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Financial Instruments

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2018

Financial Instruments.

Overview

Investment

In the normal course of business, the Investment Funds may trade various financial instruments and enter into certain investment activities, which may give rise to off-balance-sheet risks, with the objective of capital appreciation or as economic hedges against other securities or the market as a whole. The Investment Funds' investments may include futures, options, swaps and securities sold, not yet purchased. These financial instruments represent future commitments to purchase or sell other financial instruments or to exchange an amount of cash based on the change in an underlying instrument at specific terms at specified future dates. Risks arise with these financial instruments from potential counterparty non-performance and from changes in the market values of underlying instruments.

Credit concentrations may arise from investment activities and may be impacted by changes in economic, industry or political factors. The Investment Funds routinely execute transactions with counterparties in the financial services industry, resulting in credit concentration with respect to the financial services industry. In the ordinary course of business, the Investment Funds may also be subject to a concentration of credit risk to a particular counterparty. The Investment Funds seek to mitigate these risks by actively monitoring exposures, collateral requirements and the creditworthiness of its counterparties.

The Investment Funds have entered into various types of swap contracts with other counterparties. These agreements provide that they are entitled to receive or are obligated to pay in cash an amount equal to the increase or decrease, respectively, in the value of the underlying shares, debt and other instruments that are the subject of the contracts, during the period from inception of the applicable agreement to its expiration. In addition, pursuant to the terms of such agreements, they are entitled to receive or obligated to pay other amounts, including interest, dividends and other distributions made in respect of the underlying shares, debt and other instruments during the specified time frame. They are also required to pay to the counterparty a floating interest rate equal to the product of the notional amount multiplied by an agreed-upon rate, and they receive interest on any cash collateral that they post to the counterparty at the federal funds or LIBOR rate in effect for such period.

The Investment Funds may trade futures contracts. A futures contract is a firm commitment to buy or sell a specified quantity of a standardized amount of a deliverable grade commodity, security, currency or cash at a specified price and specified future date unless the contract is closed before the delivery date. Payments (or variation margin) are made or received by the Investment Funds each day, depending on the daily fluctuations in the value of the contract, and the whole value change is recorded as an unrealized gain or loss by the Investment Funds. When the contract is closed, the Investment Funds record a realized gain or loss equal to the difference between the value of the contract at the time it was opened and the value at the time it was closed.

The Investment Funds may utilize forward contracts to seek to protect their assets denominated in foreign currencies and precious metals holdings from losses due to fluctuations in foreign exchange rates and spot rates. The Investment Funds' exposure to credit risk associated with non-performance of such forward contracts is limited to the unrealized gains or losses inherent in such contracts, which are recognized in other assets and accrued expenses and other liabilities in our consolidated balance sheets.

The Investment Funds may also enter into foreign currency contracts for purposes other than hedging denominated securities. When entering into a foreign currency forward contract, the Investment Funds agree to receive or deliver a fixed quantity of foreign currency for an agreed-upon price on an agreed-upon future date unless the contract is closed before such date. The Investment Funds record unrealized gains or losses on the contracts as measured by the difference between the forward foreign exchange rates at the dates of entry into such contracts and the forward rates at the reporting date.

The Investment Funds may also purchase and write option contracts. As a writer of option contracts, the Investment Funds receive a premium at the outset and then bear the market risk of unfavorable changes in the price of the underlying financial instrument. As a result of writing option contracts, the Investment Funds are obligated to purchase or sell, at the holder's option, the underlying financial instrument. Accordingly, these transactions result in off-balance-sheet risk, as the Investment Funds' satisfaction of the obligations may exceed the amount recognized in our consolidated balance sheets.

Certain terms of the Investment Funds' contracts with derivative counterparties, which are standard and customary to such contracts, contain certain triggering events that would give the counterparties the right to terminate the derivative instruments. In such events, the counterparties to the derivative instruments could request immediate payment on derivative instruments in net liability positions. The aggregate fair value of all of the Investment Funds' derivative instruments with credit-risk-related contingent features that are in a liability position at December 31, 2018 and 2017 was zero and $17 million, respectively.

The following table summarizes the volume of our Investment segment's derivative activities based on their notional exposure, categorized by primary underlying risk:



	December 31, 2018				December 31, 2017
	Long Notional Exposure		Short Notional Exposure		Long Notional Exposure		Short Notional Exposure
Primary underlying risk:	(in millions)
Equity contracts	$	118	$	8,368	$	243	$	6,660
Credit contracts⁽¹⁾	—		479		—		391
Commodity contracts	—		114		—		634

⁽¹⁾

The short notional amount on our credit default swap positions was approximately $1.8 billion as of December 31, 2018. However, because credit spreads cannot compress below zero, our downside short notional exposure is $479 million as of December 31, 2018. The short notional amount on our credit default swap positions was approximately $2.5 billion as of December 31, 2017. However, because credit spreads cannot compress below zero, our downside short notional exposure to loss is $391 million as of December 31, 2017.

