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Significant Accounting Policies

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2013

Note 2: Significant Accounting Policies

Basis of Presentation

The consolidated financial statements have been prepared on the basis of GAAP. The preparation of financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosures of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements, and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. Actual results could differ from those estimates. As additional information becomes available or actual amounts become determinable, the recorded estimates are revised and reflected in operating results.

Certain amounts have been reclassified in prior years' financial statements to conform to the current presentation. These reclassifications had no impact on total revenues, expenses, assets, liabilities, or shareholders' equity for all periods presented.

Prior Period Revisions

Prior period basic earnings per share was revised to correct an error in the allocation of net income to participating securities under the two-class method and prior period diluted earnings per share was revised to correct an error in the application of the treasury stock method for certain liability-classified warrants. Refer to “Note 17: Earnings Per Share” for a discussion and impact of this revision.

The consolidated statements of comprehensive income (loss) for the years ended December 31, 2012 and 2011 were revised to correct an error in the classification of certain foreign currency translation gains included in other comprehensive income. For the year ended December 31, 2012, “Unrealized gains (losses) arising during the period” of $176 million were previously reported as $217 million and “Foreign currency translation gains (losses)” of $24 million were previously reported as ($17 million). For the year ended December 31, 2011, “Unrealized gains (losses) arising during the period” of $277 million were previously reported as $298 million and “Foreign currency translation gains (losses)” of ($13 million) were previously reported as ($34 million). These revisions had no impact on total other comprehensive income, total comprehensive income, total assets, total liabilities, or total equity for the respective periods. As such and in accordance with Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”) Staff Accounting Bulletin No. 99, Materiality, and SEC Staff Accounting Bulletin No. 108, Considering the Effects of Prior Year Misstatements When Quantifying Misstatements in Current Year Financial Statements, the Company evaluated these revisions and concluded that they were immaterial to the affected prior periods individually and in the aggregate.

Consolidation

The consolidated financial statements include the accounts of MBIA Inc., its wholly-owned subsidiaries and all other entities in which the Company has a controlling financial interest. All intercompany balances and transactions have been eliminated. The Company determines whether it has a controlling financial interest in an entity by first evaluating whether an entity is a voting interest entity or a variable interest entity (“VIE”).

Voting interest entities are entities in which (i) the total equity investment at risk is sufficient to enable an entity to finance its activities independently and (ii) the equity holders have the obligation to absorb losses, the right to receive residual returns and the right to make decisions about the entity's activities. Voting interest entities are consolidated when the Company has a majority voting interest.

VIEs are entities that lack one or more of the characteristics of a voting interest entity. The consolidation of a VIE is required if an entity has a variable interest (such as an equity or debt investment, a beneficial interest, a guarantee, a written put option or a similar obligation) and that variable interest or interests give it a controlling financial interest in the VIE. A controlling financial interest is present when an enterprise has both (a) the power to direct the activities of a VIE that most significantly impact the entity's economic performance and (b) the obligation to absorb losses or the right to receive benefits of the VIE that could potentially be significant to the VIE. The enterprise with the controlling financial interest, known as the primary beneficiary, is required to consolidate the VIE. The Company consolidates all VIEs in which it is the primary beneficiary. Refer to “Note 4: Variable Interest Entities” for additional information.

Investments

The Company classifies its fixed-maturity investments as available-for-sale (“AFS”), held-to-maturity (“HTM”), or trading. AFS investments are reported in the consolidated balance sheets at fair value with unrealized gains and losses, net of applicable deferred income taxes, reflected in accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) (“AOCI”) in shareholders' equity. Bond discounts and premiums are accreted and amortized using the effective yield method over the remaining term of the securities. For mortgage-backed securities (“MBS”) and ABS, discounts and premiums are amortized using the retrospective method. For pre-refunded bonds, the remaining term is determined based on the contractual refunding date. Investment income is recorded as earned. Realized gains and losses represent the difference between the amortized cost value and the sale proceeds. The first-in, first-out method is used to identify the investments sold and the resulting realized gains and losses are included as a separate component of revenues.

