Loss and Loss Adjustment Expense Reserves

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2019

Text Block [Abstract]

Loss and Loss Adjustment Expense Reserves

Note 5: Loss and Loss Adjustment Expense Reserves

U.S. Public Finance Insurance

U.S. public finance insured transactions consist of municipal bonds, including tax-exempt and taxable indebtedness of U.S. political subdivisions, as well as utilities, airports, health care institutions, higher educational facilities, student loan issuers, housing authorities and other similar agencies and obligations issued by private entities that finance projects that serve a substantial public purpose. The Company estimates future losses by using probability-weighted cash flow scenarios that are customized to each insured transaction. Future loss estimates consider debt service due for each insured transaction, which includes par outstanding and interest due, as well as recoveries for such payments, if any. Gross par outstanding for capital appreciation bonds represents the par amount at the time of issuance of the insurance policy.

Certain local governments remain under financial and budgetary stress and a few have filed for protection under Title 11 of the United States Code (the “Bankruptcy Code”), or have entered into state statutory proceedings established to assist municipalities in managing through periods of severe fiscal stress. In the case of Puerto Rico, certain credits that the Company insures have filed petitions for covered instrumentalities under Title III of PROMESA, which incorporates by reference provisions from the Bankruptcy Code. This could lead to an increase in defaults by such entities on the payment of their obligations and losses or impairments in greater amountson the Company’s insured transactions.The filing for protection under the Bankruptcy Code or entering state statutory proceedings does not necessarily result in a default or indicate that an ultimate loss will occur. In February of 2019, the COFINA Plan of Adjustment was confirmed by the District Court. Refer to “Note 1: Business Development and Risk and Uncertainties”, for further information on the Company’s Puerto Rico exposures.

International and Structured Finance Insurance

The international and structured finance insurance segment’s case basis reserves and insurance loss recoveries recorded in accordance with GAAP do not include estimates for a policy insuring a credit derivative or on financial guarantee VIEs that are eliminated in consolidation. The policy insuring a credit derivative contract is accounted for as a derivative and is carried at fair value in the Company’s consolidated financial statements under GAAP. The fair value of an insured credit derivative contract is influenced by a variety of market and transaction-specific factors that may be unrelated to potential future claim payments under the Company’s insurance policies. Refer to “Note 8: Derivative Instruments” for a further discussion of the Company’s use of derivatives and their impact on the Company’s consolidated financial statements.

RMBS Case Basis Reserves (Financial Guarantees)

The Company’s RMBS reserves and recoveries relate to financial guarantee insurance policies, excluding those on consolidated VIEs. The Company’s first-lien RMBS case basis reserves primarily relate to RMBS backed by alternative A-paper and subprime mortgage loans. The Company’s second-lien RMBS case basis reserves relate to RMBS backed by home equity lines of credit and closed-end second mortgages. The Company calculated RMBS case basis reserves as of March 31,2019 for both first and second-lien RMBS transactions using a process called the “Roll Rate Methodology.”The Roll Rate Methodology is a multi-step process using databases of loan level information, proprietary internal cash flow models, and commercially available models to estimate potential losses and recoveries on insured bonds. Refer to “Note 6: Loss and Loss Adjustment Expense Reserves” in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements included in the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2018, for additional information on the Company’s Roll Rate methodology for its RMBS case basis reserves.

The Company monitors portfolio performance on a monthly basis against projected performance, reviewing delinquencies, roll rates, and prepayment rates (including voluntary and involuntary). However, loan performance remains difficult to predict and losses may exceed expectations. In the event of a material deviation in actual performance from projected performance, the Company would increase or decrease the case basis reserves accordingly.

RMBS Recoveries

The Company primarily records two types of recoveries related to insured RMBS exposures:excess spread that is generated from the trust structures in the insured transactions; and second-lien “put-back” claims related to those mortgage loans whose inclusion in an insured securitization failed to comply with representations and warranties (“ineligible loans”).

Excess Spread

Excess spread within insured RMBS securitizations is the difference between interest inflows on mortgage loan collateral and interest outflows on the insured RMBS notes. The aggregate amount of excess spread depends on the future loss trends, which include future delinquency trends, average time to charge-off/liquidate delinquent loans, the future spread between Prime and the LIBOR interest rates, and borrower refinancing behavior (which may be affected by changes in the interest rate environment) that results in voluntary prepayments. Minor deviations in loss trends and voluntary prepayments may substantially impact the amounts collected from excess spread. Excess spread also includes subsequent recoveries on previously charged-off loans associated with insured second-lien RMBS securitizations.

