(1)—Represents unrealized gains or losses on OTTI securities recognized in AOCI, which includes the

non-credit

component of impairments, as well as all subsequent changes in fair value of such impaired securities reported in AOCI.


	December 31, 2018
			Gross		Gross					Other-Than-
	Amortized		Unrealized		Unrealized			Fair		Temporary
In millions	Cost		Gains		Losses			Value		Impairments (1)
AFS Investments
Fixed-maturity investments:
U.S. Treasury and government agency	$	1,093	$	26	$	(10	)	$	1,109	$	—
State and municipal bonds		641		97		(11	)		727		42
Foreign governments		9		—		—			9		—
Corporate obligations		1,473		6		(131	)		1,348		(68	)
Mortgage-backed securities:
Residential mortgage-backed agency		218		1		(5	)		214		—
Residential mortgage-backed non-agency		30		1		(4	)		27		—
Commercial mortgage-backed		53		—		(2	)		51		—
Asset-backed securities:
Collateralized debt obligations		122		—		(3	)		119		—
Other asset-backed		178		—		(1	)		177		—

Total AFS investments	$	3,817	$	131	$	(167	)	$	3,781	$	(26	)

HTM Investments
Assets of consolidated VIEs:
Corporate obligations	$	890	$	35	$	—		$	925	$	—

Total HTM investments	$	890	$	35	$	—		$	925	$	—

(1)—

Represents unrealized gains or losses on OTTI securities recognized in AOCI, which includes the

non-credit

component of impairments, as well as all subsequent changes in fair value of such impaired securities reported in AOCI.

The following table presents the distribution by contractual maturity of AFS and HTM fixed-maturity securities at amortized cost and fair value as of December 31, 2019. Contractual maturity may differ from expected maturity as borrowers may have the right to call or prepay obligations.


	AFS Securities				HTM Securities
					Consolidated VIEs
	Amortized		Fair		Amortized		Fair
In millions	Cost		Value		Cost		Value
Due in one year or less	$	570	$	571	$	—	$	—
Due after one year through five years		472		480		—		—
Due after five years through ten years		391		411		—		—
Due after ten years		731		820		890		892
Mortgage-backed and asset-backed		820		817		—		—

Total fixed-maturity investments	$	2,984	$	3,099	$	890	$	892

Deposited and Pledged Securities

The fair value of securities on deposit with various regulatory authorities as of December 31, 2019 and 2018 was $11 million. These deposits are required to comply with state insurance laws.

Pursuant to the Company’s tax sharing agreement, securities held by MBIA Inc. in the Tax Escrow Account are included as “Investments pledged as collateral, at fair value” on the Company’s consolidated balance sheets.

Investment agreement obligations require the Company to pledge securities as collateral. Securities pledged in connection with investment agreements may not be repledged by the investment agreement counterparty. As of December 31, 2019 and 2018, the fair value of securities pledged as collateral for these investment agreements approximated $313 million and $314 million, respectively. The Company’s collateral as of December 31, 2019 consisted principally of U.S. Treasury and government agency and corporate obligations, and was primarily held with major U.S. banks.

Refer to “Note

: Derivative Instruments” for information about securities posted to derivative counterparties.

Impaired Investments

The following tables present the gross unrealized losses related to AFS and HTM investments as of December 31, 2019 and 2018:


	December 31, 2019
	Less than 12 Months					12 Months or Longer					Total
	Fair		Unrealized			Fair		Unrealized			Fair		Unrealized
In millions	Value		Losses			Value		Losses			Value		Losses
AFS Investments
Fixed-maturity investments:
U.S. Treasury and government agency	$	148	$	(1	)	$	79	$	(1	)	$	227	$	(2	)
State and municipal bonds		11		—			15		—			26		—
Corporate obligations		53		(1	)		10		—			63		(1	)
Mortgage-backed securities:
Residential mortgage-backed agency		62		—			7		—			69		—
Residential mortgage-backed non-agency		—		—			11		(5	)		11		(5	)
Commercial mortgage-backed		5		—			—		—			5		—
Asset-backed securities:
Collateralized debt obligations		44		—			77		(2	)		121		(2	)
Other asset-backed		48		(1	)		7		—			55		(1	)

Total AFS investments	$	371	$	(3	)	$	206	$	(8	)	$	577	$	(11	)


	December 31, 2018
	Less than 12 Months					12 Months or Longer					Total
	Fair		Unrealized			Fair		Unrealized			Fair		Unrealized
In millions	Value		Losses			Value		Losses			Value		Losses
AFS Investments
Fixed-maturity investments:
U.S. Treasury and government agency	$	231	$	(1	)	$	278	$	(9	)	$	509	$	(10	)
State and municipal bonds		60		(1	)		135		(10	)		195		(11	)
Foreign governments		5		—			2		—			7		—
Corporate obligations		900		(41	)		335		(90	)		1,235		(131	)
Mortgage-backed securities:
Residential mortgage-backed agency		29		(1	)		118		(4	)		147		(5	)
Residential mortgage-backed non-agency		2		—			13		(4	)		15		(4	)
Commercial mortgage-backed		24		—			21		(2	)		45		(2	)
Asset-backed securities:
Collateralized debt obligations		98		(3	)		7		—			105		(3	)
Other asset-backed		127		—			35		(1	)		162		(1	)

Total AFS investments	$	1,476	$	(47	)	$	944	$	(120	)	$	2,420	$	(167	)

Gross unrealized losses on AFS investments decreased as of December 31, 2019 compared with December 31, 2018 primarily due to lower interest rates and tightening credit spreads.