HTM investments consist mainly of debt securities for which the Company has the ability and intent to hold such investments to maturity. These investments are reported in the consolidated balance sheets at amortized cost. Discounts and premiums are amortized using the effective yield method over the remaining term of the assets. Investment income, including interest income, is recorded as earned.

Investments designated as trading consist primarily of debt securities which are held in portfolios that are actively managed and are subject to frequent buying and selling. Trading securities are carried at fair value with changes in fair value recorded in earnings.

Other investments include the Company's investment in equity securities. The Company records its share of the unrealized gains and losses on equity securities, net of applicable deferred income taxes, in AOCI in shareholders' equity when it does not have a controlling financial interest in or exert significant influence over an entity (generally a voting interest of less than 20%).

Short-term investments include all fixed-maturity securities with a remaining effective term to maturity of less than one year, commercial paper and money market securities.

Fixed-Maturity Securities at Fair Value

Fixed-maturity securities at fair value include all fixed-maturity securities held by the Company for which changes in fair values are reflected in earnings. These include securities designated as trading securities, as well as those fixed-maturity securities for which the Company has elected the fair value option. Changes in fair value and realized gains and losses from the sale of these securities are reflected in earnings as part of “Net gains (losses) on financial instruments at fair value and foreign exchange”. Any interest income is reflected in earnings as part of net investment income. Refer to “Note 7: Fair Value of Financial Instruments” for additional disclosures related to securities for which the Company has elected the fair value option.

The Company elected, under the fair value option within accounting guidance for financial assets and liabilities, to record certain financial assets and liabilities at fair value. Specifically, the Company has elected to apply the fair value option to all financial assets and liabilities of certain consolidated VIEs on a VIE-by-VIE basis.

Other-Than-Temporary Impairments on Investment Securities

The Company's consolidated statements of operations reflect the full impairment (the difference between a security's amortized cost basis and fair value) on debt securities that the Company intends to sell or would more likely than not be required to sell before the expected recovery of the amortized cost basis. For AFS and HTM debt securities that management has no intent to sell and believes that it is more likely than not such securities will not be required to be sold prior to recovery, only the credit loss component of the impairment is recognized in earnings. For AFS securities, the remaining fair value loss is recognized in AOCI, net of applicable deferred income taxes.

The Company's AFS and HTM securities for which the fair value is less than amortized cost are reviewed no less than quarterly in order to determine whether a credit loss exists. This evaluation includes both qualitative and quantitative considerations. In assessing whether a decline in value is related to a credit loss, the Company considers several factors, including but not limited to (a) the magnitude and duration of the decline, (b) credit indicators and the reasons for the decline, such as general interest rate or credit spread movements, credit rating downgrades, issuer-specific changes in credit spreads, and the financial condition of the issuer, and (c) any guarantees associated with a security such as those provided by financial guarantee insurance companies. Credit loss expectations for ABS and CDOs are assessed using discounted cash flow modeling, and the recoverability of amortized cost for corporate obligations is generally assessed using issuer-specific credit analyses.

Cash, Cash Equivalents and Collateral

Cash and cash equivalents include cash on hand, demand deposits, and deposits with banks with original maturities of less than 90 days.

Under certain non-insurance derivative contracts entered into by the Company, collateral postings are required by either MBIA or the counterparty when the aggregate market value of derivative contracts entered into with the same counterparty exceeds a predefined threshold. Securities pledged in connection with these derivative contracts may not be repledged by the counterparty. The Company reports cash received or posted in its consolidated statements of cash flows as operating, investing or financing, consistent with the classification of the asset or liability that created the posting requirement.

