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Summary of Significant Accounting Policies

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2023

Summary of Significant Accounting Policies

Summary of Significant Accounting Policies

(1) Summary of Significant Accounting Policies

(a) Organization and Presentation

United States Lime & Minerals, Inc. (the “Company”) is a manufacturer of lime and limestone products, supplying primarily the construction (including highway, road, and building contractors), industrial (including paper and glass manufacturers), metals (including steel producers), environmental (including municipal sanitation and water treatment facilities and flue gas treatment processes), roof shingle manufacturers, oil and gas services, and agriculture (including poultry producers) industries. The Company is headquartered in Dallas, Texas and operates lime and limestone plants and distribution facilities in Arkansas, Colorado, Louisiana, Missouri, Oklahoma, and Texas through its wholly owned subsidiaries, Arkansas Lime Company, ART Quarry TRS LLC (DBA Carthage Crushed Limestone), Colorado Lime Company, Mill Creek Dolomite, LLC, Texas Lime Company, U.S. Lime Company, U.S. Lime Company-Shreveport, U.S. Lime Company-St. Clair, and U.S. Lime Company-Transportation. In addition, the Company, through its wholly owned subsidiary, U.S. Lime Company-O & G, LLC, has royalty and non-operated working interests in natural gas wells located in Johnson County, Texas, in the Barnett Shale Formation.

(b) Principles of Consolidation

The consolidated financial statements include the accounts of the Company and its subsidiaries. All intercompany balances and transactions have been eliminated.

The preparation of financial statements in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (“US GAAP”) requires management to make estimates and judgments that affect the amounts reported in the financial statements and accompanying notes. Actual results could differ from those estimates and judgments.

(d) Statements of Cash Flows

For purposes of reporting cash flows, the Company considers all bank deposits and highly liquid debt instruments, such as United States Treasury bills and notes, with maturities, at the time of purchase, of three months or less to be cash equivalents. Cash equivalents are carried at cost plus accrued interest, which approximates fair market value. Supplemental cash flow information is presented below:


	Years Ended December 31,
	2023		2022		2021
Cash paid during the year for:
Interest	$	196	$	113	$	151
Income taxes	$	17,994	$	7,827	$	9,483

(e) Revenue Recognition

The Company recognizes revenue for its Lime and Limestone Operations when (i) a contract with the customer exists and the performance obligations are identified; (ii) the price has been established; and (iii) the performance obligations have been satisfied, which is at a point in time, generally upon shipment. Revenues include external freight billed to customers with related costs accounted for as fulfillment costs and included in cost of revenues. The Company’s returns and allowances are minimal. External freight billed to customers

included in revenues was $46,270, $44,233, and $34,307 for 2023, 2022, and 2021, respectively, which approximates the amount of external freight included in cost of revenues. Sales taxes billed to customers are not included in revenues. For its natural gas interests, the Company recognizes revenue in the month of production and delivery.

The Company operates its Lime and Limestone Operations within a single geographic region and derives all revenues from that segment from the sale of lime and limestone products. See Note 9 for disaggregation of revenues by the Lime and Limestone Operations segment and Other, which the Company believes best depicts how the nature, amount, timing, and uncertainty of revenue and cash flows are affected by economic factors.

(f) Fair Values of Financial Instruments

Fair value is defined as “the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date.” The carrying values of cash and cash equivalents, trade receivables, other current assets, accounts payable, and accrued expenses approximate fair value due to the short maturities of these instruments.

(g) Concentration of Credit Risk and Trade Receivables

Financial instruments that potentially subject the Company to a concentration of credit risk consist principally of cash and cash equivalents and trade receivables. The Company places its cash and cash equivalents with high-credit quality financial institutions and in highly rated commercial paper or United States Treasury bills and notes with maturities, at the time of purchase, of three months or less. The Company’s cash and cash equivalents at commercial banking institutions normally exceed federally insured limits.

