. Internal Research and Development. Internal research and development (“IR&D”) expenses include salaries, contractor and consultant fees, supplies and materials, as well as costs related to other overhead such as depreciation, facilities, utilities and other departmental expenses. The costs we incur with respect to internally developed technology, including allocations of our wafer fabrication and other manufacturing facilities and resources utilized to support R&D programs, are included in IR&D expenses as incurred. Share-Based Compensation. Share-based compensation arrangements require the recognition in net earnings (loss) of the grant date fair value of stock compensation (for equity-classified awards). We recognize the share-based compensation expense over the requisite service period of the individual grantees, which generally equals the vesting period, net of forfeitures. The estimated annualized forfeitures are based on our historical experience of pre-vesting cancellations. We will record additional expense in future periods if the actual forfeiture rate is lower than estimated, and will adjust expense in future periods if the actual forfeitures are higher than estimated. See Note 13. Share-Based Compensation for a description of our share-based employee compensation plans and the assumptions we use to calculate the fair value of share-based employee compensation. Earnings per Share. Basic earnings (loss) per common share is computed by dividing net earnings (loss) available to common shareholders by the weighted-average number of shares of common stock outstanding during the period. Diluted earnings (loss) per common share is computed by dividing the diluted earnings (loss) available to common shareholders by the weighted-average number of shares of common stock and potentially dilutive shares of common stock outstanding during the period. If there is a net loss for the period, diluted earnings per share is the same as basic earnings per share. See Note 11. Earnings Per Share for further information. Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss). Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) is a measure of all changes in shareholders’ equity that result from transactions and other economic events in the period other than transactions with owners. Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) is a component of shareholders’ equity and consists of accumulated foreign currency translation adjustments, changes in the fair value of interest rate swap and cap derivative instruments, and pension adjustments. Fair Value Measurements. We apply fair value accounting for all financial assets and liabilities that are required to be recognized or disclosed at fair value in the Consolidated Financial Statements. Fair value is defined as the price that would be received from selling an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date. When determining the fair value measurements for assets and liabilities, we consider the principal or most advantageous market in which we would transact, and the market-based risk measurements or assumptions that market participants would use in pricing the asset or liability, such as inherent risk, transfer restrictions and credit risk.

Nature of Business. Coherent Corp. (“Coherent,” the “Company,” “we,” “us” or “our”), a global leader in materials, networking, and lasers, is a vertically-integrated manufacturing company that develops, manufactures, and markets engineered materials, optoelectronic components and devices, and lasers for use in the industrial, communications, electronics and instrumentation markets. The Company markets its products through its direct sales force and through distributors and agents.

The Company uses certain uncommon materials and compounds to manufacture its products. Some of these materials are available from only one proven outside source. The continued high quality of these materials is critical to the stability of our manufacturing yields. We have not experienced material production delays due to a shortage of materials. However, we do occasionally experience problems associated with vendor-supplied materials not meeting specifications for quality or purity. A significant failure of our suppliers to deliver sufficient quantities of necessary high-quality materials on a timely basis could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations.

Transfer to New York Stock Exchange. On February 8, 2023, the Company announced the voluntary transfer of the listing of its common stock, no par value (“Coherent Common Stock”) and Series A Mandatory Convertible Preferred Stock, no par value (“Mandatory Convertible Preferred Stock”), from the NASDAQ Global Select Market to the New York Stock Exchange (the “NYSE”), effective as of the close of trading on February 22, 2023. The Coherent Common Stock and Mandatory Convertible Preferred Stock began trading on the NYSE on February 23, 2023 under the ticker symbols “COHR” and “IIVI”, respectively.

Use of Estimates. The preparation of financial statements in conformity with generally accounting principles in the United States (“U.S. GAAP”) requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the amounts reported in the consolidated financial statements and accompanying notes. Although these estimates are based on management’s best knowledge of current events and actions Coherent may undertake in the future, actual results may ultimately differ from the estimates.

Foreign Currency Translation. For all foreign subsidiaries whose functional currency is not the U.S. dollar, the functional currency is the local currency. Assets and liabilities of those operations are translated into U.S. dollars using period-end exchange rates while income and expenses are translated using the average exchange rates for the reporting period. Translation adjustments are recorded as accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) within shareholders’ equity in the accompanying Consolidated Balance Sheets.