Acquisition Costs

The Company capitalizes and defers acquisition costs that are directly related to the successful acquisition of new or renewal business. Acquisition costs are costs to acquire an insurance contract which result directly from and is essential to the insurance contracts transaction and would not have been incurred by the Company had the contract transaction not occurred. For business produced directly by National or MBIA Corp., such costs include compensation of employees involved in underwriting and deferred issuance functions, certain rating agency fees, state premium taxes and certain other underwriting expenses, reduced by ceding commission income on premiums ceded to reinsurers. Acquisition costs also include ceding commissions paid by the Company in connection with assuming business from other financial guarantors. Acquisition costs, net of ceding commissions received, related to non-derivative insured financial guarantee transactions are deferred and amortized over the period in which the related premiums are earned. Acquisition costs related to insured derivative transactions are expensed as incurred.

Property and Equipment

Property and equipment consists of land, buildings, leasehold improvements, furniture, fixtures and equipment and software owned by the Company. All property and equipment held for use is recorded at cost and, except for land, is depreciated over the appropriate useful life of the asset using the straight-line method. Leasehold improvements are amortized over the useful life of the improvement or the remaining term of the lease, whichever is shorter. The cost and related accumulated depreciation applicable to assets sold or retired are removed from the Company's balance sheet and any gain or loss on disposition is recognized in earnings as a component of “Other net realized gains (losses).” Maintenance and repairs are charged to current earnings as incurred.

Property, leasehold improvements and equipment are tested for potential impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances suggest that an asset's or asset group's carrying value may not be fully recoverable. An impairment loss, calculated as the difference between the estimated fair value and the carrying value of an asset or asset group, is recognized if the sum of the expected undiscounted cash flows relating to the asset or asset group is less than the corresponding carrying value.

In the third quarter of 2013, the Company recorded an impairment charge of $29 million on its Armonk, New York facility. The carrying amount of the facility was adjusted to its fair market value, which was estimated based on an independent third-party appraisal. This impairment charge is reflected in the results of the Company's U.S. public finance insurance segment and is reported within “Other net realized gains (losses)” on the Company's consolidated statements of operations for the year ended December 31, 2013.

In the fourth quarter of 2013, the Company approved and initiated a plan to actively market the Armonk, New York facility with the expectation that the facility will be sold prior to the end of 2014. As a result, it has been classified as held for sale as of December 31, 2013, and is presented within “Assets held for sale” on the Company's consolidated balance sheet and measured at the lower of its cost basis or its fair value less cost to sell. The Company no longer recognizes depreciation expense on the facility because it is classified as held for sale.

The Company's estimated remaining weighted average useful lives of each class of assets held for use as of December 31, 2013 are as follows:

	Leasehold improvements		9 years
	Furniture and fixtures		6 years
	Equipment and software		3 years

Derivatives

MBIA has entered into derivative transactions as an additional form of financial guarantee and for purposes of hedging risks associated with existing assets and liabilities. All derivative instruments are recognized at fair value on the balance sheet as either assets or liabilities depending on the rights or obligations under the contract, and the gain or loss on the derivative is recognized in the statements of operations as “Net gains (losses) on financial instruments at fair value and foreign exchange” or “Unrealized gains (losses) on insured derivatives” depending on the nature of the derivative.

Certain of the Company's financial guarantees that meet the definition of a derivative are subject to a financial guarantee scope exception, as defined by the accounting guidance for derivative instruments and hedging activities. This scope exception provides that these financial guarantee contracts are not subject to accounting guidance for derivative instruments and should be accounted for as financial guarantee insurance contracts only if:

they provide for payments to be made solely to reimburse the guaranteed party for failure of the debtor to satisfy its required payment obligations under a non-derivative contract, either at pre-specified payment dates or accelerated payment dates, as a result of the occurrence of an event of default (as defined in the financial obligation covered by the guarantee contract) or notice of acceleration being made to the debtor by the creditor;
payment under the financial guarantee contract is made only if the debtor's obligation to make payments as a result of conditions as described above is past due; and
the guaranteed party is, as a precondition in the contract (or in the back-to-back arrangement, if applicable) for receiving payment of any claim under the guarantee, exposed to the risk of nonpayment both at inception of the financial guarantee contract and throughout its term either through direct legal ownership of the guaranteed obligation or through a back-to-back arrangement with another party that is required, by the back-to-back arrangement, to maintain direct ownership of the guaranteed obligation.