The majority of the Company’s trade receivables are unsecured. Payment terms for all trade receivables are based on the underlying purchase orders, contracts, or purchase agreements, and are generally fixed, short-term, and do not contain a significant financing component. The Company estimates credit losses relating to trade receivables based on an assessment of the current and forecasted probability of collection, historical trends, economic conditions, and other significant events that may impact the collectability of accounts receivables. Due to the relatively homogenous nature of its trade receivables, the Company does not believe there is any meaningful asset-specific differences within its accounts receivable portfolio that would require the portfolio to be grouped below the consolidated level for review of credit losses. Credit losses relating to trade receivables have generally been within management expectations and historical trends. Uncollected trade receivables are charged-off when identified by management to be unrecoverable. Trade receivables are presented net of the related estimated credit losses, which totaled $575 and $550 at December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. Additions, adjustments for expected credit loss factors, and write-offs to the Company’s estimated credit losses during the years ended December 31 were as follows:


	2023		2022
Beginning balance	$	550	$	450
Additions		49		108
Adjustments for expected credit loss factors		—		—
Write-offs		(24)		(8)
Ending balance	$	575	$	550

(h) Inventories

Inventories are valued principally at the lower of cost, determined using the average cost method, or net realizable value. Costs for raw materials and finished goods include materials, labor, and production overhead. A summary of inventories is as follows:


	December 31,
	2023		2022
Lime and limestone inventories:
Raw materials	$	7,834	$	5,506
Finished goods		3,107		2,951
		10,941		8,457
Parts inventories		13,372		11,122
	$	24,313	$	19,579

(i) Property, Plant and Equipment

For major constructed assets, the capitalized cost includes the price paid by the Company for labor and materials plus interest and internal and external project management costs that are directly related to the constructed assets. Machinery and equipment at December 31, 2023 and 2022 included $6,001 and $6,534, respectively, of construction in progress for various capital projects. No interest costs were capitalized for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022. At December 31, 2023 and 2022, accounts payable and accrued expenses included $1,196 and $1,079, respectively, of capitalized costs. Selling, general, and administrative expenses included depreciation expense of $294, $278, and $268 in 2023, 2022, and 2021, respectively. Depreciation of property, plant and equipment is being provided for by the straight-line method over estimated useful lives as follows:


Buildings and building and leasehold improvements	3	-	25	years
Machinery and equipment	2	-	30	years
Furniture and fixtures	3	-	10	years
Automotive equipment	3	-	10	years

Maintenance and repairs are charged to expense as incurred; renewals and betterments are capitalized. When units of property are retired or otherwise disposed of, their cost and related accumulated depreciation are removed from the accounts, and any resulting gain or loss is credited or charged to income.

The Company expenses all exploration costs as incurred, as well as costs incurred at an operating quarry or mine, other than capital expenditures and inventory. Costs to acquire mineral reserves are capitalized upon acquisition. Development costs incurred to develop new mineral reserves, to expand the capacity of a quarry or mine, or to develop quarry or mine areas substantially in advance of current production are capitalized once proven and probable reserves exist and can be economically produced. For each quarry or mine, capitalized costs to acquire and develop mineral reserves are depleted using the units-of-production method based on the proven and probable reserves for such quarry or mine.

The Company reviews its long-lived assets for impairment and, when events or circumstances indicate the carrying amount of an asset may not be recoverable, the Company determines if impairment of value exists. If the estimated undiscounted future net cash flows are less than the carrying amount of the asset, an impairment exists, and an impairment loss must be calculated and recorded. If an impairment exists, the impairment loss is calculated based on the excess of the carrying amount of the asset over the asset’s fair value. Any impairment

loss is treated as a permanent reduction in the carrying value of the asset. The Company had no impairments in the years presented in the financial statements.

(j) Asset Retirement Obligations

The Company recognizes legal obligations for reclamation and remediation associated with the retirement of long-lived assets at their fair value at the time the obligations are incurred (“AROs”). Over time, the liability for AROs is recorded at its present value each period through accretion expense, and the capitalized cost is depreciated over the useful life of the related asset. Upon settlement of the liability, the Company either settles the AROs for the recorded amount or recognizes a gain or loss. The Company’s AROs of $1,548 and $1,556 as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively, are included in Other liabilities and Accrued expenses on the Company’s Consolidated Balance Sheets. As of December 31, 2023, assets, net of accumulated depreciation, associated with the Company’s AROs totaled $603. During 2023 and 2022, the Company spent $36 and $24, respectively, on its AROs, and recognized accretion expense of $99, $97, and $92 in 2023, 2022 and 2021, respectively, on its AROs.