With the weighting applied on the fair value of each security relative to the total fair value, the weighted average contractual maturity of securities in an unrealized loss position as of December 31, 2019 and 2018 was 10 and 11 years, respectively. As of December 31, 2019 and 2018, there were 63 and 182 securities, respectively, that were in an unrealized loss position for a continuous twelve-month period or longer, of which, fair values of 16 and 64 securities, respectively, were below book value by more than 5%.

The following table presents the distribution of securities in an unrealized loss position for a continuous twelve-month period or longer where fair value was below book value by more than 5% as of December 31, 2019:


	AFS Securities
Percentage of Fair Value	Number of		Book Value		Fair Value
Below Book Value	Securities		(in millions)		(in millions)
> 5% to 15%		11	$	17	$	16
> 15% to 25%		1		—		—
> 25% to 50%		2		14		9
> 50%		2		—		—

Total		16	$	31	$	25

The Company concluded that it does not have the intent to sell securities in an unrealized loss position and it is more likely than not, that it would not have to sell these securities before recovery of their cost basis. In making this conclusion, the Company examined the cash flow projections for its investment portfolios, the potential sources and uses of cash in its businesses, and the cash resources available to its business other than sales of securities. It also considered the existence of any risk management or other plans as of December 31, 2019 that would require the sale of impaired securities. Impaired securities that the Company intends to sell before the expected recovery of such securities’ fair values have been written down to fair value.

Other-Than-Temporary Impairments

Evaluating AFS Securities for OTTI

The Company has an ongoing review process for all securities in its investment portfolio, including a quarterly assessment of OTTI. This evaluation includes both qualitative and quantitative considerations. In assessing whether a decline in value is related to a credit loss, the Company considers several factors, including but not limited to (i) the magnitude and duration of declines in fair value; (ii) the reasons for the declines in fair value, such as general credit spread movements in each asset-backed sector, transaction-specific changes in credit spreads, credit rating downgrades, modeled defaults, and principal and interest payment priorities within each investment structure; and (iii) any guarantees associated with a security such as those provided by financial guarantee insurance companies, including MBIA Corp. and National.

In calculating credit-related losses, the Company uses cash flow modeling based on the type of security. The Company’s cash flow analysis considers all sources of cash, including credit enhancement, that support the payment of amounts owed by an issuer of a security. This includes the consideration of cash expected to be provided by financial guarantors, including MBIA Corp. and National, resulting from an actual or potential insurance policy claim. In general, any change in the amount and/or timing of cash flows received or expected to be received, whether or not such cash flows are contractually defined, is reflected in the Company’s cash flow analysis for purposes of assessing an OTTI loss on an impaired security.

Each quarter, an internal committee, comprising staff that is independent of the Company’s evaluation process for determining OTTI of securities, reviews and approves the valuation of investments. Among other responsibilities, this committee ensures that the Company’s process for identifying and calculating OTTI, including the use of models and assumptions, is reasonable and complies with the Company’s internal policy.

Determination of Credit Loss on ABS, MBS and Corporate Obligations

ABS investments are evaluated for OTTI using historical collateral performance, deal waterfall and structural protections, credit ratings, and forward looking projections of collateral performance based on business and economic conditions specific to each collateral type and risk. The underlying collateral is evaluated to identify any specific performance concerns, and stress scenarios are considered in forecasting ultimate returns of principal. Based on this evaluation, if a principal default is projected for a security, estimated future cash flows are discounted at the security’s effective interest rate used to recognize interest income on the security. For CDO investments, the Company uses the same tools as its RMBS investments discussed below, aggregating the bond level cash flows to the CDO investment level. If the present value of cash flows is less than the Company’s amortized cost for the security, the difference is recorded as an OTTI loss.

RMBS investments are evaluated for OTTI using several quantitative tools. Loan level data is obtained and analyzed in a model that produces prepayment, default, and severity vectors. The model uses macro inputs, including housing price assumptions and interest rates. The vector outputs are used as inputs to a third-party cash flow model, which considers deal waterfall dynamics and structural features, to generate cash flows for an RMBS investment. The expected cash flows of the security are then discounted at the interest rate used to recognize interest income of the security to arrive at a present value amount. If the present value of the cash flows is less than the Company’s amortized cost for the investment, the difference is recorded as an OTTI loss.