Financial guarantee contracts which have any of the following would not qualify for the financial guarantee scope exception:

payments are required based on changes in the creditworthiness of a referenced credit, rather than failure of that debtor to pay when due (i.e., default);
the guaranteed party is not actually exposed to loss (that is, it neither owns the referenced asset nor is itself a guarantor of that asset) throughout the term of the contract; or
the compensation to be paid under the contract could exceed the amount of loss actually incurred by the guaranteed party.

Approximately 94% of the Company's financial guarantee contracts qualify for the scope exception defined above and, therefore, are accounted for as financial guarantee insurance contracts. The remaining contracts do not meet the scope exception, primarily because the guaranteed party is not exposed to the risk of nonpayment both at inception of the financial guarantee contract and throughout its term. These contracts are accounted for as derivatives and reported on the Company's balance sheets as either assets or liabilities, depending on the rights or obligations under the contract, at fair value. The Company refers to these contracts as insured CDS contracts. Insured CDS contracts are not designated as hedges and changes in the fair value are reflected in the consolidated statements of operations as “Unrealized gains (losses) on insured derivatives.”

Contracts that do not in their entirety meet the definition of a derivative instrument, such as bonds, insurance policies and leases, may contain embedded derivative instruments, which are implicit or explicit terms that affect some or all of the cash flows or the value of other exchanges required by the contract in a manner similar to a derivative instrument. The effect of including or embedding a derivative instrument in another contract, referred to as the host contract, is that some or all of the cash flows or other exchanges that otherwise would be required by the host contract, whether unconditional or contingent upon the occurrence of a specified event, will be modified based on one or more underlying references.

Refer to “Note 9: Derivative Instruments” for a further discussion of the Company's use of derivatives and their impact on the Company's consolidated financial statements and “Note 7: Fair Value of Financial Instruments” for derivative valuation techniques and fair value disclosures.

Offsetting of Fair Value Amounts Related to Derivative Instruments

The Company has a policy of presenting the fair value amounts recognized for eligible derivative contracts executed with the same counterparty on a net basis in the consolidated balance sheets. Accrued receivables and accrued payables which meet the offsetting criteria are netted, separately from the derivative values, in other assets/other liabilities. Cash collateral is offset against amounts recognized as derivative liabilities and the related accrued interest for eligible derivative contracts. Refer to “Note 9: Derivative Instruments” for the impact of netting eligible derivative contracts executed with the same counterparty on the consolidated balance sheets.

Fair Value Measurements—Definition and Hierarchy

In determining fair value, the Company uses various valuation approaches, including both market and income approaches. The accounting guidance for fair value measurement establishes a hierarchy for inputs used in measuring fair value that maximizes the use of observable inputs and minimizes the use of unobservable inputs by requiring that the most observable inputs be used when available and reliable. Observable inputs are those the Company believes that market participants would use in pricing the asset or liability developed based on market data. Unobservable inputs are those that reflect the Company's beliefs about the assumptions market participants would use in pricing the asset or liability developed based on the best information available. The hierarchy is broken down into three levels based on the observability and reliability of inputs as follows:

Level 1—Valuations based on quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities that the Company has the ability to access. Assets utilizing Level 1 inputs generally include U.S. Treasuries, foreign government bonds, money market securities and certain corporate obligations that are highly liquid and actively traded.
Level 2—Valuations based on quoted prices in markets that are not active or for which all significant inputs are observable, either directly or indirectly. Level 2 assets include debt securities with quoted prices that are traded less frequently than exchange-traded instruments, securities which are priced using observable inputs and derivative contracts whose values are determined using a pricing model with inputs that are observable in the market or can be derived principally from or corroborated by observable market data. Assets and liabilities utilizing Level 2 inputs include: U.S. government and agency MBS; most over-the-counter (“OTC”) derivatives; corporate and municipal bonds; and certain other MBS or ABS.
Level 3—Valuations based on inputs that are unobservable and supported by little or no market activity and that are significant to the overall fair value measurement. Level 3 assets and liabilities include financial instruments whose value is determined using pricing models, discounted cash flow methodologies, or similar techniques, as well as instruments for which the determination of fair value requires significant management judgment or estimation. Assets and liabilities utilizing Level 3 inputs include certain MBS, ABS and CDO securities where observable pricing information was not able to be obtained for a significant portion of the underlying assets; OTC derivatives and certain insured derivatives that require significant management judgment and estimation in the valuation.

The level of activity in a market contributes to the determination of whether an input is observable. An active market is one in which transactions for an asset or liability occurs with sufficient frequency and volume to provide pricing information on an ongoing basis. In determining whether a market is active or inactive, the Company considers the following traits to be indicative of an active market:

transactions are frequent and observable;
prices in the market are current;
price quotes among dealers do not vary significantly over time; and
sufficient information relevant to valuation is publicly available.

The availability of observable inputs can vary from product to product and period to period and is affected by a wide variety of factors, including, for example, the type of product, whether the product is new and not yet established in the marketplace, and other characteristics particular to the transaction. To the extent that valuation is based on models or inputs that are less observable or unobservable in the market, the determination of fair value requires more judgment. Accordingly, the degree of judgment exercised by the Company in determining fair value is greatest for instruments categorized in Level 3. In certain cases, the inputs used to measure fair value may fall into different levels of the fair value hierarchy. In such cases, for disclosure purposes the level in the fair value hierarchy within which the fair value measurement in its entirety falls is determined based on the lowest level input that is significant to the fair value measurement in its entirety.

Fair value is a market-based measure considered from the perspective of a market participant rather than an entity-specific measure. Therefore, even when market assumptions are not readily available, the Company's own assumptions are set to reflect those that it believes market participants would use in pricing the asset or liability at the measurement date. The Company uses prices and inputs that are current as of the measurement date, including during periods of market dislocation. In periods of market dislocation, the observability of prices and inputs may be reduced for many instruments. This condition could cause an instrument to be reclassified from Level 1 to Level 2 or from Level 2 to Level 3. The Company has also taken into account its own nonperformance risk and that of its counterparties when measuring fair value.

The Company previously elected to record at fair value certain financial instruments that contained an embedded derivative requiring bifurcation in accordance with the accounting guidance for hybrid financial instruments. These instruments included certain MTNs and certain AFS securities. Management elected to fair value hybrid instruments in those instances where the host contract and the embedded derivative were not separately subject to a hedging relationship.

Refer to “Note 7: Fair Value of Financial Instruments” for additional fair value disclosures.

Loss and Loss Adjustment Expenses

The Company recognizes loss reserves on a contract-by-contract basis when the present value of expected net cash outflows to be paid under the contract discounted using a risk-free rate as of the measurement date exceeds the unearned premium revenue. A loss reserve is subsequently remeasured each reporting period for expected increases or decreases due to changes in the likelihood of default and potential recoveries. Subsequent changes to the measurement of the loss reserves are recognized as loss expense in the period of change. Measurement and recognition of loss reserves are reported gross of any reinsurance. The Company estimates the likelihood of possible claim payments and possible recoveries using probability-weighted expected cash flows based on information available as of the measurement date, including market information. Accretion of the discount on a loss reserve is included in loss expense.

The Company recognizes potential recoveries on paid claims based on probability-weighted net cash inflows present valued at applicable risk-free rates as of the measurement date. Such amounts are reported within “Insurance loss recoverable” on the Company's consolidated balance sheets. To the extent the Company had recorded potential recoveries in its loss reserves previous to a claim payment, such recoveries are reclassified to “Insurance loss recoverable” upon payment of the related claim and remeasured each reporting period.

