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New Accounting Pronouncements
6 Months Ended
Jun. 30, 2018
New Accounting Pronouncements and Changes in Accounting Principles [Abstract]  
New Accounting Pronouncements
New Accounting Pronouncements

Leases.  In February 2016, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) issued new guidance which requires a lessee to account for leases as finance or operating leases. Both leases will result in the lessee recognizing a right-of-use asset and a corresponding lease liability on its balance sheet, with differing methodology for income statement recognition. For lessors, the standard modifies the classification criteria and the accounting for sales-type and direct financing leases. Entities will classify leases to determine how to recognize lease-related revenue and expense. This standard is effective for public entities for fiscal years, and interim periods within those years, beginning after December 15, 2018, and early adoption is permitted. A modified retrospective approach is required for leases existing or entered into after the beginning of the earliest comparative period in the consolidated financial statements. The Company is currently assessing the impact of this update on its consolidated financial statements. We currently believe that the most significant changes will be related to the recognition of right-of-use assets and lease liabilities on our consolidated balance sheets for real estate and equipment leases that are currently classified as operating leases and therefore not recorded on the consolidated balance sheets.

Comprehensive Income. In February 2018, the FASB issued new guidance for Income Statement—Reporting Comprehensive Income (Topic 220): Reclassification of Certain Tax Effects from Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (ASU 2018-02), which allows companies to reclassify stranded tax effects resulting from the Tax Reform Act, from accumulated other comprehensive income to retained earnings. The amendments are effective for all entities for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2018, and interim periods within those fiscal years. The Company is currently evaluating this guidance to determine the impact it may have on its consolidated financial statements.

Clarifying the Scope and the Accounting Guidance for Contributions Received and Contributions Made. In June 2018, the FASB issued new guidance to clarify and improve the scope and the accounting guidance for contributions received and contributions made. The amendments are intended to assist entities in evaluating whether transactions should be accounted for as contributions (nonreciprocal transactions) or as exchange (reciprocal) transactions and (2) determining whether a contribution is conditional. The Company is currently evaluating this guidance to determine the impact it may have on its consolidated financial statements.

Recently Adopted Guidance
Revenue Recognition. In May 2014, the FASB issued Accounting Standards Update No. 2014-09, Revenue from Contracts with Customers (“Topic 606”) that affects any entity that either enters into contracts with customers to transfer goods or services or enters into contracts for the transfer of nonfinancial assets unless those contracts are within the scope of other standards. Topic 606 will supersede the revenue recognition requirements of the prior revenue recognition guidance used prior to January 1, 2018. In addition, the existing requirements for the recognition of a gain or loss on the transfer of nonfinancial assets that are not in a contract with a customer are amended to be consistent with the guidance on recognition and measurement in this update. The Company adopted Topic 606 as of January 1, 2018 using the modified retrospective method for all contracts not completed as of the date of adoption. The reported results for 2018 reflect the application of Topic 606 while the reported results for 2017 were prepared under the guidance of Accounting Standards Codification 605, Revenue Recognition, which is also referred to herein as the “previous guidance.” As a result, prior periods have not been restated and continue to be reported under the previous guidance. The cumulative effect of applying Topic 606 was recorded as an adjustment to accumulated deficit as of the adoption date. See Note 3 for the required disclosures related to the impact of adopting this standard and a discussion of the Company's updated policies related to revenue recognition. See Note 4 for costs to obtain and fulfill a customer contract.

Presentation of Net Periodic Pension Cost and Net Periodic Post-Retirement Benefit Cost. In March 2017, the FASB issued accounting guidance for “Compensation – Retirement Benefits (Topic 715): Improving the Presentation of Net Periodic Pension Cost and Net Periodic Post-Retirement Benefit Cost.” The amendment requires the service cost component of net periodic benefit cost be presented in the same income statement line item as other employee compensation costs arising from services rendered during the period and other components of the net periodic benefit cost be presented separately from the line item that includes the service cost and outside of any subtotal of operating income. The Company adopted this amended guidance in the first quarter of 2018. The retroactive adoption of this standard resulted in an increase in operating income and a corresponding increase in other expense for the three months ended June 30 of $1 million in 2018 and $1 million in 2017 and for the six months ended June 30 of $3 million in 2018 and $2 million in 2017.
Statement of Cash Flows: Classification of Certain Cash Receipts and Cash Payments. In August 2016, the FASB issued an update addressing eight specific cash flow issues to reduce diversity in practice. The Company adopted this amended guidance in the first quarter of 2018. The impact on the Company's consolidated statements of cash flows was immaterial.

Classification of restricted cash. In December 2016, the FASB issued accounting guidance to address diversity in the classification and presentation of changes in restricted cash on the statement of cash flows. Under this guidance, companies will be required to present restricted cash and restricted cash equivalents with cash and cash equivalents when reconciling the beginning-of-period and end-of-period amounts shown on the statement of cash flows. The Company has adopted this amended guidance in the first quarter of 2018. The retroactive adoption impact for the six months ended June 30, 2017 to cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash at the beginning and at the end of period was less than $1 million on our consolidated statements of cash flows.

Financial Instruments. In January 2016, the FASB issued new guidance which enhances the reporting model for financial instruments and related disclosures. This update requires equity securities to be measured at fair value with changes in fair value recognized through net income and will eliminate the cost method for equity securities without readily determinable fair values. The Company adopted this amended guidance in the first quarter of 2018. The impact on the Company's consolidated financial statements was immaterial.

Intra-entity asset transfers. In October 2016, the FASB issued accounting guidance to simplify the accounting for income tax consequences of intra-entity transfers of assets other than inventory. Under this guidance, companies will be required to recognize the income tax consequences of an intra-entity asset transfer when the transfer occurs. Current guidance prohibits companies from recognizing current and deferred income taxes for an intra-entity asset transfer until the asset has been sold to an outside party. The guidance must be applied on a modified retrospective basis through a cumulative-effect adjustment to retained earnings as of the period of adoption. The Company adopted this amended guidance in the first quarter of 2018. The impact on the Company's consolidated financial statements was immaterial.

Clarification on the definition of a business. In January 2017, the FASB issued accounting guidance to clarify the definition of a business with the objective of adding guidance to assist entities with evaluating whether transactions should be accounted for as acquisitions (or disposals) of assets or businesses. The Company adopted this amended guidance in the first quarter of 2018. The impact on the Company's consolidated financial statements was immaterial.

Stock Compensation. In May 2017, the FASB issued accounting guidance for "Compensation—Stock Compensation (Topic 718) - Scope of Modification Accounting." The amendments in this update provide guidance about which changes to the terms or conditions of a share-based payment award require an entity to apply modification accounting. The current disclosure requirements in Topic 718 apply regardless of whether an entity is required to apply modification accounting under the amendments in this update. The Company has adopted this amended guidance in the first quarter of 2018. The impact on the Company's consolidated financial statements was immaterial.

Derivatives and Hedging (Topic 815), Targeted Improvements to Accounting for Hedging Activities. In August 2017, the FASB issued new guidance that intends to simplify the application of hedge accounting guidance and better align an entity's risk management activities and financial reporting for hedging relationships through changes to both the designation and measurement guidance for qualifying hedging relationships and the presentation of hedge results. The amendments expand and refine hedge accounting for both nonfinancial and financial risk components and align the recognition and presentation of the effects of the hedging instrument and the hedged item in the financial statements. The Company has adopted this amended guidance during the second quarter of 2018 and applied it to the interest rate swap described in Note 11. The impact on the Company's consolidated financial statements was immaterial.