Cash, Cash Equivalents, and Restricted Cash. We consider highly liquid investment instruments with an original maturity of three months or less to be cash equivalents. As of June 30, 2023, we had restricted cash of $16,256 that is restricted for a specific purpose, with $12 million and $4 million recorded in cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash and other assets, respectively, on our Consolidated Balance Sheet.

Allowance for Expected Credit Losses. We recognize expected credit losses resulting from the inability of our customers to make required payments through an allowance account that is measured each reporting date. We estimate credit losses over the life of our trade accounts receivable using a combination of historical loss data, current credit conditions, specific customer circumstances, and reasonable and supportable forecasts of future economic conditions.

Inventories. Inventories are valued at the lower of cost or net realizable value, with cost determined on the first-in, first-out basis. Inventory costs include material, labor and manufacturing overhead. In evaluating the net realizable value of inventory, management also considers, if applicable, other factors, including known trends, market conditions, currency exchange rates and other such issues. We generally record a reduction to the carrying value of inventory as a charge against earnings for all products on hand more than 12 to 24 months, depending on the nature of the products that have not been sold to customers or cannot be further manufactured for sale to alternative customers. An additional charge may be recorded for product on hand that is in excess of product sold to customers over the same periods noted above.

Property, Plant and Equipment. Property, plant and equipment are carried at cost or fair value upon acquisition. Major improvements are capitalized, while maintenance and repairs are generally expensed as incurred. We review our property, plant and equipment and other long-lived assets for impairment whenever events or circumstances indicate that the carrying amounts may not be recoverable. Depreciation on property, plant and equipment and amortization on finance lease right-of-use assets for financial reporting purposes is computed primarily by the straight-line method over the estimated useful lives for building, building improvements and land improvements of 10 to 40 years and 3 to 20 years for machinery and equipment.

Leases. Leases are recognized under Accounting Standards Codification 842, Leases. The Company determines whether a contract contains a lease at contract inception. A contract contains a lease if there is an identified asset and the Company has the right to control the asset. Operating lease right-of-use (“ROU”) assets represent our right to use an underlying asset for the lease term, and lease liabilities represent our obligation to make lease payments arising from the lease. Operating lease ROU assets and lease liabilities are recognized at commencement date based on the present value of lease payments over the lease term. We use the incremental borrowing rate in determining the present value of lease payments, unless the implicit rate is readily determinable. If lease terms include options to extend or terminate the lease, the ROU asset and lease liability are measured based on the reasonably certain decision. We have lease agreements with lease and non-lease components, which are accounted for as a single lease component for all classes of leased assets for which the Company is the lessee. Additionally, for certain equipment leases, the portfolio approach is applied to account for the operating lease ROU assets and lease liabilities. In the Consolidated Statements of Earnings (Loss), lease expense for operating lease payments is recognized on a straight-line basis over the lease term. For finance leases, interest expense is recognized on the lease liability and the ROU asset is amortized over the lease term. Some leasing arrangements require variable payments that are dependent upon usage or output, or may vary for other reasons, such as insurance or tax payments. Variable lease payments are recognized as incurred, and are not presented as part of the ROU asset or lease liability. See Note 12. Leases for further information.

Business Combinations. The Company accounts for business combinations by establishing the acquisition-date fair value as the measurement for all assets acquired and liabilities assumed. Certain provisions of U.S. GAAP prescribe, among other things, the determination of acquisition-date fair value of consideration paid in a business combination (including contingent consideration) and the exclusion of transaction and acquisition-related restructuring costs from acquisition accounting.

Goodwill. The excess purchase price over the fair value allocated to identifiable tangible and intangible net assets of businesses acquired is reported as goodwill in the accompanying Consolidated Balance Sheets. We test goodwill for impairment at least annually as of April 1, or when events or changes in circumstances indicate that goodwill might be impaired. The evaluation of impairment involves comparing the current fair value of our reporting units to the recorded value (including goodwill). We use a discounted cash flow (“DCF”) model and/or a market analysis to determine the fair value of our reporting units. A number of assumptions and estimates are involved in estimating the forecasted cash flows used in the DCF model, including markets and market shares, sales volume and pricing, costs to produce, working capital changes and income tax rates. Management considers historical experience and all available information at the time the fair values of the reporting units are estimated. Goodwill impairment is measured as the amount by which a reporting unit’s carrying value exceeds its fair value, not to exceed the carrying amount of goodwill.