The Company's loss reserve, insurance loss recoverable, and accruals for loss adjustment expense (“LAE”) incurred are disclosed in “Note 6: Loss and Loss Adjustment Expense Reserves.”

Investment Agreements and Medium-Term Notes

Investment agreements and MTNs are recorded as liabilities and carried at their face value, adjusted for any premiums or discounts, plus accrued interest. Interest expense is accrued at the contractual interest rate. Premiums and discounts related to investment agreements and MTNs are amortized on a constant yield basis as an adjustment to interest expense.

Long-term Debt

Long-term debt is carried at the principal amount borrowed, plus accrued interest and net of any unamortized discounts.

Financial Guarantee Insurance Premiums

Unearned Premium Revenue and Receivable for Future Premiums

The Company recognizes a liability for unearned premium revenue at the inception of financial guarantee insurance and reinsurance contracts on a contract-by-contract basis. Unearned premium revenue recognized at inception of a contract is measured at the present value of the premium due. For most financial guarantee insurance contracts, the Company receives the entire premium due at the inception of the contract, and recognizes unearned premium revenue liability at that time. For certain other financial guarantee contracts, the Company receives premiums in installments over the term of the contract. Unearned premium revenue and a receivable for future premiums are recognized at the inception of an installment contract, and measured at the present value of premiums expected to be collected over the contract period or expected period using a risk-free discount rate. The expected period is used in the present value determination of unearned premium revenue and receivable for future premiums for contracts where (a) the insured obligation is contractually prepayable, (b) prepayments are probable, (c) the amount and timing of prepayments are reasonably estimable, and (d) a homogenous pool of assets is the underlying collateral for the insured obligation. The Company has determined that substantially all of its installment contracts meet the conditions required to be treated as expected period contracts. The receivable for future premiums is reduced as installment premiums are collected. The Company reports the accretion of the discount on installment premiums receivable as premium revenue and discloses the amount recognized in “Note 5: Insurance Premiums.” The Company assesses the receivable for future premiums for collectability each reporting period, adjusts the receivable for uncollectible amounts and recognizes any write-off as operating expense, and discloses the amount recognized in “Note 5: Insurance Premiums.” As premium revenue is recognized, the unearned premium revenue liability is reduced.

Premium Revenue Recognition

The Company recognizes and measures premium revenue over the period of the contract in proportion to the amount of insurance protection provided. Premium revenue is measured by applying a constant rate to the insured principal amount outstanding in a given period to recognize a proportionate share of the premium received or expected to be received on a financial guarantee insurance contract. A constant rate for each respective financial guarantee insurance contract is calculated as the ratio of (a) the present value of premium received or expected to be received over the period of the contract to (b) the sum of all insured principal amounts outstanding during each period over the term of the contract.

An issuer of an insured financial obligation may retire the obligation prior to its scheduled maturity through refinancing or legal defeasance in satisfaction of the obligation according to its indenture, which results in the Company's obligation being extinguished under the financial guarantee contract. The Company recognizes any remaining unearned premium revenue on the insured obligation as refunding premiums earned in the period the contract is extinguished to the extent the unearned premium revenue has been collected.

Non-refundable commitment fees are considered insurance premiums and are initially recorded under unearned premium revenue in the consolidated balance sheets when received. Once the related financial guarantee insurance policy is issued, the commitment fees are recognized as premium written and earned using the constant rate method. If the commitment agreement expires before the related financial guarantee is issued, the non-refundable commitment fee is immediately recognized as premium written and earned at that time.

Fee and Reimbursement Revenue Recognition

The Company collects insurance related fees for services performed in connection with certain transactions. In addition, the Company may be entitled to reimbursement of third-party insurance expenses that it incurs in connection with certain transactions. Depending upon the type of fee received and whether it is related to an insurance policy, the fee is either earned when it is received or deferred and earned over the life of the related transaction. Work, waiver and consent, termination, administrative and management fees are earned when the related services are completed and the fee is received. Structuring fees are earned on a straight-line basis over the life of the related insurance policy. Amounts received from reinsurers in excess of those which are contractually due to MBIA upon the termination of reinsurance agreements are recorded as fees and earned when received.