The AROs were estimated based on studies and the Company’s process knowledge and estimates and are discounted using a credit adjusted risk-free interest rate. The AROs are adjusted when further information warrants an adjustment. The Company estimates annual expenditures of approximately $100 per year in years 2024 through 2028 relating to its AROs.

(k) Accrued Expenses

Accrued expenses consist of the following:


	December 31,
	2023		2022
Personnel related expenses	$	4,073	$	2,970
Income taxes		2,010		237
Other taxes		1,112		1,208
Utilities		944		1,207
Other		366		779
	$	8,505	$	6,401

(l) Environmental Expenditures

Environmental expenditures that relate to current operations are expensed or capitalized as appropriate. Expenditures that relate to an existing condition caused by past operations, and which do not contribute to current or future revenue generation, are expensed. Liabilities are recorded at their present value when environmental assessments and/or remedial efforts are probable, and the costs can be reasonably estimated. Generally, the timing of these accruals will coincide with completion of a feasibility study or the Company’s commitment to a formal plan of action.

The Company incurred capital expenditures related to environmental matters of $1,456 in 2023, $779 in 2022, and $665 in 2021.

(m) Income and Dividends Per Share of Common Stock

The following table sets forth the computation of basic and diluted income per common share:


	Years Ended December 31,
	2023		2022		2021
Net income for basic and diluted income per common share	$	74,549	$	45,429	$	37,045
Weighted-average shares for basic income per common share		5,692,391		5,671,960		5,656,367
Effect of dilutive securities:
Employee and director stock options⁽¹⁾		14,285		8,449		11,992
Adjusted weighted-average shares and assumed exercises for diluted income per common share		5,706,676		5,680,409		5,668,359
Basic net income per common share	$	13.10	$	8.01	$	6.55
Diluted net income per common share	$	13.06	$	8.00	$	6.54

(1)

Excludes 1,875, 16,125, and 600 stock options in 2023, 2022, and 2021, respectively, as antidilutive because the exercise price exceeded the average per share market price for the periods presented.

The Company paid $0.80, $0.80, and $0.64 of cash dividends per share of common stock in 2023, 2022, and 2021, respectively.

(n) Stock-Based Compensation

The Company expenses all stock-based payments to employees and directors, including grants of stock options and restricted stock, in the Company’s Consolidated Statements of Income based on their fair values. Compensation cost is recognized on a straight-line basis over the vesting period.

(o) Income Taxes

The Company utilizes the asset and liability approach in its reporting for income taxes. Deferred income tax assets and liabilities are computed for differences between the financial statement and tax bases of assets and liabilities that will result in taxable or deductible amounts in the future based on enacted tax laws and rates applicable to the periods in which the differences are expected to affect taxable income. Valuation allowances are established when necessary to reduce deferred tax assets to the amount more likely than not to be realized. Income tax related interest and penalties are included in income tax expense.

The Company also assesses individual tax positions to determine if they meet the criteria for some or all of the benefits of that position to be recognized in the Company’s financial statements. The Company only recognizes tax positions that meet the more-likely-than-not recognition threshold.

(p) New Accounting Pronouncements

Segment Reporting – In November 2023, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (the “FASB”) issued guidance that expands segment disclosures for public entities, including requiring disclosure of significant segment expenses that are regularly provided to the chief operating decision maker (“CODM”), the title and position of the CODM and an explanation of how the CODM uses reported measures of segment profit or loss in assessing segment performance and allocating resources. The new guidance also expands disclosures about a reportable segment’s profit or loss and assets in interim periods and clarifies that a public entity may report

additional measures of segment profit if the CODM uses more than one measure of a segment’s profit or loss. The new guidance does not remove existing segment disclosure requirements or change how a public entity identifies its operating segments, aggregates those operating segments, or determines its reportable segments. The guidance is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2023, and subsequent interim periods with early adoption permitted, and requires retrospective application to all prior periods presented in the financial statements. The Company is currently evaluating the impact this new guidance will have on its financial statements and disclosures.

Improvements to Income Tax Disclosures – In December 2023, the FASB issued guidance that expands income tax disclosures for public entities, including requiring enhanced disclosures related to the rate reconciliation and income taxes paid information. The guidance is effective for annual disclosures for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2024, with early adoption permitted. The guidance should be applied on a prospective basis, with retrospective application to all prior periods presented in the financial statements permitted. The Company is currently evaluating the impact this new guidance will have on it financial statements and disclosures.