COMPREHENSIVE INCOME (LOSS) Changes in Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) ("AOCI"), net of tax, by component for the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022 were as follows: | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | (in millions) | | Foreign Currency Translation Gain (Loss) | | Gain (Loss) on Cash Flow Hedges | | Gain (Loss) on Net Investment and Fair Value Hedges | | | | Pension Liability Gain (Loss) | | Total | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Balance, net of tax, at December 31, 2022 | | $ | (522) | | | $ | (17) | | | $ | (73) | | | | | $ | (16) | | | $ | (628) | | Other comprehensive income (loss) before reclassifications and tax impact | | 6 | | | (1) | | | — | | | | | — | | | 5 | | Tax benefit | | 9 | | | — | | | — | | | | | — | | | 9 | | Other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax, before reclassifications | | 15 | | | (1) | | | — | | | | | — | | | 14 | | Amounts reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive income, net of tax | | — | | | — | | | — | | | | | — | | | — | | Net increase (decrease) in other comprehensive income | | 15 | | | (1) | | | — | | | | | — | | | 14 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Balance, net of tax, at March 31, 2023 | | $ | (507) | | | $ | (18) | | | $ | (73) | | | | | $ | (16) | | | $ | (614) | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | (in millions) | | Foreign Currency Translation Gain (Loss) | | Gain (Loss) on Cash Flow Hedges | | Gain (Loss) on Net Investment and Fair Value Hedges | | | | Pension Liability Gain (Loss) | | Total | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Balance, net of tax, at December 31, 2021 | | $ | (366) | | | $ | (16) | | | $ | (103) | | | | | $ | (107) | | | $ | (592) | | Other comprehensive (loss) income before reclassifications and tax impact | | (37) | | | 3 | | | 9 | | | | | — | | | (25) | | Tax expense | | (11) | | | — | | | (1) | | | | | — | | | (12) | | Other comprehensive (loss) income, net of tax, before reclassifications | | (48) | | | 3 | | | 8 | | | | | — | | | (37) | | Amounts reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive income, net of tax | | — | | | (1) | | | — | | | | | 1 | | | — | | Net (decrease) increase in other comprehensive income | | (48) | | | 2 | | | 8 | | | | | 1 | | | (37) | | Balance, net of tax, at March 31, 2022 | | $ | (414) | | | $ | (14) | | | $ | (95) | | | | | $ | (106) | | | $ | (629) | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
At March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, the cumulative tax adjustments were $109 million and $100 million, respectively, primarily related to foreign currency translation adjustments.
The cumulative foreign currency translation adjustments included translation losses of $417 million and $438 million at March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively, and cumulative losses on loans designated as hedges of net investments of $90 million and $84 million, respectively. These foreign currency translation losses were partially offset by movements on derivative financial instruments.
Reclassifications out of AOCI to the Consolidated Statements of Operations for the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022 were not significant.
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