Fees related to investment management services are recognized in earnings over the period that the related services are provided. Asset management fees are typically based on the net asset values of assets under management.

Stock-Based Compensation

The Company recognizes in earnings all stock-based payment transactions at the fair value of the stock-based compensation provided. Under the modified prospective transition method selected by the Company, all equity-based awards granted to employees and existing awards modified on or after January 1, 2003 are accounted for at fair value with compensation expense recorded in net income. Refer to “Note 16: Long-term Incentive Plans” for a further discussion regarding the methodology utilized in recognizing employee stock compensation expense.

Foreign Currency Translation

Financial statement assets and liabilities denominated in foreign currencies are translated into U.S. dollars generally using rates of exchange prevailing as of the balance sheet date. Operating results are translated at average rates of exchange prevailing during the year. Unrealized gains or losses, net of deferred taxes, resulting from translation of the financial statements of a non-U.S. operation, when the functional currency is other than the U.S. dollar, are included in “Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss)” in shareholders' equity. Foreign currency remeasurement gains and losses resulting from transactions in non-functional currencies are recorded in current earnings. Exchange gains and losses resulting from foreign currency transactions are recorded in current earnings.

Income Taxes

Deferred income taxes are recorded with respect to loss carryforwards and temporary differences between the tax bases of assets and liabilities and the reported amounts in the Company's financial statements that will result in deductible or taxable amounts in future years when the reported amounts of assets and liabilities are recovered or settled. Such temporary differences relate principally to premium revenue recognition, deferred acquisition costs, unrealized gains or losses on investments and insured derivatives, asset impairments, cancellation of indebtedness income, and net operating losses. Valuation allowances are established to reduce deferred tax assets to the amount that more likely than not will be realized. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are adjusted for the effect of changes in tax laws and rates in the period in which changes are approved by the relevant authority.

MBIA Inc. and its eligible U.S. subsidiaries file a consolidated federal income tax return. The U.S. income taxes, which represent a majority of the taxes paid by the Company, are allocated based on the provisions of the Company's tax sharing agreement which governs the intercompany settlement of tax obligations and benefits. The method of allocation between the members is generally based upon separate-company calculations as if each member filed a separate tax return on its own. As of December 31, 2013, any member with a net operating loss (“NOL”) has not received any payment with respect to stand-alone tax losses contributed to the consolidated group. Each member with an NOL will receive benefits of its tax losses and credits as it is able to earn them out in the future. However, based on current facts and circumstances, MBIA Inc. has advised its subsidiaries that, its intention is not to allow any member's NOL, capital loss or tax credit carryforward generated by any subsidiary to expire without compensation, to the extent such carryforward is used in consolidation. Such intention is independent of the tax sharing agreement which does not require any such compensation.

In establishing a liability for an unrecognized tax benefit (“UTB”), assumptions may be made in determining whether a tax position is more likely than not to be sustained upon examination by the taxing authority and also in determining the ultimate amount that is likely to be realized. A tax position is recognized only when, based on management's judgment regarding the application of income tax laws, it is more likely than not that the tax position will be sustained upon examination. The amount of tax benefit recognized is based on the Company's assessment of the largest amount of benefit that is more likely than not to be realized on ultimate settlement with the taxing authority. This measurement is based on many factors, including whether a tax dispute may be settled through negotiation with the taxing authority or is only subject to review in the courts. As new information becomes available, the Company evaluates its tax positions, and adjusts its UTB, as appropriate. If the tax benefit ultimately realized differs from the amount previously recognized, the Company recognizes an adjustment of the UTB.

Refer to “Note 11: Income Taxes” for additional information about the Company's income taxes.

- Definition

The entire disclosure for all significant accounting policies of the reporting entity.

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