Fair Value Measurements

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2021

Fair Value Disclosures [Abstract]

Fair Value Measurements

5.  Fair Value Measurements

U.S. GAAP requires enhanced disclosures about assets and liabilities that are measured and reported at fair value and has established a hierarchal disclosure framework that prioritizes and ranks the level of market price observability used in measuring assets and liabilities at fair value. Market price observability is impacted by a number of factors, including the type of, and the characteristics specific to, the assets and liabilities. Assets and liabilities with readily available active quoted prices or for which fair value can be measured from actively quoted prices generally will have a higher degree of market price observability and a lesser degree of judgment used in measuring fair value.

Assets and liabilities measured and reported at fair value are classified and disclosed in one of the following categories:

Level 1 - Quoted prices are available in active markets for identical assets and liabilities as of the reporting date.

Level 2 - Pricing inputs are other than quoted prices in active markets, which are either directly or indirectly observable as of the reporting date, and fair value is determined through the use of models or other valuation methodologies where all significant inputs are observable. The inputs and assumptions of our Level 2 assets and liabilities are derived from market observable sources including reported trades, broker/dealer quotes and other pertinent data.

Level 3 - Pricing inputs are unobservable for the assets and liabilities and include situations where there is little, if any, market activity for the assets and liabilities. The inputs into the determination of fair value require significant management judgment or estimation. Fair value is determined using comparable market transactions and other valuation methodologies, adjusted as appropriate for liquidity, credit, market and/or other risk factors.

In certain cases, the inputs used to measure fair value may fall into different levels of the fair value hierarchy. In such cases, the level within the fair value hierarchy is based on the lowest level of input that is significant to the fair value measurement. Our assessment of the significance of a particular input to the fair value measurement in its entirety requires judgment and consideration of factors specific to the assets and liabilities. Significant transfers, if any, between the levels within the fair value hierarchy are recognized at the beginning of the reporting period when changes in circumstances require such transfers.

Assets and Liabilities Measured at Fair Value on a Recurring Basis

The following table summarizes the valuation of our assets and liabilities by the above fair value hierarchy levels measured on a recurring basis:

	September 30, 2021								December 31, 2020
	Level 1		Level 2		Level 3		Total		Level 1		Level 2		Level 3		Total
	(in millions)
Assets
Investments (Note 4)	$	9,637	$	115	$	42	$	9,794	$	8,546	$	174	$	41	$	8,761
Derivative assets, net (Note 6)		—		796		—		796		—		785		—		785
	$	9,637	$	911	$	42	$	10,590	$	8,546	$	959	$	41	$	9,546
Liabilities
Securities sold, not yet purchased (Note 4)	$	4,957	$	—	$	—	$	4,957	$	2,521	$	—	$	—	$	2,521
Derivative liabilities, net (Note 6)		—		479		—		479		11		628		—		639
Other liabilities		—		442		—		442		—		214		—		214
	$	4,957	$	921	$	—	$	5,878	$	2,532	$	842	$	—	$	3,374

The changes in investments measured at fair value on a recurring basis for which we use Level 3 inputs to determine fair value are as follows:

	Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2021		2020
	(in millions)
Balance at January 1	$	41	$	3
Transfer in from Level 2		—		136
Purchases		1		63
Other		—		(1)
Balance at September 30	$	42	$	201