Energy

CVR Refining is subject to price fluctuations caused by supply conditions, weather, economic conditions, interest rate fluctuations and other factors. To manage price risk on crude oil and other inventories and to fix margins on certain future production, CVR Refining from time to time enters into various commodity derivative transactions. CVR Refining holds derivative instruments, such as exchange-traded crude oil futures and certain over-the-counter forward swap agreements, which it believes provide an economic hedge on future transactions, but such instruments are not designated as hedges under U.S. GAAP. There are no premiums paid or received at inception of the derivative contracts and upon settlement.

CVR Refining's commodity derivatives include commodity swaps and forward purchase and sale commitments. CVR Refining did not have open commodity swap instruments at December 31, 2018. At December 31, 2017, CVR Refining had open commodity swap instruments consisting of 15 million barrels of crack spreads, primarily to fix the margin on a portion of its future gasoline and distillate production. Additionally, as of December 31, 2018 and December 31, 2017, CVR Refining had open forward purchase and sale commitments for 2 million barrels and 6 million barrels, respectively, of Canadian crude oil priced at fixed differentials that are not considered probable of physical settlement and are accounted for as derivatives.

Consolidated Derivative Information

Certain derivative contracts executed by the Investment Funds with a single counterparty or by our Energy segment with a single counterparty are reported on a net-by-counterparty basis where a legal right of offset exists under an enforceable netting agreement. Values for the derivative financial instruments, principally swaps, forwards, over-the-counter options and other conditional and exchange contracts, are reported on a net-by-counterparty basis. As a result, the net exposure to counterparties is reported in either other assets or accrued expenses and other liabilities in our consolidated balance sheets.

The following table presents the consolidated fair values of our derivatives that are not designated as hedging instruments in accordance with U.S GAAP:



	Asset Derivatives⁽¹⁾						Liability Derivatives
	December 31, 2018			December 31, 2017			December 31, 2018			December 31, 2017
	(in millions)
Equity contracts	$	568		$	—		$	170		$	1,159
Credit contracts	76			—			—			17
Commodity contracts	15			7			1			106
Sub-total	659			7			171			1,282
Netting across contract types⁽²⁾	(135		)	(7		)	(135		)	(7		)
Total⁽²⁾	$	524		$	—		$	36		$	1,275


⁽¹⁾	Net asset derivatives are located within other assets in our consolidated balance sheets.


⁽²⁾	Excludes netting of cash collateral received and posted. The total collateral posted at December 31, 2018 and 2017 was $0 million and $542 million, respectively, across all counterparties, which are included in cash held at consolidated affiliated partnerships and restricted cash in our consolidated balance sheets.

The following table presents the amount of gain (loss) recognized in the consolidated statements of operations for our derivatives not designated as hedging instruments:



	Gain (Loss) Recognized in Income⁽¹⁾
	Year Ended December 31,
	2018		2017			2016
	(in millions)
Equity contracts	$	603	$	(1,815	)	$	(1,609	)
Foreign exchange contracts	—		—			35
Credit contracts	129		(42		)	44
Interest rate contracts	—		—			(28		)
Commodity contracts	212		(182		)	(101		)
	$	944	$	(2,039	)	$	(1,659	)

⁽¹⁾

Gains (losses) recognized on derivatives are classified in net gain from investment activities in our consolidated statements of operations for our Investment segment and are included in cost of goods sold for our Energy segment. Gains (losses) recognized on derivatives for our Investment segment were $798 million, $(1,969) million and $(1,640) million for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016, respectively. Gains (losses) recognized on derivatives for our Energy segment were $146 million, $(70) million and $(19) million for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016, respectively.

Non-Derivative Instruments Designated as Hedging Instruments

As of December 31, 2017, Federal-Mogul had foreign currency denominated debt, of which $884 million was designated as a net investment hedge in certain foreign subsidiaries and affiliates of Federal-Mogul. We sold Federal-Mogul on October 1, 2018. Changes to its carrying value are included in other comprehensive loss as translation adjustments and other prior to our sale of Federal-Mogul. The amounts recognized in other comprehensive loss for the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017 was a loss of $29 million and $85 million, respectively.