We have the option to perform a qualitative assessment of goodwill prior to completing the quantitative assessment described above to determine whether it is more likely than not that the fair value of a reporting unit is less than its carrying amount, including goodwill and other intangible assets. If we conclude that this is the case, it must perform the quantitative assessment. Otherwise, we will forego the quantitative assessment and does not need to perform any further testing. As of April 1 of fiscal years 2023 and 2022, we completed our annual impairment tests of our reporting units using the quantitative assessment. For fiscal year 2023, the fair values of the reporting units were determined using a discounted cash flow analysis with projected financial information based on our most recently completed long-term strategic planning processes and also considers the current financial performance compared to our prior projections of the reporting units, as well as a market analysis. Determination of the fair value requires discretion and the use of estimates by management. As of April 1, 2023, we had significant headroom in the Networking and Materials reporting units.

For the Lasers reporting unit, as of April 1, 2023, based on the quantitative assessment, the estimated fair value exceeded the carrying value by approximately 10% and we had determined that the goodwill was at risk for impairment going forward should there be a deterioration of projected cash flows of the reporting unit. Our Lasers reporting unit has goodwill of approximately $3.2 billion at June 30, 2023. In evaluating the Lasers reporting unit, significant weight was provided to the forecasted revenue and related gross margins as we determined that these have the most significant impact on its fair value. The forecasted profitability is expected to increase as volumes increase and the achievement of operating efficiencies and the benefit from the multi-year synergy and site consolidation plans are realized. We used a discount rate of 13.0% which is the required return a market participant would require in its investment in the Reporting Unit based on observed market inputs. If actual results are not consistent with management’s estimates and assumptions, a material goodwill impairment charge could occur, which could have a material adverse effect on our consolidated financial statements.

Due to the cyclical nature of our business, and the other factors described in the section on Risk Factors set forth in Item 1A of this Annual Report on Form 10-K, the profitability of our individual reporting units may periodically be affected by downturns in customer demand, operational challenges and other factors. If material adverse conditions occur that impact one or more of our reporting units, our determination of future fair value might not support the carrying amount of one or more of our reporting units, and the related goodwill would need to be impaired. We will continue to monitor any changes to our assumptions and will evaluate goodwill as deemed warranted during future periods.

Intangibles. Intangible assets are initially recorded at their cost or fair value upon acquisition. Finite-lived intangible assets are amortized for financial reporting purposes using the straight-line method over the estimated useful lives of the assets ranging from 1 to 20 years. Indefinite-lived intangible assets are not amortized but tested annually for impairment at April 1, or when events or changes in circumstances indicate that indefinite-lived intangible assets might be impaired. As of April 1 of fiscal 2023, the Company completed a quantitative impairment test of the Coherent trade name acquired in the Merger using the relief from royalty method and determined that its fair value is well in excess of its carrying value. As of April 1, 2023, the Company recorded $25 million of impairment charges related to the abandonment of certain purchased technology and customer lists $14 million of impairment charges related to trade names for older acquisitions. See Note 7. Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets for further information.

Investments in Other Entities. In the normal course of business, we enter into various types of investment arrangements, each having unique terms and conditions. These investments may include equity interests held by the Company in business entities, including general or limited partnerships, contractual ventures, or other forms of equity participation. We determine whether such investments involve a variable interest entity (“VIE”) based on the characteristics of the subject entity. If the entity is determined to be a VIE, then management determines if the Company is the primary beneficiary of the entity and whether or not consolidation of the VIE is required. The primary beneficiary consolidating the VIE must normally have both (i) the power to direct the activities of a VIE that most significantly affect the VIE’s economic performance and (ii) the obligation to absorb losses of the VIE or the right to receive benefits from the VIE, in either case that could potentially be significant to the VIE. When the Company is deemed to be the primary beneficiary, the VIE is consolidated and the other party’s equity interest in the VIE is accounted for as a noncontrolling interest.