Second-lien Put-Back Claims Related to Ineligible Loans

The Company has settled the majority of the Company’s put-back claims relating to the inclusion of ineligible loans in securitizations it insured. Only its claims against Credit Suisse remain outstanding. Credit Suisse has challenged the Company’s assessment of the ineligibility of individual mortgage loans and the dispute is the subject of litigation for which there is no assurance that the Company will prevail. The Company’s settlement amounts on its prior put-back claims have been consistent with the put-back recoveries that had been included in the Company’s financial statements at the times preceding the settlements. Based on the Company’s assessment of the strength of its contractual put-back rights against Credit Suisse, as well as on its prior settlements with other sellers/servicers and success of other monolines’ put-back settlements, the Company believes it will prevail in enforcing its contractual rights and that it is entitled to collect the full amount of its incurred losses. The Company is also entitled to collect interest on amounts paid; it believes that in the context of its put-back litigation, the appropriate interest rate should be the New York State statutory rate. However, the Company currently calculates its put-back recoveries using the contractual interest rate, which is lower than the New York State statutory rate.

Notwithstanding the foregoing, uncertainty remains with respect to the ultimate outcome of the litigation with Credit Suisse, which is contemplated in the probability-weighted cash flow scenario based-modeling the Company uses. The Credit Suisse recovery scenarios are based on the amount of incurred losses measured against certain probabilities of ultimate resolution of the dispute with Credit Suisse. Most of the probability weight is assigned to partial recovery scenarios and are discounted using the current risk-free discount rates associated against the underlying transaction’s cash flows.

The Company continues to consider relevant facts and circumstances in developing its assumptions on expected cash inflows, probability of potential recoveries (including the outcome of litigation) and recovery period. The estimated amount and likelihood of potential recoveries are expected to be revised and supplemented to the extent there are developments in the pending litigation and/or changes to the financial condition of Credit Suisse. While the Company believes it will be successful in realizing its recoveries from its put-back contract claims against Credit Suisse, the ultimate amount recovered may be materially different from that recorded by the Company given the inherent uncertainty of the manner of resolving the claims (i.e., litigation and/or negotiated out-of-court settlement) and the assumptions used in the required estimation process for accounting purposes which are based, in part, on judgments and other information that are not easily corroborated by historical data or other relevant benchmarks. Refer to “Note 13: Commitments and Contingencies” for further information about the Company’s litigation with Credit Suisse.

CDO Reserves and Recoveries

The Company also has loss and LAE reserves on certain transactions within its collateralized debt obligations (“CDO”) portfolio, primarily its multi-sector CDO asset class that was insured in the form of financial guarantee policies. MBIA’s insured multi-sector CDOs are transactions that include a variety of collateral ranging from corporate bonds to structured finance assets (which includes, but are not limited to, RMBS-related collateral, multi-sector and corporate CDOs).Refer to “Note 6: Loss and Loss Adjustment Expense Reserves” in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements included in the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2018, for additional information on the Company’s process for estimating reserves on these policies.

Zohar Recoveries

MBIA Corp. will seek to recover the payments it made (plus interest and expenses) with respect to Zohar I and Zohar II. MBIA Corp. anticipates that the primary source of the recoverieswill come from the monetization of the Zohar Assets as anticipated in the Zohar Bankruptcy Settlement.Refer to “Note 1: Business Developments and Risks and Uncertainties” for additional information about the estimated Zohar recoveries. Notwithstanding the procedures agreed to in the Zohar Bankruptcy Settlement, there can be no assurance that the value of the Zohar Assets will be sufficient to permit MBIA Corp. to recover all or substantially all of the payments it made on Zohar I and Zohar II. Failure to recover a substantial amount of such payments could impede MBIA Corp.’s ability to make payments when due on other policies. MBIA Corp. believes that if the NYSDFS concludes at any time that MBIA Insurance Corporation will not be able to pay its policyholder claims, the NYSDFS would likely put MBIA Insurance Corporation into a rehabilitation or liquidation proceeding under Article 74 of the NYIL and/or take such other actions as the NYSDFS may deem necessary to protect the interests of MBIA Insurance Corporation’s policyholders. The determination to commence such a proceeding or take other such actions is within the exclusive control of the NYSDFS.

