Fair Value Disclosures

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2013

Fair Value Disclosures [Abstract]

Fair Value Disclosures

Fair Value

Accounting principles generally accepted in the U.S. define fair value as the price that would be received to sell an asset or transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants. As such, fair value is a market-based measurement that should be determined based on assumptions that market participants would use in pricing an asset or liability. The authoritative guidance discusses valuation techniques, such as the market approach (comparable market prices), the income approach (present value of future income or cash flow), and the cost approach (cost to replace the service capacity of an asset or replacement cost). These valuation techniques are based upon observable and unobservable inputs. Observable inputs reflect market data obtained from independent sources, while unobservable inputs reflect the Company’s market assumptions. As the basis for evaluating such inputs, a three-tier value hierarchy prioritizes the inputs used in measuring fair value as follows:

Level 1: Observable inputs such as quoted prices for identical assets or liabilities in active markets.

Level 2: Observable inputs other than quoted prices that are directly or indirectly observable for the asset or liability, including quoted prices for similar assets or liabilities in active markets; quoted prices for similar or identical assets or liabilities in markets that are not active; and model-derived valuations whose inputs are observable or whose significant value drivers are observable.

Level 3: Unobservable inputs that reflect the reporting entity’s own assumptions.

Recurring Fair Value Measurements

The Company’s financial assets and liabilities adjusted to fair value at least annually are its money market fund investments included in cash and cash equivalents, its mutual fund investments included in other assets, and its derivative instruments, which are primarily included in prepaid expenses and other, other assets, other accrued liabilities and other noncurrent liabilities.

The Company determines the fair value of its mutual fund investments based on quoted market prices (Level 1).

Level 2 fair value determinations are derived from directly or indirectly observable (market-based) information. Such inputs are the basis for the fair values of the Company’s money market fund investments and derivative instruments. The money market fund investments held by the Company and included in cash and cash equivalents are not publicly traded, but the fair value is determined based on the values of the underlying investments in the money market fund (Level 2). The Company generally uses derivatives for hedging purposes, and the Company’s derivatives are primarily foreign currency forward contracts and interest rate swaps. The Company determines the fair value of its derivative instruments using standard pricing models and market-based assumptions for all significant inputs, such as yield curves and quoted spot and forward exchange rates. Accordingly, the Company’s derivative instruments are classified as Level 2.

The following tables present the Company’s non-pension financial assets and liabilities which are measured at fair value on a recurring basis (in millions):

Fair value as of December 31, 2013	Total		Level 1		Level 2		Level 3
Assets
Investment securities, including mutual funds(1)	$	21.3	$	8.7	$	12.6	$	—
Interest rate swaps	23.1		—		23.1		—
Foreign currency derivatives	2.9		—		2.9		—
Total	$	47.3	$	8.7	$	38.6	$	—
Liabilities
Interest rate swaps	$	35.5	$	—	$	35.5	$	—
Foreign currency derivatives	1.4		—		1.4		—
Total	$	36.9	$	—	$	36.9	$	—
Fair value as of December 31, 2012
Assets
Investment securities, including mutual funds(1)	$	11.5	$	8.2	$	3.3	$	—
Interest rate swaps	38.9		—		38.9		—
Foreign currency derivatives	0.5		—		0.5		—
Total	$	50.9	$	8.2	$	42.7	$	—
Liabilities
Interest rate swaps	$	7.2	$	—	$	7.2	$	—
Foreign currency derivatives	$	1.3	$	—	$	1.3	$	—
Total	$	8.5	$	—	$	8.5	$	—

(1) The values of investment securities, including mutual funds, are classified as cash and cash equivalents ($10.9 million and $2.3 million as of December 31, 2013 and 2012, respectively) and other assets ($10.3 million and $9.2 million as of December 31, 2013 and 2012, respectively). For mutual funds that are publicly traded, fair value is determined on the basis of quoted market prices and, accordingly, these investments have been classified as Level 1. Other investment securities are valued at the net asset value per share or unit multiplied by the number of shares or units held as of the measurement date and have been classified as Level 2.

Nonrecurring Fair Value Measurements

The Company’s nonfinancial assets which are measured at fair value on a nonrecurring basis include property, plant and equipment, goodwill, intangible assets and certain other assets.

The Company’s annual impairment tests of goodwill and indefinite-lived intangible assets did not result in the Company recording any impairment charges during 2013 and 2012. During 2011, in conjunction with the Company’s annual impairment tests of goodwill and indefinite-lived intangible assets, the Company recognized non-cash impairment charges of $317.9 million in continuing operations and $64.7 million in discontinued operations. In making the assessment of goodwill impairment each year, management relies on a number of factors including operating results, business plans, economic projections, anticipated future cash flows, transactions, and marketplace data. Accordingly, these fair value measurements fall in Level 3 of the fair value hierarchy. The factors used by management in the impairment analysis are inherently subject to uncertainty. While the Company believes it has made reasonable estimates and assumptions to determine the fair value of its reporting units, if actual results are not consistent with management’s estimates and assumptions, goodwill and other intangible assets may be overstated and could potentially trigger additional impairment charges.

During 2013, 2012 and 2011, impairments associated with plans to dispose of certain property, plant and equipment were not material, other than those associated with the divestiture of the Teach business in 2013. During 2013, the Company recorded non-cash pretax charges of $22.7 million associated with impairments of goodwill, intangibles and other long-lived assets of the Teach business. The impairments were estimated based on the proceeds expected to be realized upon disposition of the assets. In the absence of a definitive sales price for these and similar types of assets, the Company generally uses projected cash flows, discounted as necessary, or market multiples to estimate the fair values of the impaired assets. Key inputs into the projected cash flows include management’s projections of cash flows on a held-and-used basis (if applicable), management’s projections of cash flows upon disposition and discount rates. Key inputs into the market multiple approach include identifying companies comparable to the Company’s business and estimated control premiums. Accordingly, these fair value measurements fall in the Level 3 category of the fair value hierarchy. These assets and certain liabilities are measured at fair value on a nonrecurring basis as part of the Company’s impairment assessments and as circumstances require.

Financial Instruments

The Company’s financial instruments include cash and cash equivalents, accounts receivable, accounts payable, derivative instruments, notes payable and short- and long-term debt. The carrying values for current financial assets and liabilities, including cash and cash equivalents, accounts receivable and accounts payable, approximate fair value due to the short maturity of such instruments. The fair values of the Company’s derivative instruments are recorded in the Consolidated Balance Sheets and are disclosed in Footnote 10. The fair values of certain of the Company’s short- and long-term debt are based on quoted market prices and are as follows (in millions):

	2013				2012
	Fair Value		Book Value		Fair Value		Book Value
Medium-term notes	$	1,753.0	$	1,659.8	$	1,803.6	$	1,703.9

The carrying amounts of all other significant debt approximate fair value.