We generally account for investments we make in VIEs in which we have determined that we do not have a controlling financial interest but have significant influence over or hold at least a 20% ownership interest using the equity method. Any such investment not meeting the parameters to be accounted under the equity method would be accounted for under ASC 321, Investments - Equity Securities. If an entity fails to meet the characteristics of a VIE, management then evaluates such entity under the voting model. Under the voting model, management consolidates the entity if they determine that the Company, directly or indirectly, has greater than 50% of the voting shares and determines that other equity holders do not have substantive participating rights.

Series B Convertible Preferred Stock. The Series B-1 Convertible Preferred Stock is initially measured at fair value less issuance costs, accreted to its redemption value over a ten-year period (using the effective interest method) with such accretion accounted for as deemed dividends and reductions to Net Earnings (Loss) Available to the Common Shareholder. The Series B-2 Convertible Preferred Stock is initially measured at fair value less issuance costs, accreted to its redemption value over a ten-year period (using the effective interest method) with such accretion accounted for as deemed dividends and reductions to Net Earnings (Loss) Available to the Common Shareholder. See Note 10. Equity and Redeemable Preferred Stock for further information.

Commitments and Contingencies. Liabilities for loss contingencies arising from claims, assessments, litigation, fines, and penalties and other sources are recorded when it is probable that a liability has been incurred and the amount of the assessment and/or remediation can be reasonably estimated. Legal costs incurred in connection with loss contingencies are expensed as incurred. Such accruals are adjusted as further information develops or circumstances change. Our customers may discover defects in our products after the products have been fully deployed and operated under peak stress conditions. If we are unable to correct defects or other problems, we could experience, among other things, loss of customers, increased costs of product returns and warranty expenses, damage to our brand reputation, failure to attract new customers or achieve market acceptance, diversion of development and engineering resources, or legal action by our customers. We had no material loss contingency liabilities at June 30, 2023 related to commitments and contingencies.

Income Taxes. Deferred income tax assets and liabilities are determined based on the differences between the Consolidated Financial Statements and tax basis of assets and liabilities using enacted tax rates in effect in the years in which the differences are expected to reverse. Valuation allowances are established when necessary to reduce deferred income tax assets to the amount more likely than not to be realized. The Company’s accounting policy is to apply acquired deferred tax liabilities to pre-existing deferred tax assets before evaluating the need for a valuation allowance for acquired deferred tax assets.

The Company recognizes the tax benefit from an uncertain tax position only if it is more likely than not that the tax position will be sustained on examination by the taxing authorities, based on the technical merits of the position. The tax benefits recognized in the financial statements from such a position are measured based on the largest benefit that has a greater than 50% likelihood of being realized upon ultimate resolution. The amount of unrecognized tax benefits is adjusted for changes in facts and circumstances. For example, adjustments could result from significant amendments to existing tax law and the issuance of regulations or interpretations by the taxing authorities, new information obtained during a tax examination, or resolution of an examination. The Company believes that its estimates for uncertain tax positions are appropriate and sufficient to pay assessments that may result from examinations of its tax returns. The Company recognizes both accrued interest and penalties related to unrecognized tax benefits in income tax expense.

Revenue Recognition. Revenue is recognized under Accounting Standards Codification 606, Revenue from Contracts with Customers (ASC 606), when or as obligations under the terms of a contract with our customer have been satisfied and control has transferred to the customer. We have elected the practical expedient to exclude all taxes from the measurement of the transaction price.

For contracts with commercial customers, which comprise the majority of our performance obligations, ownership of the goods and associated revenue are generally transferred to customers at a point in time, generally upon shipment of a product to the customer or delivery of the product to the customer and without significant judgments. The majority of contracts typically require payment within 30 to 90 days after transfer of ownership to the customer.

We periodically enter into contracts in which a customer may purchase a combination of goods and/or services, such as products with maintenance contracts or extended warranty. Extended warranties are sold separately from products, and represent a distinct performance obligation. Revenue related to the performance obligation for extended warranties is recognized over time as the customer simultaneously receives and consumes the benefits provided by us.