Summary of Loss and LAE Reserves and Recoveries

The Company’s loss and LAE reserves and recoveries before consolidated VIE eliminations, along with amounts that were eliminated as a result of consolidated VIEs, which are included in the Company’s consolidated balance sheets as of March 31,2019 and December 31, 2018 are presented in the following table:

			As of March 31, 2019				As of December 31, 2018
In millions			Balance Sheet Line Item				Balance Sheet Line Item
			Insurance loss recoverable		Loss and LAE reserves		Insurance loss recoverable		Loss and LAE reserves
U.S. Public Finance Insurance
	Before VIE eliminations		$	630	$	478	$	571	$	551
	VIE eliminations			-		(75)		-		-
		Total U.S. public finance insurance		630		403		571		551
International and Structured Finance Insurance:
	Before VIE eliminations(1)			1,389		668		1,430		637
	VIE eliminations(1)			(436)		(265)		(437)		(254)
		Total international and structured finance insurance		953		403		993		383
	Total		$	1,583	$	806	$	1,564	$	934
		_________________
		(1) - Includes loan repurchase commitments of $420 million and $418 million as of March 31, 2019 and December 31, 2018, respectively.

Changes in Loss and LAE Reserves

The following table presents changes in the Company’s loss and LAE reserves for the three months endedMarch 31,2019. Changes in loss reserves attributable to the accretion of the claim liability discount, changes in discount rates, changes in amount and timingof estimated claim payments and recoveries, changes in assumptions and changes in LAE reserves are recorded in “Losses and loss adjustment” expenses in the Company’s consolidated statements of operations. As of March 31,2019, the weighted average risk-free rate used to discount the Company’s loss reserves (claim liability) was 2.38%. LAE reserves are generally expected to be settled within a one-year period and are not discounted. As of March 31,2019 and December 31, 2018, the Company’s gross loss and LAE reserves included $51 million and $60 million, respectively, related to LAE.

In millions

Changes in Loss and LAE Reserves for the Three Months Ended March 31, 2019

Gross Loss

Gross Loss

and LAE

Accretion

Changes in

and LAE

Reserves as of

of Claim

Changes in

Unearned

Changes in

Reserves as of

December 31,

Loss

Liability

Discount

Changes in

Premium

LAE

March 31,

2018

Payments

Discount

Rates

Assumptions

Revenue

Reserves

2019

$

934

$

(84)

$

5

$

(27)

$

(37)

$

24

$

(9)

$

806

The decrease in the Company’s loss reserves primarily relates to payments made on certain Puerto Rico credits and the consolidation of credits, with loss reserves, as VIEs, partially offset by an increase in reserves on RMBS transactions.

Changes in Insurance Loss Recoverable and Recoveries on Unpaid Losses

CurrentperiodchangesintheCompany’sestimateofpotentialrecoveriesmay berecordedasaninsuranceloss recoverableasset,nettedagainstthegrosslossandLAEreserveliability,or both.The following table presents changes in the Company’s insurance loss recoverable and changes in recoveries on unpaid losses reported within the Company’s claim liability for the three months endedMarch 31,2019. Changes in insurance loss recoverable attributable to the accretion of the discount on the recoverable, changes in discount rates, changes in amount and timing of estimated collections, changes in assumptions and changes in LAE recoveries are recorded in “Losses and loss adjustment” expenses in the Company’s consolidated statements of operations.

			Changes in Insurance Loss Recoverable and Recoveries on Unpaid Losses
			for the Three Months Ended March 31, 2019
	Gross															Gross
	Reserve															Reserve
	as of				Accretion		Changes in					Changes in				as of
	December 31,		Collections		of		Discount		Changes in			LAE				March 31,
In millions	2018		for Cases		Recoveries		Rates		Assumptions			Recoveries		Other(1)		2019
Insurance loss recoverable	$	1,564	$	(58)	$	10	$	28	$	40	(2)	$	-	$	(1)	$	1,583
Recoveries on unpaid losses (3)		19		-		-		1		(1)			-		-		19
Total	$	1,583	$	(58)	$	10	$	29	$	39		$	-	$	(1)	$	1,602
____________
(1) - Primarily changes in amount and timing of collections.
(2) - Includes amounts which have been paid and are expected to be recovered in the future.
(3) - Excludes certain Puerto Rico recoveries which have been netted against reserves.

The increase in the Company’s insurance loss recoverable reflected in the preceding table was primarily due to amounts related to the anticipated recovery of claims paid to certain Puerto Rico credits offset by collections on insured RMBS transactions.