Corporate obligation investments are evaluated for OTTI using credit analysis techniques. The Company’s analysis includes a detailed review of a number of quantitative and qualitative factors impacting the value of an individual security. These factors include the interest rate of the security (fixed or floating), the security’s current market spread, any collateral supporting the security, the security’s position in the issuer’s capital structure, and credit rating upgrades or downgrades. Additionally, these factors include an assessment of various issuer-related credit metrics including market capitalization, earnings, cash flow, capitalization, interest coverage, leverage, liquidity and management. The Company’s analysis is augmented by comparing market prices for similar securities of other issuers in the same sector, as well as any recent corporate or government actions that may impact the ultimate return of principal. If the Company determines that a principal default is projected, a recovery analysis is performed using the above data. If the Company’s estimated recovery value for the security is less than its amortized cost, the difference is recorded as an OTTI loss.

During 2017

, certain municipal bonds had liquidity concerns, recent credit downgrades and other adverse financial conditions. As a result, the Company placed these bonds on a

non-accrual

basis and recognized an OTTI loss for the difference between its amortized cost and fair value. This OTTI loss was included in “Investment losses related to other-than-temporary impairments” on the Company’s consolidated statement of

operations

Determination of Credit Loss Guaranteed by the Company on Other Third-Party Guarantors

The Company does not recognize OTTI on securities insured by MBIA Corp. and National since those securities, whether or not owned by the Company, are evaluated for impairments in accordance with its loss reserving policy.

Refer to “Note 2: Significant Accounting Policies” included herein for information about the Company’s loss reserving policy and “Note 6: Loss and Loss Adjustment Expenses Reserves” for

information

about loss reserves.

The following table provides information about securities held by the Company as of December 31, 2019 that were in an unrealized loss position and insured by a financial guarantor, along with the amount of insurance loss reserves corresponding to the par amount owned by the Company:


	Fair		Unrealized			Insurance Loss
In millions	Value		Loss			Reserve (2)
Mortgage-backed:
MBIA (1)	$	11	$	(5	)	$	18

(1)—Includes investments insured by MBIA Corp. and National.

(2)—Insurance loss reserve estimates are based on the proportion of par value owned to the total amount of par value insured.

Credit Loss Rollforward

The portion of certain OTTI losses on fixed-maturity securities that does not represent credit losses is recognized in AOCI. For these impairments, the net amount recognized in earnings represents the difference between the amortized cost of the security and the net present value of its projected future discounted cash flows prior to impairment. Any remaining difference between the fair value and amortized cost is recognized in AOCI. The following table presents the amount of credit loss impairments recognized in earnings on fixed-maturity securities held by MBIA as of the dates indicated, for which a portion of the OTTI losses was recognized in AOCI, and the corresponding changes in such amounts. The additional credit loss impairments on securities previously impaired for the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017, primarily related to a corporate obligation that incurred liquidity concerns, ongoing credit risk and other adverse financial conditions.

In 2019, due to the Company’s intent to sell, this security was impaired to fair value with any incremental impairment recorded as a credit loss impairment in earnings, as well as a reduction of

inception-to-date

recognized credit loss impairments. Also, during 2017

, the credit loss impairment on securities not previously impaired related to municipal bonds that were impaired to their recovery value which were further impaired to their fair value, resulting in reductions of such credit loss impairment in the same year.


In millions	Years Ended December 31,
Credit Losses Recognized in Earnings Related to OTTI	2019			2018		2017
Beginning balance	$	37		$	32	$	29
Additions for credit loss impairments recognized in the current period on securities not previously impaired		—			—		11
Additions for credit loss impairments recognized in the current period on securities previously impaired		67			5		5
Reductions for credit loss impairments previously recognized on securities sold during the period		—			—		(2	)
Reductions for credit loss impairments previously recognized on securities impaired to fair value during the period		(104	)		—		(11	)

Ending balance	$	—		$	37	$	32

Sales of

Available-for-Sale

Investments

Gross realized gains and losses are recorded within “Net gains (losses) on financial instruments at fair value and foreign exchange” on the Company’s consolidated statements of operations. The proceeds and the gross realized gains and losses from sales of fixed-maturity securities held as AFS for the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017 are as follows:


	Years Ended December 31,
In millions	2019			2018			2017
Proceeds from sales	$	2,195		$	2,117		$	2,256
Gross realized gains	$	103		$	6		$	40
Gross realized losses	$	(4	)	$	(19	)	$	(22	)

Equity Investments

Unrealized gains and losses recognized on equity investments held as of the end of each period for the years ended December 31, 2019 and 2018 are as follows:


	Year s Ended December 31,
In millions	2019		2018
Net gains and (losses) recognized during the period on equity securities	$	11	$	(4	)
Less:
Net gains and (losses) recognized during the period on equity securities sold during the period		1		1

Unrealized gains and (losses) recognized during the period on equity securities still held at the reporting date	$	10	$	(5	)