Contracts with the U.S. government through its prime contractors are typically for products or services with no alternative future use to the Company with an enforceable right to payment for performance completed to date, whereas commercial contracts typically have alternative use. Customized products with no alternative future use to the Company with an enforceable right to payment for performance completed to date are recorded over time utilizing the output method of units delivered. We consider this to be a faithful depiction of the transfer to the customer of revenue over time due to short cycle time and immaterial work-in-process balances. The majority of contracts typically require payment within 30 to 90 days after transfer of ownership to the customer.

Service revenue includes repairs, tolling arrangements and installation. Repairs, tolling and installation activities are usually completed in a short period of time (normally less than one month) and therefore recorded at a point in time when the services are completed. The majority of contracts typically require payment within 30 to 90 days after performance of the service.

Non-recurring engineering arrangements are typically recognized as product revenue over time under either the time and material practical expedient, as the entity has a right to consideration from a customer, in an amount that corresponds directly with the value to the customer of the entity’s performance completed to date or under the output method. The majority of contracts typically require payment within 30 to 90 days.

Our revenue recognition policy is consistently applied across our segments, product lines, services, and geographical locations. For the periods covered herein, we measure revenue based on the amount of consideration it expects to be entitled to in exchange for products or services, reduced by the amount of variable consideration related to products expected to be returned. We determine variable consideration, which primarily consists of product returns and distributor sales price reductions resulting from price protection agreements, by estimating the impact of such reductions based on historical analysis of such activity.

Under ASC 606, we expense sales commissions when incurred because the amortization period would have been one year or less. These costs are recorded within selling, general and administrative expenses (“SG&A”). We have elected to recognize the costs for freight and shipping when control over products has transferred to the customer as an expense in cost of goods sold.

We offer an assurance-type limited warranty that products will be free from defects in materials and workmanship. We establish an accrual for estimated warranty expenses at the time revenue is recognized. The warranty is typically one year, although can be longer periods for certain products, and is typically limited to either (1) the replacement or repair of the product or (2) a credit against future purchases.

Internal Research and Development. Internal research and development (“IR&D”) expenses include salaries, contractor and consultant fees, supplies and materials, as well as costs related to other overhead such as depreciation, facilities, utilities and other departmental expenses. The costs we incur with respect to internally developed technology, including allocations of our wafer fabrication and other manufacturing facilities and resources utilized to support R&D programs, are included in IR&D expenses as incurred.

Share-Based Compensation. Share-based compensation arrangements require the recognition in net earnings (loss) of the grant date fair value of stock compensation (for equity-classified awards). We recognize the share-based compensation expense over the requisite service period of the individual grantees, which generally equals the vesting period, net of forfeitures. The estimated annualized forfeitures are based on our historical experience of pre-vesting cancellations. We will record additional expense in future periods if the actual forfeiture rate is lower than estimated, and will adjust expense in future periods if the actual forfeitures are higher than estimated. See Note 13. Share-Based Compensation for a description of our share-based employee compensation plans and the assumptions we use to calculate the fair value of share-based employee compensation.

Earnings per Share. Basic earnings (loss) per common share is computed by dividing net earnings (loss) available to common shareholders by the weighted-average number of shares of common stock outstanding during the period. Diluted earnings (loss) per common share is computed by dividing the diluted earnings (loss) available to common shareholders by the weighted-average number of shares of common stock and potentially dilutive shares of common stock outstanding during the period. If there is a net loss for the period, diluted earnings per share is the same as basic earnings per share. See Note 11. Earnings Per Share for further information.

Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss). Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) is a measure of all changes in shareholders’ equity that result from transactions and other economic events in the period other than transactions with owners. Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) is a component of shareholders’ equity and consists of accumulated foreign currency translation adjustments, changes in the fair value of interest rate swap and cap derivative instruments, and pension adjustments.

Fair Value Measurements. We apply fair value accounting for all financial assets and liabilities that are required to be recognized or disclosed at fair value in the Consolidated Financial Statements. Fair value is defined as the price that would be received from selling an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date. When determining the fair value measurements for assets and liabilities, we consider the principal or most advantageous market in which we would transact, and the market-based risk measurements or assumptions that market participants would use in pricing the asset or liability, such as inherent risk, transfer restrictions and credit risk.