Loss and LAE Activity

For the three months ended March 31, 2019, the benefit to losses and LAE primarily related to an increase in expected recoveries on Puerto Rico exposures partially offset by incurred losses related to first-lien RMBS transactions. For the three months ended March 31, 2018, losses and LAE related to increases in actual and expected payments on Puerto Ricoexposures.

Costs associated with remediating insured obligations assigned to the Company’s surveillance categories are recorded as LAE and are included in “Losses and loss adjustment” expenses on the Company’s consolidated statements of operations. For the three months ended March 31, 2019 and 2018, gross LAE related to remediating insured obligations were $1 million and $13 million, respectively.

Surveillance Categories

Thefollowing table providesinformationaboutthe financial guaranteesand related claimliabilityincluded in each of MBIA’ssurveillance categoriesasofMarch 31,2019:

				Surveillance Categories
				Caution		Caution		Caution
				List		List		List		Classified
$ in millions				Low		Medium		High		List		Total
Number of policies					47		18		-		229		294
Number of issues (1)					15		4		-		99		118
Remaining weighted average contract
	period (in years)				6.6		7.8		-		7.6		7.4
Gross insured contractual payments
	outstanding: (2)
		Principal		$	1,527	$	249	$	-	$	4,267	$	6,043
		Interest			2,068		122		-		1,781		3,971
			Total	$	3,595	$	371	$	-	$	6,048	$	10,014
Gross Claim Liability (3)				$	-	$	-	$	-	$	928	$	928
Less:
	Gross Potential Recoveries (4)				-		-		-		1,999		1,999
	Discount, net (5)				-		-		-		(300)		(300)
Net claim liability (recoverable)				$	-	$	-	$	-	$	(771)	$	(771)
Unearned premium revenue				$	5	$	4	$	-	$	41	$	50
Reinsurance recoverable on paid and unpaid losses (6)												$	19
__________
(1) - An “issue” represents the aggregate of financial guarantee policies that share the same revenue source for purposes of making debt service payments on the insured debt.
(2) - Represents contractual principal and interest payments due by the issuer of the obligations insured by MBIA.
(3) - The gross claim liability with respect to Puerto Rico exposures are net of expected recoveries for policies in a net payable position.
(4) - Gross potential recoveries with respect to certain Puerto Rico exposures are net of the claim liability for policies in a net recoverable position.
(5) - Represents discount related to Gross Claim Liability and Gross Potential Recoveries.
(6) - Included in "Other assets" on the Company's consolidated balance sheets.

Thefollowing table providesinformationaboutthe financial guaranteesand related claimliabilityincluded in each of MBIA’ssurveillance categoriesasofDecember 31,2018:

				Surveillance Categories
				Caution		Caution		Caution
				List		List		List		Classified
$ in millions				Low		Medium		High		List		Total
Number of policies					50		18		-		233		301
Number of issues (1)					16		4		-		102		122
Remaining weighted average contract
	period (in years)				6.7		8.0		-		9.7		8.9
Gross insured contractual payments
	outstanding: (2)
		Principal		$	1,604	$	249	$	-	$	5,353	$	7,206
		Interest			2,118		123		-		5,414		7,655
			Total	$	3,722	$	372	$	-	$	10,767	$	14,861
Gross Claim Liability (3)				$	-	$	-	$	-	$	977	$	977
Less:
	Gross Potential Recoveries (4)				-		-		-		2,255		2,255
	Discount, net (5)				-		-		-		(670)		(670)
Net claim liability (recoverable)				$	-	$	-	$	-	$	(608)	$	(608)
Unearned premium revenue				$	5	$	4	$	-	$	63	$	72
Reinsurance recoverable on paid and unpaid losses (6)												$	21
__________
(1) - An “issue” represents the aggregate of financial guarantee policies that share the same revenue source for purposes of making debt service payments on the insured debt.
(2) - Represents contractual principal and interest payments due by the issuer of the obligations insured by MBIA.
(3) - The gross claim liability with respect to Puerto Rico exposures are net of expected recoveries for policies in a net payable position.
(4) - Gross potential recoveries with respect to certain Puerto Rico exposures are net of the claim liability for policies in a net recoverable position.
(5) - Represents discount related to Gross Claim Liability and Gross Potential Recoveries.
(6) - Included in "Other assets" on the Company's consolidated balance sheets.